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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

WOOD, CHELSEA L., and KEVIN D. LAFFERTY. "How have fisheries affected parasite communities?" Parasitology 142, no. 1 (2014): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201400002x.

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SUMMARYTo understand how fisheries affect parasites, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that contrasted parasite assemblages in fished and unfished areas. Parasite diversity was lower in hosts from fished areas. Larger hosts had a greater abundance of parasites, suggesting that fishing might reduce the abundance of parasites by selectively removing the largest, most heavily parasitized individuals. After controlling for size, the effect of fishing on parasite abundance varied according to whether the host was fished and the parasite's life cycle. Parasites of unfished hosts were more like

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Farahani, Sajad. "Success of Infection by Parasites." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 4, no. 7 (2023): 1153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1780.

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The success of infection by parasites during the host-parasite coevolution is related to increasing a parasite’s ability to alter intermediate host behaviour, resulting in higher fitness of parasites. The “increased host abilities’ hypothesis” posits that parasites manipulate the behavior of their intermediate hosts or improves its chances of intermediate host survival in order to enhance their transmission to the next host. Research shows that the transmission of the parasites to their definitive host is facilitated by non-host predator avoidance by the intermediate host, which would otherwis

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Hart, B. L. "Behavioural defense against parasites: interaction with parasite invasiveness." Parasitology 109, S1 (1994): S139—S151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000085140.

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SUMMARYBehavioural patterns involved in avoiding, repelling, or removing parasites allow mammalian hosts to defend themselves from an array of parasites that threaten the host's fitness in the natural world. Some examples of behavioural defenses and the presumed target parasites are: grooming to remove ticks, grouping to reduce attack rate of biting flies, fly repelling movements to reduce parasitic flies, and selective grazing to reduce intake of faecal-borne parasites. These behavioural defenses are discussed with regard to effectiveness in controlling the target parasites. Parasites have so

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Severins, Maite, Don Klinkenberg, and Hans Heesterbeek. "How selection forces dictate the variant surface antigens used by malaria parasites." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 67 (2011): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0239.

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Red blood cells infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum express variant surface antigens (VSAs) that evade host immunity and allow the parasites to persist in the human population. There exist many different VSAs and the differential expression of these VSAs is associated with the virulence (damage to the host) of the parasites. The aim of this study is to unravel the differences in the effect key selection forces have on parasites expressing different VSAs such that we can better understand how VSAs enable the parasites to adapt to changes in their environment (like control mea

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Forbes, Mark R., André Morrill, and Jennifer Schellinck. "Host species exploitation and discrimination by animal parasites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1719 (2017): 20160090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0090.

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Parasite species often show differential fitness on different host species. We developed an equation-based model to explore conditions favouring host species exploitation and discrimination. In our model, diploid infective stages randomly encountered hosts of two species; the parasite's relative fitness in exploiting each host species, and its ability to discriminate between them, was determined by the parasite's genotype at two independent diallelic loci. Relative host species frequency determined allele frequencies at the exploitation locus, whereas differential fitness and combined host den

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Mathieu-Bégné, Eglantine, Simon Blanchet, Guillaume Mitta, Clément Le Potier, Géraldine Loot, and Olivier Rey. "Transcriptomic Adjustments in a Freshwater Ectoparasite Reveal the Role of Molecular Plasticity for Parasite Host Shift." Genes 13, no. 3 (2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030525.

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A parasite’s lifestyle is characterized by a critical dependency on its host for feeding, shelter and/or reproduction. The ability of parasites to exploit new host species can reduce the risk associated with host dependency. The number of host species that can be infected by parasites strongly affects their ecological and evolutionary dynamics along with their pathogenic effects on host communities. However, little is known about the processes and the pathways permitting parasites to successfully infect alternative host species, a process known as host shift. Here, we tested whether molecular

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Duneau, David, and Dieter Ebert. "The role of moulting in parasite defence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1740 (2012): 3049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0407.

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Parasitic infections consist of a succession of steps during which hosts and parasites interact in specific manners. At each step, hosts can use diverse defence mechanisms to counteract the parasite's attempts to invade and exploit them. Of these steps, the penetration of parasites into the host is a key step for a successful infection and the epithelium is the first line of host defence. The shedding of this protective layer (moulting) is a crucial feature in the life cycle of several invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, and is generally considered to make hosts vulnerable to parasites and preda

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Kelsen, Anne, Robyn S. Kent, Anne K. Snyder, et al. "MyosinA is a druggable target in the widespread protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii." PLOS Biology 21, no. 5 (2023): e3002110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002110.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in its human hosts. The ability of T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites to invade into, egress from, and move between cells of the hosts they infect is critical to parasite virulence and disease progression. An unusual and highly conserved parasite myosin motor (TgMyoA) plays a central role in T. gondii motility. The goal of this work was to determine whether the parasite’s motility and lytic cycle can be disrupted through pharmacological inhibition of TgMyoA, as an approach to altering disease progress

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Jürgens, Anna-Sophie, and Alexander G. Maier. "From circus acts to violent clowns: The parasite as performer." Journal of Science & Popular Culture 3, no. 1 (2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jspc_00011_1.

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Abstract With the growing awareness of the contribution of parasites to life, their influences on humans also become clearer. The parasite's footprints can be seen everywhere, in genetics, epidemiology, medicine, history and, as this article clarifies, parasites play a vivid part in our cultural imagination surrounding popular entertainment. Drawing and expanding on Michel Serres' and Enid Welsford's discussions of the parasite as a cultural force, this article explores the line of filiation and interplay between biological parasites, circus arts and their comic emblem, the clown, in different

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Coppens, Isabelle. "Metamorphoses of malaria: the role of autophagy in parasite differentiation." Essays in Biochemistry 51 (October 24, 2011): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0510127.

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Several protozoan parasites undergo a complex life cycle that alternates between an invertebrate vector and a vertebrate host. Adaptations to these different environments by the parasites are achieved by drastic changes in their morphology and metabolism. The malaria parasites must be transmitted to a mammal from a mosquito as part of their life cycle. Upon entering the mammalian host, extracellular malaria sporozoites reach the liver and invade hepatocytes, wherein they meet the challenge of becoming replication-competent schizonts. During the process of conversion, the sporozoite selectively

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Alarcón, Erika P., and Luz E. Velásquez. "Descripción morfológica de Cotylophoron cotylophorum (Digenea: Paramphistomidae) hallado en bovinos de Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 22, no. 2 (2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.324383.

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Summary The presence of Paramphistomidae parasites (Trematoda: Digenea) inside the rumen (first stomach) has been recorded in Colombia in cattle from the Caribbean coast, the Eastern Plains region in the east, and the southwest of the country. However, studies on the presence and prevalence of the parasite do not include any morphological description. This study includes research findings from adult Paramphistomidae parasites in the rumen of Bos taurus specimens from Llanogrande in the municipality of Rionegro, Antioquia. The aim of this research was to describe all the developmental stages of

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Oliveira Souza, Rodolpho Ornitz, Chunlin Yang, and Gustavo Arrizabalaga. "Myosin A and F-Actin play a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance in Toxoplasma gondii." PLOS Pathogens 20, no. 10 (2024): e1012127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012127.

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The single mitochondrion of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is highly dynamic. Toxoplasma’s mitochondrion changes morphology as the parasite moves from the intracellular to the extracellular environment and during division. Toxoplasma’s mitochondrial dynamic is dependent on an outer mitochondrion membrane-associated protein LMF1 and its interaction with IMC10, a protein localized at the inner membrane complex (IMC). In the absence of either LMF1 or IMC10, parasites have defective mitochondrial morphology and inheritance defects. As little is known about mitochondrial inhe

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Hershenhorn, Joseph, Yaakov Goldwasser, Dina Plakhine, et al. "Role of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) as a Trap and Catch Crop for Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca and O. cernua." Weed Science 44, no. 4 (1996): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094972.

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The response of pepper varieties to Egyptian broomrape and nodding broomrape was characterized in comparison with tomatoes grown in pots and in aqueous solution, according to two criteria: 1. germination of the parasite's seeds in the presence of the host roots; and 2. the number of parasites per host plant. More than 50% of Egyptian broomrape seeds germinated in the presence of all pepper variety roots except the sweet pepper Maor. However, only a few attached and developed. The two paprika varieties Lehava and Shani were hosts to more parasites than the sweet pepper varieties, and showed as

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POULIN, R. "Relative infection levels and taxonomic distances among the host species used by a parasite: insights into parasite specialization." Parasitology 130, no. 1 (2004): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004006304.

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Parasites often exploit more than one host species at any stage in their life-cycle, but the extent to which these host species are used varies greatly. Parasites typically achieve their highest prevalence, intensity and/or abundance in one host species (the principal host), whereas infection levels in auxiliary hosts range from relatively high to very low. The present study examines what influences the distribution of parasite individuals among their different host species, using metazoan parasites that use freshwater fish as their definitive or only host. Specifically, I test the hypothesis

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Lehane, Adele M., Donelly A. van Schalkwyk, Stephanie G. Valderramos, David A. Fidock, and Kiaran Kirk. "Differential Drug Efflux or Accumulation Does Not Explain Variation in the Chloroquine Response of Plasmodium falciparum Strains Expressing the Same Isoform of Mutant PfCRT." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 5 (2011): 2310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01167-10.

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ABSTRACTMutant forms of thePlasmodium falciparumchloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) mediate chloroquine resistance by effluxing the drug from the parasite's digestive vacuole, the acidic organelle in which chloroquine exerts its parasiticidal effect. However, different parasites bearing the same mutant form of PfCRT can vary substantially in their chloroquine susceptibility. Here, we have investigated the biochemical basis for the difference in chloroquine response among transfectant parasite lines having different genetic backgrounds but bearing the same mutant form of PfCRT. Despite s

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Alyasiri, Ali Jawad, and Mohammed Qasim Waheeb. "Global overview of Leishmania virulence factors, and the role of GP63 in promastigotes." Science Archives 03, no. 02 (2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2022.3208.

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Protozoa parasites of the genus Leishmania have a great ability to avoid damage in the hostile environments they encounter throughout their life cycle within the host’s body. Parasites have developed many virulence factors to ensure their persistence and replication within the host, and the first role of these factors is to attenuate the host’s defenses against them through innate and adaptive immunity, as evidence indicates that the determinants of parasite virulence are responsible for evading the host’s defenses, allowing these organisms to survive on Alive in the host’s hostile immune envi

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Prior, Kimberley F., Benita Middleton, Alíz T. Y. Owolabi, et al. "Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid." Wellcome Open Research 6 (October 20, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16894.2.

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Background: Rapid asexual replication of blood stage malaria parasites is responsible for the severity of disease symptoms and fuels the production of transmission forms. Here, we demonstrate that a Plasmodium chabaudi’s schedule for asexual replication can be orchestrated by isoleucine, a metabolite provided to the parasite in a periodic manner due to the host’s rhythmic intake of food. Methods: We infect female C57BL/6 and Per1/2-null mice which have a disrupted canonical (transcription translation feedback loop, TTFL) clock with 1×105 red blood cells containing P. chabaudi (DK genotype). We

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Prior, Kimberley F., Benita Middleton, Alíz T. Y. Owolabi, et al. "Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid." Wellcome Open Research 6 (July 22, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16894.1.

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Background: Rapid asexual replication of blood stage malaria parasites is responsible for the severity of disease symptoms and fuels the production of transmission forms. Here, we demonstrate that the Plasmodium chabaudi’s schedule for asexual replication can be orchestrated by isoleucine, a metabolite provided to the parasite in periodic manner due to the host’s rhythmic intake of food. Methods: We infect female C57BL/6 and Per1/2-null TTFL clock-disrupted mice with 1×105 red blood cells containing P. chabaudi (DK genotype). We perturb the timing of rhythms in asexual replication and host fee

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McRobert, Louisa, Peter Preiser, Sarah Sharp, et al. "Distinct Trafficking and Localization of STEVOR Proteins in Three Stages of the Plasmodium falciparum Life Cycle." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 11 (2004): 6597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.11.6597-6602.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genome of Plasmodium falciparum harbors three extensive multigene families, var, rif, and stevor (for subtelomeric variable open reading frame), located mainly in the subtelomeric regions of the parasite's 14 chromosomes. STEVOR variants are known to be expressed in asexual parasites, but no function has as yet been ascribed to this protein family. We have examined the expression of STEVOR proteins in intraerythrocytic sexual stages, gametocytes, and extracellular sporozoites isolated from infected Anopheles mosquitoes. In gametocytes, stevor transcripts appear transiently early i

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Ellis, Vincenzo A., Michael D. Collins, Matthew C. I. Medeiros, et al. "Local host specialization, host-switching, and dispersal shape the regional distributions of avian haemosporidian parasites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 36 (2015): 11294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515309112.

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The drivers of regional parasite distributions are poorly understood, especially in comparison with those of free-living species. For vector-transmitted parasites, in particular, distributions might be influenced by host-switching and by parasite dispersal with primary hosts and vectors. We surveyed haemosporidian blood parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) of small land birds in eastern North America to characterize a regional parasite community. Distributions of parasite populations generally reflected distributions of their hosts across the region. However, when the interdependence betwee

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Frasse, Philip, Daniel Goldberg, and Audrey Odom John. "#23: Investigation of Phosphomannomutase as an Antimalarial Drug Target." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_2 (2021): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.019.

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Abstract Background Malaria continues to pose an enormous economic and global health threat, killing over 200,000 people annually, primarily children under the age of 5. With the constant barrier of antimalarial resistance and the rise of delayed clearance by artemisinin, it is especially important to identify drug/target pairs that rapidly kill parasites. We study targetable metabolic pathways in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, to guide such future drug development against this disease. In recent years, we have discovered that a large family of hydrolases, the Haloacid Dehalogena

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Grüter, Christoph, Evelien Jongepier, and Susanne Foitzik. "Insect societies fight back: the evolution of defensive traits against social parasites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (2018): 20170200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0200.

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Insect societies face many social parasites that exploit their altruistic behaviours or their resources. Due to the fitness costs these social parasites incur, hosts have evolved various behavioural, chemical, architectural and morphological defence traits. Similar to bacteria infecting multicellular hosts, social parasites have to successfully go through several steps to exploit their hosts. Here, we review how social insects try to interrupt this sequence of events. They can avoid parasite contact by choosing to nest in parasite-free locales or evade attacks by adapting their colony structur

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Hernandez-Caballero, Irene, Luz Garcia-Longoria, Ivan Gomez-Mestre, and Alfonso Marzal. "The Adaptive Host Manipulation Hypothesis: Parasites Modify the Behaviour, Morphology, and Physiology of Amphibians." Diversity 14, no. 9 (2022): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090739.

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Parasites have evolved different strategies to increase their transmission from one host to another. The Adaptive Host Manipulation hypothesis states that parasites induce modifications of host phenotypes that could maximise parasite fitness. There are numerous examples of parasite manipulation across a wide range of host and parasite taxa. However, the number of studies exploring the manipulative effects of parasites on amphibians is still scarce. Herein, we extensively review the current knowledge on phenotypic alterations in amphibians following parasite infection. Outcomes from different s

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Enslow, Chelsea, Rachel Vallender, Emily Rondel, and Nicola Koper. "Host dispersal and landscape conversion are associated with the composition of haemosporidian parasites of the golden-winged warbler." Parasitology 147, no. 1 (2019): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001240.

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AbstractUnderstanding factors that influence the spatial and temporal distributions of blood parasites is important to help predict how host species and their parasites may respond to global change. Factors that may influence parasite distributions are land cover and host dispersal patterns, which may result in exposure of a host to novel parasites, or escape from parasites of their origin. We screened golden-winged warblers from across the United States and Canada for blood parasites, and investigated whether land-use patterns or host dispersal affected the prevalence and composition of haemo

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SEARLE, C. L., J. H. OCHS, C. E. CÁCERES, et al. "Plasticity, not genetic variation, drives infection success of a fungal parasite." Parasitology 142, no. 6 (2015): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000013.

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SUMMARYHosts strongly influence parasite fitness. However, it is challenging to disentangle host effects on genetic vs plasticity-driven traits of parasites, since parasites can evolve quickly. It remains especially difficult to determine the causes and magnitude of parasite plasticity. In successive generations, parasites may respond plastically to better infect their current type of host, or hosts may produce generally ‘good’ or ‘bad’ quality parasites. Here, we characterized parasite plasticity by taking advantage of a system in which the parasite (the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata, which

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Tang, Qing, Nicole Andenmatten, Miryam A. Hortua Triana, et al. "Calcium-dependent phosphorylation alters class XIVa myosin function in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 17 (2014): 2579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-11-0648.

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Class XIVa myosins comprise a unique group of myosin motor proteins found in apicomplexan parasites, including those that cause malaria and toxoplasmosis. The founding member of the class XIVa family, Toxoplasma gondii myosin A (TgMyoA), is a monomeric unconventional myosin that functions at the parasite periphery to control gliding motility, host cell invasion, and host cell egress. How the motor activity of TgMyoA is regulated during these critical steps in the parasite's lytic cycle is unknown. We show here that a small-molecule enhancer of T. gondii motility and invasion (compound 130038)

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MUÑOZ, G., A. S. GRUTTER, and T. H. CRIBB. "Endoparasite communities of five fish species (Labridae: Cheilininae) from Lizard Island: how important is the ecology and phylogeny of the hosts?" Parasitology 132, no. 3 (2005): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005009133.

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The parasite community of animals is generally influenced by host physiology, ecology, and phylogeny. Therefore, sympatric and phylogenetically related hosts with similar ecologies should have similar parasite communities. To test this hypothesis we surveyed the endoparasites of 5 closely related cheilinine fishes (Labridae) from the Great Barrier Reef. They were Cheilinus chlorourus, C. trilobatus, C. fasciatus, Epibulus insidiator and Oxycheilinus diagramma. We examined the relationship between parasitological variables (richness, abundance and diversity) and host characteristics (body weigh

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Ezenwa, Vanessa O., Elizabeth A. Archie, Meggan E. Craft, et al. "Host behaviour–parasite feedback: an essential link between animal behaviour and disease ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1828 (2016): 20153078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.3078.

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Animal behaviour and the ecology and evolution of parasites are inextricably linked. For this reason, animal behaviourists and disease ecologists have been interested in the intersection of their respective fields for decades. Despite this interest, most research at the behaviour–disease interface focuses either on how host behaviour affects parasites or how parasites affect behaviour, with little overlap between the two. Yet, the majority of interactions between hosts and parasites are probably reciprocal, such that host behaviour feeds back on parasites and vice versa. Explicitly considering

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Biard, Clotilde, Karine Monceau, Sébastien Motreuil, Jérôme Moreau, and Jessica Metcalf. "Interpreting immunological indices: The importance of taking parasite community into account. An example in blackbirds Turdus merula." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 8 (2015): 960–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514913.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Summary Despite the intensive use of immune indices in immunoecology, whether to interpret the results of immune indices in terms of actual immune competence (i.e. ability to control and clear parasite infections as indicated by high values of immune indices associated with low parasite loads) or current immune activation (pathogenic infection being associated with high parasite load and high values of immune indices) is still an open question. Most studies to date have produced contrasting results focused on the effect of a single parasite sp

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Biard, Clotilde, Karine Monceau, Sébastien Motreuil, Jérôme Moreau, and Jessica Metcalf. "Interpreting immunological indices: The importance of taking parasite community into account. An example in blackbirds Turdus merula." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 8 (2015): 960–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514913.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Summary Despite the intensive use of immune indices in immunoecology, whether to interpret the results of immune indices in terms of actual immune competence (i.e. ability to control and clear parasite infections as indicated by high values of immune indices associated with low parasite loads) or current immune activation (pathogenic infection being associated with high parasite load and high values of immune indices) is still an open question. Most studies to date have produced contrasting results focused on the effect of a single parasite sp

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Biard, Clotilde, Karine Monceau, Sébastien Motreuil, Jérôme Moreau, and Jessica Metcalf. "Interpreting immunological indices: The importance of taking parasite community into account. An example in blackbirds Turdus merula." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 8 (2015): 960–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514913.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Summary Despite the intensive use of immune indices in immunoecology, whether to interpret the results of immune indices in terms of actual immune competence (i.e. ability to control and clear parasite infections as indicated by high values of immune indices associated with low parasite loads) or current immune activation (pathogenic infection being associated with high parasite load and high values of immune indices) is still an open question. Most studies to date have produced contrasting results focused on the effect of a single parasite sp

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Biard, Clotilde, Karine Monceau, Sébastien Motreuil, Jérôme Moreau, and Jessica Metcalf. "Interpreting immunological indices: The importance of taking parasite community into account. An example in blackbirds Turdus merula." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 8 (2015): 960–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13514913.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Summary Despite the intensive use of immune indices in immunoecology, whether to interpret the results of immune indices in terms of actual immune competence (i.e. ability to control and clear parasite infections as indicated by high values of immune indices associated with low parasite loads) or current immune activation (pathogenic infection being associated with high parasite load and high values of immune indices) is still an open question. Most studies to date have produced contrasting results focused on the effect of a single parasite sp

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Kumar, Krishna, Yael Hacham, and Rachel Amir. "The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca." Metabolites 12, no. 12 (2022): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121195.

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Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. is a holoparasitic plant that parasitizes various types of host plants. Its penetration into host roots causes a massive reduction in the yield of many crop plants worldwide. The nature of the compounds taken by the parasite from its host is still under debate in the scientific literature. To gain more knowledge about the effect of the hosts on the parasite’s primary metabolic profile, GC-MS analyses were conducted on the parasites that developed on 10 hosts from four plant families. There are three hosts from each family: Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Solanaceae and

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Fahrurrozi, Ashari, Linayati Linayati, and Wijianto Wijianto. "Prevalence and Degree of Endoparasite Infection in Kuniran Fish (Upeneus spp.) in Pekalongan Regency." Berkala Perikanan Terubuk 51, no. 1 (2023): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/terubuk.51.1.1736-1741.

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Pekalongan Regency is one of the coastal areas producing consumption fish with one species of kuniran fish (Upeneus spp). However, its production is decreasing due to growth disturbance, one of which is caused by parasitic infection. Information regarding the existence of parasites in kuniran fish is still limited. The research was conducted at the Pekalongan University Biology Laboratory from November 7 to November 30, 2022. This research aimed to discover the types of parasites that infect kuniran fish in Pekalongan Regency. The parasite's prevalence rate and degree of infection were also an

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VAN DER VEEN, I. T., and J. KURTZ. "To avoid or eliminate: cestode infections in copepods." Parasitology 124, no. 4 (2002): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001001275.

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The outcome of a parasite infection is the result of the interaction between the host and the parasite. In the system we studied, there are 3 critical stages for the outcome of infection of the (intermediate) host, the copepod Macrocyclops albidus, with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus. During the establishment phase of the parasite, the host may firstly avoid ingesting the parasite and, secondly, may prevent the parasite from entering the body cavity and, thirdly, during the growth phase of the parasite, the host's immune system may eliminate the parasite from the body cavity. We were able

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STUMBO, ANTHONY D., and ROBERT POULIN. "Possible mechanism of host manipulation resulting from a diel behaviour pattern of eye-dwelling parasites?" Parasitology 143, no. 10 (2016): 1261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016000810.

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SUMMARYParasitic infection often results in alterations to the host's phenotype, and may modify selection pressures for host populations. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying these changes is essential to understand the evolution of host–parasite interactions. A variety of mechanisms may result in changes in the host's behavioural phenotype, ranging from simple by-products of infection to chemicals directly released by the parasite to alter behaviour. Another possibility may involve parasites freely moving to certain sites within tissues, at specific times of the day to induce behavioural cha

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Cohen, Joel E., Robert Poulin, and Clément Lagrue. "Linking parasite populations in hosts to parasite populations in space through Taylor's law and the negative binomial distribution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (2016): E47—E56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618803114.

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The spatial distribution of individuals of any species is a basic concern of ecology. The spatial distribution of parasites matters to control and conservation of parasites that affect human and nonhuman populations. This paper develops a quantitative theory to predict the spatial distribution of parasites based on the distribution of parasites in hosts and the spatial distribution of hosts. Four models are tested against observations of metazoan hosts and their parasites in littoral zones of four lakes in Otago, New Zealand. These models differ in two dichotomous assumptions, constituting a 2

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PAGENKOPP LOHAN, KATRINA M., KRISTINA M. HILL-SPANIK, MARK E. TORCHIN, LEOPOLDINA AGUIRRE-MACEDO, ROBERT C. FLEISCHER, and GREGORY M. RUIZ. "Richness and distribution of tropical oyster parasites in two oceans." Parasitology 143, no. 9 (2016): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015001900.

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SUMMARYParasites can exert strong effects on population to ecosystem level processes, but data on parasites are limited for many global regions, especially tropical marine systems. Characterizing parasite diversity and distributions are the first steps towards understanding the potential impacts of parasites. The Panama Canal serves as an interesting location to examine tropical parasite diversity and distribution, as it is a conduit between two oceans and a hub for international trade. We examined metazoan and protistan parasites associated with ten oyster species collected from both Panamani

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Rumondang, J. P. Batubara, K. Laila, D. Gustira, and I. Mulyani. "Identification of Ectoparasites that Infect Mangrove Crabs (Scylla Serrata) in Asahan District, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1118, no. 1 (2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012007.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the type and level of prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites that infect mud crabs (Scylla serrata) in Asahan district. The method of data collection was carried out by field observation methods carried out in the sea silos, Pematang Baru, and Sei Kepayang areas. The crab samples observed were live crabs, the number of mud crabs taken for the sample was 10% of each population. Furthermore, in the carapace, the type of parasite that attacks is Trichodina sp with a prevalence rate of 38%. This parasite infected 5 of the 13 samples. Then the

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Conrad, Sean M., Dalit Strauss-Ayali, Ann E. Field, Matthias Mack, and David M. Mosser. "Leishmania-Derived Murine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Enhances the Recruitment of a Restrictive Population of CC Chemokine Receptor 2-Positive Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 2 (2006): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01314-06.

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ABSTRACT Transgenic Leishmania parasites that encode the murine chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were generated. These parasites transcribed MCP-1 mRNA and secreted MCP-1 protein. Infection of BALB/c, C57BL/6, or MCP-1 knockout (KO) mice with these parasites resulted in minimal lesion development with fewer parasites in the infected foot, lymph node, and spleen compared to wild-type-infected mice. In contrast, transgenic parasites caused substantial lesions with relatively high numbers of parasites in CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) KO mice, indicating that the parasites are

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Kim, Ju Yeong, Myung-Hee Yi, and Tai-Soon Yong. "Allergen-like Molecules from Parasites." Current Protein & Peptide Science 21, no. 2 (2020): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190708154300.

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Parasite infections modulate immunologic responses, and the loss of parasite infections in the last two to three decades might explain the increased prevalence of allergic diseases in developed countries. However, parasites can enhance allergic responses. Parasites contain or release allergen-like molecules that induce the specific immunoglobulin, IgE, and trigger type-2 immune responses. Some parasites and their proteins, such as Anisakis and Echinococcus granulosus allergens, act as typical allergens. A number of IgE-binding proteins of various helminthic parasites are cross-reactive to othe

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Omeji, S., S. G. Solomon, and E. S. Idoga. "A Comparative Study of the Common Protozoan Parasites ofClarias gariepinusfrom the Wild and Cultured Environments in Benue State, Nigeria." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/916489.

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A total of one hundred and twentyClarias gariepinuscomprising 30 dead and 30 live fishes were examined for protozoan parasites infestation, sixty each from the wild and a pond (cultured environment) over a period of six months.Ichthyophthirius multifiliiswas the most common protozoan parasites found inC. gariepinusfrom the wild (River Benue) and cultured (pond) environments. These protozoan parasites constitute 37.08% of the total parasites encountered for fishes in the pond and 42.51% of fishes in the wild. Among the body parts of the sampled fishes from the pond, the gills had the highest pa

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Tomlinson, S., L. C. Pontes de Carvalho, F. Vandekerckhove, and V. Nussenzweig. "Role of sialic acid in the resistance of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to complement." Journal of Immunology 153, no. 7 (1994): 3141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.153.7.3141.

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Abstract Trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, mammalian infective forms of the parasite, express an unusual cell surface trans-sialidase. This enzyme enables the parasite to rapidly sialylate its surface when supplied with alpha(2,3)-linked sialic acid from glycoconjugates in serum or on cell surfaces. Here we used a novel fluorescence-based, trypomastigote lysis assay to evaluate the role of sialic acid on the parasite's plasma membrane in providing protection against the complement cascade. Trypomastigotes were desialylated, and sialic acid removal was confirmed by a chemical assay and also

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Claar, Danielle C., Armand Kuris, Katie L. Leslie, Rachel L. Welicky, Maureen A. Williams, and Chelsea L. Wood. "Parasite Biodiversity." Lessons in Conservation 11 (2021): 39–57. https://doi.org/10.5531/cbc.linc.11.1.5.

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A parasite is an organism that lives in an intimate and durable relationship with its host and imposes a cost on that host, in terms of its ability to survive, grow, and/or reproduce. Despite the fact that more than 40% of animal species are parasites, parasitism is rarely discussed in introductory biology courses. This may be because parasites are often hidden within their hosts—and therefore easy to ignore. But parasites have important roles to play in ecosystems and we ignore them at our own peril. In this module, students have the opportunity to discover the hidden world of parasites: they

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Lester, R. J. G., and R. McVinish. "Does moving up a food chain increase aggregation in parasites?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 118 (2016): 20160102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0102.

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General laws in ecological parasitology are scarce. Here, we evaluate data on numbers of fish parasites published by over 200 authors to determine whether acquiring parasites via prey is associated with an increase in parasite aggregation. Parasite species were grouped taxonomically to produce 20 or more data points per group as far as possible. Most parasites that remained at one trophic level were less aggregated than those that had passed up a food chain. We use a stochastic model to show that high parasite aggregation in predators can be solely the result of the accumulation of parasites i

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Kalanon, Ming, and Geoffrey I. McFadden. "Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum and its apicoplast." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 3 (2010): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380775.

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Malaria, which is caused by species of the parasite genus Plasmodium, remains a major global health problem. A vestigial plastid homologous with the chloroplasts of plants and algae was discovered in malaria and related parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa and has radically changed our view of the evolutionary origins of these disease-causing protists. We now recognize that this large group of parasites had a photosynthetic ancestry and were converted into parasitism early in the evolution of animals. Apicomplexans have probably been parasitizing the animal kingdom for more than 500 million y

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PERKINS, S. L., E. S. MARTINSEN, and B. G. FALK. "Do molecules matter more than morphology? Promises and pitfalls in parasites." Parasitology 138, no. 13 (2011): 1664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000679.

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SUMMARYSystematics involves resolving both the taxonomy and phylogenetic placement of organisms. We review the advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of information commonly used for such inferences – morphological and molecular data – as applied to the systematics of metazoan parasites generally, with special attention to the malaria parasites. The problems that potentially confound the use of morphology in parasites include challenges to consistent specimen preservation, plasticity of features depending on hosts or other environmental factors, and morphological convergence. Molecular

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Lafferty, Kevin D. "Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1604 (2012): 2814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0110.

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Past models have suggested host–parasite coextinction could lead to linear, or concave down relationships between free-living species richness and parasite richness. I explored several models for the relationship between parasite richness and biodiversity loss. Life cycle complexity, low generality of parasites and sensitivity of hosts reduced the robustness of parasite species to the loss of free-living species diversity. Food-web complexity and the ordering of extinctions altered these relationships in unpredictable ways. Each disassembly of a food web resulted in a unique relationship betwe

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Penley, McKenna J., and Levi T. Morran. "Host mating system and coevolutionary dynamics shape the evolution of parasite avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans host populations." Parasitology 145, no. 6 (2017): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000804.

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AbstractHosts exhibit a variety of defence mechanisms against parasites, including avoidance. Both host–parasite coevolutionary dynamics and the host mating system can alter the evolutionary trajectories of populations. Does the nature of host–parasite interactions and the host mating system affect the mechanisms that evolve to confer host defence? In a previous experimental evolution study, mixed mating and obligately outcrossing Caenorhabditis elegans host populations adapted to either coevolving or static Serratia marcescens parasite populations. Here, we assessed parasite avoidance as a me

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Zingales, Bianca. "Trypanosoma cruzi: one parasite, two parasites or several parasites of chagas disease?" Revista da Biologia 6, no. 2 (2018): 44–48. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-5154.v6p44-48.

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O Trypanosoma cruzi apresenta uma elevada heterogeneidade genética e muitos marcadores moleculares podem ser utilizados para a genotipagem das cepas do parasita em diversos subgrupos. Nesta revisão exploraremos a evolução e estrutura populacional de T. cruzi, bem como as implicações na epidemiologia da doença de Chagas

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