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1
Zheng, Jinshui, Donghai Peng, Ling Chen, Hualin Liu, Feng Chen, Mengci Xu, Shouyong Ju, Lifang Ruan, and Ming Sun. "The Ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights into the evolution of plant parasitic nematodes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1835 (July 27, 2016): 20160942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0942.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes were found in 4 of the 12 clades of phylum Nematoda. These nematodes in different clades may have originated independently from their free-living fungivorous ancestors. However, the exact evolutionary process of these parasites is unclear. Here, we sequenced the genome sequence of a migratory plant nematode, Ditylenchus destructor . We performed comparative genomics among the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and all the plant nematodes with genome sequences available. We found that, compared with C. elegans , the core developmental control processes underwent heavy reduction, though most signal transduction pathways were conserved. We also found D. destructor contained more homologies of the key genes in the above processes than the other plant nematodes. We suggest that Ditylenchus spp. may be an intermediate evolutionary history stage from free-living nematodes that feed on fungi to obligate plant-parasitic nematodes. Based on the facts that D. destructor can feed on fungi and has a relatively short life cycle, and that it has similar features to both C. elegans and sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes from clade 12, we propose it as a new model to study the biology, biocontrol of plant nematodes and the interaction between nematodes and plants.
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BLAXTER, MARK, and GEORGIOS KOUTSOVOULOS. "The evolution of parasitism in Nematoda." Parasitology 142, S1 (June 25, 2014): S26—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000791.
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SUMMARYNematodes are abundant and diverse, and include many parasitic species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that parasitism of plants and animals has arisen at least 15 times independently. Extant nematode species also display lifestyles that are proposed to be on the evolutionary trajectory to parasitism. Recent advances have permitted the determination of the genomes and transcriptomes of many nematode species. These new data can be used to further resolve the phylogeny of Nematoda, and identify possible genetic patterns associated with parasitism. Plant-parasitic nematode genomes show evidence of horizontal gene transfer from other members of the rhizosphere, and these genes play important roles in the parasite-host interface. Similar horizontal transfer is not evident in animal parasitic groups. Many nematodes have bacterial symbionts that can be essential for survival. Horizontal transfer from symbionts to the nematode is also common, but its biological importance is unclear. Over 100 nematode species are currently targeted for sequencing, and these data will yield important insights into the biology and evolutionary history of parasitism. It is important that these new technologies are also applied to free-living taxa, so that the pre-parasitic ground state can be inferred, and the novelties associated with parasitism isolated.
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Akopian, Mkrtchian, Galstian, and Khurshudyan. "ON THE FAUNA OF PHYTONEMATODES OF ANTHROPOGENICALLY TRANSFORMED BIOCOENOSES IN ARMENIA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.38-43.
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We have examined the fauna and structure of soil nematode communities in anthropogenically transformed biocoenoses of Armenia by example of two biotopes in Yerevan city – fruit and berry gardens, and woodland park area. Ecotrophic characteristics of the identified nematode groups was given, and population density for the most pathogenic groups was determined. Research was conducted in 2019 in the Dalma fruit and berry gardens, and woodland park area of the Hrazdan gorge of Yerevan. 167 soil samples were collected during the research in rhizosphere of 35 plant species. Soil samples were collected by standard methods for nematology. During the research, we identified 22 genera of Nematoda including 8 parasitic ones, belonging to 16 families and 6 orders. Ecotrophic structure of nematode communities in the mentioned biotopes was represented by 5 ecotrophic groups: bacteriotrophs – Rhabditis, Plectus, Cephalobus, Eucephalobus, Panagrolaimus, mycotrophs – Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, predators – Discolaimus,Mononchus, Mylonchulus, Clarcus, polytrophs – Dorylaimus, Eudorylaimus, Mesodorylaimus, phytotrophs: obligate and facultative parasites of plants – Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Criconema, Macroposthonia, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchus. Plant parasitic nematodes (8 genera) were represented by the most diverse generic structure. Among them Xiphinema, Helicotylenchus, and Macroposthonia were found everywhere. However, high density of these Nematoda population was found in rhizosphere of fruit and berry crops in the Dalma gardens. The highest number of Xiphinemahas was detected in rhizosphere of grape (Vitis vinifera) – (147 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil), Macroposthonia in rhizosphere of fig (Ficus carica) – (178 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil) and grape (Vitis vinifera) – (185 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil), and Helicotylenchus in rhizosphere of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) – (250 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil). Bacteriotrophs and polytrophs were the next prevalent trophic groups of nematodes. The highest density of their population was detected in rhizosphere of ornamental plants in the Hrazdan gorge.
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Malyutina. "NEUROPEPTIDES OF PLANT-PARASITIC GALL-FORMING NEMATODES." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.311-316.
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This short review of foreign literature is dedicated to studies of physiological role and functional significance of FMRF-like neuropeptides, their potential targets – Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and genes (flp family) coding these neuropeptides in nervous system of plant root knot nematodes. It has been shown that FMRFamide-like neuropeptides are able to modulate locomotion reactions of the cyst nematodes causing stimulatory on inhibitory effects on the worms' movement activity. So a possibility to cause disorders in plant nematodes' locomotion can be a way to contain the nematode infection of the agricultural plant hosts. The materials of the study were 2nd stage larvae of root knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, M. minor and M. graminicola from the genus Meloidogyne Goldi, 1982. Methods of the study were immunological, immunocytochemical, as well as the modern molecular methods including genes knockout by RNA interference. The fact that expression of flp genes coding FMRF-like neuropeptides had been found in various structures of nervous systems of a range of root knot nematodes' species together with the presence of these genes' homologues in other plant nematodes species, as well as in parasitizing nematodes of vertebrates and free-living ones, shows a conservatism of peptidergic nervous system in the whole of type Nematoda. The data in the review can be used for development of new anthelmintic drugs to decrease of nematode infection of the host plants. Currently studies on this thematic are not conducted in Russia.
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Haegeman, Annelies, John T. Jones, and Etienne G. J. Danchin. "Horizontal Gene Transfer in Nematodes: A Catalyst for Plant Parasitism?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 8 (August 2011): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-11-0055.
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The origin of plant parasitism within the phylum Nematoda is intriguing. The ability to parasitize plants has originated independently at least three times during nematode evolution and, as more molecular data has emerged, it has become clear that multiple instances of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria and fungi have played a crucial role in the nematode's adaptation to this new lifestyle. The first reported HGT cases in plant-parasitic nematodes were genes encoding plant cell wall–degrading enzymes. Other putative examples of HGT were subsequently described, including genes that may be involved in the modulation of the plant's defense system, the establishment of a nematode feeding site, and the synthesis or processing of nutrients. Although, in many cases, it is difficult to pinpoint the donor organism, candidate donors are usually soil dwelling and are either plant-pathogenic or plant-associated microorganisms, hence occupying the same ecological niche as the nematodes. The exact mechanisms of transfer are unknown, although close contacts with donor microorganisms, such as symbiotic or trophic interactions, are a possibility. The widespread occurrence of horizontally transferred genes in evolutionarily independent plant-parasitic nematode lineages suggests that HGT may be a prerequisite for successful plant parasitism in nematodes.
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BIRD, DAVID McK, JOHN T. JONES, CHARLES H. OPPERMAN, TAISEI KIKUCHI, and ETIENNE G. J. DANCHIN. "Signatures of adaptation to plant parasitism in nematode genomes." Parasitology 142, S1 (January 30, 2014): S71—S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002163.
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SUMMARYPlant-parasitic nematodes cause considerable damage to global agriculture. The ability to parasitize plants is a derived character that appears to have independently emerged several times in the phylum Nematoda. Morphological convergence to feeding style has been observed, but whether this is emergent from molecular convergence is less obvious. To address this, we assess whether genomic signatures can be associated with plant parasitism by nematodes. In this review, we report genomic features and characteristics that appear to be common in plant-parasitic nematodes while absent or rare in animal parasites, predators or free-living species. Candidate horizontal acquisitions of parasitism genes have systematically been found in all plant-parasitic species investigated at the sequence level. Presence of peptides that mimic plant hormones also appears to be a trait of plant-parasitic species. Annotations of the few genomes of plant-parasitic nematodes available to date have revealed a set of apparently species-specific genes on every occasion. Effector genes, important for parasitism are frequently found among those species-specific genes, indicating poor overlap. Overall, nematodes appear to have developed convergent genomic solutions to adapt to plant parasitism.
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Daramola, Fisayo Y., Rinus Knoetze, Antoinette Swart, and Antoinette P. Malan. "First report and molecular characterization of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema oxycaudatum (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae) from South Africa." ZooKeys 894 (December 3, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.894.35281.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 comprise a complex group of nematode species, some of which are important vectors of plant viruses. During a field survey to determine the soil health of an abandoned honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) monoculture, a high density of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema oxycaudatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae), was observed in soil around the roots of honeybush plants in an abandoned farmland at Bereaville, an old mission station in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Soil samples were taken from the rhizosphere of plants and nematodes were extracted from the soil using a modified extraction tray method. Specimen of the dagger nematodes were processed for scanning electron microscopy, morphological and molecular analysis. Molecular profiling of the nematode species was done in order to give an accurate diagnosis and to effectively discriminate the nematode from other species within the Xiphinema americanum group. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D2D3 expansion segment of the 28S gene supported a close relationship of species within the americanum group, however, the protein-coding cytochrome oxidase (coxI) of the mitochondrial gene provided a useful tool for distinguishing the nematode from other species within the group. This study represents the first report of X. oxycaudatum from South Africa.
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Hussey, Richard S., Eric L. Davis, and Thomas J. Baum. "Secrets in secretions: genes that control nematode parasitism of plants." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 14, no. 3 (September 2002): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202002000300002.
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The most evolutionary advanced adaptations for plant parasitism by nematodes are the products of parasitism genes expressed in their esophageal gland cells and secreted through their stylet into host tissue to control the complex process of parasitism. Molecular analyses of nematode parasitism genes are revealing the complexity of the tools a nematode possesses that enable it to attack plants and paints a more elaborate picture of host cellular events under specific control by the parasite than previously hypothesized. Interestingly, the majority of the nematode parasitism genes discovered encodes proteins unique to plant parasites. Identifying the complete profile of parasitism genes expressed throughout the parasitic cycle of a nematode is the key to understanding the molecular basis of nematode parasitism of plants and identifying vulnerable points in the parasitic process that can be interfered with to achieve nematode control to limit nematode-induced yield losses in crops.
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Sigariova, D. D., and V. G. Karpliyk. "Parasitic Nematodes in Flowering and Ornamental Plants: Effect of Parasites on the Plants and Response of the Plants to the Presence of Nematodes." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0049.
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We studied the composition of the parasitic nematodes in the flowering and ornamental plants cultivated at the greenhouse facilities in the city of Kyiv. We found 9 species from the genera Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887, Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936, Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1934, Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936, Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913, Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945, Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922, and Heterodera Schmidt, 1871. We also discovered the nature of the external manifestations of the nematodes’ effect on the plants and the plants’ response to the infection. Special attention was paid to the loss of the ornamental properties. In order to rank the loss of the ornamental properties of the plants under nematode infection, the scale (ranking system) was suggested. It includes 5 grades applicable to the exterior appearance of the plants, where “5” stands for “excellent”; “4” stands for “good” “3” stands for “satisfactory”; “2” stands for “unsatisfactory”; and “1” stands for “bad”. Th e joint parasitic activity of two nematode species (D. dipsaciі and R. robustus in asparagus, and D. dipsaciі and M. incognita in begonia) caused the highest level of infection progress observed (4 points), and this resulted in worsening of the exterior appearance of plants and in decrease of their ornamentality/ornamental properties down to “bad” (1 point). Th e parasitic activity of P. penetrans in coleus coincided with a high degree of the infection progress (3 to 3.5 points) while the ornamental properties of the plants corresponded to the gradations identified as “unsatisfactory” (2 points) and “bad” (1 point).
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Kurppa, Sirpa. "Root parasitic nematodes in nursery plants imported to Finland in 1980." Agricultural and Food Science 57, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72197.
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Injurious nematodes were found in 201 of the investigated 670 plant stocks of 42 imported consignments. Infections by quarantine nematodes appeared in 100 stocks of 26 consignments, 15 there of including 3 or more infected plant stocks each. Root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp., appeared in 81 stocks, i.e. 12 % of the investigated material. The infections were found in 40 plant species, relatively often in barberry, Berberis sp., and in peony, Paeonia sp.. Among garden roses, 26 out of 167 stocks investigated were infected by root knot nematodes. Root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Chitwood & Oteifa, of P. convallariae Seinhorst was found in 28 plant stocks, i.e. 4 % of the investigated material. Several Pratylenchus-infected stocks were found among roses, raspberry and barberry. Potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, was found in one rose stock and related D. myceliophagus J. B. Goodey in 12 stocks of various plants. Several ectoparasitic species were found in very low numbers. Virus vectors, Trichodorus primitivus (de Man) Micoletzky and T. viruliferus Hooper, were detected in a total of four stocks, but too few for virus transmission tests. The transmissability ofthe detected nematodes was discussed, and the risks of introduction of nematode pests to the country was re-assessed.
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Diakhate, Sidy, Florence Khady Ngom, and Saïdou Nourou Sall. "Controlling plant-parasitic nematodes in sandy soil in the Senegal River Valley using composts based on potentially nematicidal plants." Journal of Applied Biosciences 145 (January 31, 2020): 14892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.145.5.
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Objective: This study in the Senegal River Basin evaluated the effect of three types of compost, made from manure combined with straw, Calotropis procera (Sodom Apple) or Crotalaria juncea (Indian Hemp) , on plant-parasitic as well as free-living nematodes and on the growth of tomato plants. Methodology and results: This study was performed in a greenhouse where a Mongal tomato was grown during 3 months in a soil that had been abandoned due to infestation by nematodes. The treatments were composts of straw, Calotropis procera Crotalaria juncea and control without compost. The soils amended with compost had significantly higher nematode abundances than the unamended. The compost with Crotalaria juncea gave the highest abundance. The soils with compost also had a much lower proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes than the control soil and much higher proportion of bacterivorous nematodes. The height of the plants was positively correlated with the proportion of bacterivorous nematodes and negatively correlated with the proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes. Conclusions and application of the results: The influence on the soil nematode community of compost materials is associated more with their phenol content than the total organic carbon. The Calotropis procera and Crotalaria juncea encourage the growth of the bacterivorous nematode community, which plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility, and the growth of omnivorous and predatory nematodes while limiting the growth of the plant-parasitic nematode community. The results suggested that the compost with Crotalaria juncea seems to be worthwhile pursuing as it maintained the equilibrium between nematode feeding guilds while suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. Keywords: Compost, Crotalaria, Calotropis, Straw, Nematode, sandy soil.
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WA, Elkhateeb. "The Anti-Nemic Potential of Mushroom against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000186.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible for huge annual economic loss that is estimated to be more than 215 billion US$ worldwide due to plants damages caused by nematodes. The root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) is ranked first in the global list of top ten plant-parasitic nematodes, with wide host range of more than 3000 host plant species and posing a major threat in the cultivation of agricultural, vegetables, and horticultural crops. Such pathogens are commonly controlled using chemical nematicides. However, the risk of using such chemicals on human, animals, and surrounding environment has forced researchers to search for natural, less harmful, and effective nematicidal agents. In this review, we discuss the biological control of nematodes by different microorganisms, stressing on the promising capabilities of some mushrooms such as some species of Pleurotus, Beauveria, Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes.
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Clark, John R., and Robert Robbins. "PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH RABBITEYE, SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH AND HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 264D—264. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.264d.
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Two replicated blueberry plantings, one containing one highbush, (Vaccinium corymbosum) two southern highbush and two rabbiteye (V.ashei) cultivars, and another containing one highbush and three rabbiteye cultivars were sampled in October, 1991 and plant parasitic nematodes extracted and counted. Additionally, 15 commercial rabbiteye plantings were sampled. Standard and southern highbush samples had total plant parasitic nematode levels of 228-451 nematodes/250 ml soil compared to 4-14 nematodes/250 ml soil for rabbiteye. No difference in nematode population was found among the standard highbush ('Bluecrop') and southern highbush ('Cooper', 'Gulfcoast') cultivars. Xiphinema americanum was the most common nematode species found, along with very small populations of Paratrichodorus minor. All commercial plantings had lower nematode levels in samples from the blueberry plants as compared to those from the sod middles between the rows. Nematode levels from commercial plantings ranged from 1477/250ml soil from blueberry plants and 11-1546/250 ml soil from the sod middles. Species found at high levels in the sod samples were usually distinctly different from those found associated with the blueberry plants.
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Jaouannet, M., M. Magliano, M. J. Arguel, M. Gourgues, E. Evangelisti, P. Abad, and M. N. Rosso. "The Root-Knot Nematode Calreticulin Mi-CRT Is a Key Effector in Plant Defense Suppression." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0130-r.
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Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in roots, where they induce the differentiation of specialized feeding cells and maintain a compatible interaction for 3 to 8 weeks. Transcriptome analyses of the plant response to parasitic infection have shown that plant defenses are strictly controlled during the interaction. This suggests that, similar to other pathogens, RKN secrete effectors that suppress host defenses. We show here that Mi-CRT, a calreticulin (CRT) secreted by the nematode into the apoplasm of infected tissues, plays an important role in infection success, because Mi-CRT knockdown by RNA interference affected the ability of the nematodes to infect plants. Stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana plants producing the secreted form of Mi-CRT were more susceptible to nematode infection than wild-type plants. They were also more susceptible to infection with another root pathogen, the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. Mi-CRT overexpression in A. thaliana suppressed the induction of defense marker genes and callose deposition after treatment with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern elf18. Our results show that Mi-CRT secreted in the apoplasm by the nematode has a role in the suppression of plant basal defenses during the interaction.
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Vieira, Paulo, Mohamed Youssef Banora, Philippe Castagnone-Sereno, Marie-Noëlle Rosso, Gilbert Engler, and Janice de Almeida Engler. "An Immunocytochemical Procedure for Protein Localization in Various Nematode Life Stages Combined with Plant Tissues Using Methylacrylate-Embedded Specimens." Phytopathology® 102, no. 10 (October 2012): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-12-0031-r.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes possess a large number of proteins that are secreted in planta, allowing them to be successful parasites of plants. The majority of these proteins are synthesized mainly in the nematode subventral and dorsal glands as well as in other organs. To improve the immunovisualization of these proteins, we adapted a methacrylate embedding method for the localization of proteins inside nematode tissues, and extracellularly when secreted in planta or within plant cells. An important advantage is that the method is applicable for all nematode stages: preparasitic as well as parasitic stages, including large mature females. Herein, the method has been successfully applied for the localization of four nematode secreted proteins, such as Mi-MAP-1, Mi-CBM2-bearing proteins, Mi-PEL3, and Mi-6D4. In addition, we could also localize 14-3-3 proteins, as well as two cytoskeletal proteins, by double-immunolabeling on preparasitic juveniles. Superior preservation of nematode and plant morphology, allowed more accurate protein localization as compared with other methods. Besides excellent epitope preservation, dissolution of methacrylate from tissue sections unmasks target proteins and thereby drastically increases antibody access.
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Šenoldová, Pavlína, and Jiří Rotrekl. "Differentiated effects of parasitic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita on slugs of the genus Deroceras and snails of the genus Arion." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040171.
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This paper compares efficiency of preparations based on a parasitic nematode species Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita with a molluscocide containing methiocarb as an effective substance. Parasitic nematodes by the family Agriolimacidae showed a significantly better effect on mortality and reduction of the percentage of damaged plants than the methiocarb-based preparation. Under laboratory and field conditions, the efficiency of parasitic nematodes on the family Agriolimacidae ranged from 84% to 94% and from 81% to 94%, resp., while the percentages of damaged plants were minimal in both cases. The corresponding effects of the methiocarb-based molluscocide were only 35% and 21%, resp. The effect of parasitic P. hermaphrodita nematodes on members of the snail family Arionidae was not demonstrated both under laboratory and field conditons and the mortality was up to 6% with a total defoliation of plants. Under laboratory and field conditions, the mortality of slugs from the genus Arion after the application of methiocarb-based preparation was 53% and 38%, resp. However, the damage of plants was significant and it reached nearly 67% and 60% under laboratory and field conditions, resp.
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Ngangbam, Ajit K., and Nongmaithem B. Devi. "An Approach to the Parasitism Genes of the Root Knot Nematode." International Journal of Phytopathology 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.001.01.0019.
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Plant parasitic nematodes which are highly successful parasites evolved a very specialized feeding relationship with the host plant to cause the destructive root-knot disease. They initiate their parasitic relationship with the host by releasing their secretions into root cells which in turn stimulate the root cells of the host to become specialized feeding cells which are considered as the single source of nutrients essential for the nematode's survival. The parasitism genes expressed in nematode's esophageal gland cells encode secretory proteins that are released through its stylet to direct the interactions of the nematode with its host plants.
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Eurmsirilerd, Ethan, and Morris F. Maduro. "Evolution of Developmental GATA Factors in Nematodes." Journal of Developmental Biology 8, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb8040027.
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GATA transcription factors are found in animals, plants, and fungi. In animals, they have important developmental roles in controlling specification of cell identities and executing tissue-specific differentiation. The Phylum Nematoda is a diverse group of vermiform animals that inhabit ecological niches all over the world. Both free-living and parasitic species are known, including those that cause human infectious disease. To date, GATA factors in nematodes have been studied almost exclusively in the model system C. elegans and its close relatives. In this study, we use newly available sequences to identify GATA factors across the nematode phylum. We find that most species have fewer than six GATA factors, but some species have 10 or more. Comparisons of gene and protein structure suggest that there were at most two GATA factors at the base of the phylum, which expanded by duplication and modification to result in a core set of four factors. The high degree of structural similarity with the corresponding orthologues in C. elegans suggests that the nematode GATA factors share similar functions in development.
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Togashi, Katsumi, and Shigeru Hoshino. "Trade-off between dispersal and reproduction of a seed-borne nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, parasitic on rice plants." Nematology 5, no. 6 (2003): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103773040727.
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AbstractThe effect of nematode infestation on dispersal and survival of both host plant and parasitic nematode was investigated experimentally using rice plants, Oryza sativa L. and Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, a seed-borne ectoparasite. Nematode-inoculated plants produced a greater proportion of light seeds floating on water than non-inoculated plants. Nematode mortality was greater in light seeds than in heavy seeds. In the case of light seeds, the mean degree of seed swelling increased as the number of nematodes harboured increased, whereas it was constant with increasing numbers of nematodes for the intermediate and heavy seed groups. A smaller proportion of light seeds germinated and these took longer for seminal roots to protrude than from heavy seeds, irrespective of whether they derived from nematode-inoculated or non-inoculated plants. These results indicate a trade-off for rice seed specific gravity between dispersal and competition of rice seeds and another trade-off between dispersal and reproduction of nematodes harboured in the seed.
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Grynberg, Priscila, Roberto Coiti Togawa, Leticia Dias de Freitas, Jose Dijair Antonino, Corinne Rancurel, Marcos Mota do Carmo Costa, Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa, et al. "Comparative Genomics Reveals Novel Target Genes towards Specific Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Genes 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111347.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes cause extensive annual yield losses to worldwide agricultural production. Most cultivated plants have no known resistance against nematodes and the few bearing a resistance gene can be overcome by certain species. Chemical methods that have been deployed to control nematodes have largely been banned from use due to their poor specificity and high toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of cleaner and more specific control methods. Recent advances in nematode genomics, including in phytoparasitic species, provide an unprecedented opportunity to identify genes and functions specific to these pests. Using phylogenomics, we compared 61 nematode genomes, including 16 for plant-parasitic species and identified more than 24,000 protein families specific to these parasites. In the genome of Meloidogyne incognita, one of the most devastating plant parasites, we found ca. 10,000 proteins with orthologs restricted only to phytoparasitic species and no further homology in protein databases. Among these phytoparasite-specific proteins, ca. 1000 shared the same properties as known secreted effectors involved in essential parasitic functions. Of these, 68 were novel and showed strong expression during the endophytic phase of the nematode life cycle, based on both RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analyses. Besides effector candidates, transcription-related and neuro-perception functions were enriched in phytoparasite-specific proteins, revealing interesting targets for nematode control methods. This phylogenomics analysis constitutes a unique resource for the further understanding of the genetic basis of nematode adaptation to phytoparasitism and for the development of more efficient control methods.
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Nitao, James, Susan Meyer, David Chitwood, Walter Schmidt, and James Oliver. "Isolation of flavipin, a fungus compound antagonistic to plant-parasitic nematodes." Nematology 4, no. 1 (2002): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102760082203.
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AbstractAn isolate of the fungus Chaetomium globosum produced culture broths that inhibited in vitro egg hatch and juvenile mobility of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and hatch of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Extraction and bioassay-directed fractionation of the culture broth filtrate determined that flavipin, a low molecular weight compound, was the fungus metabolite responsible for most of the nematode-antagonistic activity. Synthesis of flavipin permitted evaluation of the compound as a suppressor of nematode populations on plants in glasshouse studies. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) plants in steamed and unsteamed soil were inoculated with root-knot nematodes and various concentrations of flavipin were applied to the soil. Contrary to expectations from the in vitro studies, the number of galls per g of roots increased with flavipin treatment at the 14-day harvest. No effect of flavipin on nematode populations was found at the 55-day harvest. In general, plant growth and nematode populations were greater in plants grown in steamed soil.
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Flis, Łukasz, Franciszek Wojciech Kornobis, Magdalena Kubicz, and Jón Guðmundsson. "New records of plant-parasitic nematodes from Iceland." Polar Biology 43, no. 10 (August 19, 2020): 1655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02732-0.
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Abstract The plant-parasitic nematodes of Iceland are poorly understood. To address this, a study of the nematodes of the families Criconematidae and Hemicycliophoridae was performed in 2015. Soil samples were taken from underneath various host plants in different locations in Iceland. The identification was performed on the basis of the general morphology and subsequently confirmed by molecular markers (D2-D3 28S rDNA). The study revealed the presence of nematode specimens belonging to four species of the family Criconematidae: Criconemoides amorphus, Criconema demani, Mesocriconema xenoplax and Mesocriconema curvatum, as well as one species Hemicycliophora conida of the family Hemicycliophoridae. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the occurrence of these nematode species in Iceland. The species identified are economically important plant-parasitic nematodes of likely interest to—among others—Icelandic plant protection professionals. This report broadens our knowledge of Iceland’s nematode biodiversity; moreover, morphological analyses and molecular data may contribute to better understanding the origin of nematode species on the island of Iceland.
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Lilley, C. J., P. Devlin, P. E. Urwin, and H. J. Atkinson. "Parasitic Nematodes, Proteinases and Transgenic Plants." Parasitology Today 15, no. 10 (October 1999): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01513-6.
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Hallmann, Johannes, and Björn Niere. "Efficacy of sedimentation basins of a nematology laboratory in retaining plant-parasitic nematodes." Nematology 16, no. 1 (2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002739.
Full textAbstract:
Laboratories working with regulated plant-parasitic nematodes need to ensure that those nematodes are contained within the quarantine facility. Solid or liquid waste produced during the nematode extraction process has to be deposited in such a way that there is no risk of nematodes spreading. Autoclaving works well for solid waste but uses substantial amounts of energy and thus is often considered too expensive for the enormous amount of wastewater accumulating during nematode extraction. Therefore, there is considerable interest in using less energy-consuming alternatives, such as sedimentation basins. However, published information on the efficacy of sedimentation basins in retaining plant-parasitic nematodes is almost non-existent. In this study, the efficacy of a three-step sedimentation system under routine and artificially nematode-enriched conditions was investigated. Under all experimental conditions, nematode cysts or part of cysts were never found to escape the sedimentation system. This also accounts for plant-parasitic nematodes (eggs and vermiform stages) during routine operation. However, under artificially nematode-enriched conditions (supply of up to several million nematodes) and maximum water flow rates, single specimens of plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in the effluent of the last sedimentation basin that feeds into the closed municipal sewage system. Although wastewater treatment was not investigated in this study, the combination of a system of sedimentation basins plus subsequent wastewater treatment in sewage plants is considered a cost-effective method to contain plant-parasitic nematodes during routine operation.
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Siddique, Shahid, Zoran S. Radakovic, Carola M. De La Torre, Demosthenis Chronis, Ondřej Novák, Eswarayya Ramireddy, Julia Holbein, et al. "A parasitic nematode releases cytokinin that controls cell division and orchestrates feeding site formation in host plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 41 (September 28, 2015): 12669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503657112.
Full textAbstract:
Sedentary plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are biotrophs that cause significant losses in agriculture. Parasitism is based on modifications of host root cells that lead to the formation of a hypermetabolic feeding site (a syncytium) from which nematodes withdraw nutrients. The host cell cycle is activated in an initial cell selected by the nematode for feeding, followed by activation of neighboring cells and subsequent expansion of feeding site through fusion of hundreds of cells. It is generally assumed that nematodes manipulate production and signaling of the plant hormone cytokinin to activate cell division. In fact, nematodes have been shown to produce cytokinin in vitro; however, whether the hormone is secreted into host plants and plays a role in parasitism remained unknown. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal activation of cytokinin signaling during interaction between the cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, and Arabidopsis using cytokinin-responsive promoter:reporter lines. Our results showed that cytokinin signaling is activated not only in the syncytium but also in neighboring cells to be incorporated into syncytium. An analysis of nematode infection on mutants that are deficient in cytokinin or cytokinin signaling revealed a significant decrease in susceptibility of these plants to nematodes. Further, we identified a cytokinin-synthesizing isopentenyltransferase gene in H. schachtii and show that silencing of this gene in nematodes leads to a significant decrease in virulence due to a reduced expansion of feeding sites. Our findings demonstrate the ability of a plant-parasitic nematode to synthesize a functional plant hormone to manipulate the host system and establish a long-term parasitic interaction.
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Hallmann, Johannes, Detlef Hänisch, Jörg Braunsmann, and Michael Klenner. "Plant-parasitic nematodes in soil-less culture systems." Nematology 7, no. 1 (2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541054192225.
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Abstract The development from growing plants in field soil to soil-less culture systems has not resulted in the elimination of problems caused by plant-parasitic nematodes. Species of Meloidogyne and Radopholus have been reported to occur in soil-less culture systems, such as flower crops. The reasons for initial nematode infestation are numerous but the primary reason is likely to be infested plant material. Since nematodes are not expected in soil-less systems, they are often overlooked. However, extension specialists report an increasing occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil-less culture systems and nematodes seem to be more prevalent than is often thought likely. In an attempt to increase the awareness of the prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil-less culture systems, this short paper summarises incidences of nematode detections and reviews methods for their detection and strategies for their control.
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Maier, Tom R., Tarek Hewezi, Jiqing Peng, and Thomas J. Baum. "Isolation of Whole Esophageal Gland Cells from Plant-Parasitic Nematodes for Transcriptome Analyses and Effector Identification." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0121-fi.
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Esophageal glands of plant-parasitic nematodes are highly specialized cells whose gene expression products include secreted effector proteins, which govern nematode parasitism of host plants. Therefore, elucidating the transcriptomes of esophageal glands with the goal of identifying nematode effectors is a promising avenue to understanding nematode parasitism and its evolutionary origins as well as to devising nematode control strategies. We have developed a method to separate and isolate individual esophageal gland cells from multiple species of plant-parasitic nematodes while preserving RNA quality. We have used such isolated gland cells for transcriptome analysis via high-throughput DNA sequencing. This method relies on the differential histochemical staining of the gland cells after homogenization of phytonematode tissues. Total RNA was extracted from whole gland cells isolated from eight different plant-parasitic nematode species. To validate this approach, the isolated RNA from three plant-parasitic nematode species—Globodera rostochiensis, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Radopholus similis—was amplified, gel purified, and used for 454 sequencing. We obtained 456,801 total reads with an average read length of 409 bp. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of homologs of previously known nematode effectors in these libraries, thus validating our approach. These data provide compelling evidence that this technical advance can be used to relatively easily and expediently discover effector repertoires of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Shrestha, Ramila, and Ashok Bahadur Bam. "Isolation of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Pear Orchard at Chhaimale (Pharping) VDC of Kathmandu." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 3, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v3i1.30869.
Full textAbstract:
Plant-parasitic nematodes are of considerable importance worldwide and their devastating effects on crops have major economic and social impacts. They depend on plants and feed on all parts of the plant including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds. The majority of species of plant-parasitic nematodes live on or around plant roots. Nematode damage of the plant’s root system also provides an opportunity for other plant pathogens to invade the root and thus further weakens the plant. A study was carried out to isolate and identify different genera of plant parasitic nematodes from the rhizospheres of pear plants in one of the major pear producing area of Nepal, Chhaimale VDC of Kathmandu district.
Altogether seven species of root nematodes were isolated from soil samples collected: Tylenchorhynchus sp., Longidorus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Aphelenchus sp., Mononchus sp. and Diplogaster sp. Among isolated species of nematodes Tylenchorhynchus sp., Longidorus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., and Hoplolaimus sp. are parasitic, Aphelenchus sp. is mycophagic and Mononchus sp. and Diplogaster sp. are predatory in nature. Number of nematodes were not significantly different in different season and at different locations.
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Miamoto, Angelica, Cláudia Regina Dias-Arieira, Heriksen Higashi Puerari, Thaísa Muriel Mioranza, and Carolina Bertuzzi Pereira. "Antagonistic Effects of Java against Plant Parasitic Nematodes." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n2p289.
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One of the main phytonematode control alternatives is the use of antagonistic plants in crop rotation or succession systems. Although java legume shows antagonist potential to control Meloidogyne javanica, its reaction to other nematodes was not investigated so far. Thus, the aim of the current study is to assess the penetration and reproduction factor (RF) of M. incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Pratylenchus brachyurus in java, using soybean as control. Plants individually inoculated with 1000 specimens from each nematode were assessed 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after inoculation (DAI) for nematode penetration and development. The RF was assessed under two inoculum levels of each nematode (1000 and 700 specimens) 60 days after inoculation, for M. incognita and R. reniformis; and 80 days after inoculation, for P. brachyurus. Meloidogyne incognita and R. reniformis showed lower penetration and reproduction in java (RF < 1), whereas P. brachyurus showed higher penetration and RF > 1. Thus, the java legume can be considered resistant to M. incognita and R. reniformis, as well as susceptible to P. brachyurus.
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Moens, Maurice, and Yunliang Peng. "Host resistance and tolerance to migratory plant-parasitic nematodes." Nematology 5, no. 2 (2003): 145–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103767139653.
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AbstractPlant-parasitic nematodes are divided according to their feeding strategy into three major groups: sedentary endoparasites, migratory endoparasites and ectoparasites. Compared to what is known about sedentary endoparasitic nematode species, resistant and tolerant relationships between the nematodes from the latter two groups and their hosts are much less documented. However, methods for screening and evaluation of the resistance and tolerance of plants to migratory plant-parasitic nematodes have been well developed and sources of resistance and tolerance to these nematodes have been found. Advances have been made in breeding resistance to migratory plant-parasitic nematodes in rice, alfalfa, banana, pine trees, grape, woody fruits and other crops. Although accessions immune to stem, leaf and bud nematodes are found quite frequently, host resistance to migratory root-parasitic nematodes has been detected less frequently and generally only partly reduces nematode multiplication. Host tolerance to migratory nematodes is important even for resistant varieties and therefore is gaining attention. An insufficient degree of resistance and tolerance, their variability with the environment, and their linkage to undesired agricultural or horticultural characters are commonly observed. Polygenic bases for plant resistance and tolerance to migratory nematodes have been demonstrated by genetic and biochemical observations and make breeding even more complicated than that for resistance to sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. These factors, with the presence of different nematode species in the field and community and population differences in pathogenicity, hinder the availability of host resistance and tolerance and offer a big challenge.
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Ley, Paul De, Mark Dorris, and Mark Blaxter. "Patterns and processes in the evolution of animal parasitic nematodes." Nematology 2, no. 1 (2000): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100508881.
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AbstractThe parasitic Nematoda have traditionally been classified distinct from free-living species, and animal parasites treated separately from plant parasites. In classical concepts of phylogenetic relationships within the phylum, parasitic groups are usually afforded ordinal status and their origins are often obscure. We have been using molecular phylogenetics to examine the interrelationships of animal parasites with free-living and plant-parasitic groups, and find that a new view of the origins and radiation of animal parasites is warranted. Using sequence from the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, we have constructed an alignment that allows robust phylogenetic inference. With this dataset, we place the Strongylida as a monophyletic clade nested within the Rhabditina. The Ascaridida, Oxyurida and Spirurida are closely related, but currently have no clear closest free-living sister taxon. Strongyloides spp. are rooted in a radiation of cephalobid/tylenchid species. Where available, other sequences in general confirm these relationships. Les Nematoda parasites ont été traditionnellement classifiés séparément des espèces libres, les parasites d’animaux étant traités séparément des parasites de plantes. Suivant les concepts classiques des relations phylogénétiques à l’intérieur du phylum, les groupes parasites sont habituellement traités au niveau ordinal et leurs origines sont souvent inconnues. Utilisant la phylogénie moléculaire, les interrelations des parasites animaux avec les groupes d’espèces libres et parasites de plantes ont été étudiées conduisant à la conclusion qu’une nouvelle approche des origines et de l’évolution des parasites animaux est nécessaire. Sur la base de la petite sous-unité nucléaire du gène de l’ARN ribosomal, un alignement est proposé qui permet une inférence phylogénétique solide. Avec cet ensemble de données, les Strongylida sont considérés comme un clade monophylétique emboîté au sein des Rhabditina. Les Ascaridida, Oxyurida et Spirurida sont étroitement reliés, mais jusqu’à présent sans relation étroite claire avec des taxons de nématode libre. Les Strongyloides spp. ont évolué à partir des cephalobides/tylenchides. Lorsqu’elles sont disponibles, les données issues d’autres séquences confirment le plus souvent ces relations.
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Hassan, Samira, Carolyn A. Behm, and Ulrike Mathesius. "Effectors of plant parasitic nematodes that re-program root cell development." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10112.
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Plant parasitic nematodes infect the roots of a wide range of host plants. Migratory endo- or ectoparasites feed off the roots temporarily, but sedentary endoparasites are biotrophic parasites that invade roots and establish a permanent feeding site by re-directing root cell development. Feeding sites develop after injection of nematode effectors into plant cells through a stylet. In this review, we concentrate on several recently-identified effectors and discuss their possible functions in re-directing root cell development. We give examples of effectors that regulate host gene expression, interact with specific host proteins or mimic plant signalling molecules.
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RASHID, Uzma, Aijaz PANHWAR, Aisha FARHAN, Musarrat AKHTER, Nusrat JALBANI, and Durdana Rais HASHMI. "Nematicidal Effects of Various Fractions of Curcuma longa against Meloidogyne incognita (root knot nematodes)." Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i01.013.
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Parasitism is an important limiting factor responsible to cause damage to agricultural production. Plant parasitic root knot nematodes attack several economic crops in Pakistan. Plant- parasitic nematodes considerably add huge losses to economies in the top tomatoes crop producing countries throughout the world, instead of controlling the main pathogenic nematode species as usual; one of the innovative strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes would be to manage diversity in communities in order to lead them to be less pathogenic. The plants and their materials are one of the potential remedies for nematodes management. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) along with its several biological applications may serve as a biopesticide against Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode species. A bioassay guided isolation of various fractions of turmeric was subjected to nematicidal activity in comparison with Azadirachta indica against Meloidogyne incognita larvae at the concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 1% for 48 hours. Alongside, Larvae and eggs of nematodes were inoculated around the tomato seedlings in experiments with turmeric in a growth chamber. The control contains water instead of turmeric. Root gall severity and final nematode population were suppressed significantly. It was observed that the use of turmeric is very important for selected plant parasitic nematodes management.
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Chin, Sabrina, Carolyn Behm, and Ulrike Mathesius. "Functions of Flavonoids in Plant–Nematode Interactions." Plants 7, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7040085.
Full textAbstract:
Most land plants can become infected by plant parasitic nematodes in the field. Plant parasitic nematodes can be free-living or endoparasitic, and they usually infect plant roots. Most damaging are endoparasites, which form feeding sites inside plant roots that damage the root system and redirect nutrients towards the parasite. This process involves developmental changes to the root in parallel with the induction of defense responses. Plant flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have roles in both root development and plant defense responses against a range of microorganisms. Here, we review our current knowledge of the roles of flavonoids in the interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes. Flavonoids are induced during nematode infection in plant roots, and more highly so in resistant compared with susceptible plant cultivars, but many of their functions remain unclear. Flavonoids have been shown to alter feeding site development to some extent, but so far have not been found to be essential for root–parasite interactions. However, they likely contribute to chemotactic attraction or repulsion of nematodes towards or away from roots and might help in the general plant defense against nematodes. Certain flavonoids have also been associated with functions in nematode reproduction, although the mechanism remains unknown. Much remains to be examined in this area, especially under field conditions.
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Agbenin O, N. "Potentials of organic amendments in the control of plant parasitic nematodes." Plant Protection Science 40, No. 1 (March 7, 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1351-pps.
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An increasing number of researchers worldwide are showing interest in organic amendment of soil as means of nematode control. Numerous plant species with nematicidal compounds have been identified. Neem (<I>Azadirachta indica) </I>is considered the best-known example of plants with nematicidal properties and is available commercially in some parts of the world. Its efficiency has been proven locally, with the seed powder giving good control in both field and screenhouse. Several materials are in use as organic amendment. However, the choice of materials for amendment will determine its efficiency in control. The use of organic amendments that are disease-free and with a narrow C:N ratio will improve soil fertility while more efficiently reducing the level of nematodes and minimising the risk of increasing the level of another soil borne pathogens and pest
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Удалова, Zh Udalova, Зиновьева, and S. Zinoveva. "Induction of plant resistance to nematodes sedentary biogenic elicitors." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2016): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23085.
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Objective of research: to study the mechanisms of induced tomato plant resistance to rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and potato to cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis.
Materials and methods: The biogenic elicitors — chitosan and signal molecules — SA, JA for the modulation of immune plant responses were used. In experiment 1, tubers of potato cultivars Istrinskii (PCN-susceptibility) and Krinitsa (PCN-resistant), were treated with aqueous solutions of the immunomodulators at the specified concentrations. A low molecular weight soluble chitosan and acetylation degree of 15% and signal molecule — SA was used as an elicitor. In experiment 2, system tomato M. incognia was studied. Water solutions of chitosan, signal molecules: SA, JA were used for treatment of tomato seeds for 2 h and then the seeds were planted in sterile soil. The control plants were treated with water. Cultivation of plants was carried out by the standard technique. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse long enough for the nematodes to complete their life cycle. Development of nematodes in the processed plants estimated on morphophysiological and population characteristics. Biochemical indicators of roots and leaves of tomatoes estimated for 14 days after infection of plants. Previously identified major biochemical indicators of the plants in the genome that contain genes that determine the resistance of plants.
The effects of biogenic elicitors on plant resistance were also evaluated by some metabolic changes related to natural plant resistance to tomato and potato to plant nematodes. These indicators were studied in clarifying mechanisms of induced resistance.
Results and discussion: Biogenic elicitors induce systemic resistance of plants to plant parasitic nematodes — Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis (decrease in the parasitic invasion of the roots; an inhibition of the vital activity of the parasite; a decrease in fertility and the amount of agents sources (larvae and eggs) capable of infecting the plants).
The addition of signal molecules (salicylic and jasmonic acid) to elicitors increased their activity as immunomodulators. In present investigation, the mechanisms of induced plant resistance nematode were studied. The data obtained suggest that the mechanisms natural and induced by biogenic elicitors tomato resistance to the nematode have the same origin. These features meet all requirements of the new generation of methods of plant protection and the use of biogenic elicitors to raise plant resistance to parasitic nematodes may be promising.
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Sharma-Poudyal, D., C. Fraley, and N. K. Osterbauer. "Surveying for Virus-vectoring Nematodes in Container-grown Blueberry Plants in Oregon." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 3 (January 2016): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-br-16-0029.
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The goal of this study was to determine the risk of finding virus-vectoring nematodes in containerized blueberry plants placed on gravel. To detect dagger nematode, soil, and potting media samples were collected from blueberry nurseries growing plants in containers using soilless potting media, with the containers placed on a gravel bed or, for one nursery, on a plastic sheet placed on the soil surface. Potting media samples were collected from containers holding plants and soil samples were collected from beneath the gravel or plastic barrier. Nematodes were extracted from all of the samples using sucrose centrifugation. No dagger or other plant parasitic nematodes were detected in any of the samples tested. These results suggest no treatment of soilless potting media is necessary before planting blueberries into containers. Similarly, the gravel layer seems to be an effective barrier for suppressing dagger and other plant parasitic nematodes. Accepted for publication 25 July 2016. Published 8 August 2016.
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Chhetri, Bijay. "Nematode Fauna Associated with Kiwi (Actinidia delicosa, Chev.) Plants in Machchhegaun, Kathmandu, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v7i1.26951.
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Plants harbor many trophic groups of nematodes in them. The plant production is also determined by the occurrence of nematodes adjacent to the rhizosphere of plants, such as parasitic, free-living etc. Altogether 40 samples from the 30 cm away from the Kiwi plants were examined to detect the nematode distribution in Kiwi plants in Machchhegaun, Kathmandu, Nepal. Total 10 genera of nematodes including both free living/beneficial and parasitic were identified. Overall, 880 individuals of 10 nematodes genera belonging to four orders were found to be linked with Kiwi plants, among them the highest report was of order Dorylaimida (40.91%) (Dorylaimus spp., Cephalobus spp., Eucephalobus spp. and Discolaimus spp.) which was followed by Mononchida (36.36%) (Iotonchus spp., Parahadronchus spp. and Mononchus spp.), Rhabditida (18.18%) (Rhabditis spp. and Mesorhabditis spp.) and Tylenchida (4.55%) (Helicotylenchus spp.). No any published data about study of plant nematodes was found from study area. So, these four order of plant nematodes have been reported for the first time associated with Kiwi plants from Machchhegaun in Nepal. The result specified no significant distribution of nematodes in all Kiwi plants. Proper management of manures and Kiwi plants treatment is recommended for more production of Kiwi fruits in study area by nitrogen reduction, phosphorus reduction, odor reduction, energy recovery and adding value to manure techniques.
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Gamalero, Elisa, and Bernard R. Glick. "The Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Prevent Nematode Damage to Plants." Biology 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9110381.
Full textAbstract:
Plant-parasitic nematodes have been estimated to annually cause around US $173 billion in damage to plant crops worldwide. Moreover, with global climate change, it has been suggested that the damage to crops from nematodes is likely to increase in the future. Currently, a variety of potentially dangerous and toxic chemical agents are used to limit the damage to crops by plant-parasitic nematodes. As an alternative to chemicals and a more environmentally friendly means of decreasing nematode damage to plants, researchers have begun to examine the possible use of various soil bacteria, including plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, the current literature on some of the major mechanisms employed by these soil bacteria is examined. It is expected that within the next 5–10 years, as scientists continue to elaborate the mechanisms used by these bacteria, biocontrol soil bacteria will gradually replace the use of chemicals as nematicides.
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Karanastasi, Eirini, Wilfrida Decraemer, Urs Wyss, and Derek Brown. "The ultrastructure of the feeding apparatus and pharyngeal tract of four European species of Trichodoridae (Nematoda: Triplonchida)." Nematology 6, no. 5 (2004): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541042843450.
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AbstractVirus-vector plant-parasitic Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus nematodes acquire Tobravirus particles whilst ingesting root cell sap from virus-infected plants and these particles are specifically retained by being adsorbed on to the cuticle lining the wall of the nematode pharyngeal lumen. The feeding apparatus and pharyngeal ultrastructure of four trichodorid virus-vector species were examined to identify the occurrence of any structural characters that could account for particle retention at specific sites in this region. Similarities between Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species are reported for the first time and new evidence is provided on the position of all gland sinuses and outlets. The occurrence of an inner spear in adult specimens is discussed.
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Lin, Borong, Kan Zhuo, Ping Wu, Ruqiang Cui, Lian-Hui Zhang, and Jinling Liao. "A Novel Effector Protein, MJ-NULG1a, Targeted to Giant Cell Nuclei Plays a Role in Meloidogyne javanica Parasitism." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-05-12-0114-fi.
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Secretory effector proteins expressed within the esophageal glands of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are thought to play key roles in nematode invasion of host roots and in formation of feeding sites necessary for nematodes to complete their life cycle. In this study, a novel effector protein gene designated as Mj-nulg1a, which is expressed specifically within the dorsal gland of Meloidogyne javanica, was isolated through suppression subtractive hybridization. Southern blotting and BLAST search analyses showed that Mj-nulg1a is unique for Meloidogyne spp. A real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay showed that expression of Mj-nulg1a was upregulated in parasitic second-stage juveniles and declined in later parasitic stages. MJ-NULG1a contains two putative nuclear localization signals and, consistently, in planta immunolocalization analysis showed that MJ-NULG1a was localized in the nuclei of giant cells during nematode parasitism. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj-nulg1a suppressed the expression of Mj-nulg1a in nematodes and attenuated parasitism ability of M. javanica. In contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Mj-nulg1a became more susceptible to M. javanica infection than wild-type control plants. These results depict a novel nematode effector that is targeted to giant cell nuclei and plays a critical role in M. javanica parasitism.
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Gleason, Cynthia, Frederik Polzin, Samer S. Habash, Lei Zhang, Jan Utermark, Florian M. W. Grundler, and Abdelnaser Elashry. "Identification of Two Meloidogyne hapla Genes and an Investigation of Their Roles in the Plant-Nematode Interaction." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 2 (February 2017): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-16-0107-r.
Full textAbstract:
Root-knot nematodes are soil-borne pathogens that invade and establish feeding sites in plant roots. They have an extremely broad host range, including most vascular plants. During infection of a susceptible host, root-knot nematodes secrete molecules called effectors that help them establish an intimate interaction with the plant and, at the same time, allow them to evade or suppress plant immune responses. Despite the fact that Meloidogyne hapla is a significant pest on several food crops, no effectors have been characterized from this root-knot nematode species thus far. Using the published genome and proteome from M. hapla, we have identified and characterized two genes, MhTTL2 and Mh265. MhTTL2 encodes a predicted secreted protein containing a transthyretin-like protein domain. The expression of MhTTL2 was up-regulated during parasitic life stages of the nematode, and in situ hybridization showed that MhTTL2 was expressed in the amphids, suggesting it has a role in the nematode nervous system during parasitism. We also studied the gene Mh265. The Mh265 transcript was localized to the subventral esophageal glands. An upregulation in Mh265 expression coincided with the pre- and early-parasitic life stages of the nematode. When Mh265 was constitutively expressed in plants, it enhanced their susceptibility to nematodes. These transgenic plants were also compromised in flg22-induced callose deposition, suggesting the Mh265 is modulating plant basal immune responses.
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Khurramov, Sh Kh, and A. S. Bekmuradov. "Parasitic nematodes of wild and cultivated subtropical fruit plants in Central Asia." Russian Journal of Parasitology 15, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2021-15-1-98-102.
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The purpose of the research is studying the species composition and control measures against parasitic nematodes of wild and cultivated subtropical fruit plants of Central Asia.Materials and methods. We studied subtropical fruit crops in 198 farms and 1985 household plots located in various soil and climatic zones of over 20,675 hectares in Central Asia. The materials were collected in the autumn (September-October), spring (April-May) and summer (June-August) months in 1970–1990 by the route method. Study subjects were plant parasitic nematodes of 8 species of wild and cultivated subtropical fruit plants in the Central Asian republics. A modified Baermann funnel method was used to isolate plant nematodes from plants and soil near roots. In total, we collected and analyzed more than 5,400 plant and soil samples. To identify the species of plant parasitic nematodes, we used the Atlas of plant parasitic nematodes compiled at the Institute of Parasitology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as morphometric indicators obtained according to the generally accepted De Mann formulae.Results and discussion. More than 129,000 specimens of plant parasites of 98 species were found in the studied wild and cultivated subtropical fruit crops and soil near their roots. In many farms of the Central Asian republics, we found southern root-knot nematodes, peanut root-knot nematodes, javanese root-knot nematodes, and cotton root-knot nematodes in mixed populations. In Uzbekistan, the prevalence in these crops was from 8 to 61.3%, in Tajikistan – from 78 to 98%, in Turkmenistan – from 6 to 98%, and in Kyrgyzstan – 33%. In addition to root-knot nematodes, representatives of ecto- and endoparasites of the genera Tylenchorhynchus, Merlinius, Quinisulcius, Rotylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Macroposthonia, Labocriconema and Xiphinema were parasitizing in the above subtropical cultures. Under production conditions, we tested Furadan at a dose of 40 kg/ha, Heterophos at a dose of 60 and 120 kg/ha, and Aldicarb at a dose of 40 kg/ha to control root-knot and other parasitic nematodes. Their efficacy ranged from 89 to 100%. We also used the soil solarization method developed by us, the efficacy of which was 95–98%.
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Vieira, Ítalo Stoupa, Isabela de Castro Oliveira, Artur Kanadani Campos, and Jackson Victor de Araújo. "Association and predatory capacity of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys cladodes in the biological control of parasitic helminths of bovines." Parasitology 146, no. 10 (June 21, 2019): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201900060x.
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AbstractNematophagous fungi are used in the biological control of the parasitic helminths of animals and plants. The association of ovicidal and predator nematophagous fungi may present a complementary and increased action on the biological control of helminths. Joint growth compatibility and predation tests were carried out on infective larvae of nematode parasites of bovines with the nematophagous fungus ovicide Pochonia chlamydosporia and the nematophagous fungus predator Arthrobotrys cladodes. The tests of antagonism in direct confrontation, antibiosis and the effect of volatile metabolites between the isolates of P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes indicated the viability of joint growth of these fungi. The association of the fungi P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes presented a higher predatory capacity of infective larvae of the parasitic nematodes of bovines when compared to the predation of the fungi used alone. Therefore, under laboratory conditions, the fungi studied presented growth compatibility and the association of these increased the nematicidal activity against parasitic helminths of cattle.
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Rao, Uma, Tim H. Mauchline, and Keith G. Davies. "The 16S rRNA gene of Pasteuria penetrans provides an early diagnostic of infection of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)." Nematology 14, no. 7 (2012): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854112x627318.
Full textAbstract:
The molecular interactions between hosts and parasites is an active area of research, and the parasitism of root-knot nematodes, obligate parasites of plants, by the hyper-parasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans offers a model by which to investigate aspects of innate immunity. Using a pouch system we were able to demonstrate by PCR, infection of Meloidogyne incognita 4 days prior to any microscopic observations of parasitism. The pouch system, although not strictly axenic, offered a relatively clean, flexible approach with a greatly reduced number of contaminating microbial species than in any soil-based system, whereby the early stages of nematode infection could be manipulated and controlled.
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Zasada, I. A., and H. Ferris. "Sensitivity of Meloidogyne javanica and Tylenchulus semipenetrans to Isothiocyanates in Laboratory Assays." Phytopathology® 93, no. 6 (June 2003): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.6.747.
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Isothiocyanates are released through enzymatic degradation of glucosinolates produced by plants in the family Brassicaceae. Glucosinolate profiles differ among plant species and the isothiocyanate derivatives differ in their toxicity to nematodes. Control of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil by isothiocyanates released from incorporated brassicaceous plant material has been inconsistent. Success might be improved with knowledge of the relative toxicities of various isothiocyanates against nematodes. Laboratory assays were conducted to determine lethal concentration (LC) values in sand of seven commercially available isothiocyanates against Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Meloidogyne javanica. The LC90 values were 0.01 and 0.03 μmol/ml for 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate and 0.48 and 0.35 μmol/ml for phenyl isothiocyanate for T. semipenetrans and M. javanica, respectively. Brassicaceous sources of benzyl or 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate and, to a lesser extent allyl isothiocyanate, are the most promising candidates for plant-parasitic nematode management. The broader context of this research is the development of approaches for consistent and reliable use of plant-derived chemicals for nematode management. The strategy is to select plants in the family Brassicaceae based on their glucosinolate profiles and the sensitivity of the target nematode species to the associated isothiocyanates.
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Damessa, Gezahegne, Wim Bert, and Frieda Decraemer. "First report, morphological and molecular characterization of Xiphinema elongatum and X. pachtaicum (Nematoda, Longidoridae) from Ethiopia." ZooKeys 489 (March 23, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.483.8629.
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A total of six soil samples were collected around rhizosphere of citrus plants during 2010 from Melkassa Agricultural Research Center experimental station, Ethiopia. From these samples two most important ecto-plant parasitic nematodes of the genus Xiphinema were found and analysed. The genus Xiphinema is a large group of the phylum nematoda which constitutes more than 260 species. They are polyphagous root- ectoparasites of many crop plants and some species of this genus cause damage by direct feeding on root tips and transmit nepoviruses. The delimitation and discrimination of two species in the genus is presented, described herein as Xiphinemaelongatum and Xiphinemapachtaicum. Morphological and morphometric data were done using light microscopy and results of both species were fit within the previously described nematode species of Xiphinemaelongatum and Xiphinemapachtaicum. 18S rDNA were analysed using Bayesian inference (BI) method to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of the studied Xiphinema sp. (KP407872Xiphinemaelongatum and KP407873Xiphinemapachtaicum) with other Xiphinema species. The 18S rDNA sequence of Xiphinemapachtaicum was alike to previously described species from the GenBank but Xiphinemaelongatum exhibited very small levels of nucleotides differences (0.4%) which might be possible intra-specific divergence. Though this region of rDNA has less resolution on complex species, its combination with morphological and morphometric analyses, suggests these species as Xiphinemaelongatum and Xiphinemapachtaicum with the GenBank accession number of KP407872 and KP407873, respectively. Short notes, morphological measurements, illustrations, and molecular data are given to these species. These species are reported for the first time from Ethiopia and it provides new geographical information of these organisms.
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Neves, Dinaelia Iva das, and Shiou Pin Huang. "Differential responses of nematode communities to soybean genotypes resistant and susceptible to Heterodera glycines race 3." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 1 (February 2005): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000100004.
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Heterodera glycines and Helicotylenchus dihystera were the two most abundant plant-parasitic nematodes found in two H. glycines race 3-infested fields, Chapadão do Céu, MS and Campo Alegre, MG. These fields had been planted with resistant (R) and susceptible (S) plants to cyst nematodes. In the first field, soybean (Glycine max) FT-Cristalina (S) was susceptible to H. glycines but resistant to H. dihystera, while GOBR93 122243 (R) was just the opposite. In the second field, M-Soy 8400 (R) was more resistant to the spiral nematode than M-Soy8411 (S), but the resistance to the cyst nematode was not different between the two genotypes. The total abundance of nematodes was not different between the susceptible and resistant plants in the two fields, suggesting that H. dihystera and/or bacterial feeders and other trophic groups replaced the reduced abundance of the cyst nematodes in resistant plants. Bacterial feeders acted as a compensatory factor to plant-parasitic nematodes in ecological function. The populations of fungal feeders were higher in GOBR93 122243 (R) than in susceptible FT-Cristalina (S) in Chapadão do Céu, but lower in M-Soy 8400 (R) than in M-Soy 8411 (S) in Campo Alegre. This is being attributed to the different periods of soil samplings that were made at the florescent period in the first field, and at the final growing cycle in the second field. Only four nematodes, H. glycines, H. dihystera, Acrobeles sp. and Panagrolaimus sp. dominated the nematode resistant community GOBR93 122243 (R) in Chapadão do Céu, but dominance was shared by ten genera in Campo Alegre, which explains why the five diversity indexes (S, d, Ds, H' and T) were higher in resistant plants than in susceptible plants in field two.
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Boppré, Michael, and Tim Thoden. "Plants producing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: sustainable tools for nematode management?" Nematology 12, no. 1 (2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855409x12549869072248.
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Abstract1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine ester alkaloids (pyrrolizidine alkaloids; PAs) are a class of secondary plant metabolites found in hundreds of plant species. In vitro, PAs are known to affect plant-parasitic nematodes. Thus, PA-producing plants might be used in nematode management. So far, however, Crotalaria is the only PA-producing plant that has been used for nematode control. Consequently, we reviewed the literature on other PA plants and their effects on nematodes. This included the analysis of in vitro experiments with PA plant extracts, host tests with PA plants, as well as experiments in which PA-producing plants were used as different types of soil amendments (mulch, in situ mulching, extracts). Our results clearly show that, in addition to Crotalaria, certain other PA-producing plant species have the potential to be used in sustainable nematode management. This is especially true for management of sedentary endoparasitic nematode species. Promising applications include the use of PA plant extracts and mulches, as well as the use of PA plants for in situ mulching.
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Kerry, B. R. "Ecological considerations for the use of the nematophagous fungus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, to control plant parasitic nematodes." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-226.
Full textAbstract:
The nematophagous fungus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, has considerable potential as a biological control agent for root-knot nematodes on a range of crops. The fungus is a general facultative parasite that attacks the eggs of several nematode species. The biology of the fungus is reviewed and the need for a detailed understanding of its ecology for its rational use as a biological control agent is highlighted. Isolates of the fungus must colonize the rhizosphere to be effective control agents. Plants differ in their ability to support the fungus and greatest control is achieved on those cultivars that support abundant growth of the fungus but produce only limited galling in response to nematode attack. On such plants, most eggs produced by nematodes are exposed to parasitism by this nematophagous fungus in the rhizosphere. Key words: biological control, nematophagous fungi, root-knot nematodes, Verticillium chlamydosporium.