Journal articles: 'Parameters of cladding'

1

Lu, Shu Hua, Xiang Ling, and Jin Chun Zhang. "The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Surface Integrity of Ni60A Coatings Fabricated by Laser-High Frequency Induction Hybrid Cladding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.425.

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The surface of much equipment that employed in petrochemical industry is always damaged by corrosion. As a novel technology, laser-high frequency induction hybrid cladding is an effective surface modification technology. Processing parameters, such as laser power, laser scanning speed and induction heating temperature, play an important part in the structural integrity of the coatings. The effects of these processing parameters to cladding integrity were investigated in this paper. Nickel base alloy (Ni60A) claddings were fabricated on the surface of low alloy steel by the way of laser-high frequency induction hybrid cladding and coaxial powder feeding. Macroscopic appearance and porosity of the claddings were systematically investigated by optical microscopy. The corrosion resistance of specimens manufactured by the optimum processing parameters is evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution by electrochemical test. As the change of processing parameters, the width, height and porosity of laser claddings had an obvious change. Optimum processing parameters was determined because of the overall performance of the claddings. A good metallurgical bonding between Ni60A claddings and substrate was shown by microstructure. The results of the polarization curves turned out that the corrosion resistance of the Ni60A cladding is apparently better than the matrix.

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Ji, Xia, Jian Zhong Zhou, Feng Qiu, and Su Qing Jiang. "The Optimization of Processing Parameters and Experimental Investigation on Ni-Based Components Fabricated by Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.676.

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The optimization of processing parameters for laser cladding process based on Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software was investigated and the experimental investigation on Ni-based alloy components fabricated by laser cladding was carried out. The influences of the main processing parameters on the surface quality were analyzed, and the Ni-based components with superior surface quality were obtained by employing the optimum set of parameters. The surface morphology and microstructure of the components were analyzed. Results indicate that the surface of the cladding is rather smooth and the claddings have a unique microstructure consisting of primary dendrite. The laser cladding layer with integrated melt interface and without reheat cracking can be obtained by optimizing the process variables. The investigations show that the components fabricated by laser cladding process have better mechanical properties than that of the conventional manufacturing technology.

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Gao, Zhong Tang, and Min Hua Zhang. "Research on Technological Parameters of Laser Cladding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.236.

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Send laser cladding experiments to the substrate surface in 16Mn in the Synchronous way. By different laser cladding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties under the comparative analysis, to make a more detailed discussion of laser cladding power and scanning speed on the quality of laser cladding. Different process parameters on the microstructure of cladding layer and the cladding layer of particle distribution and the tissue distribution of species .We get to the study that type and distribution of the cladding layer microstructure and tissue distribution of tungsten carbide hard phase. We get regular pattern that technological parameter has an effect on the quality of cladding layer. We can came to the conclusion that the best cladding process parameters is in the power of 3.0KW and cladding speed 1000mm/min.

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Viňáš, Ján, Miroslav Greš, and Tomáš Vaško. "Cladding of Wear-Resistant Layers in Metallurgy and Engineering." Materials Science Forum 862 (August 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.862.41.

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The paper presents the application of weld layers used in renovations of functional surfaces of components that are exposed to several tribodegradation factors in operation of metallurgical and engineering industries. Surfaces of selected components are renovated using arc welding processes, namely: (MMAW) Manual Metal Arc Welding, (SAW) Submerged Arc Welding methods, (GMAW) Gas metal arc welding and (FCAW) Flux cored wire metal arc welding without gas shield. Claddings were made always three-layered directly on the surfaces of renovated components using dedicated cladding machines in operations and laboratory conditions respectively. Their quality was assessed using non-destructive tests, namely (VT) visual testing by STN EN ISO 17637 and (UT) Ultrasonic testing STN EN ISO 11666. Within the destructive tests the quality of claddings was evaluated using the metallographic analysis conducted on a light microscope Olympus BX and electron microscope Jeol where the impact of mixing the weld metal as well as heat treatment after cladding on the final structure of claddings was observed. Using the Shimadzu HMV 2 device the microhardness of cladding layers was evaluated on metallographic samples by STN EN ISO 9015-2. In laboratory conditions the resistance of cladding layers to abrasive wear was verified on the device Di-1. Experimental testing of the claddings confirmed that the selected additives and cladding parameters witting individual technology were chosen correctly as in cladding layers no presence of internal defects was observed.

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Zhang, Yuan Bin, Bai Ying Huang, and Huai Xue Li. "Influence of the Parameters on the Laser Deposited TiAl Layer." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.496.

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TiAl based intermetallic compound claddings were produced on TA15 alloy surface by using laser depositing technology to melt Ti-46Al-2Cr metal powders. An interface layer between TA15 substrate and the TiAl claddings was formed. The influence of laser power, scanning speed and number of cladding layers on the interface layer and the hardness of TiAl claddings were investigated. Higher laser power and lower scanning speed made the interface layer thicker. Increasing the laser power and especially the scanning speed could improve the hardness of the TiAl claddings. When the second TiAl layer was deposited, there was no interface layer formed between the two TiAl layers, but the hardness of the first layer decreased and the second TiAl layer was softer than the first layer due to the rough microstructure.

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Zhang, Wei, and Jian Hua Yao. "Research on Technics of Laser Direct Metal Deposition Forming Technology." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.54.

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The technological parameters of laser direct metal deposition (DMD) were researched by DMD forming experiments using 2Cr13 powder. Fixing other parameters, the lower of laser power, the smaller the characteristic sizes of cladding layer are. Increasing of laser power, cladding height would firstly increase and then decrease, cladding width would firstly increase and then almost maintain constant, while cladding depth would gradually increase. When other parameters are invariable, with increasing of powder feeding speed, cladding height would increase, cladding width and cladding depth would decrease. When other parameters are invariable, cladding width, cladding height and cladding depth would decrease with the adding of scanning speed. The microstructure of single track cladding had three typical patterns, cellular dendritic, column dendritic and equiaxed crystal. The patterns depended on the temperature gradient and the solidification velocity. Under different technical parameters, the average hardness of specimens would change from 300HV0.2 to 550HV0.2.

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Wang, Li Mei, Jun Bo Liu, and Jun Hai Liu. "Influence of Process Parameters on Microstructure of Reaction Plasma Cladding TiC-Fe-Cr Coating." Materials Science Forum 1027 (April 2021): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1027.170.

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In order to improve the quality and properties of the coating, a certain amount of Ti was added to the plasma cladding Fe-Cr-C coating in the early stage. And Fe-Cr-C-Ti composite powder was prepared by precursor carbonization-composition process. In situ synthesized TiC-Fe-Cr coatings were fabricated on substrate of Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with Fe-Cr-C-Ti composite powder. Microstructure of the coating with different process parameters, including cladding current, cladding speed, number of overlapping cladding layers, were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the structure of the TiC-Fe-Cr coating is greatly affected by the fusion current, the cladding speed and the overlapping cladding process. In this test, when the cladding current of 300A and the cladding process parameter of the cladding speed of 50 mm/min are clad with three layers, a well-formed and well-structured TiC-Fe-Cr coating can be obtained. Which are the best synthetic process parameters in this test.

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8

Palani, P. K., and N. Murugan. "Modelling and analysis of delta ferrite content in claddings deposited by flux cored arc welding using a neural network." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 4 (January 23, 2009): 779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1253.

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Measurement of delta ferrite in cladding gives important insight into the future mechanical and corrosion resistant behaviour of the cladded structures. The amount of delta ferrite formed during cladding is influenced by process parameters such as welding speed, welding current, and nozzle-to-plate distance. Therefore, it is essential to predict the effect of these parameters on the formation of delta ferrite. This article discusses the development of an artificial neural network model to predict the delta ferrite content in austenitic stainless-steel claddings deposited by the flux cored arc welding process. A novel approach of using the design of experiments to collect data to train the network has been adopted in this investigation. The study revealed that the delta ferrite content can be predicted more accurately using the neural networks with a minimum number of experiments. The results also indicated that welding current and speed have a significant influence on the amount of ferrite and the interaction effects of these parameters play a major role in determining ferrite in the claddings.

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9

Lian, Guofu, Hao Zhang, Yang Zhang, Martin L. Tanaka, Changrong Chen, and Jibin Jiang. "Optimizing Processing Parameters for Multi-Track Laser Cladding Utilizing Multi-Response Grey Relational Analysis." Coatings 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060356.

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Multi-track laser cladding is the primary technology used in industrial applications for surface reinforcement and remanufacturing of broken parts. In this study, the influence of processing parameters on multi-track laser cladding was investigated using a Taguchi orthogonal experimental design. A multi-response grey relational analysis (GRA) was employed to identify laser cladding processing parameters that simultaneously optimize the flatness ratio of the coating and the cladding efficiency. The optimal parameters setting found by GRA were validated experimentally. Results showed that the flatness ratio and cladding efficiency were closely correlated to the overlap rate and laser power, where the overlap rate shows the most significant impact on the flatness ratio and the laser power shows the most significant impact on cladding efficiency. Results from the validation experiment were within one percent (0.97% error) of the predicted value. This demonstrates the benefits of utilizing GRA in laser cladding process optimization. The methods presented in this paper can be used to identify ideal processing parameters for multi-response multi-track laser cladding processes or other industrial applications.

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He, Chang Lin, Gong Zhang, Ying Ping Wang, Lei Zheng, Xian Shuai Chen, Shao Ke Chen, Zhong He Zhou, and Wei Feng. "Effect of the Process Parameters of Laser Cladding on Microstructure of Ni-Based Titanium Carbide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.28.

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This paper gets a further study to cladding of Ni-based Titanium Carbide in the surface of die steel of 718, This paper introduces the effect of laser process parameters on the titanium carbide and nickel solid solution and cemented carbide in cladding layer; on that basis, this paper studied the effect of the different of powder paving thickness, laser power and scanning velocity and other parameters on microstructure and properties of cladding layer. By controlling the powder-bed depth, using suitable laser cladding power and scanning speed, we can get the cladding layer of compact structure, no holes or no cracks. Experiments were carried out to get suitable process parameters, and analyzed its mechanism. It has certain significance guiding to improve the laser cladding of 718 die steel quality,

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11

Liu, Jinxia, Chao Ma, Luda Yu, Yu Wang, and Zhiyuan Jiao. "Remanufacturing of nodular cast iron crankshaft with plasma cladding." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 6 (June 2018): 168781401877985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018779852.

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Remanufacturing technology has a wide range of applications in the repair of scrapped parts with a certain remaining service life. In this work, a scrapped crankshaft fabricated from nodular cast iron that had failed from working surface wear was remanufactured via a plasma cladding process. Taking into account the wear amount on the working surface and the characteristics of nodular cast iron, in this article, cladding layer parameters were designed and two types cladding powders, Fe-based and Ni-based, were prepared, respectively, to perform the cladding experiment. After examining different process parameters, relatively smooth cladding layers were obtained using four powders. The cladding experiment results showed that the powder No. 3 exhibited superior qualities when combined with proper processing parameters. When applying powder No. 3 to the main journal of crankshaft, a higher quality of cladding layer was achieved.

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Zhang, Yin Yong, Jian Guo Zhao, Lu Ping Ma, Yue Jin Ma, and Jian Jun Hao. "Process Optimization of Reaction Nitrogen Arc Welding Cladding TiCN/Fe Metal Ceramic Composite Coating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1279.

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In order to research the technique of reaction nitrogen arc cladding, the 5 factors 4 levels orthogonal experiments have been designed, and the effects of process parameters (such as cladding current, tungsten polar diameter, nitrogen flow, cladding speed and precoated thickness) on coating wear resistance performance were discussed. The process parameters were optimized as follows: cladding current 200 A, tungsten polar diameter 1.6 mm, nitrogen flow 12L. min-1, cladding speed 2 mm.s-1, precoated thickness 1.5 mm.

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Sreeraj, P., T. Kannan, and Subhashis Maji. "Optimization of GMAW Process Parameters Using Particle Swarm Optimization." ISRN Metallurgy 2013 (January 22, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/460651.

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To improve the corrosion-resistant properties of carbon steel cladding process is usually used. It is a process of depositing a thick layer of corrosion resistant material-over carbon steel plate. Most of the engineering applications require high strength and corrosion resistant materials for long-term reliability and performance. By cladding, these properties can be achieved with minimum cost. The main problem faced in cladding is the selection of optimum combinations of process parameters for achieving quality clad and hence good clad bead geometry. This paper highlights an experimental study to optimize various input process parameters (welding current, welding speed, gun angle, contact tip to work distance, and pinch) to get optimum dilution in stainless steel cladding of low-carbon structural steel plates using gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design with full-replication technique and mathematical models were developed using multiple regression method. The developed models have been checked for adequacy and significance. Using particle swarm optimization (PSO) the parameters were optimized to get minimal dilution.

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Zhu, Shichao, Wenliang Chen, Xiaohong Zhan, Liping Ding, and Junjie Zhou. "Parameter optimisation of laser cladding repair for an Invar alloy mould." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 8 (October 11, 2018): 1859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418805653.

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Laser cladding repair is an advanced technology for repairing Invar alloy moulds; however, the influences of various processing parameters on the quality of the Invar alloy moulds have yet to be determined. To explore the optimisation of laser cladding repair parameters, analyses of the geometric features and microstructure of the cladding layer were conducted. First, the influences of different powder feeding rates and scanning speeds on the dilution rate of the substrate were investigated by establishing a mathematical model of the laser power attenuation. Next, the influences of the parameters on the geometric features of the cladding layer were analysed. Finally, the influences of the parameters on the microstructure of the cladding layer were evaluated. At a laser power of 2300 W, a scanning speed of 3 m/min, and a powder feeding rate of 9 g/min, the best results of the width, height, dilution rate, roughness, and contact angle of the cladding layer were obtained. The results of this study indicated that excellent metallurgical bonding occurred between the cladding layer and the interface layer, and that the intended geometric features and desired microstructure of the cladding layer were obtained.

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Fan, Ji Wei, Zhi Qiang Jiao, Xiao Peng Li, Hui Jun Zhao, Zhen Guo Zhang, Zhao Jun Zhang, Rui Jie Zhang, Ying Liu, and Xiao Li Zhang. "The Effect of Parameters of Laser Processing on the Morphology of Glaze Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 586 (November 2012): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.586.265.

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Laser processing ceramic materials is a new application of laser technique. This paper presents the study of laser processing parameters of glaze cladding. It found out that the parameters of laser processing affected the morphology of glaze cladding significantly. Within the experimental conditions, rise of output power or drop of processing speed can increase the depth of melted zone and the width of glaze cladding, vice versa.

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Matějíček, Jiří, Jakub Antoš, and Pavel Rohan. "W + Cu and W + Ni Composites and FGMs Prepared by Plasma Transferred Arc Cladding." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040789.

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Tungsten-based materials are the most prospective candidates for plasma-facing components of future fusion devices, such as DEMO. W-based composites and graded layers can serve as stress-relieving interlayers for the joints between plasma-facing armor and the cooling or structural parts. Coating/cladding techniques offer the advantages of eliminating the joining step and the ability to coat large areas, even on nonplanar shapes. In this work, W + Cu and W + Ni composites were prepared by pulsed plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding on several different substrates. Optimization of the process was carried out with respect to powder mixture composition and process parameters like arc current, plasma gas composition, and traverse velocity. Dense claddings of several millimeters thickness and various W content were achieved. Moreover, multilayers with W content gradually varying from 47 to 92% were formed. The structure, compositional profiles, and thermal properties of the claddings were characterized.

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Deng, Zixin, Tao Chen, Haojun Wang, Shengchen Li, and Defu Liu. "Process Parameter Optimization When Preparing Ti(C, N) Ceramic Coatings Using Laser Cladding Based on a Neural Network and Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 6331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186331.

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The formation process of surface coatings fabricated with laser cladding is very complicated and coating quality is closely related to laser cladding process parameters. Generally, the optimization and control of process parameters play key roles when preparing high-quality ceramic coating. In this paper, three reasonable parameters were selected for each process parameter based on the preliminary experiment. The experiment of Ti(C, N) ceramic coating prepared with laser cladding was designed via the Taguchi method. The laser power, spot diameter, overlapping ratio, and scanning velocity were selected as the main process parameters, and their effects on coating micro-hardness were analyzed using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, based on the back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm, we created the prediction model of BPNN-QPSO neural network for laser cladding Ti(C, N) ceramic coating. The mapping of process parameters to the micro-hardness of the coating was obtained according to the model and we analyzed the influence of process parameters that interacted with the coating’s micro-hardness. The results showed that the interaction of laser cladding process parameters had a significant effect on the micro-hardness of the coating. The established BPNN-QPSO neural network model was able to map the relationship between laser cladding process parameters and coating micro-hardness. The process parameters optimized by this model had similar results with ANOVA. This research provides guidance for the selection and control of ceramic coating process parameters Ti(C, N) prepared via laser cladding.

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Wang, Yong Kang, Shi Hong Shi, Ge Yan Fu, and Chun Sheng Li. "Research on the Key Process Parameters in Direct Laser Deposition Using Coaxial Inside-Beam Wire Feeding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.401.

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Aimed at the disadvantages of the lateral wire feeding in direct laser deposition (DLD), a novel device with coaxial inside-beam wire feeding is applied in the process based on the patent technology of “hollow laser beam and internal wire feeding’’. During the laser cladding process, laser beam can be coupled with wire accurately. The comparison experiments of laser cladding are carried out on the substrate of 45# steel with different process parameters. The effects of crucial process parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed and wire delivery rate on the cladding layer are dicussed. The optimum laser cladding process and related parameters are obtained. Microstructure of the cladding layer is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results show that, wire melts adequately; the cladding layer is symmetrical and smooth; the microstructure is uniformly distributed with no porosity; firm combination with substrate is achieved.

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Tabernero, I., A. Calleja, A. Lamikiz, and L. N. López de Lacalle. "Optimal Parameters for 5-axis Laser Cladding." Procedia Engineering 63 (2013): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.229.

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Song, Jian Li, Yong Tang Li, and Qi Lin Deng. "Optimization of Laser Cladding Forming Parameters by Numerical Simulation to Minimize the Cracking Posibilitys." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.806.

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Laser cladding forming (LCF) is one of the new developed advanced manufacturing technologies. It integrates the advantages of rapid prototyping manufacturing and laser cladding surface modification, and three dimensional near-net-shape metal components can be directly manufactured without dies. Due to the dramatic heating and cooling characteristics of laser cladding forming process, the cladding layers is liable to crack, which greatly impedes the further and wider application of this technology. In this paper, numerical simulation on the three-dimensional transient temperature field and stress field of powder-delivery LCF has been carried out with parametric programming methods. The temperature field, temperature gradient and cooling rate of the laser cladding layer have been obtained. The influences of laser power and scanning speed on the temperature gradient and cooling rate of the cladding layers, especially the cooling rate of solid-liquid interface of the melt pool have been studied, which is tightly correlated with the cracking generation of the deposited layers. According to the simulation, process parameters were optimized to minimize the cracking possibility; LCF experiments have also been conducted to verify the simulation results.

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Wang, Dong Sheng, Li Ye Yue, Hao Yang, and Pei Pei Zhang. "Computational Analysis of Laser Cladding of Preset MCrAlY Coating Based on ANSYS I-Temperature Field." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.139.

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A finite element model of temperature field for plasma spraying preset MCrAlY coating during laser cladding was constructed using ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) in accordance to characteristics of preset laser cladding. Influencing laws of laser cladding parameters on temperature field were analyzed. Results show that laser power influences temperature field of cladding samples more than laser scanning speed. Experimental results agree well with simulation results, which prove the accuracy and reliability of the constructed calculation model of temperature field. Heating and cooling laws in the laser cladding process could be mastered through this calculation model. Research conclusions provide some references to optimization parameters in preparing high-performance laser cladding coatings.

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Hongyu, Li, Chen Hui, Wu Ying, Chen Yong, and Yi Wei. "Prediction of two-dimensional topography of laser cladding based on neural network." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2019): 1940034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219400344.

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The two-dimensional morphology of the cladding layer has an important influence on the quality of the cladding layer and the crack tendency. Using the powerful nonlinear processing ability of the single hidden layer feedforward neural network, a prediction model between the cladding technological parameters and the two-dimensional morphology of the cladding layer is established. Taking the cladding parameters as the input and the two-dimensional morphology of the cladding as the output, the experimental data is used to train the network to achieve a high-level mapping of the input and output. On this basis, the algorithm of extreme learning machine is used to optimize the single hidden layer feedforward neural network to overcome the problems of slow convergence speed, more network training parameters and easy local convergence in back-propagation algorithm. The results show that the relationship between the cladding process parameters and the two-dimensional morphology of the cladding layer can be roughly reflected by the back-propagation algorithm. However, the prediction results are not stable and the error rate is between 10% and 40%. The neural network optimized by the extreme learning machine is utilized to get a better prediction result. The error rate is 10–20%.

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Shu, Da, Si Chao Dai, Ji Chao Sun, Feng Tao, Ping Xiao, and Wu Dong Si. "Research on Optimization of Laser Cladding Process Parameters Based on Orthogonal Experimental Method." Key Engineering Materials 866 (October 2020): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.866.72.

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The orthogonal experiment method is used in optimal design of laser cladding, such as laser power (P), scanning speed (SS), powder feeding rate (PFR) and shielding gas velocity (SGV) etc. Both the dilution rate and the aspect ratio are investigated by comprehensive scoring method, which transforms multi-index into single index. In view of the nonlinear characteristics of laser cladding process parameters, the optimum level of each factor based on interaction effect is obtained by analyzing binary tables. Finally, the relationship between the laser cladding process parameters and the two indexes (the dilution rate and the ratio of width to height of coating) is obtained. This method has potential applications for the further investigating on the laser cladding process rules.

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Zang, Chun Cheng, Yan Zhong Wang, and Yi Du Zhang. "Effects of Laser Cladding Process on Cladding Layer Qualities of Nickel-Base Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 1028 (September 2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1028.90.

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Nickel-base alloy powder is widely applied to strengthen the surface of products through laser processing. This paper presents the experiments on laser cladding of Ni45 alloy powder on substrates of 45 steel. The experimental results show that the laser cladding processing parameters such as laser power, scanning speed, powder feed rate and overlap ratio have great effects on the qualities of the cladding layer. Optimizing the processing parameters is an effective way to improve the layer qualities and obtain desired cladding layers.

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Zhao, Yu, Chuang Guan, Liaoyuan Chen, Jiayu Sun, and Tianbiao Yu. "Effect of process parameters on the cladding track geometry fabricated by laser cladding." Optik 223 (December 2020): 165447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165447.

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Ju, Jiang, Yang Zhou, Maodong Kang, and Jun Wang. "Optimization of Process Parameters, Microstructure, and Properties of Laser Cladding Fe-Based Alloy on 42CrMo Steel Roller." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102061.

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The mould foot roller is a key component of a continuous casting machine. In order to investigate the possibility of using laser cladding to repair mould foot roller, Fe-based powders and 42CrMo steel are used in this work. The laser cladding process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments. The chemical compositions, microstructure, properties of the cladding layer under the optimum process parameters, and substrate were systematically investigated by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness test, wear test, and salt spray corrosion test. The results indicate that the primary factor affecting the width and depth of the cladding layer is laser power. The scanning speed also has a significant effect on the height of the cladding layer. The optimum process parameters for repairing the mould foot roller are 2 kW laser power, 4 mm/s scanning speed, and 15 g/min feeding rate of powder. Along the depth direction of the cladding layer, the microstructure of the coating gradually transforms from plane crystal, cell grains, or dendrites to equiaxed grains. The matrix is mainly martensite with retained austenite; the eutectic phase is composed of netlike M2B, particulate M23(C,B)6, and M7(C,B)3 phase. The hardness of the cladding layer is significantly improved, about three times that of the substrate. The weight loss of the cladding layer is just half that of the substrate. Its wear resistance and corrosion resistance have been significantly improved. The work period of the laser cladding-repaired foot roller is much longer than for the surfacing welding-repaired one. In summary, laser cladding technology can increase the life of mould foot rollers.

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Boussaha, El Hadi, Samia Aouici, Hamdi Aouici, and Abida Bahloul. "Study of Powder Particle Size Effect on Microstructural and Geometrical Features of Laser Claddings Using Response Surface Methodology RSM." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseme-2019-0009.

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Abstract A continuous CO2 laser (10.6 µm wavelength) was adopted to investigate the influence of powder particle sizes on microstructural and morphological characteristics of laser claddings. To study the potential of powder in controlling the incident laser energy, different average particle sizes of Ni-base powder were deposited on an austenitic stainless steel X3CrNi18-10 substrate. The energy value necessary to melt a mass m of powder was calculated. The results indicate that this energy decreases with particle sizes. The claddings obtained with small particle sizes revealed a good morphological aspect and a low dilution of the cladding layer in the substrate, yet enough to create a very good metallurgical bond. The residual stress state was also influenced. Concerning modeling, we have elaborated residual stress model in the case of laser cladding by exploiting the response surface methodology (RSM), using a quadratic regression model. Combined effects of three laser cladding parameters on the residual stress is explored by a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that the residual stress is influenced principally by the power delivered by laser beam and by the scanning speed. It is also indicated that the size of powder particle is the dominant factor affecting the residual stress.

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Wang, Ming Di, Shi Hong Shi, Hong Yu Wang, Cheng Feng Sun, and X. B. Liu. "Experimental Study on Single-Layer Laser Cladding Feeding by Micro/Nano Composite Powders." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.958.

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Aimed at the lack of the cladding materials such as micro or nanopowder, the micro/nanocomposite powders prepared for experiment are feed directly, the key process parameters on the quality of the surface quality and microstructure analysis of the single-layer of laser cladding are studied in detail. Compared to the ordinary laser micro-cladding layer feeding by the micro powder, the cladding layer is more refined, which has more good mechanical properties. The results showed that: using reasonable parameters, the microstructure and macro-morphology of cladding layer with micro-nanocomposite powders feed directly are better than of micron powders.

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Han, Bin, Hui Wang, Jia Yi Lin, and Xi Hao Liu. "Review and Prospect of the Influence of Laser Cladding Process Parameters on the Properties of Die Cladding Layer." Materials Science Forum 990 (May 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.990.67.

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Laser cladding technology is widely used in the surface modification of parts due to its excellent properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Extends the life of these parts under normal use conditions, greatly reducing production costs. In this paper, the influence of different parameters such as laser cladding process parameters—laser power and scanning speed, and their interaction on the performance of mold cladding layer is discussed, and the future development direction of laser cladding technology in mold is prospected.

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Miao, Guang Hong, Hong Hao Ma, Zhao Wu Shen, and Yong Yu. "Double Sided Explosive Cladding of Stainless Steel and Regular Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.191.

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In order to ensure the quality of charge, honeycomb structure explosives was designed to resolve the current issue about the backward method of charge; Explosives with structure of honeycomb and double sided explosive cladding are used to increase of energy efficiency of explosives and save the amount of explosives. In this paper, the experiment of double sided explosive cladding for stainless steel and regular steel was successful investigated. Compared to the existing explosive cladding method, the consumption of explosives for stainless steel to steel of Q235 are reduced by 77% in the case of cladding the same number of composite plates.The explosive cladding parameters were calculated before experiment. It has shown that the calculated parameters prefigure exactly the explosive cladding windows for stainless steel/regular steel.

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Vorobyov, Yu, O. Zhabin, and M. Frankova. "Application of RELAP5/MOD3.2 Cladding Deformation Model for VVER-1000 Fuel in Design-Basis Accident Analysis." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(71) (August 15, 2016): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2016.3(71).04.

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The paper presents applicability of built-in RELAP5/MOD3.2 cladding deformation model for VVER-1000 fuel with cladding of Zr+1 % Nb alloy. Experimental data and simplified model of fuel assembly channel of the core are used for this purpose. The model applicability is tested for the hot channel blockage after cladding swelling and rupture in the interval of temperatures from 600 to 1200°С and interval of pressures from 1 to 12 MPa. It is demonstrated that RELAP5/MOD3.2 builtin model of cladding deformation can be applied to VVER-1000 cladding of Zr+1%Nb alloy rupture estimation only in the certain limited range of parameters. The analysis of RELAP5/MOD3.2 cladding deformation model parameters influence on the peak cladding temperature in double-ended cold leg break was performed. The paper presents recommendations on the use of RELAP5/MOD3.2 built-in cladding deformation model in the design basis accident analysis of VVER-1000 reactors.

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Ji, Xia, Jian Zhong Zhou, Hua Feng Guo, and Da Peng Xu. "Experimental Investigation on the Nickel-Based Metal Components Fabricated by Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 375-376 (March 2008): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.375-376.338.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation on the metal components fabricated by laser cladding. In the present study, two process of laser cladding were conducted, that is pre-placed powder cladding and coaxial powder-feed cladding. The effect of processing parameters was studied and optimum set of parameters for the superior surface quality was established by employing the orthogonal design. The fabricated components were subjected to metallographic examinations and micro-hardness measurement. Results indicated that the microstructure of coaxial cladding components was finer than pre-placed powder cladding components. The micro-hardness of the fabricated specimen along and vertical the scanning direction were measured using a HVS-1000 micro-hardness tester with a 200 g applied load. Analysis of the physical properties provided further evidence of differences in micro-hardness produced by different process conditions, and the average micro-hardness value of pre-placed power cladding layer was lower than the coaxial powder-feed cladding layer.

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Xu, Zhao Mei, and Zong Hai Hong. "Experimental Study on the Nickel-Based Metal Parts Manutactured by Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.959.

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This paper presents an experimental research on the metal parts manufactured by laser cladding. The present studies showed two processes were conducted ,including coaxial powder-feed cladding and pre-placed powder cladding. The effect of processing parameters were studied and optimum set of parameters for the superior surface quality was established by employing the orthog -onal design. The manufactured parts were subjected to metallographic examination and micro -hardness measurement. Results showed that the microstructure of coaxial cladding parts was better than that of pre-placed powder cladding parts. The micro-hardness of the manufactured specimen along and vertical the scanning direction were measured using a HVS-1000 micro-hardness tester with a 200g applied load. Analysis of the physical properties provided further evidence of differences in micro-hardness produced by different process conditions, and the average micro -hardness value of pre-placed power cladding layer was lower than that of the coaxial powder-feed cladding layer.

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Lee, Hyoung-Keun. "Effects of the cladding parameters on the deposition efficiency in pulsed Nd:YAG laser cladding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 202, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.09.024.

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Chen, Chang Jun, Qin Cao, Min Zhang, Qing Ming Chang, and Shi Chang Zhang. "Laser Repair Cladding of K418 Ni-Base Superalloy by CoCrNiW Powder." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1417.

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Laser cladding has been taken into consideration for repairing K418 Ni-based superalloy material with CoCrNiW powder.Composition of cladding materials was revealed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrum(EDS). The characteristic microstructure of the cladding layer and interface were investigated by using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM).Cladding coatings were obtained for different process parameters, and a detailed study of the effects of these parameters has been carried out by SEM. Metallurgical bonding between the cladding layer and substrate materials was obtained.Effect of heat input on cladding cracking susceptibility has been studied to obtain optimum condition for crack-free welds. Variations in cracking susceptibility as a function of heat input is discussed with reference to metallurgical characteristics of the clads. The corresponding microstructure induced by different heat input was discussed in this paper too.

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36

Zhou, Liang, Xi Chen, and Bo Zhu. "Numerical Simulation to the Temperature Distribution of the Laser Cladding." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.843.

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Numerical simulation to the temperature of laser cladding can simulate the process of its technique, which can also optimize the parameters of the technique and predict the defects of the cladding. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element powder-feed laser single cladding model of the transient temperature field was built based on APDL in ANSYS, where the Gaussian distribution of heat source, forced convection heat transfer and the motion of laser heat source are simulated .The results reveal how the main technique parameters affect the distribution of the temperature, and make a prepare for the experiment of laser cladding.

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37

Wilden, J., H. Frank, C. Theiler, T. Seefeld, and G. Sepold. "Simulation of laser cladding." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120045.

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Nickel and titanium aluminides already show a high potential for use in lightweight applications at elevated temperatures; however, the strength of these intermetallics can be increased by directional solidification. These materials show a brittle behaviour at temperatures less than 600°C. Strength and ductility of aluminides are controlled by phase formation during solidification. The problem of crack formation had to be solved for laser rapid prototyping of intermetallics, and the process conditions for formation of directionally solidified structures have to be specified in order to generate directionally solidified TiAl parts properly. A model was developed to determine the influence of the process parameters on melt pool geometry, solidification time, and the formed structure. Temperature gradients and cooling rates were calculated using a simulation that also included feedstock material injection rate and process parameters. The experimental results were analysed using these simulations, and the process parameters were optimised so that crack-free laser-generated TiAl parts exhibiting a partially directionally solidified structure could be produced. The comparison of the simulated and experimental results led to process guidelines for laser generation of directionally solidified TiAl components.

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Raghukandan, K., M. Rathinasabapathi, and P. V. Vaidyanathan. "Modelling of process parameters in dynamic form-cladding." Metals and Materials 4, no. 5 (September 1998): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03025976.

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39

Mohammed, Sayeed, Zhe Zhang, and Radovan Kovacevic. "Optimization of processing parameters in fiber laser cladding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 111, no. 9-10 (October 29, 2020): 2553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06214-9.

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Liu, Shuang, Wei Liu, and Radovan Kovacevic. "Experimental investigation of laser hot-wire cladding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 6 (April 7, 2015): 1007–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415578722.

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Laser cladding by cold-wire feeding is known as an efficient cladding method due to its advantages, such as near 100% material utilization, high deposition rate, and flexible adaptation to the cladding position. However, it has very stringent requirements on the operative conditions, such as a small range of wire feeding rate and precise wire feeding position. The aim of this work was to investigate the laser hot-wire cladding technique, which improved the productivity and stability of the process significantly with respect to laser cold-wire cladding. The external preheating of the filler wire resulted in reduction in required laser power, a low dilution, and a higher deposition rate. A comparison was made between laser cold-wire cladding and laser hot-wire cladding of Inconel 625 on mild steel, with respect to the clad characteristics, microstructure, and hardness. An optimization of the main processing parameters in laser hot-wire cladding, such as the laser power, laser spot size, laser scanning speed, wire feeding orientation and position, wire preheating voltage, and wire feeding rate, was performed. The optimal parameters were used to create a multi-track deposit.

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41

Sommer, Niklas, Florian Stredak, and Stefan Böhm. "High-Speed Laser Cladding on Thin-Sheet-Substrates—Influence of Process Parameters on Clad Geometry and Dilution." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080952.

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Laser-based Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB) represents a production method of growing importance for cladding and additive manufacturing through the use of metal powders. Yet, most studies utilize substrate materials with thicknesses of multiple millimeters, for which laser cladding of thin-sheet substrates with thicknesses less than 1 mm have only been scarcely studied in the literature. Most studies cover the use of pulsed laser sources, since sheet distortion due to excess energy input is a key problem in laser cladding of thin-sheet substrates. Hence, the authors of the present investigation seek to expand the boundaries of cladding thin-sheet substrates through the use of a high-speed laser cladding approach which utilizes a continuous-wave, ytterbium fiber laser and traverse speeds of 90 mms−1 to clad stainless steel sheets with a thickness of 0.8mm. Furthermore, fundamental process–property relationships for the target values of clad width, clad height, and dilution depth are studied and thoroughly discussed. Additionally, process maps for the target values are established based on manifold experiments, and the significance of process parameters on target values is studied using analysis of variance. The results demonstrate that clad widths as high as 1413 μm and dilution depths as low as 144 μm can be obtained by high-speed laser cladding of thin-sheet substrates. Thus, pathways toward thin-sheet substrates with enhanced performance are opened.

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Astashchenko, V. I., G. F. Mukhametzyanova, and I. R. Mukhametzyanov. "Structural Heredity of Cast Iron in Bimetallic Products." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.221.

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Properties of cast iron on the bimetallic part depend on the initial structural state of the cladded cast iron and technological parameters of its induction cladding process. Methodology of predicting the properties of the cast iron in the bimetallic valve tappets ICE largest hardness billets was used for cladding, the silicon content in the alloy cladding and the technological parameters of the process, as well. A hereditary relationship between the initial state of the cast iron of the semi-finished product, used for induction cladding, and the structural state of the layer of weld on the steel base of the part, has been established.

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Francon, Virginie, Marion Fregonese, Hiroshi Abe, and Yutaka Watanabe. "Iodine-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking of Zircaloy-4: Identification of Critical Parameters Involved in Intergranular to Transgranular Crack Propagation." Solid State Phenomena 183 (December 2011): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.183.49.

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During power transient conditions in nuclear reactors, uranium oxide pellets expand and crack due to the increase in temperature and their poor thermal conductivity. Moreover, the cladding undergoes creep because of the external pressure, and its diameter shortens. These antagonistic phenomena lead to the establishment of a contact between the pellet and the cladding, called the pellet-cladding interaction. The synergistic effect of the hoop tensile stress and strain imposed on the cladding by fuel thermal expansion and corrosion by iodine released from the UO2 fuel as a fission product at the same time can lead to Iodine-induced Stress Corrosion Cracking (I-SCC) of the Zircaloy-4 cladding. I-SCC failures of zirconium alloys are usually described in three steps: initiation of cracks, intergranular subcritical propagation, and critical propagation with a brittle transgranular propagation mode [1]. Transgranular propagation occurs as soon as the stress intensity factor overshoots a threshold value KI,SCC. It is the critical step and leads to the final ductile failure of the cladding. Transgranular cracks propagate by cleavage-like fracture on basal planes of the hexagonal lattice and fluting; it is the result of a competition between a plastic accommodation of the applied strain and the brittle fracture of basal planes by iodine assisted cleavage.

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Zhao, Shu Guo, Rui Li, and Xiao Min Yao. "Research on the Dilution Rate of Laser-Clad CBN Based on Titanium Alloy Substrate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 551 (May 2014): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.551.7.

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Laser cladding technique is a new surface modification technology. With the continual emergence of new materials, the improvement of surface performance has got great progress,laser cladding process has also been presented with new challenges.The dilution rate is the one of the most important process control parameters, which will affect the cladding layer quality and the surface properties. Reasonable choice of process parameters has a great impact onsurface dilution rate.This paper researches the dilution rate of laser cladding of CBN.Firstly, established the mathematical model of the dilution rate by theoretical analysis,then carried out experiments with orthogonal test method, and accurately calculated the value of the dilution rate. Obtained the effect law ofprocess parameters over dilution ratethrough visual analysis, and analyzed its reason thoroughly. Also offered some methods to reduce the dilution rate in the final part of the paper.

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Shi, Juan, and S. Q. Bai. "Research on Gear Repairing Technology by Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 546 (March 2013): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.546.40.

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Wearing gears with complex tooth surface are difficult to repair. A test method of laser cladding was made to repair the damaged gears which were made by steel 45, with synchronous powder feeding and gear axial scanning method, and Ni45 powder as cladding material. The relative position of laser beam and the gear surface were designed to solve the interference problems in laser cladding process. It analyzed the morphology of the cladding layer in the different test conditions to get optimum parameters, and determined the cladding thickness and overlapping ratio, and optimal sequence by made a comparison of cladding quality in different condition. Microscopic metallographic analysis and hardness testing were made for the cladding layer to analyze the performance of cladding layer. Got high strength cladding layer on damaged gears tooth surfaces. Laser cladding method can repair the gear surfaces and raise the wear resistance.

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Zheng, Huadong, Ming Cong, Dong Liu, Hang Dong, and Yi Liu. "Robot path optimization for laser cladding forming." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 46, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-07-2018-0148.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an optimization method of robot cladding path, which is helpful to solve the problem of path under-optimization in laser cladding forming (LCF) based on robot. Design/methodology/approach First, the error influence parameters need setting before the cladding path generation, and the model of seeking appropriate error influence parameters is established based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO). Second, to solve the problem of collapse during the LCF process, the reason for collapse is analyzed and a robot cladding path error optimization method based on the layer path interpolation is proposed. Finally, the simulation and experiments are carried out. Findings Under the premise of giving the expected error of stereo lithography (STL) model, the optimal range of the chord height and the angle control can be quickly found by using PSO algorithm. Aiming at the collapse problem in the laser cladding process, a robot cladding path optimization method based on the layer path interpolation is proposed. A four-layer path interpolation simulation and the contrast experiments before and after the path optimization are completed; the results show that the robot cladding path optimization method can solve the problem of the collapse in laser cladding. Practical implications Robot cladding path optimization is one of the key technologies of LCF, and the quality of the robot cladding path is affected by STL model error and the path optimization method. This paper proposed a robot cladding path optimization method for LCF. This method can be used in other additive manufacturing techniques. Originality/value The quality of cladding path is important for LCF; this paper first proposed the optimization method of the robot cladding path for LCF to solve the collapse problem.

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BAO, RUILIANG, HUIJUN YU, CHUANZHONG CHEN, BIAO QI, and LIJIAN ZHANG. "DEVELOPMENT OF LASER CLADDING WEAR-RESISTANT COATING ON TITANIUM ALLOYS." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 05 (October 2006): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008608.

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Laser cladding is an advanced surface modification technology with broad prospect in making wear-resistant coating on titanium alloys. In this paper, the influences of laser cladding processing parameters on the quality of coating are generalized as well as the selection of cladding materials on titanium alloys. The microstructure characteristics and strengthening mechanism of coating are also analyzed. In addition, the problems and precaution measures in the laser cladding are pointed out.

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Menghani, Jyoti, Akash Vyas, Satish More, Christ Paul, and Amar Patnaik. "Parametric investigation and optimization for CO2 laser cladding of AlFeCoCrNiCu powder on AISI 316." High Temperature Materials and Processes 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0075.

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Abstract The purpose of the current investigation is to analyze the effect of the operating parameters of laser-assisted cladding process on clad height, clad depth, clad width and the percentage dilution in a cladding of AlFeCuCrCoNi high-entropy powder on SS-316 through CO2 laser and to optimize the cladding process parameters for optimum dilution. The experiments were designed by the full factorial method and analyzed by ANOVA. The analysis results indicate that dilution is most influenced by scanning speed followed by the powder feed rate. The outcomes of the single clad profile in terms of dilution, microhardness, composition and the microstructures produced in various cladding conditions are investigated briefly, and through which the optimum set of laser cladding operating parameters for maximum hardness of the clad material is determined. The optimum cladding conditions in the experimental range were obtained at 4 g/min powder feeding rate, 500 mm/min laser scanning speed and 1.1 kW laser beam power through multi-response optimization. Furthermore, the multi-track coating with 60% overlapping ratio was deposited using optimized parameters. The wear behavior of multi-track coating was determined using pin on disk wear apparatus with applied load of 20 N, sliding speed of 300 RPM and test duration of 15 min. The pin on disk wear test results indicates that the friction coefficient of SS-316 is larger than that of high-entropy alloy cladded SS-316. The wear resistivity of SS-316 improved by 40.35% after laser-assisted high-entropy alloy coating, which confirms that the laser cladding layer plays an essential role in enhancing the wear resistance capability of austenite steel.

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Thiagarajan, Thinesh Babu, and Sengottuvel Ponnusamy. "Process Variable Optimization of Cold Metal Transfer Technique in Cladding of Stellite-6 on AISI 316 L Alloy Using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.450406.

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In this work, an attempt was made to identify the optimised parameter combination in cold metal transfer (CMT) cladding process of AISI 316 L austenitic stainless steel. cladding process was carried out using stellite 6 filler wire. Experiments were carried out based on L31 central composite design (CCD). Cladding was done with current, Voltage, torch angle and travel speed as input parameters. Quality of the clad was analysed by measuring depth of penetration, weld area, hardness of the clad surface, corrosion rate and clad interface thickness. Grey relation analysis was used to identify the optimised parameter combination. Trial number 18 was identified as the optimised parameter combination. The optimised input parameters are Welding Current 200 Amps, Voltage 19 V, Torch Angle 70⁰ and Welding Speed 150 m/min. ANOVA was used to identify the most influencing parameters on the overall multi-objective function and it was understood that the combined effect of torch angle, travel speed had a significant influence on the clad quality. Further investigation was carried out through an optimised set of parameters. The cladding experiment was conducted and their surface was investigated through clad profile, hardness of the cladded area, interface thickness of cladding region and corrosion rate.

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Janicki, Damian Michał. "High Power Diode Laser Cladding of Wear Resistant Metal Matrix Composite Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.587.

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The paper describes the application of high power direct diode laser (HPDDL), with a rectangular laser beam spot of size 1.8x6.8 mm, for the cladding of Ni-based alloy (NiSiB)+WC composite coatings. The laser cladding process was carried out with a direct injection of cladding powder into the melt pool. The influence of parameters, such as laser power beam (heat input) and WC particles size in the cladding powder on the coatings microstructure and wear properties was investigated. The microstructure and morphology of the coatings were assessed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Wear properties of the coatings were investigated using abrasive and erosive wear tests. The results showed that a proper selection of laser cladding parameters provides non-porous coatings with excellent metallurgical bonding and a homogeneous distribution of WC particles. The dissolution of WC particles increases with the size of WC particles decreasing in the cladding powder and increasing the laser power level (heat input). The coatings containing WC particles in size range of 100-200 µm provide the highestwear resistance under erosive and abrasiveconditions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Parameters of cladding'

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