Journal articles: 'Parasites Parasitology'

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Cox, F. E. G. "History of Human Parasitology." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 4 (October 2002): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.595-612.2002.

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SUMMARY Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth. Our knowledge of parasitic infections extends into antiquity, and descriptions of parasites and parasitic infections are found in the earliest writings and have been confirmed by the finding of parasites in archaeological material. The systematic study of parasites began with the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation and the promulgation of the germ theory. Thereafter, the history of human parasitology proceeded along two lines, the discovery of a parasite and its subsequent association with disease and the recognition of a disease and the subsequent discovery that it was caused by a parasite. This review is concerned with the major helminth and protozoan infections of humans: ascariasis, trichinosis, strongyloidiasis, dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, loasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, cestodiasis, paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, African trypanosomiasis, South American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, and microsporidiosis.

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McVeigh, Paul. "Post-genomic progress in helminth parasitology." Parasitology 147, no. 8 (April 7, 2020): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000591.

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AbstractHelminth parasitology is an important discipline, which poses often unique technical challenges. One challenge is that helminth parasites, particularly those in humans, are often difficult to obtain alive and in sufficient quantities for study; another is the challenge of studying these organisms in vitro – no helminth parasite life cycle has been fully recapitulated outside of a host. Arguably, the key issue retarding progress in helminth parasitology has been a lack of experimental tools and resources, certainly relative to the riches that have driven many parasitologists to adopt free-living model organisms as surrogate systems. In response to these needs, the past 10–12 years have seen the beginnings of helminth parasitology's journey into the ‘omics’ era, with the release of abundant sequencing resources, and the functional genomics tools with which to test biological hypotheses. To reflect this progress, the 2019 Autumn Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology was held in Queen's University Belfast on the topic of ‘post-genomic progress in helminth parasitology’. This issue presents examples of the current state of play in the field, while this editorial summarizes how genomic datasets and functional genomic tools have stimulated impressive recent progress in our understanding of parasite biology.

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Proffitt, F. "PARASITOLOGY: Twisted Parasites From." Science 307, no. 5708 (January 21, 2005): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5708.343.

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Sandeman, R. Mark. "Parasites, parasitology and parasitologists." International Journal for Parasitology 31, no. 9 (July 2001): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00207-7.

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Simner, P. J. "Medical Parasitology Taxonomy Update: January 2012 to December 2015." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01020-16.

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ABSTRACT Parasites of medical importance have long been classified taxonomically by morphological characteristics. However, molecular-based techniques have been increasingly used and relied on to determine evolutionary distances for the basis of rational hierarchal classifications. This has resulted in several different classification schemes for parasites and changes in parasite taxonomy. The purpose of this Minireview is to provide a single reference for diagnostic laboratories that summarizes new and revised clinically relevant parasite taxonomy from January 2012 through December 2015.

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TIMI, J. T., and K. MACKENZIE. "Parasites in fisheries and mariculture." Parasitology 142, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001188.

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Traditionally, parasitology has been concerned with the harmful effects of parasitic organisms; it is basically an applied science. Since its founding in the field of medicine, and later in veterinary medicine, parasitology has been mainly devoted to generating knowledge, which is applicable to parasite control and management, and eventually to their eradication. However, the complexity of parasitism, as revealed over recent decades by workers in various specialisms of parasitology, makes the application of management and control measures very difficult in natural environments. This is particularly true in the marine realm, where however some applied aspects of parasitology, other than those devoted to control and management of parasites, have been shown to be of great importance for fisheries, human health, biological control of introduced species and environmental sciences (Rohde, 2002). The relationship of parasitology with mariculture practices, which are carried out mostly on artificial and controlled systems, follows a more classical approach, focusing on the development of strategies of prevention, management and control of pathogens.

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Morley, N. J. "Richard Owen: an overlooked parasitologist." Archives of Natural History 44, no. 1 (April 2017): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2017.0411.

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Richard Owen (1804–1892) is one of the most important British biologists of the nineteenth century, making significant contributions in the field of comparative anatomy. However, one aspect of his scientific output continues to be overlooked, namely his contributions to parasitology and the influence parasites had on formulating his ideas on comparative anatomy and sexual reproduction. An overview of Owen's writings on parasites is presented delineated into three phases, a primary research phase during the 1830s including descriptions of the important human parasite Trichinella spiralis, a secondary phase of using parasites as models for his biological theories during the 1840s and 1850s, and a latter phase dominated by the controversy surrounding priority for the discovery of T. spiralis. Owen is considered as a pioneer of parasitology research whose popularization of the field provided a receptive environment in the UK that facilitates the ground breaking research in tropical parasitology undertaken by other researchers during the late nineteenth century. A bibliography of Owen's publications on parasites is included as an appendix.

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Junior, Arlindo Gonzaga Branco, Leo Christyan Alves Lima, Camila Fanzoni Souza, Adressa Pereira Carvalho, Priscila Aparecima Marques Lima, and Flávio Aparecido Terassini. "CONTAMINAÇÃO POR ENTEROPARASITAS EM AREIA DE PRAÇAS E LOCAIS DE RECREAÇÃO DO MUNICÍPIO DE PORTO VELHO, RONDÔNIA, AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL, BRASIL." REVISTA FIMCA 6, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37157/fimca.v6i3.22.

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Neste trabalho procurou-se avaliar a contaminação de areias de praças e locais de recreação de Porto Velho, RO, por helmintos e protozoários. Foram selecionadas 11 praças em diferentes bairros da cidade e coletadas amostras de areia de forma direta em sacos plásticos, encaminhadas e analisadas no laboratório de Parasitologia da Faculdade São Lucas através do método de Hoffman, Pons e Janer. Os resultados foram positivos para parasitas em cinco (45,5%) das praças analisadas, sendo identificados os parasitos Entamoeba Coli (100%), larvas de Ancylostoma spp foram encontradas em três praças (60%) e duas praças apresentaram-se contaminadas por ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides (40%). Conclui-se, portanto, identificou-se parasitos que ameaçam a saúde pública nas amostras analisadas e com isso a necessidades de medidas mitigatórias dos riscos nas áreas estudadas. The aim of this research is evaluate the sand contamination by helminth and protozoan in squares in Porto Velho, RO. It was selected 11 squares in different districts and collected samples of sand directly in plastic bags. The samples were sent and analyzed at College São Lucas Parasitology Laboratory by Hoffman, Pons and Janer methodology. The result was positive for parasites in five (45,5%) analyzed squares, the parasites identified in this research were: Entamoeba coli (100%), Ancylostoma spp larvae were found in three squares (60%) and two squares were contaminated by eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides (40%). Therefore, the conclusion is there were parasites that can threaten the public health in the analyzed samples and the government need to do the necessary interventions in those risk areas.

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Spratt, David M., and Ian Beveridge. "Wildlife parasitology in Australia: past, present and future." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (2018): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19017.

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Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts. This aspect of parasite evolution is a continuing area for research in the case of helminths, but remains to be addressed for many other parasitic groups.

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VICKERMAN, KEITH. "“Not a very nice subject.” Changing views of parasites and parasitology in the twentieth century." Parasitology 136, no. 12 (August 7, 2009): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990825.

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SUMMARYThe man in-the-street who frequently asks the question “Why am I here?” finds even more difficulty with the question “Why are parasites here?” The public's distaste for parasites (and by implication, for parasitologists!) is therefore understandable, as maybe was the feeling of early 20th century biologists that parasites were a puzzle because they did not conform to the then widely held association between evolution and progress, let alone the reason why a benevolent Creator should have created them. In mid-century, the writer, contemplating a career in parasitology was taken aback when he found that extolled contemporary biologists disdained parasites or thought little of parasitology as an intellectual subject. These attitudes reflected a lack of appreciation of the important role of parasites in generating evolutionary novelty and speciation, also unawareness of the value of parasite life-cycle studies for formulating questions of wider significance in biology, deficiencies which were gratifyingly beginning to be remedied in the latter half of the century.

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Ho, Chi-Min. "Structural parasitology of malaria parasites." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 78, a1 (July 29, 2022): a299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273322097005.

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Lester, R. J. G., and R. McVinish. "Does moving up a food chain increase aggregation in parasites?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 118 (May 2016): 20160102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0102.

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General laws in ecological parasitology are scarce. Here, we evaluate data on numbers of fish parasites published by over 200 authors to determine whether acquiring parasites via prey is associated with an increase in parasite aggregation. Parasite species were grouped taxonomically to produce 20 or more data points per group as far as possible. Most parasites that remained at one trophic level were less aggregated than those that had passed up a food chain. We use a stochastic model to show that high parasite aggregation in predators can be solely the result of the accumulation of parasites in their prey. The model is further developed to show that a change in the predators feeding behaviour with age may further increase parasite aggregation.

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Stokes, Laura, and Ian Wright. "Parasite roundup 2020." Veterinary Nurse 12, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2021.12.2.100.

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This article draws information from the European Scientific Counsel for Companion Animal Parasites UK and Ireland parasite forecasts, as well as other renowned sources to provide a roundup of companion animal parasitology in 2020.

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Mettrick, D. F. "Parasitology: today and tomorrow." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 812–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-129.

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Parasites have, over the centuries, been responsible for high mortalities among humans and domestic and wild animals. The presence of parasitic infections has made vast areas of the world uninhabitable for both humans and animals. Major strengths of Canadian parasitology include wildlife parasitology, systematics, and taxonomy. Experimental studies in parasitology are limited; in particular the subdisciplines of parasite molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, and neurobiology are very limited. There is concern that we will not be able to maintain the quality of Canadian research in parasitology, particularly in the emerging new technologies. It is greatly to the credit of those early Canadian parasitologists, who laid the foundations for today's advances in parasitology, that a relatively small group of approximately 100 professional parasitologists has today reached a very high standard of parasitological research. The next 25 years will be an exciting period as new insights allow us to further understand the complexity of host–parasite relationships. The development of new vaccines, drugs, and vector control point to significant reductions in parasitic infections.

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Stokes, Laura, and Ian Wright. "Parasite roundup 2019." Companion Animal 25, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2020.0006.

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This article draws information from the ESCCAP UK & Ireland (European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites) Parasite Forecasts as well as other appropriate sources to provide a roundup of companion animal parasitology in the UK during 2019.

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TRIVIZAKI (Σ. ΤΡΙΒΙΖΑΚΗ), S., and G. THEODOROPOULOS (Γ. ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ). "Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in parasitology." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 51, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15652.

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The method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is applied for parasite identification, for studying genetic diversity between phylums, families and species of parasites, as well as for the diagnosis and epidemiological study of parasitic diseases. The biggest advantage of PCR is its higher sensitivity in comparison to other classical indirect diagnostic methods.

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Perkins, Susan L. "Malaria in Farmed Ungulates: an Exciting New System for Comparative Parasitology." mSphere 3, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): e00161-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00161-18.

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ABSTRACT A wide array of vertebrates can serve as the intermediate hosts to malaria parasites (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida), such as birds, lizards, and several groups of mammals, including primates, bats, rodents, and ungulates. The latter group of hosts has not been intensively studied since early descriptions of a small set of taxa were published, but new reports of these parasites in both expected and new hosts have recently been published. A new paper reports the presence of Plasmodium odocoilei in farmed white-tailed deer in Florida, particularly in animals less than 1 year old, and provides evidence that the parasites may contribute to mortality in fawns. That paper opens new opportunities to study the malaria parasite-mammal interface in North America.

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Costa, Graça, Luísa Costa, Maria João Santos, and E. Melo-Moreira. "A Review of the Parasites of Deep-Water Fishes from Macaronesian Islands, North-East Atlantic Ocean." Open Parasitology Journal 6, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874421401806010017.

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The deep-water fish fauna of Macaronesian islands is currently estimated at a total of 1029 different fish species, but records of both ecto- and endoparasites are from only about 30 of those species. This fact presents an exciting field of research for scientists interested in fish parasitology, by exploring the structure of parasite communities and their connections with ecological and oceanographic variables. Research on the effect of climatic changes on the parasite faunas, on the occurrence of fish parasites in man and its impact on human health, has not been carried out to date. The present review aims to collate our present knowledge about the parasites of deep-water fishes of Macaronesia, and to suggest directions for future research on the parasites of fishes from the deepwater realm. A checklist of the parasites infecting the deep-water fishes from this region is included.

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Oetinger, David F., E. R. Noble, G. A. Noble, G. A. Schad, and A. J. MacInnis. "Parasitology: The Biology of Animal Parasites." Journal of Parasitology 75, no. 6 (December 1989): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282891.

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Greve, John H. "Parasitology—The biology of animal parasites." Veterinary Parasitology 35, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(90)90130-4.

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Gull, K. "Genomics and post-genomics in parasitology: genome babble or a real opportunity?" Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280541.

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The genome projects represent one of the most important developments in our knowledge of parasites. However, translation of this knowledge into an understanding of parasite biology and then on to drugs, vaccines and other healthcare developments for the diseases will need some élan and clarity of thought by scientists and funding organizations. Only then will the activity associated with post-genomics be turned from what I have termed ‘genome babble’ to real opportunities in understanding these parasites.

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MORAND, SERGE. "Advances and challenges in barcoding of microbes, parasites, and their vectors and reservoirs." Parasitology 145, no. 5 (April 2018): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000884.

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SUMMARYDNA barcoding is now a common tool in parasitology and epidemiology, which require good methods for identification not only of parasites and pathogens but vectors and reservoirs. This special issue presents some advances and challenges in barcoding of microbes, parasites, and their vectors and reservoirs. DNA barcoding found new applications in disease ecology, conservation parasitology, environmental parasitology and in paleoparasitology. New technologies such as next-generation sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight have made it now possible to investigate large samples of specimens. By allowing the investigation of parasites at the interface between environment, biodiversity, animal and human health, barcoding and biobanking have important policy outcomes as well as ethics and legal implications. The special issue ‘Advances and challenges in the barcoding of parasites, vectors and reservoirs’ illustrates some recent advances and proposes new avenues for research in barcoding in parasitology.

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Briones, J. C. A., R. D. S. Papa, G. A. Cauyan, and M. Urabe. "Research Note. The first report of three acanthocephalan parasite species isolated from Philippine fishes." Helminthologia 52, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0061.

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Summary Three acanthocephalan parasites, namely Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) quinghaiensis, Rhadinorhynchus ganapatti, and Bolbosoma sp. are reported for the first time from Philippine fishes. N. (N.) quinghaiensis (Neoechinorhynchidae) may have been introduced into the country through the importation of carp species from China, where this parasite was first described and is presumed to be naturally occurring. The adult worms of R. ganapatti and the isolated cystacanth of Bolbosoma sp. represent the first record of parasites from both the family Rhadinorhynchidae and Polymorphidae in Philippine waters, respectively. These three new records encompass a third of all listed acanthocephalan parasites that have been reported in Philippine fish species to date, highlighting the need for more biodiversity-focused parasitology research, in light of potentially numerous more undocumented parasite species.

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Anshary, Hilal, Karmila Azra, Ika, Nila Sukarni, Hendrawani, Rosmaniar, and Sriwulan. "Occurrence of ectoparasites on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from South Sulawesi Lakes, and Aquaculture facility." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1119, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012013.

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Abstract Nile tilapia, whether cultivated or living in the wild, is susceptible to various parasite’ infection. A parasitology investigation was conducted to identify parasites of Nile tilapia in Lakes and from aquaculture facilities. The fish examined from aquaculture facility in Bantaeng has a total length of 15 to 20 cm (n= 30) and the hybrid-tilapia from a mini hatchery consist of three groups of fish size. Fish from Towuti Lake range from 7.0 to 21.8 cm in total length (n= 35), and the fish from Tempe Lake range from 10 to 16 cm in total length (n= 40). Parasites found from Nile tilapia in Tempe Lake were monogenean: Cichlidogyrus spp. and Scutogyrus longicornis, and Crustacea; Argulus indicus. Parasites found from Aquaculture facility in Bantaeng were Trichodina magna, Gyrodactylus cichlidarum, Cichlidogyrus spp. and S. longicornis. Trichodinids from Nile tilapia in Towuti Lake were Paratrichodina sp., T. heterodentata, Trichodinella sp., and Tripartiella sp. Parasites found from red hybrid tilapia were Trichodina spp., Cichlidogyrus spp., and G. cichlidarum. The prevalence and mean intensity of the parasite’s infection were discussed. In this study, we present for the first time the presence of some genera of Trichodinids in Nile tilapia in Towuti Lake.

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Hawdon, John M., and James P. Bernot. "Teaching Parasitology Lab Remotely Using Livestreaming." American Biology Teacher 84, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.5.312.

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Teaching biology laboratories remotely presents unique problems and challenges for instructors. Microscopic examination of specimens, as is common in parasitology labs, is especially difficult given the limited quantity of teaching specimens and the need for each student to have access to a microscope at their remote location. Observing images of parasites on the internet coupled with written exercises, while useful, is unrepresentative of real-world laboratory or field conditions. To provide a more realistic microscopy-centered synchronous experience for our parasitology class during the coronavirus pandemic, we used a smartphone mounted on a student microscope to livestream examination of parasite specimens to remote students via the Webex meeting app. This allowed two instructors, working from separate locations, to present and narrate the view of the specimens through the microscope in real time to the remotely located class. While less than ideal, livestreaming microscopic views of parasite specimens together with simultaneous instructor narration provided a reasonable remote substitute for a hands-on parasitology lab experience.

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Docampo, Roberto. "Molecular parasitology in the 21st Century." Essays in Biochemistry 51 (October 24, 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0510001.

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Protist parasites cause important human and animal diseases, and because of their early divergence from other eukaryotes they possess structural and biochemical characteristics not found in other cells. The completion of the genome projects of most human protist parasites and the development of novel molecular tools for their study guarantee a rapid progress in understanding how they invade, modify and survive within their hosts. The ultimate goal of these studies will be the identification of targets for the design of drugs, diagnostics and vaccines. In addition, the accessibility of some of these parasites to multiple genetic manipulations has converted them into model systems in cell and molecular biology studies that could lead to the understanding of basic biological processes, as well as their evolution and pathogenesis. In the present chapter we discuss the biochemical and molecular peculiarities of these parasites and the molecular tools available for their study.

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Shirazi, Shahrokh, Saeed Hesaraki, Tayebe-Sadat Mostafaei, and Jaber Davoodi. "First Report on Centrorhynchus Aluconis in Common Buzzard (Buteo Buteo) in Northwest Iran." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0026.

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Abstract In July 2012 a male Common Buzzard (Bute obuteo) from the Department of Environment of East Azerbaijan was sent to the Parasitology Laboratory at the School of Specialized Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Unit, Tehran Islamic Azad University. Gastrointestinal parasites were isolated and sent to the Iranian National Parasitology Museum in order to specify the diagnosis. It was determined that the bird was infected with the acanthocephalan Centrorhynchu saluconis. This is the first report of Common Buzzard infestation with this parasite in Iran.

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Vannier-Santos, Marcos A., and Henrique L. Lenzi. "Parasites or Cohabitants: Cruel Omnipresent Usurpers or Creative “Éminences Grises”?" Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/214174.

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This paper presents many types of interplays between parasites and the host, showing the history of parasites, the effects of parasites on the outcome of wars, invasions, migrations, and on the development of numerous regions of the globe, and the impact of parasitic diseases on the society and on the course of human evolution. It also emphasizes the pressing need to change the look at the parasitism phenomenon, proposing that the term “cohabitant” is more accurate than parasite, because every living being, from bacteria to mammals, is a consortium of living beings in the pangenome. Even the term parasitology should be replaced by cohabitology because there is no parasite alone and host alone: both together compose a new adaptive system: the parasitized-host or the cohabitant-cohabited being. It also suggests switching the old paradigm based on attrition and destruction, to a new one founded on adaptation and living together.

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Carlson, Colin J., Tad A. Dallas, Laura W. Alexander, Alexandra L. Phelan, and Anna J. Phillips. "What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1939 (November 18, 2020): 20201841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1841.

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How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth parasites to highlight how little is known about parasite diversity, and how insufficient our current approach will be to describe the full scope of life on Earth. Using the largest database of host–parasite associations and one of the world’s largest parasite collections, we estimate a global total of roughly 100 000–350 000 species of helminth endoparasites of vertebrates, of which 85–95% are unknown to science. The parasites of amphibians and reptiles remain the most poorly described, but the majority of undescribed species are probably parasites of birds and bony fish. Missing species are disproportionately likely to be smaller parasites of smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At current rates, it would take centuries to comprehensively sample, collect and name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, we argue that patterns described from a small, biased sample of diversity aren’t necessarily reliable, especially as host–parasite networks are increasingly altered by global change. In the spirit of moonshots like the Human Genome Project and the Global Virome Project, we consider the idea of a Global Parasite Project: a global effort to transform parasitology and inventory parasite diversity at an unprecedented pace.

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Rea, J. G., and S. W. B. Irwin. "The ecology of host-finding behaviour and parasite transmission: past and future perspectives." Parasitology 109, S1 (1994): S31—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000085061.

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SUMMARYHost location by parasites can be achieved by either active or passive mechanisms. In spite of their significance, the efficacy of these methods has been little researched. High fecundity in parasites is discussed in terms of the role it plays in dispersal and transmission. Some concepts developed by mainstream behavioural ecologists are outlined and their relevance to parasitology is indicated. ‘Reproductive value’ is recommended as an appropriate measure of the costs and benefits of behavioural acts. Although costs of reproduction have been rarely studied in parasites, they are likely to occur in cosexual insects, nematodes and crustaceans. Experiments using captive hosts and/orin vitrocultivation could help in the construction of realistic optimality models. We suggest that r- and K-selection theory could assist in the study of the evolution of parasite behaviour. We discuss how parasite populations are dispersed and controlled and consider the implications of overdispersion. WTe outline three sources of signals to which parasites may respond and suggest that understanding evolutionary mechanisms and community organisation of parasites and hosts requires evaluation of fundamental behavioural responses to environmental signals. The study of closely related groups of parasites and their hosts may advance our knowledge of the evolution of parasite life cycles and the evolutionary costs and benefits of behavioural acts.

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Branco Junior, Arlindo Gonzaga, Leo Christyan Alves de Lima, Camila Fanzoni de Souza, Andressa Pereira de Carvalho, Priscila Aparecida Marques Lima, and Flávio Aparecido Terassini. "Contaminação por Enteroparasitas em Areia de Praças e Locais de Recreação do Município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil." REVISTA FIMCA 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37157/fimca.v5i2.60.

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Introdução: As geohelmintíases são classificadas como parasitoses intestinais ou enteroparasitoses, cujo ciclo evolutivo, necessariamente, precisa ocorrer em parte no solo, onde está a fonte de infecção contendo larvas e ovos, e finalmente em um hospedeiro. Objetivos: Neste trabalho procurou-se avaliar a contaminação de areias de praças e locais de recreação de Porto Velho, RO, por helmintos e protozoários. Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionadas onze praças em diferentes bairros da cidade e coletadas amostras de areia de forma direta em sacos plásticos, encaminhadas e analisadas no laboratório de Parasitologia da Faculdade São Lucas através do método de Hoffman, Pons e Janer. Resultados: Os resultados foram positivos para parasitas em cinco (45,5%) das praças analisadas, sendo identificados os parasitos Entamoeba Coli (100%), larvas de Ancylostoma spp foram encontradas em três praças (60%) e duas praças apresentaram-se contaminadas por ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides (40%). Conclusão: Conclui-se que nas areias pesquisadas existem parasitos que ameaçam a saúde pública nas amostras analisadas e com isso a necessidades de medidas mitigatórias dos riscos nas áreas estudadas. ABSTRACTIntroduction: The geohelminthiases are classified as intestinal parasitoses or enteroparasitoses, whose evolutionary cycle necessarily needs to occur partly in the soil, where it is the source of infection containing larvae and eggs, and finally in a host. Objectives: To evaluate the contamination of the sand of squares and places of recreation of Porto Velho, RO, by helminths and protozoa. Materials and Methods: Eleven squares were selected in different districts and collected samples of sand directly in plastic bags. The samples were sent and analyzed at College São Lucas Parasitology Laboratory by Hoffman, Pons and Janer methodology. Results: The result were:” positive for parasites in five (45,5%) analyzed squares, the parasites identified in this research were Entamoeba Coli (100%), Ancylostoma spp in three squares (60%) and two squares contaminated by eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides (40%). Conclusion: It is concluded that in the sands surveyed, there were parasites that can threaten the public health in the analyzed samples and the government need to do the necessary interventions in those risk areas.

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Nikolić, Vera, Branka Bilbija, Zlatko Nedić, Predrag Simonović, and Vesna Djikanović. "First record of Azygia robusta (Odhner, 1911) (Trematoda: Digenea: Azygiidae) in brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the VRBAS River." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 76, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2018-0011.

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Abstract The investigation of fish parasites in Bosnia and Herzegovina in recent years became significant, and therefore new records of parasitic trematodes and their hosts are important for better understanding of fish parasitology and pathology. In this study 41 parasitic specimens were collected and the basic taxonomical characters were measured (body length and width, diameter of oral and ventral sucker, length and width of pharynx, ovary length and width, testes length and width and eggs length and width). After the sampling of the parasites, they were collected and conserved in 70% ethanol. After that procedure the aforementioned characters were measured using Digimizer Image Analyzer Version 4.1. After all measurements, the trematode parasite Azygia robusta was confirmed for the first time on brown trout Salmo trutta. This first record was found in the Vrbas River near Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sava River Basin). Former records of this parasite in Europe were observed on other salmonid fish species, as huchen Hucho hucho. This new record should be very important part of data of fish parasitology in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Adamo, S. A., and J. P. Webster. "Neural parasitology: how parasites manipulate host behaviour." Journal of Experimental Biology 216, no. 1 (December 5, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.082511.

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Cox, F. E. G. "Parasitology: Chromosomes of malaria parasites and trypanosomes." Nature 315, no. 6017 (May 1985): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315280a0.

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Trouvé, Sandrine, and Serge Morand. "Controversies in parasitology. Evolution of parasites' fecundity." International Journal for Parasitology 28, no. 11 (November 1998): 1817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00135-0.

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Maier, Allison, Julia Krolik, and Anna Majury. "Triage and Protocol Recommendations for the Parasitology Laboratory Based on an Epidemiological Investigation of Parasite Diagnostics in Ontario Laboratories." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 25, no. 6 (2014): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/452815.

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OBJECTIVES:A study was performed using a subset of Ontario laboratory parasitology data, with three objectives: to describe parasitic infections in Ontario; to identify risk factors for acquiring a parasitic infection using routinely collected information; and to use this information to assess current protocols for parasite testing in laboratories and, in turn, to propose alternatives to optimize the allocation of laboratory resources.METHODS: All parasitology records from January 4, 2010 to September 14, 2010 were reviewed descriptively and risk factor analyses were performed using information collected from requisitions. These results were used to develop preliminary alternative protocols, which considered high-throughput screening tests and inclusion/exclusion criteria for ova and parasite testing; these were then retrospectively analyzed with the dataset to determine appropriateness.RESULTS: Of the 29,260 records analyzed, 10% were multiple samples from single patients submitted on the same day, of which 98% had the same result. Three percent of all parasite tests were positive, with the most prevalent parasites being (in ascending order)Dientamoeba fragilis,Giardia lamblia,Cryptosporidiumspecies andEntamoeba histolytica/dispar. Age and sex were found to be weak risk factors, while rural living was found to be a moderate risk factor forD fragilis,G lambliaandCryptosporidiuminfections. The strongest risk factor was travel history, especially for nonendemic parasites. The retrospective analysis of six alternative protocols identified four that may be more efficient than current procedures.CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that current protocols may be redundant and can be optimized to target prevalent parasites and populations with high risk factors.

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Lapochkina, E. V., and O. K. Stakovetskaya. "Morphological and Functional Features of Parasitology Objects and Their Reflection in the Terminology." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-1-335-341.

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The article considers the morphological and functional characteristics of some objects of parasitology, the etymology of names and the methods of their nomination. Knowledge of the history of origin, the realization of the word-building analysis of parasite names and understanding the semantic components of terms will help to make the educational process more interesting and more effective. The names of parasites are divided into several groups: the names, in which there are semantic elements, which indicate the names of diseases; the names, comprising the semantic elements of anatomical nature; the names, comprising the semantic elements of geographical nature; the names, indicating the connection of term with the history of its detection and containing surnames of researchers; the names, containing semantic elements, which characterize the exterior view of parasites. Besides, the article shows the connection of semantic association (metaphorical transfer) between the initial meaning of the term in the language — ultimate source (Latin or Greek) with the morphological and functional characteristics of various parasites.

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McRobert, Louisa, Peter Preiser, Sarah Sharp, William Jarra, Mallika Kaviratne, Martin C. Taylor, Laurent Renia, and Colin J. Sutherland. "Distinct Trafficking and Localization of STEVOR Proteins in Three Stages of the Plasmodium falciparum Life Cycle." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 11 (November 2004): 6597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.11.6597-6602.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genome of Plasmodium falciparum harbors three extensive multigene families, var, rif, and stevor (for subtelomeric variable open reading frame), located mainly in the subtelomeric regions of the parasite's 14 chromosomes. STEVOR variants are known to be expressed in asexual parasites, but no function has as yet been ascribed to this protein family. We have examined the expression of STEVOR proteins in intraerythrocytic sexual stages, gametocytes, and extracellular sporozoites isolated from infected Anopheles mosquitoes. In gametocytes, stevor transcripts appear transiently early in development but STEVOR proteins persist for several days and are transported out of the parasite, travel through the host cell cytoplasm, and localize to the erythrocyte plasma membrane. In contrast to asexual parasites, gametocytes move STEVOR to the periphery via a trafficking pathway independent of Maurer's clefts. In sporozoites, STEVOR appear dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in vesicle-like structures. The pattern of STEVOR localization we have observed in gametocytes and sporozoites differs significantly from that in asexual parasite stages. STEVOR variants are therefore likely to perform different functions in each stage of the parasites life cycle in which they occur.

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BLAKE, DAMER P., and MARTHA BETSON. "One Health: parasites and beyond." Parasitology 144, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001402.

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The field of parasitism is broad, encompassing relationships between organisms where one benefits at the expense of another. Traditionally the discipline focuses on eukaryotes, with the study of bacteria and viruses complementary but distinct. Nonetheless, parasites vary in size and complexity from single celled protozoa, to enormous plants like those in the genus Rafflesia. Lifecycles range from obligate intracellular to extensive exoparasitism. Examples of parasites include high-profile medical and zoonotic pathogens such as Plasmodium, veterinary pathogens of wild and captive animals and many of the agents which cause neglected tropical diseases, stretching to parasites which infect plants and other parasites (e.g. Kikuchi et al. 2011; Hotez et al. 2014; Blake et al. 2015; Hemingway, 2015; Meekums et al. 2015; Sandlund et al. 2015). The breadth of parasitology has been matched by the variety of ways in which parasites are studied, drawing upon biological, chemical, molecular, epidemiological and other expertise. Despite such breadth bridging between disciplines has commonly been problematic, regardless of extensive encouragement from government agencies, peer audiences and funding bodies promoting multidisciplinary research. Now, progress in understanding and collaboration can benefit from establishment of the One Health concept (Zinsstag et al. 2012; Stark et al. 2015). One Health draws upon biological, environmental, medical, veterinary and social science disciplines in order to improve human, animal and environmental health, although it remains tantalizingly difficult to engage many relevant parties. For infectious diseases traditional divides have been exacerbated as the importance of wildlife reservoirs, climate change, food production systems and socio-economic diversity have been recognized but often not addressed in a multidisciplinary manner. In response the 2015 Autumn Symposium organized by the British Society for Parasitology (BSP; https://www.bsp.uk.net/home/) was focused on One Health, running under the title ‘One Health: parasites and beyond…’. The meeting, held at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) in Camden, London from September 14th to 15th, drew upon a blend of specialist parasitology reinforced with additional complementary expertise. Scientists, advocates, policy makers and industry representatives were invited to present at the meeting, promoting and developing One Health understanding with relevance to parasitology. The decision to widen the scope of the meeting to non-parasitological, but informative topics, is reflected in the diversity of the articles included in this special issue. A key feature of the meeting was encouragement of early career scientists, with more than 35% of the delegates registered as students and 25 posters.

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Murray, Harry M., Jacqueline M. Hanlon, Kimberly Marshall, and Corey Morris. "A Redescription of the Bulla, Antennae, and Mouth Parts of Female Clavella sp. (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae) Infesting Wild Gadus morhua Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)." Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (December 21, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891448.

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Many members of the Copepod family Lernaeopodidae are well-known parasites of gadids. This study reports on the occurrence of a lernaeopodid infestation of wild-sourced Gadus morhua sampled from separate inshore (Gilbert Bay, NL) and offshore (Virgin Rocks, NL) populations from Newfoundland, Canada. The majority of the parasites were observed to be associated with the buccal cavity, gill filaments, gill arch, and occasionally near the outer edge of the operculum. Anatomical analysis and detailed redescriptions of the parasite’s functional anatomy (mouth parts, antennae, and bulla complex) using high-resolution SEM indicated that the parasite was most likely of the genus Clavella. New morphological details of the second antennae ornamentation, first maxillae, bulla complex, and the oral cone are provided and discussed with regard to their potential in taxonomic applications.

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STOTHARD, J. RUSSELL, PETER CHIODINI, and MARK BOOTH. "Progress in paediatric parasitology: a preface to a topic focusing on ever younger subjects." Parasitology 138, no. 12 (September 16, 2011): 1453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001545.

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SUMMARYWithout realizing it perhaps, the research activities of many parasitologists are often focused upon the study of parasites most commonly found in children. Though there is little recognition of paediatric parasitology as a separate topic within medical parasitology, with the global interest in promotion of maternal and child health, alleviation of diseases associated with poverty and requirements of ‘child-sized’ medicines, a more formal consideration is now timely. Recent research, for example, has highlighted that defining precisely the ‘first-age’ at which parasites interfere with a child's health, or normal developmental processes, is being revised. Attention is now drawn towards ever younger subjects, for parasites have the capacity to also influence the health of the foetus within the in utero environment, altering immune-development. These subtle, yet evolutionary profound interactions perhaps manifest themselves as to why some children are more prone to infection(s), develop overt disease and sadly die while others do not. Here, we address the growing importance of paediatric parasitology and its applications within disease control strategies as highlighted in the 2010 Autumn Symposium of the British Society of Parasitology.

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POULIN, R. "Relative infection levels and taxonomic distances among the host species used by a parasite: insights into parasite specialization." Parasitology 130, no. 1 (December 13, 2004): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004006304.

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Parasites often exploit more than one host species at any stage in their life-cycle, but the extent to which these host species are used varies greatly. Parasites typically achieve their highest prevalence, intensity and/or abundance in one host species (the principal host), whereas infection levels in auxiliary hosts range from relatively high to very low. The present study examines what influences the distribution of parasite individuals among their different host species, using metazoan parasites that use freshwater fish as their definitive or only host. Specifically, I test the hypothesis that differences in relative infection levels by a parasite among its auxiliary hosts are proportional to the taxonomic distance between the respective auxiliary hosts and the parasite's principal host. Taxonomic distance among hosts is a surrogate measure of their similarity in terms of ecology, physiology and immunology. Using data on 29 parasite species and 6 fish communities, for a total of 47 parasite-locality combinations, it was found that taxonomic distance between the auxiliary hosts and the principal host had no real influence on infection levels in auxiliary hosts, measured as either prevalence, intensity or abundance. The analysis revealed differences in the degree of specialization among major groups of parasites: in terms of abundance or intensity, auxiliary hosts were less important for cestodes than for nematodes and copepods. The lack of an effect of taxonomic distance may indicate that ecological similarity among host species, arising from convergence and not from relatedness, is more important than host phylogeny or taxonomy. Although the results are based on a limited number of parasite taxa, they suggest that parasites may be opportunistic in their colonization of new hosts, and not severely constrained by evolutionary baggage.

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Conrad, Sean M., Dalit Strauss-Ayali, Ann E. Field, Matthias Mack, and David M. Mosser. "Leishmania-Derived Murine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Enhances the Recruitment of a Restrictive Population of CC Chemokine Receptor 2-Positive Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 2 (November 6, 2006): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01314-06.

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ABSTRACT Transgenic Leishmania parasites that encode the murine chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were generated. These parasites transcribed MCP-1 mRNA and secreted MCP-1 protein. Infection of BALB/c, C57BL/6, or MCP-1 knockout (KO) mice with these parasites resulted in minimal lesion development with fewer parasites in the infected foot, lymph node, and spleen compared to wild-type-infected mice. In contrast, transgenic parasites caused substantial lesions with relatively high numbers of parasites in CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) KO mice, indicating that the parasites are viable and healthy and that the lack of lesion development is CCR2 dependent. Prior infection of mice with transgenic parasites offered no protection to subsequent wild-type L. major challenge, suggesting that the transgenic parasites are controlled by an early innate immune response. Consistent with innate immunity, flow cytometry of cells from the ears of mice infected with transgenic parasites revealed an increase in the number of CCR2-positive macrophages by day 7 postinfection. The enumeration of transgenic parasites in ear lesions demonstrated a significant reduction in parasite numbers, which coincided with the increased CCR2-positive macrophage migration. CCR2-positive macrophages isolated from ears of mice infected with transgenic parasites contained virtually no parasites. In vitro studies revealed that optimal parasite killing required the recruitment of CCR2-positive macrophages, followed by stimulation with a combination of both MCP-1 and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). This work suggests that the parasite-derived MCP-1 can recruit a restrictive population of CCR2-positive macrophages into lesions that can be optimally stimulated by MCP-1 and IFN-γ to efficiently kill Leishmania parasites.

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Watkins, H. V., and G. Blouin-Demers. "Body size, not age, predicts parasite load in Clark’s Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus clarkii)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 3 (March 2019): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0328.

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Determining the factors that influence parasite load is a fundamental goal of parasitology. Body size often influences parasite load in reptiles, but it is unclear whether higher levels of parasitism are a result of greater surface area of individuals (a function of size) or of longer periods of exposure to parasites (a function of age). Using skeletochronology in a wild population of Clark’s Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852), we tested the hypotheses that (i) larger individuals have higher parasite loads due to increased surface area available for colonization by parasites and their vectors and that (ii) older individuals have higher parasite loads because they have had longer exposure to parasites and their vectors. Males harboured more ectoparasites than females. Males and females differed in how body size influenced chigger (Acari: Trombiculidae) load; larger males harboured more chiggers than smaller males, but this was not the case in females. Age did not affect ectoparasite load in either sex. These results emphasize the importance of disentangling the effects of size and age in models of parasitism to gain a clearer understanding of intraspecific variation in parasite load.

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Perkins, F. O. "Shellfish parasites." Parasitology Today 2, no. 3 (March 1986): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(86)90153-5.

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Hamu, Haji, Serkadis Debalke, Endalew Zemene, Belay Birlie, Zeleke Mekonnen, and Delenasaw Yewhalaw. "Isolation of Intestinal Parasites of Public Health Importance from Cockroaches (Blattella germanica) in Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia." Journal of Parasitology Research 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/186240.

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Cockroaches are claimed to be mechanical transmitters of disease causing microorganisms such as intestinal parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study assessed the potential of the German cockroachBlattella germanicain the mechanical transmission of intestinal parasites of public health importance. A total of 2010 cockroaches were collected from 404 households in Jimma Town, southwestern Ethiopia. All the collected cockroaches were identified to species asB. germanica. The contents of their gut and external body parts were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Overall, 152 (75.6%) of the 210 batches were found to harbor at least one species of human intestinal parasite.Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia spp, Strongyloides-like parasite,Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovski, Giardia duodenalisandBalantidium coliwere detected from gut contents. Moreover, parasites were also isolated from the external surface in 22 (10.95%) of the batches. There was significant difference in parasite carriage rate of the cockroaches among the study sites (P=0.013). In conclusion,B. germanicawas found to harbor intestinal parasites of public health importance. Hence, awareness on the potential role of cockroaches in the mechanical transmission of human intestinal parasites needs to be created. Moreover, further identification of the Strongyloides-like worm is required using molecular diagnostics.

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Gelb, M. H. "PARASITOLOGY: Enhanced: Drugs to Combat Tropical Protozoan Parasites." Science 297, no. 5580 (July 19, 2002): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1073126.

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Solomon, Anthony W. "Human parasitology should consider more than just parasites." Trends in Parasitology 21, no. 10 (October 2005): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.005.

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Fox, M. T. "Parasitology—The biology of animal parasites. 6th edn." British Veterinary Journal 146, no. 2 (March 1990): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(90)90020-4.

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Peletiri, Iseimokumo Christopher. "Validation of automated malaria parasite diagnostic machines based on first principle: A pre-requisite for acceptable results and treatment monitoring in resource limited settings." Annals of Medical Laboratory Science 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51374/annalsmls.2022.2.1.0056.

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Background: Following the very recent introduction of automated malaria parasite diagnostic machines; the need to validate these high technology machines based on the first principle protocol in malaria parasite density determination for acceptable results and treatment monitoring cannot be over-emphasized. The aim of this review is to update Medical Laboratory Scientists, Medical Laboratory Technicians, and researchers alike on the first principle in the diagnosis of malaria using Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films and to build their capacity on how to validate any automated malaria parasite diagnostic machine. Methods: The first principle protocol in malaria parasite density determination was used. With 8 µL of blood spread within 18 mm diameter of circle (thick film), the volume of blood in one thick film field (0.002 µL) is obtained; which when multiplied by a factor (500) gives 1 µL. The number of parasites seen per 100 thick film fields or average number per each thick film field multiplied by 500 gives the number of parasites / µL of blood. Results: Malaria parasites counts of 5 – 50 parasites (1+), 50 – 500 parasites (2+), 500 – 5000 parasites (3+), and (4+) > 5000 parasites / µL of blood, and with the results obtained from the automated machine which when entered into a 2 x 2 table reveal the performance evaluation of automated machine. Conclusion: With several results obtained, any automated malaria diagnostic machine can be validated for its ability to detect disease (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values). Commencement of the use of automated malaria parasites diagnostic machines in parasitology laboratory should not lead to discontinuity in the use of thick and thin blood films in malaria diagnosis as it remains the gold standard in resource limited settings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasites Parasitology'

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