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SCHAUMBURG, F., D. HIPPE, P. VUTOVA, and C. G. K. LÜDER. "Pro- and anti-apoptotic activities of protozoan parasites." Parasitology 132, S1 (March 2006): S69—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006000874.
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During infection, programmed cell death, i.e. apoptosis, is an important effector mechanism of innate and adaptive host responses to parasites. In addition, it fulfils essential functions in regulating host immunity and tissue homeostasis. Not surprisingly, however, adaptation of parasitic protozoa to their hosts also involves modulation or even exploitation of cell death in order to facilitate parasite survival in a hostile environment. During recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of apoptosis during parasitic infections and there is now convincing evidence that apoptosis and its modulation by protozoan parasites has a major impact on the parasite-host interaction and on the pathogenesis of disease. This review updates our current knowledge on the diverse functions apoptosis may fulfil during infections with diverse protozoan parasites including apicomplexans, kinetoplastids and amoebae. Furthermore, we also summarize common mechanistic themes of the pro- and anti-apoptotic activities of protozoan parasites. The diverse and complex effects which parasitic protozoa exert on apoptotic cell death within the host highlight fascinating interactions of parasites and their hosts. Importantly, they also stress the importance of further investigations before the modulation of host cell apoptosis can be exploited to combat parasitic infections.
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Khanum, H., S. Shanjida Khanam, M. Sultana, M. H. Uddin, R. Chandra Dhar, and M. S. Islam. "Protozoan parasites in a wastewater treatment plant of Bangladesh." University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 31 (June 18, 2013): 05–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15372.
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Parasitic infection is a global health problem especially in developing countries. Municipal wastewaters always contain cysts of parasitic protozoans at some level. The present study was conducted to detect protozoan parasites in different stages of the treatment plant to check its efficacy. Wastewaters were collected from 3 points of the Pagla Sewage Treatent Plant (PSTP) of Dhaka, Bangladesh, throughout the year, 2007-08 at fortnight intervals. Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Idoamoeba butschlii and Balantidium coli were detected at different times in different stages of the treatment plant. Among these Giardia and Entamoeba spp. were found most frequently than others. Both the prevalence and dominance of protozoan parasites were reduced gradually with the sampling point of the treatment plant which means that the treatment plant was effective in reducing protozoan parasites but not too effective to eliminate them completely.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15372Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 05-08
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Kabita, Fatima Nahar, Md Aminul Islam Bhuiyan, and Zannatun Nahar Jhinu. "A Checklist on the Protozoan Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 48, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v48i1.47873.
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The current work has been proposed to accumulate baseline information regarding prevalence, diversity and distribution of the protozoan parasites found in the freshwater fishes of Bangladesh from its inception to 2019. This is an attempt to compile a baseline data on protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes in Bangladesh. A total of thirty four articles were reviewed whereas sixteen articles reported systematic, taxonomic and morphometric analysis of protozoan parasites, five articles described seasonal parasitic infestation in carp fishes including protozoan parasites, seven articles reported overall parasitic infestation along with protozoan infection, three articles described protozoan infection in consort with the histo-pathological analysis, one article revealed the occurrence of one protozoan parasite named Trypanosoma sp. and one study described monthly fluctuation of overall parasitic infection together with protozoan infestation. A number of thirty four freshwater fish species under nine orders in Bangladesh were retrieved on the mentioned articles and found 48 species of protozoan parasites under 19 genera. Noticeably, parasites under genus Trichodina was frequently found in the freshwater fish species. Most of the parasites were found from the gills (micro-habited) of the host fish. To sum up, from this compilation a primary database of protozoan parasites of freshwater fish species might be expected to establish that will be supportive for further extensive study.
Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(1): 21-35, 2020
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Howells, R. E. "The modes of action of some anti-protozoal drugs." Parasitology 90, no. 4 (April 1985): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000052318.
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In spite of the continuing need for new and improved anti-protozoal drugs for use in man, a considerable contraction of industrially based research on anti-protozoal drugs has occurred in recent years. Newton (1983) reviewed the reasons for this decline and presented a compelling argument that fundamental research on the biology of the parasites is essential for the discovery of leads for the development of a new generation of drugs – a rational chemotherapy. The rapid advance in knowledge of the biochemistry of parasitic protozoa which has occurred in recent years has provided a number of potential leads to new drug development and has permitted a greater understanding of the mode of action of many current drugs. The account of these advances which follows is necessarily selective and relates to protozoan parasites of man.
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MORGAN, U. M., and R. C. A. THOMPSON. "Molecular detection of parasitic protozoa." Parasitology 117, no. 7 (November 1999): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099004102.
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The development of molecular diagnostic methods, particularly those utilizing PCR for the detection of parasitic protozoa will contribute greatly to the identification and control of these pathogens, by increasing speed of diagnosis, specificity and sensitivity, reproducibility and ease of interpretation. PCR methods are not without their problems however, and there is a need for laboratory procedures to be refined before PCR-based assays are accepted as the tools of choice for the routine detection of protozoan parasites. The application of PCR detection to various parasites is discussed.
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Karpiyevich, Maryia, and Katerina Artavanis-Tsakonas. "Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers: Emerging Regulators of Protozoan Parasites." Biomolecules 10, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10101403.
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Post-translational protein regulation allows for fine-tuning of cellular functions and involves a wide range of modifications, including ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls). The dynamic balance of Ubl conjugation and removal shapes the fates of target substrates, in turn modulating various cellular processes. The mechanistic aspects of Ubl pathways and their biological roles have been largely established in yeast, plants, and mammalian cells. However, these modifiers may be utilised differently in highly specialised and divergent organisms, such as parasitic protozoa. In this review, we explore how these parasites employ Ubls, in particular SUMO, NEDD8, ATG8, ATG12, URM1, and UFM1, to regulate their unconventional cellular physiology. We discuss emerging data that provide evidence of Ubl-mediated regulation of unique parasite-specific processes, as well as the distinctive features of Ubl pathways in parasitic protozoa. We also highlight the potential to leverage these essential regulators and their cognate enzymatic machinery for development of therapeutics to protect against the diseases caused by protozoan parasites.
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D'Ambrosio, Katia, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Giuseppina De Simone. "Are Carbonic Anhydrases Suitable Targets to Fight Protozoan Parasitic Diseases?" Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 39 (January 17, 2019): 5266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180326160121.
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Protozoans belonging to Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma genera provoke widespread parasitic diseases with few treatment options and many of the clinically used drugs experiencing an extensive drug resistance phenomenon. In the last several years, the metalloenzyme Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned and characterized in the genome of these protozoa, with the aim to search for a new drug target for fighting malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. P. falciparum encodes for a CA (PfCA) belonging to a novel genetic family, the η-CA class, L. donovani chagasi for a β-CA (LdcCA), whereas T. cruzi genome contains an α-CA (TcCA). These three enzymes were characterized in detail and a number of in vitro potent and selective inhibitors belonging to the sulfonamide, thiol, dithiocarbamate and hydroxamate classes were discovered. Some of these inhibitors were also effective in cell cultures and animal models of protozoan infections, making them of considerable interest for the development of new antiprotozoan drugs with a novel mechanism of action.
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Salehi Kahyesh, Roya, Arash Alghasi, Shekoufe Haddadi, and Asaad Sharhani. "Intestinal Parasites Infection in Children with Cancer in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8839740.
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Background. Infection with intestinal parasites is widespread worldwide, especially in developing countries. Intestinal parasites are known as one of the leading causes of diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised subjects, but cancer patients are highly susceptible to contamination, and it can be deadly for them. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients in Ahvaz. Material and Methods. In this descriptive cross-sectional pilot case-control study, fecal samples were collected from 52 children with malignancies hospitalized in Baqaei2 hospital in Ahvaz. A questionnaire including demographic information, type of cancer, type of gastrointestinal symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis was completed for each patient. The collected specimens were examined by direct smear, Logul staining, and concentration. Result. The 52 stool samples were collected, 46% were female and 54% male. The age range of children enrolled in the study was from 4 months to 16 years. Of these stool samples, 38.38% were infected with a variety of parasitic intestinal infections (helminths and protozoa). In this study, protozoan parasites, Blastocystis (23%), Chilomastix mesnili (1.92%), Endolimax nana (7.7%), and Entamoeba coli (1.92%), and helminth infection, Strongyloides stercoralis (3.84%), were observed and statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and parasitic infection in children with cancer. Conclusion. Blastocystis and Endolimax nana are the most prevalent gastrointestinal parasitic protozoans that infect individuals admitted to Baqaei2 Hospital of Ahvaz, Iran. Since parasitic intestinal infections in immunocompromised patients lead to fatal diarrhea, children with parasitic infections must be carefully identified and treated.
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Dumetz, Franck, and Catherine Merrick. "Parasitic Protozoa: Unusual Roles for G-Quadruplexes in Early-Diverging Eukaryotes." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071339.
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Guanine-quadruplex (G4) motifs, at both the DNA and RNA levels, have assumed an important place in our understanding of the biology of eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses. However, it is generally little known that their very first description, as well as the foundational work on G4s, was performed on protozoans: unicellular life forms that are often parasitic. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the discovery of G4s, intertwined with their biological significance across the protozoan kingdom. This is a history in three parts: first, a period of discovery including the first characterisation of a G4 motif at the DNA level in ciliates (environmental protozoa); second, a period less dense in publications concerning protozoa, during which DNA G4s were discovered in both humans and viruses; and third, a period of renewed interest in protozoa, including more mechanistic work in ciliates but also in pathogenic protozoa. This last period has opened an exciting prospect of finding new anti-parasitic drugs to interfere with parasite biology, thus adding new compounds to the therapeutic arsenal.
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Sultana, Yasmin, Sabina Karim, Gouri Rani Banik, Harunor Rashid, and Rogan Lee. "Parasitic Infections in Children with Disability in Resource Poor Settings: The Research Gaps." Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666181022103750.
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The burden of parasitic infections among children with disability in resource-poor settings has not been summarised through a focused review. Here, we have summarised the key studies reporting the burden of parasitic infections among children without and with a disability. In most instances, among children without disability, Giardia or soil-transmitted helminths dominate the epidemiology, while among disabled individuals, enteric protozoa are the predominant parasites to be reported in both resource-rich and resource-poor countries. Cryptosporidium is generally the leading protozoan to be detected among these populations but all other parasites have been detected in varying frequencies. There is a paucity of data on the precise epidemiology of parasitic infections in children with disability. A large-scale epidemiological study, using modern genomic methodology, is a research priority.
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Piña-Vázquez, Carolina, Magda Reyes-López, Guillermo Ortíz-Estrada, Mireya de la Garza, and Jesús Serrano-Luna. "Host-Parasite Interaction: Parasite-Derived and -Induced Proteases That Degrade Human Extracellular Matrix." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/748206.
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Parasitic protozoa are among the most important pathogens worldwide. Diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis affect millions of people. Humans are constantly threatened by infections caused by these pathogens. Parasites engage a plethora of surface and secreted molecules to attach to and enter mammalian cells. The secretion of lytic enzymes by parasites into host organs mediates critical interactions because of the invasion and destruction of interstitial tissues, enabling parasite migration to other sites within the hosts. Extracellular matrix is a complex, cross-linked structure that holds cells together in an organized assembly and that forms the basement membrane lining (basal lamina). The extracellular matrix represents a major barrier to parasites. Therefore, the evolution of mechanisms for connective-tissue degradation may be of great importance for parasite survival. Recent advances have been achieved in our understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of proteases from parasitic protozoa. The focus of this paper is to discuss the role of protozoan parasitic proteases in the degradation of host ECM proteins and the participation of these molecules as virulence factors. We divide the paper into two sections, extracellular and intracellular protozoa.
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Sherchan, JB, H. Ohara, S. Sakurada, A. Basnet, S. Tandukar, JB Sherchand, and DS Bam. "Enteric Opportunistic Parasitic Infections Among HIVSeropositive Patients in Kathmandu, Nepal." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 10, no. 2 (January 3, 2013): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i2.7336.
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Background Enteric opportunistic parasitic infections are the major source of diarrheal disease in developing countries mainly in Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Objective The study was to detect enteric parasites causing diarrhea and their association with immune status in HIV-seropositive patients. Methods The present study was conducted in Dirgh-Jeevan Health Care Research Center and Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Public Health Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal between June 2010 and May 2011 involving 146 Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients. Serostatus from these patients were detected by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay. CD4+ T cell counts were done by flow cytometry. Stool was examined for enteric parasites by microscopy with special staining methods. Results A total of 146 HIV sero-positive patients with and without diarrhea age between 20 to 45 years were included in the study. Of the 146 patients, the protozoan parasitic infection was found in 30.13% (44/146). Out of 146 patients, 78 had diarrhea in which parasitic infection was 39 (50%) and 7.35% (5/68) protozoal parasites positive cases did not have diarrhea. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the level of infection of intestinal protozoan between the HIV seropositive with diarrhea and HIV-seropositive without diarrhea. Out of 43 patients whose CD4+ T cells were <200/?l, 29 (67.4%) had opportunistic parasitic infection whereas out of 103 patients whose CD4+ T cells were ?200/?l, only 15 (14.56%) had opportunistic parasitic infection (P < 0.05). Conclusion Enteric opportunistic parasitic infections were detected in 30.1% among HIV-seropositive patients and low CD4+ T count indicated high enteric opportunistic infection. Early detection of enteric parasitic infections will help in the management and to improve the quality of life for HIV-infected individuals. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | Vol.10 | No. 2 | Issue 38 | Apr – June 2012 | Page 14-17 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i2.7336
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Kolev, Nikolay G., Christian Tschudi, and Elisabetta Ullu. "RNA Interference in Protozoan Parasites: Achievements and Challenges." Eukaryotic Cell 10, no. 9 (July 15, 2011): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05114-11.
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ABSTRACT Protozoan parasites that profoundly affect mankind represent an exceptionally diverse group of organisms, including Plasmodium , Toxoplasma , Entamoeba , Giardia , trypanosomes, and Leishmania . Despite the overwhelming impact of these parasites, there remain many aspects to be discovered about mechanisms of pathogenesis and how these organisms survive in the host. Combined with the ever-increasing availability of sequenced genomes, RNA interference (RNAi), discovered a mere 13 years ago, has enormously facilitated the analysis of gene function, especially in organisms that are not amenable to classical genetic approaches. Here we review the current status of RNAi in studies of parasitic protozoa, with special emphasis on its use as a postgenomic tool.
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Karim, Mt Tahmina, Hamida Khanum, and Sharmin Musa. "Occurrence of enteric parasites and their risk factors among the female inhabitants of lower socioeconomic groups in Dhaka city." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v4i4.40106.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the intestinal parasites. A total of 900 female inhabitants of lower socioeconomic groups in Dhaka city were examined during Sep 2013 to Aug 2015, prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infestation was 66.22% and 26 parasite species were identified, of which ten species were protozoans, six cestodes, four trematodes and six nematodes. Prevalence of nematoda was the highest (57.55%), then cestode (38.67%), protozoa (19.22%) and lowest was found in trematode (4.11%). Entamoeba histolytica (10.44%) indicates severe faecal contamination among protozoan parasites, while in cestodes Hymenolepis nana (22.78%), in trematodes Fasciolopsis buski (2.11%) and in nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides (38%) were highly prevalent. In twelve study areas, the highest prevalence was found in Kamrangichar (87.5%) and children of age group 1-15 years (75.65%) were mostly affected by intestinal parasite.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 343-350
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Edirisinghe, J. S. "Water- borne protozoan parasitic infections." Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jccpsl.v7i1.8281.
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CRAIG, B. H., J. G. PILKINGTON, L. E. B. KRUUK, and J. M. PEMBERTON. "Epidemiology of parasitic protozoan infections in Soay sheep (Ovis ariesL.) on St Kilda." Parasitology 134, no. 1 (September 18, 2006): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001144.
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The feral Soay sheep (Ovis ariesL.) population on Hirta, St Kilda, is host to a diverse component parasite community, but previous parasitological studies of the population have only focussed on the metazoan species. This paper reports the first epidemiological study of the protozoan species comprisingCryptosporidium parvum,Giardia duodenalisand 11 species ofEimeriain Soay sheep across 3 years of varying host population density. Prevalence and intensity of almost all species of protozoa significantly decreased with host age, with the exception ofE. granulosa, which increased in prevalence with host age. The prevalence ofC. parvumappeared to vary positively with host population density but that ofG. duodenalisdid not vary significantly with density. Most species ofEimeriashowed a distinct lag in infection level following the host population crash of 2002, taking up to 2 years to decrease. MixedEimeriaspecies intensity and diversity were highest in 2002, a year of low host density. Parasite diversity decreased with host age and was higher in males. There were 5 positive pair-wise associations between protozoa species in terms of prevalence. The results of this study highlight the potential for protozoal infection to shape the evolution of parasite resistance in wild host populations harbouring diverse parasite species.
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Shrestha, Sajan, and Mahendra Maharjan. "Parasitic burden in Red panda (Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825) of Illam district Community forest, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 3, no. 1 (November 25, 2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v3i1.30865.
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Parasitic diseases pose significant conservation threat in conservation of Red panda. In order to assess the parasitic burden in Red panda of Illam district, Nepal, 14 faecal samples were aseptically collected from community forest of Illam using line transect method following the GPS location. The samples were examined using standard concentration techniques. All the collected samples were found to be positive for both protozoan and helminth parasites. The recorded protozoan parasites includes Eimeria sp., Entamoeba sp., and Balantidium sp. with 64.28%, 57.14% and 14.28% proportion respectively. Similarly the proportion of seven helmithes parasites revealed Oxyuris (100%), Baylisascaris (57.14%), Trichostrongylus (50%), Strongyloides (50%), Trichuris (42.8%), Crenosoma (42.85%) and Hookworm (35.7%). The most of the samples (78.52%) revealed either multiple parasitic infection or triple infection (21.42%) with low to moderate intensity of infection. In conclusion, The parasitic burden in Red Pandas of Illam, community forest is very high hence urgently needs to address this threat in Red panda conservation action plan.
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RÓŻYCKI, MIROSŁAW, JACEK SROKA, EWA CHMURZYŃSKA, EWA BILSKA–ZAJĄC, JOLANTA ZDYBEL, EWELINA ANTOLAK, MAREK PRÓCHNIAK, and TOMASZ CENCEK. "Parasitological contamination of mussels and oysters." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 5904–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5904.
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The literature on human mussel-borne protozoan and helminthic infections is widely dispersed in epidemiological and parasitological journals. This review is focused on humans as hosts for protozoan, trematode and nematode parasites associated with consumption of mussels. These infections are caused mainly by protozoans transferred as cysts and oocysts or trematodes transferred as cercariae or metacercariae. The main scope of the article covers the following genera: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Toxoplasma, microsporidia, and Fasciola. Foods regarded until recently as quite exotic are currently becoming increasingly available to consumers. To avoid certain parasitic infections, consumers need to know the risk factors associated with consumption of popular sea foods, such as mussels. The article contains information that may be useful to persons with compromised immune response....
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Radwan, Eman H., Amel Abd El Rahman Hassan, Wael M. Lotfy, Ahmed Abd El-Mawgood, and Hala M. Mashaal. "The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infection in El Behara Schoolchildren." International Journal of Limnology 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-3208.ijli-19-2853.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasite in schoolchildren in Damanhur, Egypt and some of its villages. The pathogenic enteric protozoa have been progressively involved in bargaining the soundness of a great many individuals, for the most part in creating nations. Mediations are being set up to control the dreariness and mortality because of these protozoan contaminations. A portion of these mediations target school going kids with regards to class based wellbeing intercession. The present examination concentrated on exploring the commonness of intestinal protozoan contaminations among younger students chose networks comprising of urban, urban-poor and per urban settlements in the Damanhour and a few towns. In the present work Giardia lamblia was the second usually identified protozoan with a diseases rate 10.4% among the analyzed cases. In the present examination generally speaking level of parasitic contaminations among the kids was 57.3%. It's viewed as Enterobius vermicularis was the most usually identified protozoan as it spoke to 4.1% of the parasitic diseases in the considered cases pursued by Ascaris lumbricoides; 1.4% and Giardia lamblia contaminations as they spoke to 0.6%; separately. The protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium are regularly present in surface waters and cause episodes in this manner legitimately affecting human wellbeing.
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Harizanov, R., I. Rainova, N. Tsvetkova, I. Kaftandjiev, R. Borisova, A. Ivanova, and M. Videnova. "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the Bulgarian population over a three year period (2015 – 2017)." Helminthologia 57, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0002.
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SummaryThe aim of the present study is to perform a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the Bulgarian population over the period 2015 – 2017. The study involved all Bulgarians and foreign nationals residing in the country who had been tested for intestinal protozoa and helminths. A total of 23,785 infections have been revealed, of which 17,712 (74.47 %) were helminth and 6,073 (25.53 %) protozoan invasions. Enterobiasis was found to be the most prevalent among patients infected with intestinal helminths (81.75 %), while giardiasis (62.05 %) was the most common among those diagnosed with protozoan infections. In spite of improved living conditions and increasing public health awareness, parasitic diseases in general, and intestinal parasitic infections in particular, still represent a significant part of the overall morbidity in Bulgaria, thus posing a major issue for the public health care system.
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Cox, F. E. G. "History of Human Parasitology." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 4 (October 2002): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.595-612.2002.
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SUMMARY Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth. Our knowledge of parasitic infections extends into antiquity, and descriptions of parasites and parasitic infections are found in the earliest writings and have been confirmed by the finding of parasites in archaeological material. The systematic study of parasites began with the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation and the promulgation of the germ theory. Thereafter, the history of human parasitology proceeded along two lines, the discovery of a parasite and its subsequent association with disease and the recognition of a disease and the subsequent discovery that it was caused by a parasite. This review is concerned with the major helminth and protozoan infections of humans: ascariasis, trichinosis, strongyloidiasis, dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, loasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, cestodiasis, paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, African trypanosomiasis, South American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, and microsporidiosis.
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Sakari, Stephen Sifuna Wefwafwa, Amos K. Mbugua, and Gerald M. Mkoji. "Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases and Schistosomiasis in Preschool Age Children in Mwea Division, Kirinyaga South District, Kirinyaga County, and Their Potential Effect on Physical Growth." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1013802.
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Intestinal parasitic infections can significantly contribute to the burden of disease, may cause nutritional and energetic stress, and negatively impact the quality of life in low income countries of the world. This cross-sectional study done in Mwea irrigation scheme, in Kirinyaga, central Kenya, assessed the public health significance of soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH), schistosomiasis, and other intestinal parasitic infections, among 361 preschool age children (PSAC) through fecal examination, by measuring anthropometric indices, and through their parents/guardians, by obtaining sociodemographic information. Both intestinal helminth and protozoan infections were detected, and, among the soil-transmitted helminth parasites, there were Ascaris lumbricoides (prevalence, 3%), Ancylostoma duodenale (<1%), and Trichuris trichiura (<1%). Other intestinal helminths were Hymenolepis nana (prevalence, 3.6%) and Enterobius vermicularis (<1%). Schistosoma mansoni occurred at a prevalence of 5.5%. Interestingly, the protozoan, Giardia lamblia (prevalence, 14.7%), was the most common among the PSAC. Other protozoans were Entamoeba coli (3.9%) and Entamoeba histolytica (<1). Anthropometric indices showed evidence of malnutrition. Intestinal parasites were associated with hand washing behavior, family size, water purification, and home location. These findings suggest that G. lamblia infection and malnutrition may be significant causes of ill health among the PSAC in Mwea, and, therefore, an intervention plan is needed.
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Morotti, Ana Luísa Malaco, Maristela Braga Martins-Teixeira, and Ivone Carvalho. "Protozoan Parasites Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors: Structures, Functions and Trends for Drug Discovery." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 23 (October 10, 2019): 4301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170727110801.
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Background:Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors are molecules located on cell membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. Proteins, enzymes, and other macromolecules which are anchored by GPIs are essential elements for interaction between cells, and are widely used by protozoan parasites when compared to higher eukaryotes.Methods:More than one hundred references were collected to obtain broad information about mammalian and protozoan parasites’ GPI structures, biosynthetic pathways, functions and attempts to use these molecules as drug targets against parasitic diseases. Differences between GPI among species were compared and highlighted. Strategies for drug discovery and development against protozoan GPI anchors were discussed based on what has been reported on literature.Results:There are many evidences that GPI anchors are crucial for parasite’s survival and interaction with hosts’ cells. Despite all GPI anchors contain a conserved glycan core, they present variations regarding structural features and biosynthetic pathways between organisms, which could offer adequate selectivity to validate GPI anchors as drug targets. Discussion was developed with focus on the following parasites: Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of tropical neglected diseases.Conclusion:This review debates the main variances between parasitic and mammalian GPI anchor biosynthesis and structures, as well as clues for strategic development for new anti-parasitic therapies based on GPI anchors.
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Gupta, M., M. Sinha, and N. Raizada. "Opportunistic Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infection in HIV Positive Patient in Jamnagar, Gujarat." SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2010): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v5i1.3079.
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The case definition of AIDS encompasses a spectrum of infections and malignancies, labelled as opportunistic infections. In recent years, numerous studies have outlined the emergence of opportunistic gastrointestinal protozoa that have caused diarrhoeal illness among HIV - AIDS patients. Purpose of present study was to determine the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal protozoal parasites in HIV positive patients with or without diarrhoea. A total of 100 stool samples of HIV positive patients were examined for protozoal parasites by microscopy. Protozoal parasites were detected in 25 HIV positive patients; in 41.37 % of patients with diarrhoea and in 2.38% of patients without diarrhoea. Isospora belli appeared to be a predominant parasite associated with diarrhoea among HIV patients. Cryptosporidium revealed of its asymptomatic carriage along with its association with acute and chronic diarrhoea. Prevalence of Microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetenensis was found to be very low. Key words: HIV; diarrhoea; opportunistic protozoa. DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v5i1.3079 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2008 Vol.5(1) 21-24
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MINA, JOHN G. M., and P. W. DENNY. "Everybody needs sphingolipids, right! Mining for new drug targets in protozoan sphingolipid biosynthesis." Parasitology 145, no. 2 (June 22, 2017): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001081.
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SUMMARYSphingolipids (SLs) are an integral part of all eukaryotic cellular membranes. In addition, they have indispensable functions as signalling molecules controlling a myriad of cellular events. Disruption of either the de novo synthesis or the degradation pathways has been shown to have detrimental effects. The earlier identification of selective inhibitors of fungal SL biosynthesis promised potent broad-spectrum anti-fungal agents, which later encouraged testing some of those agents against protozoan parasites. In this review we focus on the key enzymes of the SL de novo biosynthetic pathway in protozoan parasites of the Apicomplexa and Kinetoplastidae, outlining the divergence and interconnection between host and pathogen metabolism. The druggability of the SL biosynthesis is considered, alongside recent technology advances that will enable the dissection and analyses of this pathway in the parasitic protozoa. The future impact of these advances for the development of new therapeutics for both globally threatening and neglected infectious diseases is potentially profound.
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von Huth, Sebastian, Louise B. Thingholm, Poul-Erik Kofoed, Corinna Bang, Malte C. Rühlemann, Andre Franke, and Uffe Holmskov. "Intestinal protozoan infections shape fecal bacterial microbiota in children from Guinea-Bissau." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): e0009232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009232.
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Intestinal parasitic infections, caused by helminths and protozoa, are globally distributed and major causes of worldwide morbidity. The gut microbiota may modulate parasite virulence and host response upon infection. The complex interplay between parasites and the gut microbiota is poorly understood, partly due to sampling difficulties in remote areas with high parasite burden. In a large study of children in Guinea-Bissau, we found high prevalence of intestinal parasites. By sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of fecal samples stored on filter paper from a total of 1,204 children, we demonstrate that the bacterial microbiota is not significantly altered by helminth infections, whereas it is shaped by the presence of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic protozoa, including Entamoeba (E.) spp. and Giardia (G.) lamblia. Within-sample diversity remains largely unaffected, whereas overall community composition is significantly affected by infection with both nonpathogenic E. coli (R2 = 0.0131, P = 0.0001) and Endolimax nana (R2 = 0.00902, P = 0.0001), and by pathogenic E. histolytica (R2 = 0.0164, P = 0.0001) and G. lamblia (R2 = 0.00676, P = 0.0001). Infections with multiple parasite species induces more pronounced shifts in microbiota community than mild ones. A total of 31 bacterial genera across all four major bacterial phyla were differentially abundant in protozoan infection as compared to noninfected individuals, including increased abundance of Prevotella, Campylobacter and two Clostridium clades, and decreased abundance of Collinsella, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Veillonella and one Clostridium clade. In the present study, we demonstrate that the fecal bacterial microbiota is shaped by intestinal parasitic infection, with most pronounced associations for protozoan species. Our results provide insights into the interplay between the microbiota and intestinal parasites, which are valuable to understand infection biology and design further studies aimed at optimizing treatment strategies.
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Lee, Kim, Hayat, and Shin. "Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 3886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213886.
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Parasitic diseases have serious health, social, and economic impacts, especially in the tropical regions of the world. Diseases caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Globally, the burden of protozoan diseases is increasing and is been exacerbated because of a lack of effective medication due to the drug resistance and toxicity of current antiprotozoal agents. These limitations have prompted many researchers to search for new drugs against protozoan parasites. In this review, we have compiled the latest information (2012–2017) on the structures and pharmacological activities of newly developed organic compounds against five major protozoan diseases, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis, with the aim of showing recent advances in the discovery of new antiprotozoal drugs.
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Li, Lianxiang, and Sherwin S. Desser. "The protozoan parasites of fish from two lakes in Algonquin Park, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1846–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-275.
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The parasitic Protozoa of seven species of freshwater fish (the cyprinids Notropis cornutus, Notropis heterolepis, Notemigonus crysoleucas, and Semotilus atromaculatus; the percid Perca flavescens; the centrarchid Lepomis gibbosus; and the salmonid Salvelinus fontinalis) are described from Lake Sasajewun and Lake Opeongo, Algonquin Park, Ontario. The parasites include 1 species of Hexamita, 6 species of Goussia, 2 species of Eimeria, 3 species of Octosporella, 30 species of Myxosporea, and 9 species of Ciliata. Fifteen new species are described: Goussia notropicum, Goussia notemigonica, Sphaerospora diminuta, Myxobolus heterolepis, Myxobolus lepomicus, Myxobolus paralintoni, Myxobolus gibbosus, Myxobolus wellerae, Myxobolus schuberti, Myxobolus pseudokoi, Myxobolus pellicdes, Thelohanellus oviformis, Myxobilatus semotilii, Trichodina opeongoensis, and Apiosoma triangularis. The relative distribution of the parasites and their prevalence in fish from the two lakes, and the global distribution of protozoan parasites of fish are discussed.
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Kurnosova, O. P., M. V. Arisov, and I. M. Odoyevskaya. "Intestinal parasites of pets and other house-kept animals in Moscow." Helminthologia 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0007.
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SummaryA study screening pet animals (dogs, cats, chinchillas, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits, primates, reptiles, and hedgehogs) within Moscow city limits for intestinal parasitic diseases has been conducted over a period of 6 years. According to the study, parasitic infections caused by intestinal protozoa are found in pet animals more frequently than by intestinal helminths. Although dogs and cats exhibit the highest level of diversity of intestinal parasite species, in the group of exotic animals, helminth infection are found much less frequently and parasitic fauna is represented mostly by intestinal protozoa with a high percentage of mixed infection. The most widespread helminth infeсtion of dogs and cats is toxocarosis (respectively 2.5 and 5.7 %) and the most widespread protozoan infection is Giardia sp. (9.8 and 4.6 %). Giardia sp. was found in 47.4 % of chinchillas, Cryptosporidium sp. was more frequently found in ferrets (6.55 %), protozoa from the family Trichomonadida was found in guinea pigs (9 %), Eimeria sp. in rabbits (13.9 %), Acanthocephala in primates (15.7 %), and eggs from the generaOxyurida (59 %), along with protozoa from the family Trichomonadida, in reptiles. Capillaria sp. was most prevalent in hedgehogs (33.4 %). Acanthocephala eggs, as well as protozoa from the Giardia and Entamoeba genera, were more frequently found in primates. Parasites common to animals and humans, which may become a source of infection for the latter under certain conditions, have been identified in pet animals.
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Shrestha, Bidya. "INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFESTATION IN HEALTHY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF LALITPUR DISTRICT." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 41, no. 141 (January 1, 2003): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.743.
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Stool sample of 515 healthy urban and rural school children of Lalitpur district in theage group between 7-12 were collected and tested for the presence of ova and cyst ofhelminths and protozoan. A total of 81.94% of the children were found infested withparasites. Both rural and urban children exhibited similar pattern of infestation. Noassociation of the infestation with the localities is observed (X2 = 2.17). A very greatprevalence of helminths especially Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichuriacompared to protozoan was observed. Among rural and urban children, total A.lumbricoides infestation was 73.45% and 71.66% and T. trichuria infestation was27.27% and 37.91% respectively. 78.36% and 84.07% of the male, and 92.45% and73.72% of the female children from the urban and rural respectively were foundinfested with the protozoan and helminths. The infestation was not associated withparticular gender (X2 = 0.1121). The helminth parasitic infestation rate is very highcompared to protozoan parasites among the school going children, hence the parentsand the children should be made aware of the problem.Key Words: Helminths, Protozoan, Lalitpur, Children, Prevalence, Water.
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Tait, A. "Genetic exchange and evolutionary relationships in protozoan and helminth parasites." Parasitology 100, S1 (June 1990): S75—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073030.
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SummaryThe study of genetic exchange systems and the use of genetic analysis has been relatively limited in parasites leading to considerable gaps in our basic knowledge. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions as to how these systems evolved. An additional problem is also raised by the difficulties in defining evolutionary distances particularly with the unicellular protozoa, using classical ultrastructural and cytological criteria. While these difficulties have by no means been overcome, the use of rapid sequencing techniques applied to the ribosomal genes has allowed measurement of evolutionary distances, and considerable advances in our understanding of the genetic exchange systems in a few parasitic protozoa have recently been made. The conclusions from these recent sets of analyses are reviewed and then examined together in order to discuss the evolution of genetic exchange systems in parasitic protozoa. The evolutionary distances defined by ribosome sequence analysis show that parasites are an extremely divergent group, with distances which, in some cases, are orders of magnitude greater than the distances between mammals and fish; furthermore these studies suggest that the parasitic protozoa or their free-living ancestors are extremely ancient. These findings support the view that parasitism has occurred independently many times and that the parasitic life-style has been adopted by evolutionarily distinct groups. The recent observation of a non-obligatory genetic exchange system in the diploid but evolutionarily ancient kinetoplastid Trypanosoma brucei suggests that diploidy and meiosis are extremely old. The observation, in parasitic protozoa and helminths, that selfing or non-obligatory mating is a common feature suggests that these processes may be strategies to overcome the cost of meiosis. In this context, the question of what selective forces maintain genetic exchange is discussed.
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Kabita, Fatima Nahar, Md Aminul Islam Bhuiyan, Zannatun Nahar Jhinu, and Rita Parveen. "Occurrence of Protozoan Parasites of Channa Punctatus in Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 46, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v46i1.54225.
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Three species of myxozoa (Henneguya chaudhuryi, Henneguya bengalensis and Myxobolus sp.) and 3 species of ciliophora (Trichodina pediculus, Epistylis lwoffi and Apisoma piscicolum) and two actinosporean stages of myxoza were identified. Some 51.72% of total host fishes which were found infected with at least one of the above mentioned parasites with average load of 95.93±41.53 per infected host. High percentage (98.05) of C. punctatus possessed myxozoan infection and 1.95 had chiliophoran infection. The highest prevalence of parasitic infection was observed in host sample collected from Faridpur district and lowest (33.33%) in fish sample collected from Mymensingh. The association of parasitic infection of H. bengalensis and Myxobolus sp. with study areas was found statistically significant (p=0.024 and 0.049, respectively). Protozoan parasites were most abundant in gills of hosts. Shannon Diversity Index indicated that host fishes were not infested by more parasites and the parasite community was poorly diverged in all study sites. However, Simpson’s Diversity showed that, parasites community was moderately diverged in host fishes collected from Mymensingh district and in rest of the areas parasite community was poorly diverged.
Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 46(1): 13-25, June 2020
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Chaudhary, Ram Bahadur, and Mahendra Maharjan. "Parasitic infection in blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra Linnaeus, 1758) of Blackbuck Conservation Area, Bardiya and Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Kanchanpur, Western Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 5 (December 4, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v5i0.22710.
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Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is Near Threatened species which are conserved in blackbuck Conservation Area (BCA), Khairapur, Bardiya and Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (SWR), Kanchanpur district. The present study was conducted to determine the parasitic infection in blackbuck of BCA and SWR. A total of 150 and 70 fresh faecal samples of blackbuck were collected from BCA and SWR respectively and examined by floatation, sedimentation and Stoll's counting technique. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was found to be 90.00%. The protozoan and helminthic parasitic prevalence revealed 55% and 89% respectively in both the study area. Blackbuck of BCA were found to be infected with 12 different species of parasites which includes Entamoeba sp. (20%) and Eimeria sp. (45.33%) among protozoa; Paramphistomum sp. (25.33%) and Fasciola sp. (17.33%) among trematodes; Moniezia sp. (14%) among cestode; Trichostrongylus sp. (75.33%), Ascaris sp. (57.33%), Haemonchus sp. (18%), Strongyloides sp. (16%), Bunostomum sp. (12.67%), Trichuris sp. (6%) and Oxyuris sp. (4.67%) among nematodes; while blackbuck of SWR were found to be infected with 10 different parasitic genera, i.e. Entamoeba sp. (8.57%) and Eimeria sp. (51.43%) among protozoa; Paramphistomum sp. (38.57%), Fasciola sp. (21.43%) and Schistosoma sp. (7.14%) among trematodes; Trichostrongylus sp. (55.71%), Ascaris sp. (38.57%), Haemonchus sp. (14.28%), Strongyloides sp. (12.86%) and Bunostomum sp. (2.86%) among nematodes. The present findings provide some baseline information on the parasitic burden in Blackbuck and help to formulate appropriate strategies to mitigate the endoparasitic problem of blackbuck in SWR and BCA.
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Bosurgi, Lidia, and Carla V. Rothlin. "Management of cell death in parasitic infections." Seminars in Immunopathology 43, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-021-00875-8.
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AbstractFor a long time, host cell death during parasitic infection has been considered a reflection of tissue damage, and often associated with disease pathogenesis. However, during their evolution, protozoan and helminth parasites have developed strategies to interfere with cell death so as to spread and survive in the infected host, thereby ascribing a more intriguing role to infection-associated cell death. In this review, we examine the mechanisms used by intracellular and extracellular parasites to respectively inhibit or trigger programmed cell death. We further dissect the role of the prototypical “eat-me signal” phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) which, by being exposed on the cell surface of damaged host cells as well as on some viable parasites via a process of apoptotic mimicry, leads to their recognition and up-take by the neighboring phagocytes. Although barely dissected so far, the engagement of different PtdSer receptors on macrophages, by shaping the host immune response, affects the overall infection outcome in models of both protozoan and helminth infections. In this scenario, further understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of the PtdSer exposing cell-macrophage interaction might allow the identification of new therapeutic targets for the management of parasitic infection.
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Ghimire, Gyanendra, Dipendra Pandeya, Binita Adhikari, and Manoj Pradhan. "Intestinal Parasitic Infections among School Children." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 13, no. 1 (July 19, 2015): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12994.
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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are endemic worldwide and constitute a major public health problem and considered as ‘cancers of developing countries. Nepal is small improvised country where 70.0% of morbidity and mortality are associated with infectious diseases. Giardiasis, ascariasis, amoebiasis, ancyclostomiasis and taeniasis are common intestinal parasitic infections in Nepal. Thus, in this paper we report the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school going children of Eastern part of Nepal. Mathods: A total of 300 stool samples were collected from school children of Eastern part of Nepal in random basis. An informed consent was taken from both students and school teachers. The samples were examined for the presence of parasites both macroscopically and microscopically. Standard parasitological examination methods were followed. Results: Out of total 300 school going children included in the study, 195 were male and 105 were female. A total of 97 (29.1%) were positive for one or more parasites. Out of total parasites detected, 35 (36.1%) were protozoan, 39 (40.2%) were helminthes and 23(23.7%) were mixed type. Giardia intestinalis 30 (30.9%) and Hookworm 18 (18.6%) were the commonest protozoan and helminthes respectively. The other parasites detected were A. lumbricoides 15(15.5%), H. nana 6 (6.2%) and Entamoeba histolytica 5(5.2%). Multiple parasitism was detected in 23(23.7%) children. Conclusion: The incidence of intestinal parasite infection was 29%. The commonest infestation was Helminthe. Regular deworming program in association to other preventive measures may help reduce the prevalence.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12994
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Wong, Alexander Kin-Choi. "Molecular genetics of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 73, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1995): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o95-028.
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Leishmania is a member of the family Trypanosomatidae, which causes debilitating diseases in humans. Over the past several years, researchers have applied molecular genetic techniques to study extensively the biology of this parasitic protozoan. Many aspects of Leishmania biology are found to be unique when compared with the higher eukaryotes. This minireview highlights some recent developments in the molecular genetic analysis of this fascinating organism.Key words: Leishmania, protozoan, molecular genetics, disease.
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Dudlová, A., P. Juriš, S. Jurišová, P. Jarčuška, and V. Krčméry. "Epidemiology and geographical distribution of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in humans in Slovakia." Helminthologia 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2016-0035.
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Summary Examinations of the set of 2,760 samples of human stools revealed the current epidemiological situation in the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitoses in Slovakia. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection was P = 6.81 % out of which the protozoan infections was P = 2.64 % and helminthiases P = 4.17 %, in the representation of endoparasitic species Entamoeba coli, Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis. The species with the highest proportion from the protozoa was Entamoeba coli (P = 0.79 %) and from the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides (P = 3.73 %). The highest prevalence of protozoan infections (P = 3.27 %) was found in the age group 8 – 18 yearly and helminthic infections (P = 5.84 %) in the lowest age group of children at the age of 1 month to 7 years. Almost regularly, there was most frequently infection with Endolimax nana, Giardia intestinalis and Ascaris lumbricoides. By comparison of all age categories, a high statistical significance of differences in the prevalence of helminthiases was found, which most frequently infected children aged from 1 month to 7 years (X2, p≤ 0.0001). The statistical significance of differences in the incidence of protozoan infections (X2, p≤ 0.01) and helminthiases (X2, p≤ 0.0001) was recorded between the compared regions of Slovakia (Western, Central and Eastern Slovakia) with the highest prevalence in the eastern region of Slovakia.
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Roberts, Craig W., William Walker, and James Alexander. "Sex-Associated Hormones and Immunity to Protozoan Parasites." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.3.476-488.2001.
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SUMMARY Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have noted differences in the incidence and severity of parasitic diseases between males and females. Although in some instances this may be due to gender-associated differences in behavior, there is overwhelming evidence that sex-associated hormones can also modulate immune responses and consequently directly influence the outcome of parasitic infection. Animal models of disease can often recreate the gender-dependent differences observed in humans, and the role of sex-associated hormones can be confirmed by experimentally altering their levels. Under normal circumstances, levels of sex hormones not only differ between males and females but vary according to age. Furthermore, not only are females of reproductive age subject to the regular hormonal cycles which control ovulation, they are also exposed to dramatically altered levels during pregnancy. It is thus not surprising that the severity of many diseases, including those caused by parasites, has been shown to be affected by one or more of these circumstances. In addition, infection with many pathogens has been shown to have an adverse influence on pregnancy. In this article we review the impact of sex-associated hormones on the immune system and the development and maintenance of immunity to the intracellular protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., and Leishmania spp.
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Kling, Jessica C., and Heinrich Körner. "Different regulatory mechanisms in protozoan parasitic infections." International Journal for Parasitology 43, no. 6 (May 2013): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.02.001.
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Andrews, Katherine T., Gillian Fisher, and Tina S. Skinner-Adams. "Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases." International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 4, no. 2 (August 2014): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002.
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Maroulis, Sarah L., Philip J. Schofield, and Michael R. Edwards. "Osmoregulation in the Parasitic Protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 8 (August 2003): 4527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.8.4527-4533.2003.
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ABSTRACT Tritrichomonas foetus was shown to undergo a regulatory volume increase (RVI) when it was subjected to hyperosmotic challenge, but there was no regulatory volume decrease after hypoosmotic challenge, as determined by using both light-scattering methods and measurement of intracellular water space to monitor cell volume. An investigation of T. foetus intracellular amino acids revealed a pool size (65 mM) that was similar to that of Trichomonas vaginalis but was considerably smaller than those of Giardia intestinalis and Crithidia luciliae. Changes in amino acid concentrations in response to hyperosmotic challenge were found to account for only 18% of the T. foetus RVI. The T. foetus intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations were determined to be 35 and 119 mM, respectively. The intracellular K+ concentration was found to increase considerably during exposure to hyperosmotic stress, and, assuming that there was a monovalent accompanying anion, this increase was estimated to account for 87% of the RVI. By using light scattering it was determined that the T. foetus RVI was enhanced by elevated external K+ concentrations and was inhibited when K+ and/or Cl− was absent from the medium. The results suggested that the well-documented Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransport system was responsible for the K+ influx activated during the RVI. However, inhibitors of Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransport in other systems, such as quinine, ouabain, furosemide, and bumetanide, had no effect on the RVI or K+ influx in T. foetus.
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Kot, Karolina, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Michał Ptak, Aleksandra Łanocha, Elżbieta Kalisińska, and Danuta Kosik-Bogacka. "Pathomechanisms in the Kidneys in Selected Protozoan Parasitic Infections." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 4209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084209.
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Leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and acanthamoebiasis are protozoan parasitic infections. They remain important contributors to the development of kidney disease, which is associated with increased patients’ morbidity and mortality. Kidney injury mechanisms are not fully understood in protozoan parasitic diseases, bringing major difficulties to specific therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to present the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in kidneys infected with Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Acanthamoeba spp. We present available mechanisms of an immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis process, hypoxia, biomarkers of renal injury in the serum or urine, and the histopathological changes of kidneys infected with the selected parasites. Pathomechanisms of Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium spp. infections have been deeply investigated, while Toxoplasma gondii and Acanthamoeba spp. infections in the kidneys are not well known yet. Deeper knowledge of kidney involvement in leishmaniasis and malaria by presenting their mechanisms provides insight into how to create novel and effective treatments. Additionally, the presented work shows gaps in the pathophysiology of renal toxoplasmosis and acanthamoebiasis, which need further research.
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QUEIROGA, FERNANDO RAMOS, ROGÉRIO TUBINO VIANNA, CAIRÉ BARRETO VIEIRA, NATANAEL DANTAS FARIAS, and PATRICIA MIRELLA DA SILVA. "Parasites infecting the cultured oyster Crassostrea gasar (Adanson, 1757) in Northeast Brazil." Parasitology 142, no. 6 (January 2, 2015): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001863.
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SUMMARYThe oyster Crassostrea gasar is a species widely used as food and a source of income for the local population of the estuaries of Northeast Brazil. Perkinsus marinus and Perkinsus olseni are deleterious parasites for oyster farming and were recently detected in Brazil. In this study, a histopathologic survey of the oyster C. gasar cultured in the estuary of the River Mamanguape (Paraíba State) was performed. Adult oysters were collected in December 2011 and March, May, August and October 2012 and processed for histology and Perkinsus sp. identification by molecular analyses. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of parasitic organisms including viral gametocytic hypertrophy, prokaryote-like colonies, protozoans (Perkinsus sp. and Nematopsis sp.) and metazoans (Tylocephalum sp. and cestodes). Other commensal organisms were also detected (the protozoan Ancistrocoma sp. and the turbellarian Urastoma sp.). The protozoan parasite Perkinsus sp. had the highest overall prevalence among the symbiotic organisms studied (48·9%), followed by Nematopsis sp. (36·3%). The other organisms were only sporadically observed. Only the protozoan Perkinsus sp. caused alterations in the oysters’ infected organs. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of P. marinus, P. olseni and Perkinsus beihaiensis infecting the oyster C. gasar. This is the first report of P. beihaiensis in this oyster species.
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Berrouch, Salma, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Yassine Amraouza, Pierre Flori, Dominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, and Jamaleddine Hafid. "Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii detection in fresh vegetables consumed in Marrakech, Morocco." African Health Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 1669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i4.19.
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Background: Protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium spp., can be transmitted to humans via accidental consumption of contaminated water, fresh produce and foodstuffs. There is a lack of epidemiological data about these pathogens in Morocco. Hence the aim of this study, which is the determination of their prevalence in some leafy greens and root vegetables sold in Marrakech.
Methods: A total of 132 vegetable samples including carrot, coriander, lettuce, parsley and radish were purchased monthly from three different markets in Marrakech from March 2017 to January 2018, pre-treated and subjected to microscopic and molecular analyses.
Results: Of the 132 samples of vegetables analyzed by qPCR, the overall rate of protozoan was 21.21% (28/132); 22 samples were found to be contaminated with T. gondii, 6 with G. duodenalis, and none was positive for C. parvum/hominis. Whereas, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining allowed the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in 3% (4/132) of examined samples.
Conclusion: This survey on the presence of protozoan parasites in fresh vegetables revealed that vegetables sold in Marrakech are contaminated by these protozoan parasites, as it showed that leafy green vegetables were more susceptible for parasitic contamination than root ones.
Keywords: Fresh vegetables; protozoan parasites; Marrakech; qPCR.
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Lander, Rebecca L., Alastair G. Lander, Lisa Houghton, Sheila M. Williams, Hugo Costa-Ribeiro, Daniel L. Barreto, Angela P. Mattos, and Rosalind S. Gibson. "Factors influencing growth and intestinal parasitic infections in preschoolers attending philanthropic daycare centers in Salvador, Northeast Region of Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 11 (November 2012): 2177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012001100017.
Full textAbstract:
Poor growth and intestinal parasitic infections are widespread in disadvantaged urban children. This cross-sectional study assessed factors influencing poor growth and intestinal parasites in 376 children aged three to six years in daycare centers in Salvador, in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Data was obtained from seven daycare centers on child weight, height, socio-economic status, health and intestinal parasites in stool samples. Prevalence of moderate underweight (< -1SD > -2SD), wasting and stunting was 12%, 16% and 6% respectively. Socioeconomic status, birth order, and maternal weight were predictors of poor anthropometric status. Almost 30% of children were infected with more than one intestinal parasite. Helminths (17.8%), notably Trichuris trichiura (12%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (10.5%), and protozoan Giardia duodenalis (13%) were the most common types of parasites detected. One percent of children had hookworm and Cryptosporidium sp. and 25% had non-pathogenic protozoan cysts. Boys from families with very low socio-economic status had lower linear growth and presented a greater risk of helminth infection. Deworming is considered an alternative for reducing the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in this age group.
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Monte, Gersonval L. S., Daniel G. Cavalcante, and Jefferson B. S. Oliveira. "Parasitic profiling of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) on two farms with conventional production system in the Amazon region." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 5 (May 2018): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5274.
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ABSTRACT: The health monitoring and management systems of coturniculture can be deemed to be in a developmental phase when compared to the poultry industry. Studies regarding taxonomy and parasitic biology in quails (Coturnix japonica) has not been well conducted in Brazil. Most of the information is available from the autopsy case reports, in many ways the parasitic fauna of quails is still unknown. The aim of this study was to conduct a parasitological research in quails in order to contribute to ameliorate this situation. 31 quails, which were 12 months old, were used for the study. Their carcasses and viscera were sent to the Laboratory of Entomology and Tropical Diseases, INPA, Manaus/AM. The circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems of these were studied separately. No blood parasites were found, however, nine species of endoparasites were registered which were distributed among the classes Cestoda, Nematoda and Protozoa. The helminths were distributed in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and oviduct. The cecum was found to be the most parasitized organ and contained a wide range of parasites having three species of protozoa and three species of nematodes. Six morphotypes of Eutrichomastix globosus were recorded, and some morphotypes were hyperparasitized with sporangia Sphaerita sp. in the cytoplasm. A large number of parasites were recorded in this study, as well as the protozoan Blastocystis hominis was first being observed for quail.
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Ouaissi, Ali. "Regulatory Cells and Immunosuppressive Cytokines: Parasite-Derived Factors Induce Immune Polarization." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2007 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/94971.
Full textAbstract:
Parasitic infections are prevalent in both tropical and subtropical areas. Most of the affected and/or exposed populations are living in developing countries where control measures are lacking or inadequately applied. Although significant progress has been made in our understanding of the immune response to parasites, no definitive step has yet been successfully done in terms of operational vaccines against parasitic diseases. Evidence accumulated during the past few years suggests that the pathology observed during parasitic infections is in part due to deregulation of normal components of the immune system, mainly cytokines, antibodies, and immune effector cell populations. A large number of studies that illustrate how parasites can modify the host immune system for their own benefit have been reported in both metazoan and protozoan parasites. The first line of defense against foreign organisms is barrier tissue such as skin, humoral factors, for instance the complement system and pentraxin, which upon activation of the complement cascade facilitate pathogen recognition by cells of innate immunity such as macrophages and DC. However, all the major groups of parasites studied have been shown to contain and/or to release factors, which interfere with both arms of the host immune system. Even some astonishing observations relate to the production by some parasites of orthologues of mammalian cytokines. Furthermore, chronic parasitic infections have led to the immunosuppressive environment that correlates with increased levels of myeloid and T suppressor cells that may limit the success of immunotherapeutic strategies based on vaccination. This minireview briefly analyzes some of the current data related to the regulatory cells and molecules derived from parasites that affect cellular function and contribute to the polarization of the immune response of the host. Special attention is given to some of the data from our laboratory illustrating the role of immunomodulatory factors released by protozoan parasites, in the induction and perpetuation of chronic disease.
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Schou, Chad, Maria Filippova, Annalisa Quattrocchi, and Panagiotis Karanis. "The Current Status of Protozoan Parasitic Diseases in Cyprus: A Narrative Literature Review." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002061.
Full textAbstract:
Infections caused by parasites affect millions of people around the world and cause human death worldwide. Most of the protozoan exists as free-living species in different aquatic environments as well as some of the species living in association with host organisms and can infect the host. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the available information concerning infectious parasitic diseases in Cyprus. Data on protozoan parasitic infections/carriage prevalence in Cyprus is limited, possibly due to the unknown levels of pathogens contamination in the water supplies and in the ecosystem, which could relate to tourism on the island—a major pillar in the Cypriot economy. Tourists and immigrants represent a melting pot of many human activities that brings many people from all over the world together and potentially serves as a source for contamination that can cause endemic infectious diseases on the island.
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Wakid, Majed H. "Fecal Occult Blood Test and Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection." Journal of Parasitology Research 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/434801.
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Stool specimens of 1238 workers in western region of Saudi Arabia were examined for infection with intestinal parasites and for fecal occult blood (FOB) to investigate the possibility that enteroparasites correlate to occult intestinal bleeding. Direct smears and formal ether techniques were used for detection of diagnostic stages of intestinal parasites. A commercially available guaiac test was used to detect fecal occult blood. 47.01% of the workers were infected with intestinal parasites including eight helminthes species and eight protozoan species. The results provided no significant evidence (P-value=0.143) that intestinal parasitic infection is in association with positive guaiac FOB test.
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TIAN, Hai-Feng, and Jian-Fan WEN. "Diversity of Parasitic Protozoan Mitochondria and Adaptive Evolution." Zoological Research 31, no. 1 (May 5, 2010): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01035.
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