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Journal articles on the topic 'Parametric Loudspeakers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Harada, Yuna, Kenta Iwai, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "3-D sound field reproduction with reverberation control on surround sound system by combining parametric and electro-dynamic loudspeakers." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (2021): 1083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1751.

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Recently, with the development of video technology, 3-D sound field reproduction systems that can provide a high presence have attracted attention. Conventional systems with electro-dynamic loudspeakers have a problem that the sound image lacks sharpness when constructing a narrow sound image. To solve this problem, we utilize a parametric array loudspeaker which has sharp directivity by the straightness of ultrasounds. Parametric array loudspeakers can produce sharper sound images due to the sharper directivity and lower reverberation compared with electro-dynamic loudspeakers. However, it is

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2

Alunno, Marco. "Sound Straight Ahead: Parametric Speakers in Two Soundscape Installations." Leonardo Music Journal 28 (December 2018): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj_a_01043.

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This article concerns the realization of two sound installations that use a parametric (directional) loudspeaker as a central element of their working systems. The Soundhouse is a rotating structure that projects sounds in a directional way. El bosque y las sombras is instead an interactive multimedia setting where the visitors can trigger sounds and affect a video projection by moving in an enclosed, soundproofed space. A short introduction to parametric loudspeakers is provided; then the concept and the construction aspects of both installations are presented. Finally, an overall aesthetic a

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3

Geng, Yuting, Ayano Hirose, Mizuki Iwagami, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Enhanced Virtual Sound Source Construction Based on Wave Field Synthesis Using Crossfade Processing with Electro-Dynamic and Parametric Loudspeaker Arrays." Applied Sciences 14, no. 24 (2024): 11911. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411911.

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Wave field synthesis (WFS) can be used to construct virtual sound sources (VSSs) with a loudspeaker array. Conventional methods using a single type of loudspeaker showed limited performance in distance perception. For example, WFS with electro-dynamic loudspeakers (EDLs) has the advantage of constructing VSSs near the loudspeaker, while WFS with parametric array loudspeakers (PALs) has the advantage of constructing VSSs far from the loudspeaker. In this paper, we propose a VSS construction method utilizing crossfade processing with both EDLs and PALs. The contribution of EDLs and PALs was bala

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4

Nakayama, Masato, Takuma Ekawa, Toru Takahashi, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Virtual Sound Source Construction Based on Direct-to-Reverberant Ratio Control Using Multiple Pairs of Parametric-Array Loudspeakers and Conventional Loudspeakers." Applied Sciences 15, no. 7 (2025): 3744. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073744.

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We propose a new method for constructing a virtual sound source (VSS) based on the direct-to-reverberant ratio (DRR) of room impulse responses (RIRs), using multiple pairs of parametric-array loudspeakers (PALs) and conventional loudspeakers (hereafter referred to simply as loudspeakers). In this paper, we focus on the differences in the DRRs of the RIRs generated by PALs and loudspeakers. The DRR of an RIR is recognized as a key cue for distance perception. A PAL can achieve super-directivity using an array of ultrasonic transducers. Its RIR exhibits a high DRR, characterized by a large-ampli

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5

Harada, Yuna, Yuting Geng, Kenta Iwai, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Subjective evaluation for sharp sound image construction based on reverberation control with surround sound system using parametric and electro-dynamic loudspeakers." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (2023): 3464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0493.

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3-D sound field reproduction systems can provide a high presence. These systems commonly use electro-dynamic loudspeakers. Electro-dynamic loudspeakers tend to construct diffuse sound images due to its wide directivity and high reverberation. In contrast, parametric array loudspeakers can construct sharp sound images due to its sharp directivity and low reverberation. On the other hand, it is difficult to provide reverberation presence by parametric array loudspeakers because of the sharp directivity. We have previously proposed a sharp sound image construction based on reverberation control w

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6

KYOUNO, Noboru. "Technology Trends on Parametric Loudspeakers." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2004.14 (2004): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2004.14.120.

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7

Bank, Jeevan G., and James J. Croft. "Power amplification for parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 6 (2008): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942422.

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8

Shi, Chuang, and Woon-Seng Gan. "Product directivity models for parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 3 (2012): 1938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3682035.

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9

Franken, D., K. Meerkotter, and J. Wassmuth. "Passive parametric modeling of dynamic loudspeakers." IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing 9, no. 8 (2001): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/89.966091.

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10

Miura, Syumpei, Kenta Iwai, Yoshiharu Soeta, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Upper hemisphere sound image control with horizontal-arranged loudspeakers based on parametric head-related transfer functions." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (2021): 1072–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1749.

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The 22.2 multichannel sound system has been developed for an ultra high-definition television system. This system consists of twenty two loudspeakers and two sub-woofers called low frequency effects, and can reproduce three-dimensional sound image appropriate to the ultra high-definition television system. However, this system has a problem of high cost to install. On the other hand, the multichannel sound system with horizontal-arranged loudspeakers has lower cost to install than full scale one. However, this system cannot reproduce an upper sound image. Therefore, in this paper, we propose t

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11

IWAGAMI, Mizuki, Ayano HIROSE, Yuting GENG, Masato NAKAYAMA, and Takanobu NISHIURA. "Virtual sound source construction based on adaptive crossfade processing with electro-dynamic and parametric loudspeaker arrays." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 7 (2024): 4494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_3469.

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Among the various high-presence sound field reproduction technologies, we focus on wave field synthesis (WFS) using a loudspeaker array, as it can construct a virtual sound source (VSS) with few restrictions. A VSS using parametric array loudspeakers (PALs) can provide more accurate direction perception than VSS using electro-dynamic loudspeakers (EDLs) because PALs hold sharp directivity by utilizing ultrasounds. However, the distance perception tends to be degraded. We previously proposed a VSS construction based on WFS with hybrid control of an EDL and a PAL arrays. This method enhances dis

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12

Tan, Ee-Leng, Peifeng Ji, and Woon-Seng Gan. "On preprocessing techniques for bandlimited parametric loudspeakers." Applied Acoustics 71, no. 5 (2010): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2009.11.006.

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13

Tsujii, Hideya, Masanori Morise, and Takanobu Nishiura. "The realistic- reverberation sensation in 3-D acoustic sound field reproduction with parametric loudspeakers and indirect non-parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 4 (2012): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4708983.

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14

Kondo, Kazuhiro, Tomohiro Terada, and Futari Kano. "Speech intelligibility of guide audio with parametric loudspeakers." Noise Control Engineering Journal 60, no. 5 (2012): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1.3701032.

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15

Aoki, Shigeaki, Masayoshi Toba, and Norihisa Tsujita. "Sound localization of stereo reproduction with parametric loudspeakers." Applied Acoustics 73, no. 12 (2012): 1289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2012.04.014.

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16

Tanaka, Kihiro, Chuang Shi, and Yoshinobu Kajikawa. "Binaural active noise control using parametric array loudspeakers." Applied Acoustics 116 (January 2017): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.09.021.

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17

Ahn, Hongmin, Kyounghun Been, In-Dong Kim, Chong Hyun Lee, and Wonkyu Moon. "A Critical Step to Using a Parametric Array Loudspeaker in Mobile Devices." Sensors 19, no. 20 (2019): 4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204449.

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A parametric array (PA) loudspeaker is a highly directional audio source that might grant one's convenience if it is used with mobile devices. However, conventional PA loudspeakers is almost impossible to apply in mobile devices using a battery because of the large power consumption and large device size. In this study, a PA loudspeaker system (PALS) was fabricated and evaluated to show that those difficulties could be overcome to apply it to mobile devices. In order to construct a PALS for demonstration, a power amplifier and signal-processing unit should also be properly designed and built.

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18

Shimizu, Kazuhiro, Kouki Itou, and Shigeaki Aoki. "Study of Vertical Sound Image Control Using Parametric Loudspeakers." Physics Procedia 70 (2015): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.215.

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19

Je, Yub, Haksue Lee, and Wonkyu Moon. "A piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer array for parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (2013): 4122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4831145.

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20

Ye, Chao, Ming Wu, Shuaibin Wu, Chenxi Huang, and Jun Yang. "Modeling of Parametric Loudspeakers by Gaussian-Beam Expansion Technique." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 7 (2010): 07HE18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.07he18.

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21

Sayin, Umut, and Oriol Guasch. "Directivity control and efficiency of parametric loudspeakers with horns." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 2 (2013): EL153—EL157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4812446.

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22

Aoki, Shigeaki, Kazuhiro Shimizu, and Kouki Itou. "Study of vertical sound image control with parametric loudspeakers." Applied Acoustics 116 (January 2017): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.014.

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23

Zhong, Jiaxin, Ray Kirby, Mahmoud Karimi, Haishan Zou, and Xiaojun Qiu. "Scattering by a rigid sphere of audio sound generated by a parametric array loudspeaker." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 3 (2022): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009750.

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This work investigates the scattering by a rigid sphere of audio sound generated by a parametric array loudspeaker (pal). A computationally efficient method utilizing a spherical harmonic expansion is developed to calculate the quasilinear solution of audio sound fields based on both Kuznetsov and Westervelt equations. The accuracy of using the Westervelt equation is examined, and the rigid sphere scattering effects are simulated with the proposed method. It is found the results obtained using the Westervelt equation are inaccurate near the sphere at low frequencies. Contrary to conventional l

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24

Li, Yinsheng, and Wei Zheng. "A Noise Control Method Using Adaptive Adjustable Parametric Array Loudspeaker to Eliminate Environmental Noise in Real Time." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010269.

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Long-term exposure to environmental noise is dangerous to human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to suppress or eliminate environmental noise. Due to the limitation of environmental space, the use of reverse sound waves emitted by loudspeakers for noise elimination has been widely used in noise control. However, because of the omni-directionality of sound propagation, a traditional voice coil loudspeaker (VCL) is used as a secondary source (emission reverse sound wave). It is easy to increase the sound pressure in non-target areas and form significant acoustic feedback to the referen

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25

Alunno, Marco, and Andrés Yarce Botero. "Directional Landscapes: Using Parametric Loudspeakers for Sound Reproduction in Art." Journal of New Music Research 46, no. 2 (2016): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09298215.2016.1227340.

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26

Sayin, Umut, Pere Artís, and Oriol Guasch. "Realization of an omnidirectional source of sound using parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 3 (2013): 1899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4817905.

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27

Shi, Chuang, and Woon-Seng Gan. "Analysis and calibration of system errors in steerable parametric loudspeakers." Applied Acoustics 73, no. 12 (2012): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2012.04.003.

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28

Zoelzer, Udo. "Low-complexity equalizers and applications." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018059.

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Equalizers for audio signal processing play an important role in microphones, mixing systems, mastering processors, monitor loudspeakers, and consumer devices such as smart tablets, smart phones, wireless headphones, and hearing devices. We will introduce low-complexity filter designs for equalizers based on first- and second order recursive filters. Low-complexity filter design means having the lowest number of parameters and design equations for first- and second-order difference equation realizing prescribed filter transfer functions such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and all-pass filt

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29

Geng, Yuting, Makoto Shimokata, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Visualization of Demodulated Sound Based on Sequential Acoustic Ray Tracing with Self-Demodulation in Parametric Array Loudspeakers." Applied Sciences 14, no. 12 (2024): 5241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14125241.

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With the development of acoustic simulation methods in recent decades, it has become feasible to simulate the sound pressure distribution of loudspeakers before actually setting physical speakers and measuring the sound field. The parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) has attracted attention due to its sharp directivity and unique applications. However, the sound reproduced by PALs is generated by the nonlinear interactions of ultrasound in the air, which makes it difficult to simulate the reproduced sound of a PAL with low computational load. Focusing on the sharp directivity of ultrasound, we e

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30

Li, Shao-Zhe, Tao Zhuang, Jia-Xin Zhong, and Jing Lu. "Extended King integral for modeling of parametric array loudspeakers with axisymmetric profiles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 4 (2024): 2189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0030403.

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Parametric array loudspeakers have been widely used in audio applications for generating directional audio beams. However, accurately calculating audio sound with a low computational load remains challenging, even for basic axisymmetric source profiles. This work addresses this challenge by extending the King integral in linear acoustics to incorporate both cumulative and local nonlinear effects, under the framework of the quasilinear solution without the paraxial approximation. The proposed method exploits the azimuthal symmetry in cylindrical coordinates to simplify modeling. To further impr

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31

Oh, Beomseok, Chayeong Kim, Dongwoo Lee, Junsuk Rho, and Wonkyu Moon. "A study on improving the sound radiation capability of stepped-plate parametric array loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (2023): A183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023203.

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It is well known that Parametric Array Loudspeakers (PALs) produce highly directional audible sounds. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by their high cost, which is primarily attributable to the use of an array of ultrasonic radiator units. To address this issue, our research group introduced stepped-plate parametric array loudspeakers (SPPALs) in 2018. SPPALs utilize a single-structure directional ultrasonic radiator, featuring steps of half-wavelength thickness on the radiating plate. This design mitigates the problem of poor directivity, especially at high frequencies, caused b

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32

San Martín, Ricardo, Pablo Tello, Ana Valencia, and Asier Marzo. "Experimental Evaluation of Distortion in Amplitude Modulation Techniques for Parametric Loudspeakers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062070.

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Parametric loudspeakers can generate a highly directional beam of sound, having applications in targeted audio delivery. Audible sound modulated into an ultrasonic carrier will get self-demodulated along the highly directive beam due to the non-linearity of air. This non-linear demodularization should be compensated to reduce audio distortion, different amplitude modulation techniques have been developed during the last years. However, some studies are only theoretical whereas others do not analyze the audio distortion in depth. Here, we present a detailed experimental evaluation of the freque

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33

Shi, Chuang, Ee-Leng Tan, and Woon-Seng Gan. "Hybrid immersive three-dimensional sound reproduction system with steerable parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (2013): 3249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4805224.

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34

Zhong, Jiaxin, Tao Zhuang, Ray Kirby, Mahmoud Karimi, Haishan Zou, and Xiaojun Qiu. "Quiet zone generation in an acoustic free field using multiple parametric array loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 2 (2022): 1235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009587.

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This paper investigates the feasibility of remotely generating a quiet zone in an acoustic free field using multiple parametric array loudspeakers (PALs). A primary sound field is simulated using point monopoles located randomly in a two-dimensional plane, or three-dimensional (3D) space, whereas the secondary sound field is generated by multiple PALs uniformly distributed around the circumference of a circle sitting on the same plane as the primary sources, or on the surface of a sphere for 3D space. A quiet zone size is defined as the diameter of the maximal circular zone within which the no

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35

Chojnacki, Bartlomiej. "Dispersion Influence of Electroacoustic Transducer Parameters in the Design Process of Miniature Loudspeaker Arrays and Omnidirectional Sound Sources." Sensors 24, no. 15 (2024): 4958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24154958.

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Electroacoustic transducers represent one of the crucial materials used in the construction of loudspeaker arrays. The dispersion in their parameters may influence the performance of a speaker set. Parametric loudspeaker arrays and omnidirectional sound sources have been used for years. However, the possible influence of transducer manufacturing tolerances on the arrays’ performance has not been investigated. In previous research, the sources of possible dispersion in acoustic measurements carried out with omnidirectional sources were studied, pointing out that the problems with sound sources

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36

Cheng, Xiguang, Hongliang Zhao, and Xu Zhang. "Design of Phase Control System for Parametric Array Loudspeakers Based on FPGA." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 446 (March 21, 2020): 042084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/446/4/042084.

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37

Hwang, Yonghwan, Chayeong Kim, and Wonkyu Moon. "A “composite” stepped plate for use in highly directional parametric array loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (2017): 4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4989237.

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38

Zhong, Jiaxin, and Yun Jing. "Fast and accurate modeling of parametric array loudspeakers in the frequency domain." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018633.

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The parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) is known for its ability to generate highly directional audio beams. It has been widely used in a variety of audio applications, such as the sound field reproduction and active noise control. Fast and accurate computations of the audio sound field generated by a PAL are challenging due to the complexity of nonlinear interactions between airborne ultrasonic waves. This paper presents an overview of the commonly used computational methods in the frequency domain under the quasilinear assumption, which include the direct integration method, convolution direc

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39

Li, Mengtong, Jiaxin Zhong, Yun Jing, and Jing Lu. "A note on the audio sound power generated by a parametric array loudspeaker." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 6 (2023): 3899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023955.

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Understanding the sound power characteristics of parametric array loudspeakers (PALs) poses a unique challenge due to the nonlinear process involved. This work addresses this issue by employing the spherical convolution directivity model to obtain the far field intensity, which is then used to calculate the sound power radiated by a PAL. The results reveal that the audio sound power is approximately proportional to the square of the audio frequency and the aperture size, while inversely proportional to the ultrasound frequency. Additionally, the conversion efficiency from ultrasound to audio s

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40

Kelvin Chee-Mun Lee and Woon-Seng Gan. "Bandwidth-efficient recursive pth-order equalization for correcting baseband distortion in parametric loudspeakers." IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing 14, no. 2 (2006): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsa.2005.855830.

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41

Ikezaki, Yoto, Yuna Harada, Yuting Geng, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Sound-Field Reproduction Based on Virtual Early Reflections Using Parametric and Electrodynamic Loudspeakers." Journal of Signal Processing 28, no. 6 (2024): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2299/jsp.28.267.

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42

Shimada, Naoto, Kenta Iwai, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "High-Presence Sharp Sound Image Based on Sound Blending Using Parametric and Dynamic Loudspeakers." Journal of Signal Processing 24, no. 4 (2020): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2299/jsp.24.171.

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43

Ogami, Yoshinori, Masato Nakayama, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Virtual sound source construction based on radiation direction control using multiple parametric array loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 2 (2019): 1314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5123139.

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44

Ikefuji, Daisuke, Masato Nakayama, Takanobu Nishiura, and Yoichi Yamashita. "An investigation into the relationship between sound quality and demodulation ratio for parametric loudspeakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (2013): 3394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4805891.

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45

Fan, Fengyi, Yunxi Zhu, Wenyao Ma, et al. "A least squares based optimization method for grating lobes suppression in parametric array loudspeakers." Applied Acoustics 237 (July 2025): 110757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110757.

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46

Yongsheng Mu, Peifeng Ji, Wei Ji, Ming Wu, and Jun Yang. "Modeling and Compensation for the Distortion of Parametric Loudspeakers Using a One-Dimension Volterra Filter." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 22, no. 12 (2014): 2169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2014.2363414.

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47

Raunak, Agrawal, Dugar Rahul, and Surana Saurabh. "HIGHLY FOCUSED ULTRASONIC DEVICE FOR WOMEN SAFETY APPLICATIONS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH- GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4 RACEEE (2017): 111–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.580634.

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Sound is one of the most important medium used for delivering information. With rising crime in today’s society, especially against women, carrying some sort of effective weapon for selfdefense purposes has become quite essential. This technology emits sound in a highly controlled, narrow beam, so that audio can be heard only when you are in the field of beam or in a position to hear the reflected sound from a virtual source .Sound wave in the audible range has a characteristic to spread in various directions while moving, but ultrasound is unidirectional. This characteristic of sound finds ap

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48

Fernandez, Janani, Leo McCormack, Petteri Hyvärinen, and Abigail Anne Kressner. "Investigating sound-field reproduction methods as perceived by bilateral hearing aid users and normal-hearing listeners." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 2 (2024): 1492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0024875.

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A perceptual study was conducted to investigate the perceived accuracy of two sound-field reproduction approaches when experienced by hearing-impaired (HI) and normal-hearing (NH) listeners. The methods under test were traditional signal-independent Ambisonics reproduction and a parametric signal-dependent alternative, which were both rendered at different Ambisonic orders. The experiment was repeated in two different rooms: (1) an anechoic chamber, where the audio was delivered over an array of 44 loudspeakers; (2) an acoustically-treated listening room with a comparable setup, which may be m

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FANTINELLI DE CARVALHO, Augusto César, Marc ARNELA, Ricardo BURBANO-ESCOLà, and Jesús VAQUERIZO-SERRANO. "A study of the ultrasonic and audible frequency response of commercial loudspeakers for use as parametric acoustic arrays." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 11 (2024): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_2647.

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Parametric acoustic loudspeakers (PAL), also known as parametric acoustic arrays (PAA), are speakers that use ultrasonic waves to generate directive audible sound. They emit an ultrasonic carrier modulated in amplitude by the desired audible signal, and due to non-linear propagation in air, this signal is reproduced in the audible range. Typical applications include audio reproduction for entertainment, but also active noise control and acoustic measurement of material properties. PAA typically consist of an array of piezoelectric transducers set on a surface. However, there are other speakers

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Miyasato, Tsutomu. "Mobility Support Device for Visually Impaired People by Using Acoustic Augmented Reality Generated by Parametric Loudspeakers." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 67, no. 9 (2013): J352—J355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.67.j352.

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