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1

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0027.

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2

Probasco, John C. Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0090.

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Paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) are estimated to affect approximately 0.01% of all patients with cancer. The majority of PNDs are thought to be the byproduct of immune-mediated processes directed against tumor-related antigens, processes which are sometimes effective against a systemic cancer. The inciting cancer is often asymptomatic or occult, with patients presenting to the neurologist with a variety of neurological symptoms and signs depending on the area(s) of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system involved. The diagnosis of a PND is reserved for patients with
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3

Leung, Doris G. Other Proven and Putative Autoimmune Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0098.

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Myasthenia gravis is in most cases an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction in which antibodies are directed at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or other synaptic proteins, such as the MusK protein that is involved in the formation of the formation and maturation of the motor endplate. Less commonly, myasthenia gravis can result from antibodies directed to presynaptic calcium channels as a side effect of paraneoplastic antibodies (Lambert-Eaton syndrome) or from a developmental paucity of acetylcholine receptors in the neonatal form of the disease. Treatment is usually a combinati
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4

Selva-O’Callaghan, Albert, and Ernesto Trallero-Araguás. Association with malignancy. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0008.

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Nearly one-third of adult myositis patients additionally have some type of associated cancer, observed most commonly in dermatomyositis patients. The relationship between cancer and myositis is generally considered a paraneoplastic phenomenon; that is, in one way or another, the two conditions are related. A parallel course of the diseases—myositis improves after cancer is cured and when cancer recurs, myositis worsens—is considered a classical paraneoplastic criterion. Nevertheless, this parallel clinical course does not always occur in true cancer-associated myositis, or perhaps it cannot be
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5

Vincent, Angela. Neuroimmunology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0015.

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This chapter relates to antibody-mediated disorders throughout the nervous system. Early papers recall how use of bungarotoxin, passive transfer experiments in mice, and clinical response to plasma exchange confirmed the role of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Cutting edge techniques subsequently discovered other key neuromuscular junctional proteins, including muscle-specific kinase an additional target for antibodies. Later papers report the link between brain inflammation and severe amnesia, paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic, and the identification of the first p
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6

Anderson, Mark D., and Karl E. Misulis. Neuro-Oncology. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0025.

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Cancers require neurologic care for multiple facets of evaluation and diagnosis. Among the most common are diagnosis of a CNS mass lesion, localization and diagnosis of new focal deficits, seizures or encephalopathy in cancer patients, suspected paraneoplastic disorders, and neurologic complications of cancer treatment. This chapter discusses common and important disorders likely to be encountered in a hospital neurology practice.
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7

Miller, Aaron E., and Teresa M. DeAngelis. NMDA Receptor Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199732920.003.0029.

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NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare and underdiagnosed autoimmune mediated, often paraneoplastic, syndrome seen in young women with idiopathic neuropsychiatric illness. It is a potentially fatal illness and early identification and treatment can have critical prognostic implications. In this chapter, we review the typical clinical and laboratory features, which should raise suspicion for this condition, and therapeutic and supportive care recommendations.
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8

Caraceni, Augusto, Cinzia Martini, and Fabio Simonetti. Neurological problems in advanced cancer. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0141.

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Neurological complications are frequent in populations with advanced cancer. An adequate neurological assessment is always important in addressing pain, cognitive symptoms, and peripheral and central nervous system complications. This chapter discusses a variety of neurological problems found in advanced cancer together with their clinical aspects and management, including some suggested regimens for pharmacological therapy. Complications that are discussed include intracranial hypertension, seizures in patients with advanced illness (including a suggested algorithm for the management of statu
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9

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 46-Year-Old Man with Double Vision and Proximal Leg Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0033.

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Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) can be a difficult condition to diagnose. In this chapter, the clinical picture and characteristics are discussed. The pathophysiology is also reviewed. Features to distinguish LEMS from more common neuromuscular junction conditions such as myasthenia gravis are reviewed. We review features that distinguish between idiopathic and paraneoplastic forms, and we discuss the importance of tumor surveillance. Antibody testing and the correct electrodiagnostic strategy are presented. Treatment of LEMS is outlined.Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LES) is a difficult con
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10

Cornblath, David R., and Richard A. C. Hughes. Peripheral neuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0013.

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Disorders of peripheral nerves are one of the most common neurological problems today and include the increasing number of people with diabetes worldwide and those with inherited neuropathy, toxic neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, inflammatory neuropathy, radiculopathies, and, increasingly, traumatic nerve injuries. Neuropathic pain is a growing problem without solution. In this chapter, ten landmark papers in peripheral nerve disorders have been selected, covering Bell’s palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, paraneoplastic neuropathy, neurophysiology, familial amyloid
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11

Walsh, Richard A. A New Loss of Order. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0013.

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The priority in the investigation of sporadic adult-onset ataxia is to identify potentially treatable causes, to improve gait or to reduce risk of recurrence. Disorders such as multiple sclerosis, alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration, and vitamin B12 deficiency are far more common than rarer causes such as paraneoplastic syndromes or recessive genetic disorders. Routine biochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid studies are typically performed as part of the workup to guide any further intervention and investigations. Advances in genetic testing using next-generation
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12

Storey, Elsdon. Ataxias. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the historical development of understanding about the structure, function, and disorders of the cerebellum. The chosen papers represent the following development: the discovery that the cerebellum is concerned with movement control rather than movement generation; the first recognition of a distinct spinocerebellar disorder; recognition of the existence of dominantly-inherited ataxias; the delineation of the classic motor features of ataxia; the formal recognition of paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerations; the description of truncal ataxia due to anterior vermal damage i
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13

Mason, Peggy. Cells of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0002.

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The nervous system is made up of neurons and glia that derive from neuroectoderm. Since neurons are terminally differentiated and do not divide, primary intracranial tumors do not arise from mature neurons. Tumors outside the nervous system may metastasize inside the brain or may release a substance that negatively affects brain function, termed paraneoplastic disease. Neurons receive information through synaptic inputs onto dendrites and soma and send information to other cells via a synaptic terminal. Most neurons send information to faraway locations and for this, an axon that connects the
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14

Keat, Andrew. Oligoarticular disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0008.

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Oligoarthritis is a pattern of arthritis which most commonly resolves into a member of the spondyloarthritis family or sarcoidosis. Uncommonly it progresses to forms of arthritis more commonly associated with polyarthritis or monoarthritis and rarely it is associated with malignant or paraneoplastic syndromes. Three key aspects of diagnosis are consideration of possible diagnoses in the patient's age and ethnic groups; careful consideration of the personal and family history; and a search for and correct identification of characteristic associated features. This frequently involves collaborati
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15

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Biological Psychiatry of Cancer and Cancer Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.001.0001.

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As long-term cancer survival becomes a widely shared experience, the quality of life of people living with and beyond a cancer diagnosis is increasingly important. Optimizing the prevention and treatment of any psychiatric consequences of certain tumours and treatments is now central to high-quality cancer care. This book—a rather original addition to the oncology and psycho-oncology literature—aims to equip oncology clinicians with the knowledge to more expertly prevent, detect, and manage the ‘organic’ psychiatric disorders experienced by people with cancer. It will also serve as a valuable
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16

Scott-Brown, Martin. Symptom control in cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0329.

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Treatment in cancer is aimed at improving survival (curing where possible) and/or improving symptoms. Symptoms may be caused by the cancer itself (primary tumour, metastases, or paraneoplastic phenomenon) or by the treatments patients undergo to treat the cancer (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy). Therefore, symptom control is one of the key roles of oncologists as they treat cancer patients. The most important part of symptom control in cancer patients is to elucidate the underlying cause of the symptom. Symptom control is most effective when the un
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17

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Breast cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001.

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Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and fo
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