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Journal articles on the topic 'Parallel imports'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Horman, Edbert Seligshan. "The Exclusive Rights of Licensees in Parallel Import Practices." Yuridika 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.19378.

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Parallel imports are one of the most interesting and unique phenomena of international trade. On one hand, it applies competition law, while on the other, trademark law and the customs law also apply in this activity. Parallel imports occur when genuine goods are imported in parallel (concurrently) to goods imported by a licensee. These parallel imports are then sold at a cheaper price than that of the goods of the licensee. This parallel import activity is inconsistent with the exclusive rights that the licensee receives under the licensing agreement it makes with the owner of the trademark. This exclusive right is essentially monopolistic, entitling the licensee to prevent all parties with the commercial intention of selling the same or similar goods as their own. However, the right to monopoly is limited for the sake of a fair competition. The licensee can sue to get compensation in parallel importation base on unjust enrichment principle. Moreover, parallel importation can be inhabited by enforcing procedural and administration regarding import of goods such as, Indonesian national standard and label in bahasa

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2

Maskus, Keith E. "Parallel Imports." World Economy 23, no. 9 (September 2000): 1269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00329.

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3

Cai, Lewinsky. "Pengaturan Impor Paralel dalam Merek (Studi Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia, India dan New Zealand)." Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 5, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v5i2.1378.

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Parallel import is a concept for importing and reselling original products from distributors that are legally obtained from producers at lower prices rather than buying directly from producers. These products are placed on the market in one country with the approval from owner and imported to another country without the permission of the owner. Parallel imports are built on the principle of exhaustion of rights. Basically, there are three principles of exhaustion of rights, namely;the principle of international exhaustion of rights, domestic/national exhaustion of rights and regional exhaustion of rights. Based on the TRIPS agreement, each country is given the freedom to determine and regulate the principle of exhaustion of rights to be applied. The issue under discussion is how the parallel import regulation in brands according to Indonesia, Indian, and New Zealand laws what can be adopted in Indonesia law regarding parallel imports based on these comparisons. In this study, the writer used a normative research method. This research also uses legal comparison as part of its analysis with data collection techniques through literature study. Data analysis method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study showed that Indonesia has no regulation regarding parallel imports. While in India and New Zealand there are related regulations. Regarding disputes settlement regarding parallel imports in Indonesia, civil law is adopted, in India with a judge's decision in accordance with existing regulations. What can be adopted by Indonesia in this case is to explicitly reinforce regulations regarding parallel imports in brands.

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4

Matsushima, Noriaki, and Toshihiro Matsumura. "Profit-Enhancing Parallel Imports." Open Economies Review 21, no. 3 (July 8, 2008): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-008-9089-1.

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5

Easey, A., and R. Massey. "Parallel imports: consent by conduct." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 3, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpn149.

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6

Knox, Daniel, and Martin Richardson. "Trade policy and parallel imports." European Journal of Political Economy 19, no. 1 (March 2003): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(02)00133-7.

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7

Raimondos-Møller, Pascalis, and Nicolas Schmitt. "Commodity taxation and parallel imports." Journal of Public Economics 94, no. 1-2 (February 2010): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.09.007.

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8

Chen, Yongmin, and Keith E. Maskus. "Vertical Pricing and Parallel Imports." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 14, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0963819042000333225.

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9

Chen, Kong-Pin, Hung-pin Lai, and Ya-Ting Yu. "Do consumers discount parallel imports?" Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics 21, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2014.862906.

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10

Meulenbelt, Maarten. "Parallel Imports of Medicinal Products." Journal of World Intellectual Property 1, no. 3 (November 1, 2005): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.1998.tb00019.x.

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11

Grossman, Gene M., and Edwin L. C. Lai. "Parallel imports and price controls." RAND Journal of Economics 39, no. 2 (June 2008): 378–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0741-6261.2008.00019.x.

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12

Ishikawa, Jota, Hodaka Morita, and Hiroshi Mukunoki. "Parallel imports and repair services." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 172 (April 2020): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.01.024.

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13

PALANGKARAYA, ALFONS, and JONGSAY YONG. "PARALLEL IMPORTS, MARKET SIZE AND INVESTMENT INCENTIVE." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 02 (June 2009): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003252.

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This paper proposes a vertical control model that features two-part tariff pricing, leader-fringe-follower competition, and investment to characterize the conditions under which parallel imports will (or will not) occur when such activities are legally permitted. In addition, we analyze the effects of parallel imports on the incentive of an authorized distributor to invest in market development. We find that parallel imports cannot arise if the target and the source market either differ too greatly or are too similar in size. Two results are worth emphasizing. First, parallel imports can arise even if the IP owner has the ability to deter parallel imports. Second, the presence of parallel imports and even the threat posed by parallel imports can reduce the domestic distributor's market development investment.

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14

Richardson, Martin. "An elementary proposition concerning parallel imports." Journal of International Economics 56, no. 1 (January 2002): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(01)00110-6.

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15

Brahams, Diana. "Trademarks and Parallel Imports of Drugs." Lancet 332, no. 8602 (July 1988): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90059-1.

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16

Meale, D. "Parallel imports: more CD than WOW?" Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 2, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpm133.

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17

Stack, Alexander J. "Trips, Patent Exhaustion and Parallel Imports." Journal of World Intellectual Property 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 657–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.1998.tb00028.x.

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18

LI, CHANGYING. "VERTICAL PRODUCT INNOVATION AND PARALLEL IMPORTS." Singapore Economic Review 50, no. 01 (April 2005): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590805001822.

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In this paper, we develop a model of endogenous R&D in vertical product innovation by an original manufacturer facing Bertrand competition from parallel importer(s). We show that if parallel imports are prohibited among the distributors' countries and there is at least one country other than the manufacturer's homeland in which there is only one distributor, then allowing reimports reduces the manufacturer's incentive to innovate. Otherwise, permitting reimports has no effect on the manufacturer's incentive to invest in R&D. Moreover under the assumption of Bertrand competition, either delegating more than one distributor in each country outside the manufacturer's homeland or allowing parallel imports among the distributors' countries enables the manufacturer to maximize his total profit regardless of whether innovation is successful.

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19

Lyapustina, А. I. "Is Russia ready for “parallel imports”?" Investment and Innovation Management Journal, no. 2 (2016): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/iimj160210.

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20

Milchior, Richard, and Jean Andre. "Parallel Imports, Trade Marks and Regulatory." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 5, no. 1 (October 2007): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jgm.4950086.

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21

Chard, J. S., and C. J. Mellor. "Intellectual Property Rights and Parallel Imports." World Economy 12, no. 1 (March 1989): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1989.tb00464.x.

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22

Zeng, Dao-Zhi, and Biyue Zhang. "Parallel imports in large developing countries." Annals of Regional Science 65, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-020-00993-5.

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23

Reisinger, Markus, Lluís Saurí, and Hans Zenger. "Parallel imports, price controls, and innovation." Journal of Health Economics 66 (July 2019): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.05.002.

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24

Şemin, Semih, and Dilek Güldal. "The Growing Dependency in Health Care: Recent Changes in Medical Technology Imports and Exports in Turkey." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12, no. 4 (1996): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230001103x.

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AbstractThis study investigates recent changes related to the import and export of medical technology and their results in Turkey. Between 1980 and 1993 the number of medical technology imports in Turkey rose, and there was a parallel rise in its ratio to total imports and health expenditures. In contrast the ratio of medical technology exports to total exports decreased significantly in the same period. The liberalization of foreign trade and the changes of health services toward free market policy has caused growing import of medical technology in Turkey.

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25

Jaisik Kim and 김소연. "Limitations of Marketing Activities in Parallel Imports." Journal of International Trade & Commerce 11, no. 4 (August 2015): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.11.4.201508.93.

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26

Lin, Yih-Ming. "Why Does the US Prevent Parallel Imports?" Theoretical Economics Letters 03, no. 06 (2013): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2013.36054.

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27

Brekke, Kurt R., Tor Helge Holmås, and Odd Rune Straume. "Price regulation and parallel imports of pharmaceuticals." Journal of Public Economics 129 (September 2015): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.08.002.

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28

Li, Changying. "COMPETITION, PARALLEL IMPORTS AND COST-REDUCING INNOVATION." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 53, no. 3 (July 2006): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2006.00385.x.

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29

Burdon, Michael, Priya Vatvani, and Oliver Ellington. "Preliminary injunctions, regulatory approvals and parallel imports." Journal of Generic Medicines 4, no. 2 (December 19, 2006): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jgm.4950057.

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30

Ahmadi, Reza, and B. Rachel Yang. "Parallel Imports: Challenges from Unauthorized Distribution Channels." Marketing Science 19, no. 3 (August 2000): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.19.3.279.11799.

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31

Acharyya, Rajat, and María D. C. García-Alonso. "Income based price subsidies and parallel imports." International Review of Economics & Finance 22, no. 1 (April 2012): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2011.08.001.

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32

Hwang, Hong, Cheng-Hau Peng, and Pei-Cyuan Shih. "Parallel imports, product innovation and market structures." International Review of Economics & Finance 34 (November 2014): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2014.08.003.

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33

Granlund, David, and Miyase Yesim Köksal-Ayhan. "EU Enlargement, Parallel Trade and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals: Has the Price Competition increased?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 1069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0127.

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Abstract Given the cost of trade and availability of pharmaceuticals, the driving force for parallel trade is the price difference between the source (exporting) and the destination (importing) country. An increase in the price difference or in the availability of pharmaceuticals for parallel trade should increase price competition in the destination country. Using 2003–2007 data from Sweden we investigated whether EU enlargement in 2004, when new countries with low pharmaceutical prices joined the EU, increased competition from parallel imports. Drugs facing competition from parallel imports are found to have on average 19–22% lower prices than they would have had if they had never faced such competition. The EU enlargement is, however, not found to have increased this effect, which might be explained by derogations and changes in consumer perceptions of parallel imports.

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34

Borzova, Maria. "Regulation of parallel imports in pharmaceuticals: foreign experience." Remedium. Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment, no. 5 (2015): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1561-5936-2015-5-6-13.

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35

Darbà, Josep, and Joan Rovira. "Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals in the European Union." PharmacoEconomics 14, S1 (October 1998): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199814001-00015.

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36

Hann, Martyn. "Trade-Mark Rights and Parallel Imports in Europe." Journal of World Intellectual Property 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.1998.tb00025.x.

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37

Miller, Stefan M. "Parallel imports: Towards a flexible uniform international rule." Journal of Commercial Biotechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2009): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jcb.2008.40.

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38

Malueg, David A., and Marius Schwartz. "Parallel imports, demand dispersion, and international price discrimination." Journal of International Economics 37, no. 3-4 (November 1994): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(94)90044-2.

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39

Flath, David, and Tatsuhiko Nariu. "Parallel Imports and the Japan Fair Trade Commission." Japanese Economy 35, no. 1 (April 2008): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jes1097-203x350101.

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40

Granlund, David. "The Effect of Pharmacies’ Right to Negotiate Discounts on the Market Share of Parallel Imported Pharmaceuticals." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 1197–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0079.

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Abstract This paper analyzes how allowing pharmacies to negotiate discounts with parallel traders and producers affects the market share for parallel imports. Economic theory predicts that discount negotiations will promote products bought directly from the producers because producers have cost advantages, due to which they always underbid the marginal prices of parallel traders. A reform that allowed discount negotiations is found to reduce the market share for parallel imports by about 11 percentage points to reach 31%. The results clearly indicate that pharmacies have an important role in the choice between medically equivalent pharmaceuticals.

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41

Stothers, C., and I. Kirby. "Parallel imports and summary judgment: Oracle v M-Tech." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 6, no. 9 (May 30, 2011): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpr085.

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42

Maskus, Keith E., and Yongmin Chen. "Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports: Theory and Evidence." Review of International Economics 12, no. 4 (September 2004): 551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2004.00467.x.

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43

McCalman, Phillip. "Parallel imports and the lot of a starving artist." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 15, no. 1 (March 2006): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638190500523501.

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44

Ichino, Yasukazu. "Parallel imports and piracy in a North–South model." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 23, no. 4 (December 10, 2012): 511–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2012.746385.

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45

Bovet, C. "Parallel Imports into Switzerland: The Case of Motor Vehicles." Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 4, no. 1 (November 14, 2012): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lps061.

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46

Bakhtiozina, Alexandra. "Russian Constitutional Court adopts new approach to parallel imports." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 13, no. 8 (June 27, 2018): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy089.

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47

Muir, Justine. "The London Agreement and the future of parallel imports." Nature Biotechnology 26, no. 8 (August 2008): 877–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0808-877.

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48

Yun, Sungho. "Parallel Imports, their Deterrence and Accommodation with Service Differentiation." International Trade Journal 31, no. 3 (January 17, 2017): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2016.1269700.

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49

Rachel Yang, B., Reza H. Ahmadi, and Kent B. Monroe. "Pricing in separable channels: the case of parallel imports." Journal of Product & Brand Management 7, no. 5 (October 1998): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429810237763.

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50

Stothers, Christopher. "Parallel imports in the enlarged EU: the specific mechanism." Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 2, no. 5 (September 2013): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa.13.45.

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