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Journal articles on the topic 'Parallel trade'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Stothers, C. "Parallel trade and free trade agreements." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 1, no. 9 (July 11, 2006): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpl096.

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2

Danzon, Patricia M. "The Economics of Parallel Trade." PharmacoEconomics 13, no. 3 (1998): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199813030-00004.

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3

Knox, Daniel, and Martin Richardson. "Trade policy and parallel imports." European Journal of Political Economy 19, no. 1 (March 2003): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(02)00133-7.

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4

Li, Changying, and Jack Robles. "Product innovation and parallel trade." International Journal of Industrial Organization 25, no. 2 (April 2007): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.03.007.

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5

Bennato, Anna Rita, and Tommaso Valletti. "Pharmaceutical innovation and parallel trade." International Journal of Industrial Organization 33 (March 2014): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2014.02.009.

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6

Gnecco, Giorgio, Berna Tuncay, and Fabio Pammolli. "A Comparison of Game-Theoretic Models for Parallel Trade." International Game Theory Review 20, no. 03 (September 2018): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198918500032.

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Within the EU Single Market for medicines, differences in drug prices, regulations, and transaction costs may create, under suitable conditions, arbitrage opportunities well before patent expiration, giving an incentive to the occurrence of parallel trade. When this is permitted, parallel traders may obtain a profit from buying drugs in a country where prices are lower, then re-selling them in a country where prices are higher. This phenomenon may cause inefficiencies from a global welfare perspective, and reduce the manufacturers’ incentive to invest in Research and Development (R & D). Given this framework, in this paper, we investigate the efficiency (expressed in terms of the price of anarchy) of the subgame-perfect Nash equilibria associated with five dynamic noncooperative game-theoretic models for the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals. We also compare such models with regard to the manufacturer’s incentive to invest in R & D. More specifically, first we find in closed form the optimal value of the global welfare of two countries, which is obtained by solving a suitable quadratic optimization problem modeling the decision-making process of a global planner. Then, we use such a result to evaluate and compare the prices of anarchy of five games modeling the interaction between a manufacturer in the first country and a potential parallel trader in the second country. The first three games refer, respectively, to the cases of no parallel trade threat, parallel trade threat, and parallel trade occurrence at equilibrium. Then, we investigate two modifications of the third game, in which its transfer payment from the potential parallel trader to the manufacturer is, respectively, removed/determined by Nash bargaining. For completeness, we also consider a decision-theoretic model of no parallel trade threat. For what concerns the incentive for the manufacturer to invest in R & D, the results of our numerical comparison show that the decision-theoretic model of no parallel trade threat is always the one with the highest incentive, whereas the two game-theoretic models of parallel trade threat/occurrence that do not include the transfer payment provide typically the lowest incentives. Moreover, the latter two models have the highest prices of anarchy (i.e., their equilibria have the lowest efficiencies). From a policy-making perspective, improvements are obtained if suitable countermeasures are taken to help the manufacturer recover from the costs of R & D, such as the inclusion of a transfer payment in the model.
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7

Mukherjee, Arijit, and Laixun Zhao. "Profitable parallel trade in unionized markets." Journal of Economics 107, no. 3 (February 11, 2012): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00712-012-0267-7.

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8

Costa-Font, Joan. "Is medicines parallel trade ‘regulatory arbitrage’?" International Journal of Health Economics and Management 16, no. 4 (September 23, 2016): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10754-016-9199-z.

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9

Milchior, Richard, and Jean Andre. "Parallel Imports, Trade Marks and Regulatory." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 5, no. 1 (October 2007): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jgm.4950086.

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10

Matteucci, Giorgio, and Pierfrancesco Reverberi. "Parallel trade, product quality, and welfare." Economics Letters 122, no. 2 (February 2014): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.12.004.

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11

Uddin, Md Sarwar, and Mohammad Aktaruzzaman Khan. "Fair Trade and Islam : A Parallel Journey." Indonesian Management and Accounting Research 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/imar.v13i2.1155.

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Fair trade is an organized social movement through wider network of producers, importers, retailers and consumers who are thinking globally to promote trading partnership of products, based on mutually agreed upon condition, accountability & transparency, social justice and equity for livelihood sustainability and economic development by creating fairer and better conditions of trade. It secures the rights of marginalized producers and workers especially, in the underdeveloped and developing countries in order to help them move from a position of vulnerability to security and economic selfsufficiency, supporting environmentally feasible, socially acceptable and economically viable production and distribution of Fair Trade labeled and unlabeled goods. Again Islam urges on establishing Adl, Ehsan and eleminating Julum and Haram from trade and business to establish peace and prosperity in the society. This paper attempts to draw a line of linkage between fair trade and Islam. It also has the endeavour to unveil that the guidelines in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah are the roots and indications of Fair trade. Moreover, the principles of fair trade which are focused now have pronounced in Islam long ago. Archive method of study has been followed to conduct the research through pursuing Quran, Sunnah, different books, journals and web materials. A substantial number of researchers have focused issues related to business ethics and Islam but the issue of Fair trade and Islam has got very little attention by the early researchers. This research gap has created proclivity in the present researchers to conduct the study. This paper will be a valuable document in enriching the literature in this field and will create dimensions for further research. Key words: Fair trade, Islam
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12

Lambert, Julie Anne. "A nation of shopkeepers?" Art Libraries Journal 26, no. 4 (2001): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200012475.

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Trade cards and other trade resources in the John Johnson Collection form the theme of the forthcoming Bodleian exhibition (October 1st to Christmas 2001). In parallel with this, the trade cards have been catalogued and digitised. After a brief introduction to the John Johnson Collection and existing finding aids, this article discusses the usefulness of trade cards as a resource and the multiple access points provided by detailed cataloguing, which enable us to establish new correlations between trades.
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13

Baran-Lewandowska, I., and T. Hermanowski. "PHP16 PARALLEL TRADE OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN POLAND." Value in Health 12, no. 7 (October 2009): A240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)74171-1.

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14

Shih, Pei‐Cyuan, Hong Hwang, and Cheng‐Hau Peng. "Parallel trade with an endogenous market structure." World Economy 42, no. 4 (September 19, 2018): 1224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12727.

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15

Davison, Mark J. "Parallel Importing: Unlawful Use of Trade Marks." Federal Law Review 19, no. 4 (December 1990): 420–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x9001900404.

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16

Matteucci, Giorgio, and Pierfrancesco Reverberi. "Drug innovation, price controls, and parallel trade." International Journal of Health Economics and Management 17, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10754-016-9205-5.

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17

Raff, Horst, and Nicolas Schmitt. "Why parallel trade may raise producers' profits." Journal of International Economics 71, no. 2 (April 2007): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.08.001.

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18

Krizanc, Danny. "Time-Randomness Trade-offs in Parallel Computation." Journal of Algorithms 20, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jagm.1996.0001.

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19

Dubois, Pierre, and Morten Sæthre. "On the Effect of Parallel Trade on Manufacturers' and Retailers' Profits in the Pharmaceutical Sector." Econometrica 88, no. 6 (2020): 2503–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16039.

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Differences in regulated pharmaceutical prices within the European Economic Area create arbitrage opportunities that pharmacy retailers can access through parallel imports. For prescription drugs under patent, parallel trade affects the sharing of profits among an innovating pharmaceutical company, retailers, and parallel traders. We develop a structural model of demand and supply in which retailers can choose the set of goods to sell, thus foreclosing consumers' access to less profitable drugs. This allows retailers to bargain and obtain lower wholesale prices from the manufacturer and parallel trader. With detailed transaction data from Norway, we identify a demand model with unobserved choice sets using retail‐side conditions for optimal assortment decisions of pharmacies. We find that retailer incentives play a significant role in fostering parallel trade penetration and that banning parallel imports would benefit manufacturers as well as prevent pharmacies from foreclosing the manufacturer's product. Finally, in the case of the statin market in Norway, we show that it would be possible to decrease spending and increase profits of the original manufacturer through lump sum transfers associated with a lower reimbursement price, thus decreasing price differentiation across countries.
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20

VANICHAYOBON, S., S. K. DHALL, S. LAKSHMIVARAHAN, and J. K. ANTONIO. "POWER-SPEED TRADE-OFF IN PARALLEL PREFIX CIRCUITS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 14, no. 01 (February 2005): 65–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126605002179.

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Optimizing area and speed in parallel prefix circuits has been considered important for a long time. The issue of power consumption in these circuits, however, has not been addressed. This paper presents a comparative study of different parallel prefix circuits from the point of view of power–speed trade-off. An effective circuit capacitance model that is verified through PSpice simulations is used to investigate the power consumption in parallel prefix circuits. The model results in an analytical function for power consumption for each prefix circuit considered. The degrees of freedom studied include different parallel prefix circuits and voltage scaling. The results of the study were applied to evaluate power–speed trade-offs when different prefix circuits are used in Brent's parallel adder.5
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21

Avenali, Alessandro, Claudio Leporelli, Giorgio Matteucci, and Pierfrancesco Reverberi. "Vertical Control and Parallel Trade under Asymmetric Information." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 7 (January 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60529.

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22

Hann, Martyn. "Trade-Mark Rights and Parallel Imports in Europe." Journal of World Intellectual Property 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.1998.tb00025.x.

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23

Mansour, Yishay, Noam Nisan, and Uzi Vishkin. "Trade-offs between Communication Throughput and Parallel Time." Journal of Complexity 15, no. 1 (March 1999): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcom.1998.0498.

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24

Matteucci, Giorgio, and Pierfrancesco Reverberi. "Some Unintended Consequences of Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals." Managerial and Decision Economics 37, no. 1 (August 11, 2014): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.2689.

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25

Chaplin, Steve. "Parallel trade: are industry concerns real or imagined?" Prescriber 17, no. 17 (September 5, 2006): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psb.413.

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26

Acharyya, Rajat, and María D. C. García-Alonso. "UNIVERSAL ACCESS, PARALLEL TRADE AND INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE." Bulletin of Economic Research 66, S1 (September 17, 2013): S74—S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boer.12013.

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27

Szymanski, S., and T. Valletti. "Parallel trade, price discrimination, investment and price caps." Economic Policy 20, no. 44 (October 1, 2005): 706–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2005.00149.x.

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28

Urbach, Jeremy. "Parallel trade in medicines does not benefit patients." Nursing Standard 19, no. 48 (August 10, 2005): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.19.48.39.s52.

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29

Snir, Marc. "Depth-size trade-offs for parallel prefix computation." Journal of Algorithms 7, no. 2 (June 1986): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6774(86)90003-9.

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30

Flath, David, and Tatsuhiko Nariu. "Parallel Imports and the Japan Fair Trade Commission." Japanese Economy 35, no. 1 (April 2008): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jes1097-203x350101.

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31

Wu, Maoguo, and Siyuan Yan. "Opportunities for Parallel Import in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone: Evidence from the Automobile Industry and the Pharmaceutical Industry." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 10 (April 30, 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n10p344.

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Parallel import, as a pattern of international trade, is often under criticism because of infringement of intellectual property. However, the establishment of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone has contributed to the rapid development of parallel import, which has existed in the “grey zone” in China for a long time. Generally speaking, parallel import not only minimizes damages to related intellectual property owners, but also maximizes flow of goods and promotes formation of a unified market, which is beneficial to free trade and economic integration as well as the welfare of consumers. This paper investigates two industries most affected by parallel import, namely the automobile industry and the pharmaceutical industry. Two cases, “Peugeot Unfair Competition” and “Compulsory Licensing of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry”, are analyzed. This paper draws the conclusion that the general welfare of society must be considered and a clear boundary of intellectual property rights should be established in the development of trade policies on parallel import. Effective use of parallel import can ultimately promote social development.
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32

Ross, George. "Parallel Lives." French Politics, Culture & Society 37, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370305.

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Philippe Herzog and Jean-Louis Moynot were members of the top leaderships of the Parti Communiste Français (PCF) and the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), respectively. Each participated in and lived through the dramatic years from the 1960s through the 1980s when both organizations first supported Union de la Gauche and then turned away from it, eventually precipitating both into decline in ways that would transform eventually the French political and trade union left. The strategic shifts underlying these deep and significant changes were traumatic for those who lived through them. Herzog and Moynot have recently published memoirs detailing their experiences of this period and their political lives thereafter. Both books, in different ways, give us new and important understandings of what happened during a critical moment of change in French politics.
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33

Granlund, David, and Miyase Yesim Köksal-Ayhan. "EU Enlargement, Parallel Trade and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals: Has the Price Competition increased?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 1069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0127.

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Abstract Given the cost of trade and availability of pharmaceuticals, the driving force for parallel trade is the price difference between the source (exporting) and the destination (importing) country. An increase in the price difference or in the availability of pharmaceuticals for parallel trade should increase price competition in the destination country. Using 2003–2007 data from Sweden we investigated whether EU enlargement in 2004, when new countries with low pharmaceutical prices joined the EU, increased competition from parallel imports. Drugs facing competition from parallel imports are found to have on average 19–22% lower prices than they would have had if they had never faced such competition. The EU enlargement is, however, not found to have increased this effect, which might be explained by derogations and changes in consumer perceptions of parallel imports.
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34

Grigoriadis, Lazaros G. "The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector: The Case of Parallel Trade." European Business Law Review 25, Issue 1 (January 1, 2014): 141–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2014004.

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Parallel trade traditionally enjoys a significant protection from European Institutions, in the belief that it fosters competition and encourages trade. However, pharmaceutical companies claim that this form of competition undermines their incentive to innovate and threatens the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical sector. This Article analyses a) the arguments put forward in favour of and against the freedom of the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals between the EU Member States and b) the case-law relating to the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals developed by the EU courts and, more specifically, by the Court of Justice ("CJ") (former Court of Justice of the European Communities/"ECJ") and by the General Court ("GC") (former Court of First Instance of the European Communities/"CFI") in the light of EU competition law (Arts 101-102 of the TFEU).
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35

Mueller-Langer, Frank. "Parallel Trade and its Ambiguous Effects on Global Welfare." Review of International Economics 20, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.01016.x.

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36

Gallus, Nick. "The Mystery of Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade and Developing Countries." Journal of World Intellectual Property 7, no. 2 (March 2004): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00262.x.

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37

Méndez, Susan J. "Parallel trade of pharmaceuticals: The Danish market for statins." Health Economics 27, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3551.

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38

Vishkin, Uzi, and Avi Wigderson. "Trade-Offs between Depth and Width in Parallel Computation." SIAM Journal on Computing 14, no. 2 (May 1985): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/0214024.

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39

Kanavos, P., and J. Costa-Font. "Pharmaceutical parallel trade in Europe: stakeholder and competition effects." Economic Policy 20, no. 44 (October 1, 2005): 758–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2005.00150.x.

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40

Kao, Kuo-Feng, and Hiroshi Mukunoki. "The effects of parallel trade in two-sided markets." Economics Letters 199 (February 2021): 109721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109721.

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41

Maskus, Keith E., and Frank Stähler. "Retailers as agents and the limits of parallel trade." European Economic Review 70 (August 2014): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.05.003.

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42

Valletti, Tommaso M. "Differential pricing, parallel trade, and the incentive to invest." Journal of International Economics 70, no. 1 (September 2006): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2005.07.010.

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43

Lupu, Felicia Adriana. "PROCEDURAL PARALLEL AND APPROACHES BETWEEN DECISIONS AND TRADE NEGOTIATIONS." Problems of Management in the 21st Century 7, no. 1 (July 15, 2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/13.07.24.

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In a conscious or less conscious way, in each moment of its existence, the organization negotiates. Any negotiation assumes the fact that the negotiator has to approach at least one decisional situation and has to make at least one decision. Making decisions when negotiating, negotiators manifests their reasoning, proving the fact that they can approach decisional situations. Approaching the negotiation process by a string of decisional sequences, the entire theory regarding decision making may underline the process of negotiation, providing efficiency to the resources allocated within the process of negotiation and underlining the most equitable way and the most advantageous to follow for the team of negotiators. On the basis of these ideas further questions can be put. Could any similarity be identified when comparing the decisional process to the result of a commercial negotiation? Do the negotiation’s objectives determine the characteristics and particularities of the decisions to be made by each of the parts during the negotiation process? Taking into account both the literature regarding the subject and the practical experience of the author in SMES’s (Small and medium sized enterprise) management, using the analogy and deduction methods, this paper aims to identify procedural similarities between decisions and negotiations, reconsidering the role of the processes that have a managerial character. Tracing such approaches may have multiple and major implications and is meant to underline the importance of the decisional process when it comes to negotiating. Key words: decisional process, negotiations, competitive advantage, procedural approach.
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44

Kashyap, Usha, and Neha Bothra. "Sino-US Trade and Trade War." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.879180.

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Trade has been one of the most primary reasons behind economic association. Cross-border trade not only makes the markets cost-efficient but rather also brings up a higher degree of specialization to the respective nations. Bilateral trades have proven to be quintessential to both sides of the deal. However, on a parallel front, every economy has a self-interest toward the domestic produce, and they also try to defend their local manufacturers from cross-border competition. The United States has an “America-first” policy. Whenever the United States imposes tariffs and duties, similar responses have been observed by China. These moves are an area of great concern for global trade. The impact is often visible on the rest of the world. A trade-off exists between domestic economic growth and favored imports. This study is an attempt to discuss the trade relations between the United States and China and how this has led to a trade war. The trade tensions between the United States and China may continue for a few more years. There is a battle for economic supremacy and global leadership. This study explains why the United States is increasing tariffs on Chinese goods and how China is retaliating. This US–China trade war has affected not only the two economies but also the world economy. This study elucidates the repercussions of trade war on the international supply chain and the countries of the European Union. This study has also endeavored to discuss the impact of this trade war on the Indian economy. It is a golden opportunity for India to increase exports to China, the United States, and Europe.
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45

Zombory, Katarzyna. "The agricultural land trade." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 16, no. 30 (April 30, 2021): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2021.30.174.

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This paper aims to provide a report on the conference titled The agricultural land trade. Theory and Practice, which was held on 26 November 2020 by Adam Mickiewicz University (UAM) in Poznań. The conference report deals with the three sessions of the conference in separate chapters, and in the end, it contains concluding remarks. In parallel with the presentation of the sessions, legal literature is provided in connection with each issue.
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46

Raisbeck, Elspeth. "Pharmaceutical parallel trade in the UK Panos Kanavos Pharmaceutical parallel trade in the UK Paul Holmes Civitas (020 7799 6677)91pp£29.50190338639X190338639X." Nursing Standard 19, no. 47 (August 3, 2005): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.19.47.36.s41.

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47

Hollis, Aidan, and Peter Ibbott. "How Parallel Trade Affects Drug Policies and Prices in Canada and the United States." American Journal of Law & Medicine 32, no. 2-3 (June 2006): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880603200204.

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U.S. consumers and Canadian pharmacies have rushed to take advantage of the opportunity presented by price differences in patented pharmaceuticals. This rapidly growing parallel trade has brought the Canadian and U.S. systems for determining pharmaceutical pricing under increased scrutiny, and the pressure for change seems to be building. This paper examines why parallel trade in pharmaceuticals has grown and considers some of the policy options confronting both countries.To do this we begin by identifying similarities and differences in the Canadian and U.S. regulatory frameworks governing trade in pharmaceuticals. While the differences are considerable, we show that they are not the only reason for the emergence of the price disparity that has fuelled the growth in parallel trade. In particular, we argue that the price discrimination strategies of pharmaceutical manufacturers and exchange rate fluctuations have played an underappreciated role. Following this, we examine the claims that this trade represents a threat to American and Canadian interests, and find that there are good reasons for policy makers on both sides of the border to be concerned. Unchecked, this rising trade presents a threat to R&D funding and continued Canadian consumer access to pharmaceutical products.
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48

Latronico, Natalia, and Patrick Actis Perinetto. "The Bitter Medicine: Competition Law and Parallel Trade in the Pharmaceutical Sector." World Competition 40, Issue 1 (March 1, 2017): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2017005.

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The economic crisis and the growing urge of governments to cut public expenditure – particularly its heftier items, among which is pharmaceutical spending – have, in recent times, brought back on the agenda of pharmaceutical companies the issue of how to lawfully limit parallel trade of their products towards lower-price EU Member States. This objective may prove particularly hard to achieve since, from a EU competition law standpoint, parallel trade has been traditionally perceived as beneficial for consumers, as well as a force towards EU single market integration. This article aims at assessing, under a EU competition law perspective, the most common paths chosen by companies to deal with parallel trade, by relying on the (limited) case-law of EU courts and by providing a detailed and practical analysis of every available option.
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49

Scardamaglia, Amanda. "The Colonial Trade Mark Regime: Parallel Rationales, Theories and Frameworks." King's Law Journal 22, no. 3 (October 2011): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/096157611798456735.

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50

Nguyen, Xuan, Chi-Chur Chao, Pasquale Sgro, and Munirul Nabin. "Cross-border Travellers and Parallel Trade: Implications for Asian Economies." World Economy 40, no. 8 (January 15, 2016): 1531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12381.

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