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Journal articles on the topic 'Paralarvas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Shea, Elizabeth K., and Michael Vecchione. "Ontogenic changes in diel vertical migration patterns compared with known allometric changes in three mesopelagic squid species suggest an expanded definition of a paralarva." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 7 (August 4, 2010): 1436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq104.

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Abstract Shea, E. K., and Vecchione, M. 2010. Ontogenic changes in diel vertical migration patterns compared with known allometric changes in three mesopelagic squid species suggest an expanded definition of a paralarva. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1436–1443. Planktonic and newly hatched cephalopods are routinely called paralarvae. Currently, the onset of diel vertical migration (DVM) marks the end of the paralarval phase, although changes in ontogenic growth trajectories may also be used. Patterns of DVM are reported for the first time for three poorly understood mesopelagic squid species. Discrete-depth samples taken during the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions (AMNAPE) of 1980–1983 are used to examine the timing of ecological and morphological changes in Chtenopteryx sicula, Mastigoteuthis magna, and Brachioteuthis sp. 3. DVM patterns are species-specific, and ontogenic changes in DVM coincide with allometric changes in the arm, fin, and funnel characters of C. sicula at 7 mm mantle length. Mastigoteuthis magna is not concentrated in the upper 250 m of the water column during the day, and no clear DVM pattern is found in Brachioteuthis sp. 3, meaning that the endpoint of the paralarval phase cannot be defined ecologically in these species. Other ecological transformations, e.g. changes in prey-capture ability, are therefore explored as alternatives to DVM. The pad-shaped club and long neck are proposed as visual markers of the end of the paralarval phase of C. sicula and Brachioteuthis sp. 3, respectively.
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2

González, Ángel F., Jaime Otero, Graham J. Pierce, and Ángel Guerra. "Age, growth, and mortality of Loligo vulgaris wild paralarvae: implications for understanding of the life cycle and longevity." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 6 (March 23, 2010): 1119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq014.

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Abstract González, Á. F., Otero, J., Pierce, G. J., and Guerra, Á. 2010. Age, growth, and mortality of Loligo vulgaris wild paralarvae: implications for understanding of the life cycle and longevity. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1119–1127. Age, growth, and mortality were estimated for the first time in wild paralarvae of the common squid, Loligo vulgaris, by examining growth increments in the statoliths of 273 animals collected off the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain, NE Atlantic). Hatching was all year round for the period 2003–2005, with a peak during late spring and a secondary peak during early autumn. Paralarvae varied from 1260 to 7580 µm, and their abundance decreased abruptly as they grew. Statolith increments were clearly visible without grinding in almost all material, allowing reliable estimation of age. Paralarvae are planktonic for at least 3 months. Growth in dorsal mantle length (DML) during that period fitted an exponential equation. The instantaneous relative growth rates were 2.11, 2.15, and 1.82% DML d−1 for 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, and there were no significant differences in size-at-age between the 3 years. Taking into account the growth rates estimated for the whole cycle of L. vulgaris, we suggest that the lifespan may previously have been underestimated by 3 months, because the proximity of the rings deposited during paralarval and early juvenile stages would prevent accuracy in enumerating the number of growth increments in later stages. The estimated instantaneous rate of total mortality during the first 90 d of a paralarva life was 9.6, 5.3, and 4.8% d−1 for 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Eye diameter was a reliable and rapid way of estimating DML and age.
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3

Martínez-Soler, Elizabeth, Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez, Roxana de Silva-Dávila, Eduardo González-Rodríguez, and Octavio Aburto-Oropeza. "Cephalopod paralarval species richness, abundance and size structure during the 2014–2017 anomalous warm period in the southern Gulf of California." Journal of Plankton Research 43, no. 2 (March 2021): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab010.

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Abstract Cephalopod paralarval species richness, abundance and size structure were surveyed wduring an anomalous warm period (2014–2017) in the Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP), Gulf of California, Mexico. Paralarval taxa from six families (Cranchiidae, Enoploteuthidae, Ommastrephidae, Onychoteuthidae, Argonautidae and Octopodidae) were identified. Most taxa were of tropical biogeographic affinity and oceanic habitats. Highest paralarval richness occurred during spring associated with the northward movement of Tropical Surface Water, while the lowest was recorded during autumn with the southward flow of the Gulf of California water mass. Although 89% of the paralarvae were collected at or close to their species hatching size, none of the paralarval taxa showed a consistent seasonal spawning period. A canonical correspondence analysis showed three taxonomic assemblages: Argonauta and Helicocranchia–Onychoteuthis groups correlated with northward currents and high zooplankton biovolumes (ZB) and SD complex–Abraliopsis group with southward currents and intermediate ZB. Our Helicocranchia pfefferi paralarvae are the first recorded for the Gulf of California. At least 11 cephalopod taxa reproduce in CPNP. This area represents a suitable spawning habitat for cephalopods of socio-economic value.
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4

Martins, Rodrigo S., Michael J. Roberts, Nicolette Chang, Philippe Verley, Coleen L. Moloney, and Erica A. G. Vidal. "Effect of yolk utilization on the specific gravity of chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) paralarvae: implications for dispersal on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 7 (July 29, 2010): 1323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq098.

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Abstract Martins, R. S., Roberts, M. J., Chang, N., Verley, P., Moloney, C. L., and Vidal, E. A. G. 2010. Effect of yolk utilization on the specific gravity of chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) paralarvae: implications for dispersal on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1323–1335. Specific gravity is an important parameter in the dispersal of marine zooplankton, because the velocity of currents, and therefore the speed of transport, is usually greatest near the surface. For the South African chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii), recruitment is thought to be influenced by the successful transport of paralarvae from the spawning grounds to a food-rich feature known as the cold ridge some 100–200 km away. The role of paralarval specific gravity on such transport is investigated. Specific gravity ranged from 1.0373 to 1.0734 g cm−3 during the yolk-utilization phase, implying that paralarvae are always negatively buoyant, regardless of yolk content. The data were incorporated into a coupled individual-based model (IBM)—Regional Ocean Modelling System model. The output showed that dispersal was dominantly westward towards the cold ridge. Also, modelled paralarval vertical distribution suggested that hydrodynamic turbulence was an important factor in dispersal. The negative buoyancy of early chokka squid paralarvae may reduce the risk of paralarvae being advected off the eastern Agulhas Bank and into the open ocean, where food is less abundant, so specific gravity may be important in enhancing the survival and recruitment of chokka squid.
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5

Alejo-Plata, Carmen, Rubén García-Guillén, and Jorge Herrera-Galindo. "Paralarvas y juveniles de Octopus bimaculatus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) en el Pacífico sur de México." Revista de biología marina y oceanografía 47, no. 2 (August 2012): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-19572012000200019.

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6

Arkhipkin, Alexander I., and Alexander N. Golub. "Aberrant structure of the statolith postnuclear zone in the squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 1 (February 2000): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001757.

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Aberrant statolith microstructure was observed in an immature female of the squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) caught in the Moroccan shelf. The paralarval statolith, (a central part of adult statolith that developed at paralarval stage), showed the first 12 growth increments outside the nucleus was reversed to the posterior side of the adult statolith, and its main axis was turned perpendicularly to the main axis of the adult statolith. However, further statolith growth followed the common pattern, and the statolith acquired its normal shape at the level of 55–60 growth increments. Such aberrance in a direction of the paralarval statolith can be explained by its complete detachment from the macula statica princeps (MSP) during strong impact to the head of the paralarva (e.g. by a predator) and further occasional re-attachment of the statolith to the MSP again.
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7

Castillo-Estrada, Gabriela, Roxana De Silva-Dávila, Laura Carrillo, Lourdes Vásquez-Yeomans, Claudia A. Silva-Segundo, Laura Avilés-Díaz, and Unai Markaida. "Horizontal and vertical distribution of cephalopod paralarvae in the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 6 (September 2020): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000648.

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AbstractHorizontal and vertical distribution of cephalopod paralarvae (PL) from the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) in the Western Caribbean was studied during two oceanographic cruises in 2006 and 2007. A total of 1034 PL belonging to 12 families, 22 genera, 24 species, 5 morphotypes and a species complex were identified. Abralia redfieldi, Onychoteuthis banksii and Ornithoteuthis antillarum were the most abundant taxa. The taxonomic identification from these three species was corroborated with DNA barcoding (99.8–100% of similarity). Paralarvae of Octopus insularis were reported for the first time in the wild. Most PL occupied the Caribbean Surface Water mass in the 0–25 m depth stratum. Largest paralarval abundances were related to local oceanographic features favouring retention such as the Honduras Gyre and Cozumel eddy. No day-night differences were found in PL abundance, although Abralia redfieldi showed evidence of diel vertical migration. Distribution of PL in epipelagic waters of the MBRS was probably related to ontogenetic migration, hydrographic features of meso and subscale, and to the circulation regimes dominated by the Yucatan Current. The MBRS represents an important dispersion area for PL, potentially connecting a species-rich Caribbean community with the Gulf of Mexico and Florida waters.
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8

Villanueva, Roger. "Experimental rearing and growth of planktonic Octopus vulgaris from hatching to settlement." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-853.

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The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, weighing 1.4 mg at hatching and reared in the laboratory (mean 21.2 °C), doubled their weight roughly every 8.5 days to a mean of 173.2 mg after 60 days when they became benthic. Changes in paralarval allometry during development were strongly marked in the case of arm length: suckers were added and the arms grew concomitantly from day 10 and growth rate accelerated from day 20. Neither cannibalism nor schooling behaviour occurred during the planktonic stage. Survival rate to settlement was 8.9%. The paralarvae of O. vulgaris exhibited presettlement reflexes from day 36 and settled between days 47 and 54, suggesting considerable potential for dispersal. Comparison of these results with previous studies suggests that paralarvae settle when they reach a critical size irrespective of age, and that the duration of the planktonic period is probably temperature dependent. After settlement, octopuses still bore Koelliker organs, lacked papillae on the body surface, were capable of feeding on inert prey, and exhibited negative phototaxis and reclusive behaviour like adults. The main period of settlement under natural conditions in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea is probably September–October.
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9

Bastos, P., G. C. Vieira, I. M. M. dos Reis, R. L. Costa, and G. R. Lopes. "Comportamento alimentar de paralarvas do polvo Octopus vulgaris Tipo II (Cuvier, 1797) alimentadas com artêmia enriquecida com microalgas e suplementada com DHA." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 2 (March 2018): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9731.

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10

Vidal, Erica A. G. "Relative growth of paralarvae and juveniles of Illex argentinus (Castellanos, 1960) in southern Brazil." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000416.

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Ommastrephid squids undergo remarkable morphological change during the transition from planktonic paralarvae to adults. These changes are characterized by changes in the relative growth of body dimensions and mark phases and stages in post-embryonic development. The following morphometric characters of paralarval and juvenille Illex argentinus ranging in size from 1–55 mm ML were measured: dorsal mantle length (ML), mantle width (MW), head width (HW), eye diameter (ED), right arm lengths (AIL) (AIIL) (AIIIL) (AIVL), proboscis length (PL), proboscis division (PD), fin length (FL), fin width (FW), right tentacle length (TL), club length (CIL), dactylus length (DL) and carpus + manus length (CML). The relative growth of AIL, AIIL, AIIIL, HW and ED, showed discontinuities at c. 14 mm ML, while AIL, AIIL, AIIIL, AIVL, FL, and TL showed other discontinuities at c. 28 mm ML. These discontinuities seem to be related to the activity and ability of the animal to obtain food and survive in different environments. At an early phase (1–14 mm ML), there is a rapid development of the arms, suckers and fins. In the second stage (14–28 mm ML) there is a rapid development of the tentacles and clubs. In the third (>28 mm ML), the juvenile grows more in length in relation to other body parts. No morphological change, besides the proboscis division, takes place at the end of rhynchoteuthion stage. This may indicate the necessity for re-evaluation of the paralarval phase in Ommastrephidae.
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11

Moreno, A., G. J. Pierce, M. Azevedo, J. Pereira, and A. M. P. Santos. "The effect of temperature on growth of early life stages of the common squid Loligo vulgaris." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 7 (February 27, 2012): 1619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411002141.

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The squid Loligo vulgaris has an extended spawning season within the upwelling system off north-west Portugal, and its paralarvae may thus develop under a wide range of environmental conditions. Both temperature and salinity are expected to affect the metabolism of young squid and we tested their effects on growth during the embryonic and post-hatching phase, based on measurements of growth increments in statoliths of juveniles and adults, using generalized additive models. There was no evidence that statolith increments representing early growth become unreadable in adult statoliths. Variability in the statolith size at hatching was weakly but significantly related to the variables in the model. On the other hand, the effects on statolith growth of both sea surface temperature and of sea bottom temperature were significant during early post-hatching life. Thicker increments are deposited in the statoliths of squid living under higher temperatures, which results in summer hatchers having larger statoliths at the age of 90 days. Inspection of the statolith accretion pattern, using a piecewise linear regression method, revealed an ontogenetic shift in increment width, which may be an indication of the age of transition from paralarva to juvenile. On this basis, it is suggested that the planktonic stage lasts 60 or 90 days, depending on whether the paralarvae lived at higher (>15°C) or lower (<15°C) sea surface temperatures. The life strategy under warmer conditions potentially favours survival by reducing the duration of the vulnerable planktonic phase.
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12

Arkhipkin, Alexander I. "Statoliths as 'black boxes' (life recorders) in squid." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 5 (2005): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04158.

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The present study presents an overview of recent developments in statoliths studies. Statoliths are calcareous structures located in the equilibrium organs of cephalopods, which serve to detect body accelerations during movement in water. They are perfect ‘black boxes’ because they record a lot of information about the lives of squid and cuttlefish. For instance, it is possible to reveal the hatchling size and temperature of embryonic development, estimate age and growth rates of the animal with daily precision, date life transitions, analyse possible migratory routes and population structure of squid using trace element analysis, and even reveal how many spawning events a given animal has had by analysing statolith microstructure. Furthermore, because the paralarval statolith is embedded completely within the adult statolith, its features can be used to identify cephalopod paralarvae, which are sometimes very different from adult animals. The shape of statoliths is physiologically specific, which enables the determination of the movement pattern of the animal. Statoliths are usually one of the few remains of squid in fossil records, and their features can be used to infer ideas about the life styles of extinct species.
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13

Roura, Álvaro, Ángel F. González, Santiago Pascual, and Ángel Guerra. "A molecular approach to identifying the prey of cephalopod paralarvae." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 7 (June 8, 2010): 1408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq051.

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Abstract Roura, Á., González, Á. F., Pascual, S., and Guerra, Á. 2010. A molecular approach to identifying the prey of cephalopod paralarvae. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1408–1412. A molecular method was developed to detect Artemia franciscana within Octopus vulgaris paralarvae, as a first step towards understanding the diet of octopus during this life stage. Wild eggs were collected from a spawning female in the Ría de Vigo (northwestern Spain) in late summer, and brought to the laboratory. After hatching, paralarvae were reared in 30 l rectangular tanks with an open seawater filtered system. Paralarvae were fed Artemia, then immediately fixed in 80% ethanol and preserved at −20°C. Primers specific to A. franciscana were designed for the gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. A nested polymerase chain reaction was necessary to detect A. franciscana within octopus paralarvae. This molecular method provides a new framework for resolving the diet of cephalopod paralarvae in the wild, essential for ecological understanding and increasing survival rates in aquaculture.
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14

Dan, Shigeki, Hiraku Iwasaki, Arata Takasugi, Hideki Yamazaki, and Katsuyuki Hamasaki. "An upwelling system for culturing common octopus paralarvae and its combined effect with supplying natural zooplankton on paralarval survival and growth." Aquaculture 495 (October 2018): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.036.

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15

Camarillo-Coop, Susana, César A. Salinas-Zavala, Marlenne Manzano-Sarabia, and Eugenio Alberto Aragón-Noriega. "Presence of Dosidicus gigas paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the central Gulf of California, Mexico related to oceanographic conditions." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 4 (October 18, 2010): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001517.

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The jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas is the only ommastrephid commercially caught in Mexico. Despite the economic and ecological importance of this species, little is known about its early life stages. The relationship between the presence of paralarvae and mesoscale oceanic features was investigated for the first time in the central Gulf of California, Mexico in February, April, June and September of 2008. A total of 86 paralarvae were found only in June and September (summer season), in the well-stratified column water where the thermocline was evident and warm sea surface waters (27.7° to 29.4°C) dominated. The greatest abundance of D. gigas paralarvae was observed within 2.23 to 3.48 km of the main front. The mantle length of the smallest paralarvae corresponded with the mantle length at hatching. The San Pedro Mártir Island–Santa Rosalia transect and Santa Rosalia–Guaymas transect were determined as the main hatching localities in June and September respectively. The number of paralarvae found in this study contrast with the potential fecundity of mature females which are found throughout the year.
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16

Wakabayashi, Toshie, Tsunemi Kubodera, Mitsuo Sakai, Taro Ichii, and Seinen Chow. "Molecular evidence for synonymy of the genera Moroteuthis and Onykia and identification of their paralarvae from northern Hawaiian waters." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407056196.

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It has been claimed that most squid species in the genus Onykia may be immature stages of species in the genus Moroteuthis. To evaluate the generic status of Moroteuthis and Onykia and to identify paralarvae collected in northern Hawaiian waters, we performed morphological investigation and nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Of 42 Onykia paralarvae (1.8–8.5 mm dorsal mantle length, DML) examined, 41 had a nucleotide sequence identical to that of M. robusta and one (designated Onykia sp. A) could not be assigned to any known Moroteuthis species. Nucleotide sequence diversity estimates based on Kimura's two-parameter distances between Onykia sp. A and Moroteuthis spp. (0.109–0.150) fell well within the range of congeneric species, suggesting that Onykia sp. A is a member of the genus Moroteuthis. Molecular data supported the conclusion that the genus Moroteuthis is a junior synonym of the genus Onykia. Morphological investigation revealed that paralarvae of O. robusta (= M. robusta) <4.0 mm DML were distinct from other Onykia paralarvae in the chromatophore pattern on the mantle. The key characters for distinguishing O. robusta paralarvae from Onykia sp. A were the number and arrangement of chromatophores on the funnel.
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17

Hoving, H. J. T., J. D. Venter, D. E. Worst, and M. R. Lipinski. "Adaptation of an immunodot assay for multiple prey identification of squid paralarvae in field trials." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 6 (November 9, 2005): 1499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405012695.

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An optimized method, using polyclonal antibodies in an immunoassay, for prey detection in the diet of paralarvae of South African Loligo reynaudii is described. The study has increased the specificity of the antisera by determining the optimum antiserum dilutions and the detection limits of the antisera. Unfed laboratory-hatched paralarvae (negative control) were exposed to antisera and showed cross-reactions with polychaete antiserum.
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18

Sakai, Mitsuo, Norma Brunetti, Marcela Ivanovic, Beatriz Elena, and Kazuyoshi Nakamura. "Interpretation of statolith microstructure in reared hatchling paralarvae of the squid Illex argentinus." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 4 (2004): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03148.

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To identify sub-daily or aperiodic increments of statolith growth in the ommastrephid squid Illex argentinus, we examined statolith microstructure, especially with regard to the natal ring, where counting of daily growth increments should begin, and the widths of subsequent daily increments. Paralarvae obtained by artificial fertilisation were incubated on board at different temperatures ranging from 11.4 to 25.4°C, and were starved throughout the experiments. We observed statolith growth from newly hatched to 10-day-old paralarvae and used alizarine complexone staining to attempt validation of the growth. The maximum statolith radius (MSR) of newly hatched paralarvae was constant at 21.1 μm across the full range of temperatures, with the exception of 25.4°C. Daily growth of MSR was analysed separately in two phases, the pre-yolk-absorption phase (i.e. yolk sac still present) and the post-yolk-absorption phase. During the pre-yolk-absorption phase, the daily growth rate (DGR, y) of the MSR varied from 3 to 7 μm day–1 depending on rearing temperature (x) and was expressed as y = 0.37x – 1.77. We concluded that the natal ring forms at 21 μm MSR. The initial increment width obtained from the DGR of MSR seems applicable for distinguishing daily rings from sub-daily rings, although this application should be limited to hatchling paralarvae in the pre-yolk-absorption phase.
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Nicosia, Aldo, Monica Salamone, Salvatore Mazzola, and Angela Cuttitta. "Transcriptional and Biochemical Effects of Cadmium and Manganese on the Defense System ofOctopus vulgarisParalarvae." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/437328.

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Due to anthropogenic activities the relative concentrations of cadmium and manganese have increased in the marine environment. Cephalopods are able to accumulate such metals and, as inhabitant of coastal waters,Octopus vulgarisis continuously exposed to anthropogenic activities. Since no study is available on the effects of heavy metals at molecular level in developing octopuses, herein we exposed 1-day-old paralarvae for 24 h to 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L of CdCl2or MnCl2. Cd exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition of survival and a reduction in growth rate was shown while Mn exposure did not affect the survival rate even at the highest concentrations. Gene expression profiles ofhsp70, sod, cat, andgstgenes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and defined patterns of transcription were observed. Moreover posttranscriptional analyses were also performed suggesting the impairment of metabolic functions, under strong oxidative conditions (as occurred in paralarvae exposed to Cd) or the complete detoxification events (as occurred in paralarvae exposed to Mn).
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20

Fuentes, L., J. Iglesias, and C. Moxica. "Marking octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae statoliths with alizarin complexone." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 3 (June 2000): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002290.

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It is possible to mark octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae on a massive scale (up to 3500 paralarvae l−1) with 100% marking reliability using alizarin complexone (ALC). The whole statolith is marked and the best results obtained were with concentrations of 60-300 mg l−1 and bath duration of 3-24 h. Taking into account the quality of marking, mortality and ALC costs suggest using from 60 to 200 mg l−1 for 3-6 h. The only treatments causing significant mortalities were 300 mg l−1 over 6 and 24 h.
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21

Ortiz, Nicolás, and María Edith Ré. "The eggs and hatchlings of the octopus Robsonella fontaniana (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001232.

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Very little is known about the life history of Robsonella fontaniana. In particular, there are no descriptions of the early life stages that enable correct identification of samples taken from the wild. In this work, eggs and hatchlings are described from egg clutches obtained in the field with brooding females and incubated until hatching. Individual eggs exhibited marked differences in stages of embryonic development within egg clutches or even within a single egg string. For one clutch collected at early stages of embryonic development, embryogenesis took 91 days at 11.5 °C and for a second clutch at intermediate developmental stages it took 68 days at 11 °C and 39 days at 14 °C. For the later clutch the hatching period lasts 25 days at 14 °C. The eggs and paralarvae were small, with an egg length of 3.9–5.2 mm, a dorsal mantle length of 2–3 mm and a total paralarvae length of 3.4–6.0 mm. Chromatophore shape and distribution presented a very distinctive pattern. Characteristics of the eggs, egg strings and paralarvae make it possible to distinguish the early stages of R. fontaniana from those of other octopodid species found off the Atlantic coast of Patagonia.
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22

Lourenço, Sílvia, Ana Moreno, Luís Narciso, João Pereira, Rui Rosa, and Ángel F. González. "Stylet (vestigial shell) size inOctopus vulgaris(Cephalopoda) hatchlings used to determine stylet nucleus in adults." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 6 (May 8, 2015): 1237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415000478.

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The estimation of age and growth of cephalopod stocks is a key issue for their sustainable management. Recently, several studies have successfully validated the daily deposition of growth rings in the vestigial shell or stylets of several octopus species.Octopus vulgariseggs were incubated at two different temperatures, 18 and 22°C, until hatching to determine stylet size at hatching and assess the effect of temperature in the stylet dimensions. The 3-day-old hatchlings were sectioned transversally and 6 μm sections were stained to enhance the stylet position and visibility. The sections were observed under transmitted light microscopy at a magnification of 1000×, and the stylets identified as blue/green structures inside the mantle–funnel retractor muscle. The transversal sections of the whole paralarvae allowed the diameter of the embryonic stylet of an octopus species to be measured for the first time. The mean stylet diameter in 3-day-old paralarvae is 3.99 μm independently of the thermal conditions. Moreover, significant differences in stylet size between captive and wild paralarvae were observed; the latter showed significantly larger stylets, an indication that they are over 3 days old. Our results also indicate that the stylet nucleus is much smaller than previously thought based on measurements in stylets of juveniles and adults.
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Roper, Clyde F. E., A. Gutierrez, and M. Vecchione. "Paralarval octopods of the Florida Current." Journal of Natural History 49, no. 21-24 (August 8, 2013): 1281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.802046.

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24

Vidal, Erica A. G., Manuel Haimovici, and Vivian C. S. Hackbart. "Distribution of paralarvae and small juvenile cephalopods in relation to primary production in an upwelling area off southern Brazil." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 7 (June 29, 2010): 1346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq080.

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Abstract Vidal, E. A. G., Haimovici, M., and Hackbart, V. C. S. 2010. Distribution of paralarvae and small juvenile cephalopods in relation to primary production in an upwelling area off southern Brazil. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1346–1352. The distribution of paralarvae and small juvenile cephalopods sampled by a rectangular midwater trawl (opening area 8 m2) over the continental shelf off Cape Santa Marta Grande, southern Brazil (28°09′S–29°56′S) during spring 1989 is discussed. An intrusion of Brazil Current Tropical Water (22°C; 36.5) separates warm, less-saline water (22°C; 35.2) from cooler, more-saline water (15°C; 36.4). Prevailing northeasterly winds led to upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water over the shelf, promoting high Chl a concentrations. Three species constituted 99% of the 628 cephalopods collected: Illex argentinus (n = 540; 4–40 mm mantle length, ML), Argonauta nodosa (n = 46; 2–19 mm ML), and Loligo sanpaulensis (n = 42, 2–21 mm ML). Segregation of I. argentinus juveniles of similar size suggests school formation as small as 10 mm ML. The presence of mature males along with fertilized female A. nodosa indicates mating early in life. There was a consistent and direct link between high plankton production and high densities of juvenile cephalopods through a short and ecologically efficient food chain. The relationship between production, pycnocline intensity, and the density of paralarvae and juveniles revealed suitable conditions for survival and growth during the upwelling season.
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25

Camarillo-Coop, Susana, César A. Salinas-Zavala, Bertha E. Lavaniegos, and Unai Markaida. "Food in early life stages of Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 7 (April 17, 2013): 1903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000398.

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The digestive system of 36 paralarvae and 150 juvenile Dosidicus gigas were analysed to determine the diet. The early life stages were collected in the central and south region of the Gulf of California during different years and ranged in dorsal mantle length (ML) from 2.8 to 120.5 mm. The food content was separated first into identifiable material (IM) and non-identifiable material (NIM). All paralarvae contained only NIM stored mainly in the caecum rather than stomach. Juvenile squid feed on nine different prey types: euphausiids, copepods, amphipods, unidentified crustaceans, fishes, cephalopods, pteropods, bivalves and polychaetes. The IM were found mainly in the stomachs of juveniles with increasing number and diversity of prey in a function of increasing squid body size. In fact, juveniles from 60 to 120 mm ML had high stomach fullness percentages in half full and completely full stomachs suggesting improvement of swimming and hunting behaviour as they grow.
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26

Bower, JR, MP Seki, RE Young, KA Bigelow, J. Hirota, and P. Flament. "Cephalopod paralarvae assemblages in Hawaiian Islands waters." Marine Ecology Progress Series 185 (1999): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps185203.

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Vijai, Dharmamony, Pandey Puneeta, and Yasunori Sakurai. "Defensive Ball Formation in Oceanic Squid Paralarvae." Journal of Shellfish Research 37, no. 5 (December 1, 2018): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.037.0513.

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28

Luca, I., and T. O. Cheche. "Pulsejet dynamics with application to jetting paralarvae." European Journal of Physics 41, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 025007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ab58bc.

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29

Ramos-Castillejos, Jorge E., César A. Salinas-Zavala, Susana Camarillo-Coop, and Luis M. Enríquez-Paredes. "Paralarvae of the jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas." Invertebrate Biology 129, no. 2 (March 4, 2010): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00194.x.

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30

ÇİMEN-, Ayşegül. "KRİPTO PARALARDA TAKVİM ANOMALİLERİ." Turkish Studies-Social Sciences Volume 14 Issue 5, Volume 14 Issue 5 (2019): 2097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/turkishstudies.30274.

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31

Domínguez-Contreras, José F., Adrian Munguia-Vega, Bertha P. Ceballos-Vázquez, Marcial Arellano-Martínez, Francisco J. García-Rodríguez, Melanie Culver, and Hector Reyes-Bonilla. "Life histories predict genetic diversity and population structure within three species of octopus targeted by small-scale fisheries in Northwest Mexico." PeerJ 6 (February 15, 2018): e4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4295.

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The fishery for octopus in Northwest Mexico has increased to over 2,000 tons annually, but to date the specific composition of the catch has been ignored. With at least three main species targeted by artisanal fisheries in the region with distinct life histories, the lack of basic biological information about the distribution, metapopulation size and structure of each species could impede effective fisheries management to avoid overexploitation. We tested if different life histories of three species of octopus could help predict observed patterns of genetic diversity, population dynamics, structure and connectivity and how this information could be relevant to the sustainable management of the fishery. We sequenced two mitochondrial genes and genotyped seven nuclear microsatellite loci to identify the distribution of each species in 20 locations from the Gulf of California and the west coast of the Baja California peninsula. We tested five hypotheses derived from population genetic theory based on differences in the fecundity and dispersal potential for each species. We discovered that Octopus bimaculoides with low fecundity and direct development (without a planktonic phase) had lower average effective population size and genetic diversity, but higher levels of kinship, population structure, and richness of private alleles, than the other two species. These features indicated limited dispersal and high local recruitment. In contrast, O. bimaculatus and O. hubbsorum with higher fecundity and planktonic phase as paralarvae had higher effective population size and genetic diversity, and overall lower kinship and population structure than O. bimaculoides. These observations supported higher levels of gene flow over a larger geographical scale. O. bimaculatus with the longest planktonic paralarval duration and therefore larger dispersal potential had differences in the calculated parameters possibly associated with increased connectivity. We propose O. bimaculoides is more susceptible to over exploitation of small, isolated populations and could have longer recovery times than the other two species. This species may benefit from distinct fishery management within each local population. O. bimaculatus and O. hubbsorum may benefit from fishery management that takes into account metapopulation structure over larger geographic scales and the directionality and magnitude of larval dispersal driven by ocean currents and population connectivity among individuals of each locality. The distribution of each species and variations in their reproductive phenology is also important to consider when establishing marine reserves or seasonal fishing closures.
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32

Cerdeña, J. A. Hormiga, I. Frías, N. V. Torres Darias, and E. Almansa. "Captivity paralarves Octopus vulgaris growth: modelling and optimization." New Biotechnology 25 (September 2009): S356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.860.

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33

Roura, Álvaro, Ángel F. González, Kevin Redd, and Ángel Guerra. "Molecular prey identification in wild Octopus vulgaris paralarvae." Marine Biology 159, no. 6 (March 17, 2012): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-1914-9.

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34

Hernández-García, Vicente, Ana Y. Martín, and José J. Castro. "Evidence of external digestion of crustaceans in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 3 (June 2000): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002320.

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This paper reports, for the first time, the existence of external digestion of decapod larvae by the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), paralarvae. Zoeae of three crab species were externally digested, leaving a whole and empty exoskeleton. The attack sequence on these prey is also described, and divided into the same three phases (attention, positioning and seizure) already known for Sepia hatchlings.
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35

Bello, G. "First record of paralarvae of Scaeurgus unicirrhus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)." Journal of Plankton Research 26, no. 12 (August 18, 2004): 1555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh130.

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36

Uriarte, Iker, Carlos Rosas, Viviana Espinoza, Jorge Hernández, and Ana Farías. "Thermal tolerance of paralarvae of Patagonian red octopusEnteroctopus megalocyathus." Aquaculture Research 49, no. 6 (April 6, 2018): 2119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.13666.

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37

De Wolf, Tania, Simone Lenzi, and Francesco Lenzi. "Paralarval rearing of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier) in Tuscany, Italy." Aquaculture Research 42, no. 9 (August 2011): 1406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02756.x.

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38

Carrasco, José Francisco, Juan Carlos Arronte, and Carmen Rodríguez. "Paralarval rearing of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier)." Aquaculture Research 37, no. 15 (November 2006): 1601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01594.x.

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39

González, María Luisa, Sergio E. Arriagada, Daniel A. López, and Margarita C. Pérez. "Reproductive aspects, eggs and paralarvae ofRobsonella fontanianus(d'Orbigny, 1834)." Aquaculture Research 39, no. 14 (October 2008): 1569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02019.x.

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40

Venter, J. D., S. van Wyngaardt, J. A. Verschoor, M. R. Lipiński, and H. M. Verheye. "Detection of Zooplankton Prey in Squid Paralarvae with Immunoassay." Journal of Immunoassay 20, no. 3 (August 1999): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01971529909349348.

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41

Villanueva, Roger. "Decapod crab zoeae as food for rearing cephalopod paralarvae." Aquaculture 128, no. 1-2 (December 1994): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90109-0.

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42

Olivares, Alberto, Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes, Maite Mascaró, Ariadna Sanchez Arteaga, Karen Ortega, Claudia Caamal Monsreal, Nelly Tremblay, and Carlos Rosas. "Maturation trade-offs in octopus females and their progeny: energy, digestion and defence indicators." PeerJ 7 (April 9, 2019): e6618. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6618.

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Sexual maturation and reproduction influence the status of a number of physiological processes and consequently the ecology and behaviour of cephalopods. Using Octopus mimus as a study model, the present work was focused in the changes in biochemical compound and activity that take place during gonadal maturation of females and its consequences in embryo and hatchlings characteristics. To do that, a total of 31 adult females of O. mimus were sampled to follow metabolites (ovaries and digestive gland) and digestive enzyme activities (alkaline and acidic proteases) during physiological and functional maturation. Levels of protein (Prot), triacylglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), glucose (Glu), and glycogen (Gly) were evaluated. Groups of eggs coming from mature females were also sampled along development and after hatching (paralarvae of 1 and 3 days old) to track metabolites (Prot, TG, Glu, Gly, TG, Chol), digestive enzymes activity (Lipase, alkaline proteases, and acidic proteases), and antioxidant/detoxification defence indicators with embryos development. Based on the data obtained, we hypothesized that immature females store Chol in their ovaries, probably from the food they ingested, but switch to TG reserves at the beginning of the maturation processes. At the same time, results suggest that these processes were energetically supported by Glu, obtained probably from Gly breakdown by gluconeogenic pathways. Also, was observed that embryos metabolites and enzyme activities (digestive and antioxidant/detoxification enzymes) where maintained without significant changes and in a low activity during the whole organogenesis, meaning that organogenesis is relatively not energetically costly. In contrast, after organogenesis, a mobilization of nutrients and activation of the metabolic and digestive enzymes was observed, together with increments in consumption of yolk and Gly, and reduction in lipid peroxidation. Derived from our results, we also have the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced during the metabolic processes that occurs in ovarian maturation. Those ROS may be in part transferred to the egg provoking a ROS charge to the embryos. The elimination of ROS in embryos started when the activity of the heart and the absorption of the yolk around stages XIV and XV were evident. Altogether, these processes allowed the paralarvae to hatch with buffered levels of ROS and with the antioxidant defence mechanisms ready to support further ROS production derived from paralarvae higher life stage requirements (feeding and metabolic demands).
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43

Carrasco, Sergio A., Andrea I. Varela, Christian M. Ibáñez, Javier Sellanes, and Martin Thiel. "Paralarval and juvenile stages as a proxy for cephalopod diversity in the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas ecoregion, southeast Paific Ocean." Bulletin of Marine Science 96, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0055.

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Southeast Pacific (SEP) oceanic islands are characterized by their extreme isolation and high degree of endemism. To date, most research has focused on species composition and distributions, with little information available on early life stages. In this study, we provide new records of early life stages of cephalopods based on planktonic collections carried out during October and November 2016 around three oceanic islands: San Félix, San Ambrosio (Desventuradas Islands; 26.3°S, 79.8°W), and Alejandro Selkirk (Juan Fernández Archipelago; 33.7°S, 80.7°W), which are part of the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park, the largest marine park in the Americas. Twenty-four paralarvae and juveniles were obtained and identified based on morphological characteristics [i.e., mantle length (ML), chromatophore patterns, number and shape of suckers on arms and tentacles] and DNA barcoding [i.e., mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences]. Six families were recorded, including Brachioteuthidae, Onychoteuthidae, Tremoctopodidae, Octopodidae, Octopoteuthidae, and Lycoteuthidae. Most individuals (92%) corresponded to larger stages of 4–12 mm ML (Brachioteuthidae, Onychoteuthidae, Tremoctopodidae, and Lycoteuthidae), and 8% were newly hatched paralarvae of around 1 mm ML (Octopodidae and Octopoteuthidae). The DNA barcoding approach validated the identity of Brachioteuthis sp., Onykia aff. robsoni , Octopus mimus, and Tremoctopus sp., with two specific identities (Octopoteuthidae and Lycoteuthis sp.) remaining to be evaluated. ese records provide new information on cephalopod diversity and distribution around SEP islands, adding to the current knowledge about zoogeographic patterns of this group and evidencing their potential relationships with continental or nearby habitats.
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44

York, Carly A., Ian K. Bartol, Paul S. Krueger, and Joseph T. Thompson. "Squids use multiple escape jet patterns throughout ontogeny." Biology Open 9, no. 11 (September 24, 2020): bio054585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.054585.

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ABSTRACTThroughout their lives, squids are both predators and prey for a multitude of animals, many of which are at the top of ocean food webs, making them an integral component of the trophic structure of marine ecosystems. The escape jet, which is produced by the rapid expulsion of water from the mantle cavity through a funnel, is central to a cephalopod's ability to avoid predation throughout its life. Although squid undergo morphological and behavioral changes and experience remarkably different Reynolds number regimes throughout their development, little is known about the dynamics and propulsive efficiency of escape jets throughout ontogeny. We examine the hydrodynamics and kinematics of escape jets in squid throughout ontogeny using 2D/3D velocimetry and high-speed videography. All life stages of squid produced two escape jet patterns: (1) ‘escape jet I’ characterized by short rapid pulses resulting in vortex ring formation and (2) ‘escape jet II’ characterized by long high-volume jets, often with a leading-edge vortex ring. Paralarvae exhibited higher propulsive efficiency than adult squid during escape jet ejection, and propulsive efficiency was higher for escape jet I than escape jet II in juveniles and adults. These results indicate that although squid undergo major ecological transitions and morphology changes from paralarvae to adults, all life stages demonstrate flexibility in escape jet responses and produce escape jets of surprisingly high propulsive efficiency.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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45

Miranda, Richard M., Viviana Espinoza, Jessica Dörner, Ana FarÍas, and Iker Uriarte. "Sibling cannibalism on the small octopusRobsonella fontaniana(d'Orbigny, 1834) paralarvae." Marine Biology Research 7, no. 8 (November 2011): 746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.596543.

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46

Rocha, F. "Cephalopod paralarvae and upwelling conditions off Galician waters (NW Spain)." Journal of Plankton Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/21.1.21.

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47

Sukhsangchan, Charuay, Paphassawan Sunthornket, and Sonthaya Phuynoi. "Morphological characteristics of paralarvae of cephalopods found in Thai waters." Marine Biodiversity 47, no. 3 (October 9, 2016): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0588-9.

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48

Iglesias, J., F. J. Sánchez, J. G. F. Bersano, J. F. Carrasco, J. Dhont, L. Fuentes, F. Linares, et al. "Rearing of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae: Present status, bottlenecks and trends." Aquaculture 266, no. 1-4 (June 2007): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.019.

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49

Pelayo-Martínez, Gloria, Roxana De Silva-Dávila, Carmen Franco-Gordo, and Aramis Olivos-Ortiz. "First record of Pickfordiateuthis vossi Brackoniecki, 1996 (Myopsida, Loliginidae) early life stages in the central Mexican Pacific." Check List 15, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/15.1.87.

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The grass squid Pickfordiateuthis vossi Brakoniecki, 1996 is a dwarf species distributed along the northwest coast of Mexico. In the eastern Pacific, little is known about its distribution and life cycle. Two specimens, which are considered the smallest individuals of the genus collected to date, were caught in zooplankton trawls during 2 oceanographic cruises (January and March 1998) carried out in the central Mexican Pacific. The paralarval and juvenile stages are described and represent a new record in the area, with a range extension of 600 km southwest from the nearest previous record.
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50

Roberts, Michael J. "Chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) abundance linked to changes in South Africa's Agulhas Bank ecosystem during spawning and the early life cycle." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.10.002.

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Abstract Chokka squid biomass and catch are highly variable, likely owing to their links to changes in the ecosystem, which impact spawning and recruitment. A synthesis of basic ecosystem components for the domain in which chokka squid live (i.e. South Africa's west coast and Agulhas Bank) was prepared using published and new data. It included bottom temperature, bottom dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and copepod abundance. Alongshore gradients of these indicated that the main spawning grounds on the eastern Agulhas Bank are positioned where bottom temperature and bottom dissolved oxygen are optimal for embryonic development. This location, however, appears suboptimal for hatchlings because the copepod maximum (food for paralarvae) is typically on the central Agulhas Bank some 200 km to the west. Data on currents suggest that this constraint may be overcome by the existence of a net west-flowing shelf current on the eastern Agulhas Bank, improving survivorship of paralarvae by transporting them passively towards the copepod maximum. CTD data and a temporal analysis of AVHRR satellite imagery reveal the copepod maximum to be supported by a “cold ridge”, a mesoscale upwelling filament present during summer when squid spawning peaks. In situ sea surface temperature (SST) data used as a proxy for cold ridge activity demonstrate considerable interannual variability of the feature, especially during El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. Negative linear correlations between maximum summer SST (monthly average) and squid biomass the following autumn (r2 = 0.94), and annual catch (r2 = 0.69), support the link between the “cold ridge–copepod maximum” and the early life cycle of chokka squid, and holds promise for prediction.
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