Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parasitisme'
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Poirotte, Clémence. "Stratégies d’évitement parasitaire chez une population de primates sociaux en milieu naturel." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT166.
Full textParasite-mediated selection has driven the emergence of complex hosts’ defense mechanisms to limit the spread of parasites. In addition to their physiological immune system, animals have developed a “behavioral immune system” comprising a sophisticated set of parasite avoidance strategies that represents a first line of defense to decrease parasite encounter rates. However, behavioral adaptations to the threat of parasites have been poorly investigated in wild populations of mammals. In an attempt to fill this gap, during my PhD, I studied parasite avoidance strategies in a wild group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate inhabiting dense equatorial rainforests of Africa and facing intensive parasite pressures in its natural habitat. In particular, I investigated the different behavioral strategies of defense that evolved to decrease contamination risk by two different classes of gastro-intestinal parasites exhibiting contrasted life-history traits and modes of transmission: environmentally transmitted nematodes and socially transmitted protozoa. Based on long-term observations, controlled experiments and chemical analyses, my studies document two distinct behavioral strategies emphasizing the close relationship between parasites’ ecology and hosts’ behavioral responses. On the one hand, mandrills exhibit fecal avoidance behavior when foraging and also avoid ranging in habitats previously contaminated with fecal nematodes released during the previous visit. On the other hand, mandrills avoid grooming social partners highly parasitized with fecal protozoa, particularly around the peri-anal area. This behavioral strategy appears to be operational because parasitized individuals harbor infectious protozoan cysts on their body, concentrated on the peri-anal region, and individual’s protozoan richness increases when grooming highly parasitized conspecifics. We further found that avoidance of parasitized individuals is guided by an olfactory mechanism, as protozoa influence the host’s fecal odor and mandrills discriminate and selectively avoid olfactory cues from individuals parasitized with protozoa. Such parasite-induced behavioral plasticity could be one of the major mechanisms allowing social species to cope with the increased risk of parasitism associated with group-living. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolutionary consequences of parasite-mediated selection on several socioecological characteristics of animals, including space use and social behavior
Finel, Marie-Laure. "Le parasitisme en droit français." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010254.
Full textThe parasitism that consists for a third in tacking advantage of other efforts in the differents sectors of economy and industry, seems to be nowadays frequently denounced under most subtil way. This notion that was highlited thirty years ago by mr yves saint-gal did not stop evoluing in france and abroad, facing the worsening parasite behavior. The parasitism theory, whose application field has been widened recognized by the doctrine and even sometimes by the legislator seems to be progressively accepte by the judges. However the uncertainly has to the terminology to be used (concurrency of parasit act or parasitism. . . ) often creates confusion with other notions such as unfair concurrency and even sometimes infringement. Nevertheless, even if there one still some differences in the terminology, it seems fundamental to determine the funding of the story and therefor the useable repression. What repression system seems to be the most officient, the fastest, and most of all the one that willtgive the greatest compensation to the victim of a parasit? the juridical system bases on the pre-contractuel responsability? or commercial arbitration? in spite of the very attracting forms of these differents juridics systems, it seemed more convenient to base the parasitism repression on the civil responsability system (art 1382 civil code) and to suggest a couple of necessary new options in order quick, sure and dissuasive punishment
Louradour, Isabelle. "Réponse au parasitisme par des guêpes chez la drosophile : rôle de la voie de signalisation Toll/NFkB." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30256/document.
Full textIn all organisms, the immune response is divided into two parts: the humoral response, which consists of producing a large number of molecules to combat the pathogen, and the cellular response, which relies on immune cells produced during hematopoiesis. In adult mammals, hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where a particular microenvironment called the "hematopoietic niche" controls self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs), which give rise to all blood cell types. Following a pathogenic infection, the hematopoietic system's homeostasis is modified in order to obtain an adapted cellular immune response. The role that the hematopoietic niche plays during an immune response remains unclear. Drosophila is used as a model system to study in vivo hematopoiesis and the immune response. In drosophila, hematopoiesis occurs at the larval stage in a specialized organ called the Lymph Gland (LG). Within this organ, a small group of cells termed the Posterior Signalling Center (PSC), controls the balance between hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated immune/blood cells, a role similar to the mammalian hematopoietic niche. Following an immune challenge, especially in response to wasp parasitism, a massive differentiation of specific immune cells called lamellocytes occurs in the LG. The LG subsequently disperses to release lamellocytes into the hemolymph. During parasitism, the wasp lays an egg in the drosophila larva. In the absence of a cellular immune response, the wasp egg will develop and kill its host. By forming a capsule around the wasp egg, lamellocytes impede the pathogen's development and permit the host's survival. During my PhD, I studied the drosophila larva cellular immune response to wasp parasitism. I focused my research on the role of the "hematopoietic niche". I therefore initiated a transcriptomic study, in order to identify genes expressed by the PSC in response to parasitism. In parallel, I characterized the role of the Toll/NF?B signalling pathway in the LG during parasitism. The Toll/NF?B pathway plays a key role in the humoral response both in drosophila and mammals; however its role in the cellular immune response remains unknown. My results indicate that the Toll/NF?B pathway is activated in the PSC following parasitism. Its activation is mediated by the NF?B transcription factor " Dorsal-related Immunity Factor " (Dif), which is required in the PSC for rapid lamellocyte production and LG dispersion. Furthermore, I established the existence of a genetic network comprising the Toll/NFkB and EGFR signalling pathways and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), in order to control the immune response to parasitism. An increase in ROS levels in the PSC and EGFR pathway activation in the immune cells, have been described as required for wasp egg encapsulation. My data suggest that the ROS and the EGFR pathway are also required for LG dispersion following wasp parasitism, in PSC cells and in hematopoietic progenitors, respectively. Based on the high conservation of signalling pathways and molecular processes controlling hematopoiesis, my results raise the question of whether such a network is conserved in the mammalian hematopoietic niche in response to pathogenic infections
Alkhuder, Khaled. "Mécanismes moléculaires de parasitisme intracellulaire de Francisella tularensis." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T027.
Full textFrancisella tularensis is the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. The aim of this thesis is to study the relationship between nutrients acquisition and intracellular survival of F. Tularensis. For this purpose, we generated libraries of F. Tularensis LVS mutants which were screened by two methods. The in vitro negative selection method enabled us to identify a gene encoding a y-glutamyl transpeptidase (GOT), which revealed to be involved in the metabolism of glutathione and y-glutamyl cysteine. GOT plays a key role in the intracellular nutrition of F. Tularensis enabling this bacterium to use the intracellular glutathione as a source of cysteine. Screening of mutant libraries on chemically defined medium enabled us to identify a gene having a role in the potassium uptake. Inactivation of this gene has no effect on the intracellular replication of LVS in vitro. However, it impairs significantly the virulence of this bacterium and the dissemination of the infection in the mouse model
Gaillard, Jean-Louis. "Bases moleculaires du parasitisme intracellulaire de listeria monocytogenes." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077168.
Full textGomis, Nicole. "A propos de quelques conséquences nutritionnelles du parasitisme intestinal." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P009.
Full textElouard, Claire. "Contribution a l'etude du parasitisme fongique des dipterocarpaceae indonesiennes." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30041.
Full textSimard, Alice-Anne. "Parasitisme chez le caribou migrateur : une étude quasi-circumpolaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26248.
Full textComparative studies across time and geographical regions are useful to improve our understanding of the health of wildlife populations. Our goal was to study parasitism in migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) of North America and Greenland. A total of 1507 caribou were sampled across twelve herds to assess seven of their main macroparasites. Intensity of Hypoderma tarandi increased with age for males while the opposite was observed in females. Prevalence of Fascioloides magna, Taenia hydatigena, and Cephenemyia trompe was higher in adults than in calves. Prevalence and intensity of F. magna and prevalence of T. hydatigena were higher at high caribou herd sizes than at low herd sizes. Our research provides the first comparative survey of these helminth and arthropod parasites of caribou across a broad spatial-temporal range.
Gauthier, Nathalie. "Étude d'un ectoparasitoïde solitaire Dinarmus basalis Rond (Hym. Pteromalidae) en situation de compétition intra- et interspécifique : activité reproductrice et réponses comportementales." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR4014.
Full textJacquin, Lisa. "Coloration mélanique et stratégies d'histoire de vie chez le pigeon biset urbain." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066320.
Full textJégo, Maël. "Condition physique, immunocompétence et parasitisme dans des populations naturelles de chevreuils (Capreolus capreolus)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10237/document.
Full textEcoimmunology focuses on an integrative approach of host-pathogens interactions from the molecular mechanics of immune responses to the role of immunity in shaping the evolution of life history traits. Here, we proposed to study the variation of immunocompetence in two natural contrasted populations of roe deer. However, available methods to characterize immune system in wild populations are still limited. Consequently, in this context, the goals of this work were i) to identify methods to investigate the roe deer immune system and to adapt these methods developed for other species to roe deer, ii) to study the relationships between potential drivers of immunocomptence, including body condition and parasitism, and iii) to study variation of immunocompetence with body condition on one hand, and in the context of sexual selection, with secondary sexual characters on the other hand. We measured simultaneously several components of immunity including descriptive measures, as numeration of leucocytes subsets, and functional measures with hemagglutination-hemolysis, lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens stimulation or phagocytosis. We found a negative correlation between body condition and parasitism and senescence patterns in haematological and biochemical parameters. Moreover, we showed variations of immunocompetence with body condition and secondary sexual characters. This work corroborates some hypotheses of evolutionary biology
Prosnier, Loïc. "Implications écologiques et évolutives du parasitisme sur les structures trophiques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS273.
Full textFor some years, parasites are known as a key component to understand ecosystem structures and dynamics. However, real implication remains poorly know. In this thesis, we are studying eco-evolutionary implications of parasitism on a trophic module. We differentiate virulence and interaction effects. First are reduction of fecundity and intrinsic survival, second are modifications of trophic interactions. We considered, in an ecological model, infection of a prey, then infection of a predator. Our model shows that parasite favors coexistence through modulation of direct and apparent competition. Effects act antagonistically on stability when predator is infected. Then we experimentally show that DIV-1, a virus of Daphnia magna have a high virulent effect, but a low interaction effect depending of the predator. Experiences also highlight that parasite may increase host profitability. When model includes adaptive foraging, using adaptive dynamics, interaction and virulent effects have antagonistic consequences on predator diet. Predator consumes more host if parasite has interaction effect, but more of the alternative prey if parasite has virulent effect. These modifications favor system coexistence, especially by avoiding predator-parasite competition. Changes at module scale suggest, at higher scales, that parasite should affect greatly food web structure
Arsenieff, Laure. "Parasitisme et contrôle des blooms de diatomées en Manche occidentale." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS399.
Full textDiatoms are one of the most successful phytoplankton groups. They can form considerable seasonal blooms with important biogeochemical implications, especially with respect to carbon export. To date, the role of parasites in the regulation of diatom blooms remains elusive. The main objective of this thesis was to identify the parasites associated to dominant diatom species in the Western English Channel to better understand how parasitism regulates diatom blooms. The first part of the project aimed to identify parasitic network that controls the diatom Guinardia, a major component of microphytoplankton communities in coastal systems of the North Atlantic. Intensive isolation of Guinardia species and associated parasites into laboratory culture was carried out between August 2015 and October 2016 from the SOMLIT-Astan long- term monitoring station. Characterization of these isolates revealed an unsuspected diversity of parasites that infect Guinardia delicatula, with at least three types of parasites belonging to distinct lineages: viruses (Picornavirales, Bacillarnavirus), a eukaryotic parasite (Labyrinthulomycetes, Aplanochytrium sp.) and algicidal bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Kordia sp.). These pathogens have never previously been described in association with Guinardia and therefore add to the list of known parasites reported for this host species. The parasites isolated from SOMLIT-Astan displayed different infection strategies, suggesting complex interplays in nature. In the second part of this thesis, the study was extended to nanoplanktonic diatoms that belong to the genera Minidiscus and Thalassiosira. These minute microalgae are widespread in the global ocean, but their seasonal dynamics are quasi-unexplored. Using a combination of microscope observations and molecular tools, we showed that these nanodiatoms numerically dominated the phytoplankton community at the SOMLIT-Astan station and that they have contrasted seasonal patterns. The large set of 82 parasites, including 27 viruses, isolated from these two genera throughout the sampling period highlights, for the first time, the key role of biotic interactions in the regulation of nanodiatom dynamics. This Ph.D. project has revealed significant novel diversity of pathogens of diatoms in the Western English Channel. The relative contribution of these parasites to regulation of diatom populations and their resulting biogeochemical and evolutionary implications remain to be investigated
Borezée, Elise. "Nouveaux genes impliques dans le parasitisme intracellulaire de listeria monocytogenes." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05N120.
Full textGrosclaude, Forestier Jeanne-Marie. "Amines biogenes : influence de stress et du parasitisme sur leur metabolisme." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA114838.
Full textRichard, Simone. "Parasitisme helminthique des caprins : sensibilité comparée des races alpine et saanen." Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR4012.
Full textROUAULT, JACQUES. "Competition et parasitisme chez drosophila. Analyse statistique de tres petits echantillons." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112064.
Full textRichard, Simone. "Parasitisme helmintique des caprins sensibilité comparée des races alpines et saanen /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618088r.
Full textBenchaboune, Mustapha. "Le parasitisme intestinal dans la région stéphanoise de 1984 à 1988." Saint-Etienne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STET6233.
Full textLegendre, Héloïse. "Approche agro-écologique de la gestion du parasitisme en élevage : application en système cunicole biologique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0101.
Full textThe study of the interactions between grazing systems, health and growth in organic rabbit farming (ORF) will contribute to propose new practices including integrated management of health. However, this strategy is limited by the lack of references on ORF and in particular on rabbit intake of green fodder when grazing, nutritional qualities of forages for rabbits, the supply of grass in relation with animal’s density (stocking rate), the related parasitic challenge, etc. The acquisition of such references is a key issue for the development of ORF. The use of plants rich in condensed tannins (CTs), such as sainfoin, could reduce the use of antiparasitic agents, as shown in small ruminants, both for the management of nematodes and for coccidia. However, the potential for CTs containing resources in rabbits, as well as the intake levels and the effects on growth performances, remain to be explored in both OF and conventional rabbit breeding. The aim of this thesis was (i) to investigate the interest of sainfoin as a resource for rabbit feeding and its antiparasitic properties, (ii) to define the intake level in grazing rabbit and the consequences on production and (iii) to evaluate the parasitic risk associated with pasture for rabbits’ production. We have shown that a sainfoin-enriched diet distributed from weaning, with a feed containing 1.8% of tannic acid equivalent, did not reduce neither the establishment of Trichostrongylus colubriformis L3s, nor the fertility of adult worms. In contrast, the development of nematode’s egg to infective larvae was compromised and may reduce the risk of environmental contamination. Besides, a sainfoin-enriched diet containing 1.2% tannic acid equivalent, distributed to does and growing rabbits, had a coccidiostatic effect. With an overall fecal oocyst excretion in rabbits fed with sainfoin reduced by 60% compared to control diet. Although, the pathogenic species Eimeria magna was not concerned by these decrease, such a general reduction in oocyst excretion in the environment could help to reduce on long term the risk of coccidiosis in the rearing units. Sainfoin could constitute a real alternative to dehydrated alfalfa, since it has high digestible energy (DE, 11.12 MJ DE/kg), and protein (110 g/kg), and provide a high supply of lignins. At grazing, when the herbage allowance exceeded 85 g DM/kg0,75, it appeared that the herbage intake was limited by an increase in the DE content when it exceeds 9 MJ / kg, or else by a lignocellulose content higher than 350 g of ADF/kg. However, herbage allowance, rarely exceeds 85 g DM/kg0,75. In other words, in the majority of cases access to a 0.4 m² grazing area did not allow sufficient supply to reach the intake capacity and energy requirements of the rabbits. In addition, rabbits with limited supply cannot express their dietary preference to young and high protein plants. Limiting the intake of proteins also reduced the growth potential of rabbits and extended the fattening period. During the first three grazing seasons (University of Perpignan), the parasitic pressure (nematodes and coccidia) increased, particularly with cases of Trichostrongylus sp. and Graphidium strigosum. While rotation rhythms had no visible effects on nematode infestation, it had an influence on coccidian infection. This work enabled us to establish the advantage of sainfoin enriched diet for the rabbit. It gives prospects to further research projects regarding the establishment of beneficial and innovative practices for organic and conventional rabbit breeding
Portanier, Elodie. "Parasitisme et structuration génétique et spatiale : exemple chez le mouflon méditerranéen, Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG038/document.
Full textUsing as a case study the Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.), we aimed at better understanding how are linked genetic diversity, individual behaviour, gene flows and parasitic dynamic. Using population and landscape genetics approaches, we showed that the spatial genetic structure of the studied population was determined by its introduction history, its socio-spatial structure and the landscape in which it evolves. Given the impact of these elements on mouflon gene flow, we expected them to also determine parasite transmission in the population. Our results nevertheless evidenced that parasite are better dispersed than mouflon genes. Finally, we showed that host resistance to parasites depends on neutral and adaptive genetic diversity, and more specifically on heterozygosity at a immunity-linked locus. Our results precisely describe genetic variability spatial distribution and its link with sanitary risks in the studied population, bringing crucial information for wild sheep population management and conservation in the current context of global changes and disease reemergence
Ferrer, Suay Mar. "Charipinae Worldwide Revision with special attention to Alloxysta and Phaenoglyphis genera (Hym.: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145637.
Full textLos miembros de la subfamilia Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) son parasitoides secundarios de pulgones via Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) y Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) y parasitoides secundarios de psílidos via Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Los charipinos afectan a la efectividad de los parasitoides primarios disminuyendo su abundancia y modificando su comportamiento. Como resultado, las poblaciones de pulgones aumentan y pueden ocasionar importantes pérdidas en cultivos. Por lo tanto, los estudios basados en la subfamilia Charipinae tienen una importancia económica y biológica. Esta subfamilia estaba hasta ahora en un estado caótico con un conocimiento filogenético nulo, con muchas especies descritas en el último siglo y medio pero sin ninguna revisión profunda de las mismas, ni ningún estudio sobre las relaciones internas de sus géneros. De los 35 artículos que se han elaborado durante esta Tesis, doce han sido seleccionados para ilustrar el logro de los objetivos propuestos. Los primeros tres artículos muestran cómo se han realizado las revisiones taxonómicas para establecer el correcto estado taxonómico de todas las especies, los dos siguientes explican cómo hemos actuado para resolver algunos problemas taxonómicos, otro artículo se centra en la importancia de las revisiones del material depositado en diferentes instituciones, cinco artículos muestran las revisiones faunísticas hechas en las diferentes regiones geográficas con el establecimiento de numerosos nuevos registros así como la descripción de nuevas especies, y por último hemos incluido un ejemplo de los trabajos donde no solo se estudia la biodiversidad de una zona sino también obtenemos nueva información sobre las relaciones tróficas de los charipinos. También incluimos un apartado con todas las nuevas especies que se encuentran todavía en revisión y que van a ser incluidas en el nuevo catálogo actualizado y en las claves mundiales. Toda la información recopilada estará pronto disponible en la página web que hemos creado de uso abierto para la comunidad con el objetivo de maximizar la difusión de nuestros resultados y de autores precedentes. Con esta Tesis podemos considerar que la taxonomía de los Charipinae está resuelta y nos encontramos en posición de embarcarnos en el estudio de esta subfamilia desde otros puntos de vista (molecular y ecológico).
Bollache, Loïc. "Sélection sexuelle, parasitisme et patterns d'appariement chez le crustacé amphipode Gammarus pulex." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10206.
Full textPuel, Françoise. "Étude de l'algue incolore Protothéca Wickerhamii : structure, fonctionnement et analyse du parasitisme." Paris 12, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA120017.
Full textRobert, Magali. "Le parasitisme de ponte chez les oiseaux : origine et evolution hotes-parasites." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066414.
Full textSevila, Julie. "Relation entre comportement spatial et parasitisme chez le chevreuil en milieu anthropisé." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30006/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the relationships between spatial behaviour and parasitism in the context of increasing interactions between wildlife and domestic animals. We hypothesise that the cohabitation of roe deer with domestic fauna increases its exposure and infestation to parasites, which modify in return the behaviour of roe deer. Our results show that (i) the cohabitation of roe deer with human activities increases its exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and its infestation by gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN), but not its exposures to Chlamydia abortus, which suggest a possible wild cycle of transmission for this last parasite ; and (ii) roe deer infested by GIN disperse less and later. This work contributes to a better understanding of the circulation of parasites between domestic and the wild animals, and highlights the importance of considering the spatial behaviour of wild hosts in the epidemiology of diseases whose effects on wildlife are still poorly understood
Laborde, Emmanuelle Ducos de Lahitte Jacques. "Etude du parasitisme interne des loups du parc Alpha, dans le Mercantour." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2130/1/celdran_2130.pdf.
Full textMahieu, Maurice. "Gestion du parasitisme gastro-intestinal des petits ruminants en zone tropicale humide." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0230/document.
Full textMost of the sheep and goats are reared in tropical and subtropical countries. Gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GIN), which are transmitted through the pastures, are among the main causes of production losses for small ruminant farmers. Since the 1940's the pharmaceutical industry has provided very efficient anthelmintics which allowed easy to run and profitable worm control. Unfortunately the systematic use of anthelmintics has resulted, within few years, in an increasing number of anthelmintic resistant (AR) nematode strains. As example, a survey in Guadeloupe (F. W. I.) revealed that all goat farms have to face at least resistances to benzimidazoles, and most of them must deal with resistances to 2 or 3 drug families. We are building up integrated systems to manage GIN infection, by seeking to slow down the spreading of AR strains of GIN and to reduce anthelmintic dependency. Firstly we propose targeted selective treatment methods (or any method allowing the survival of untreated GIN in refugia) and secondly a panel of methods to reinforce host defences (mainly through nutrition and genetic improvement) and to decrease the probability of host-parasite encounter through grazing man-agement, association of herbivore species with different specific parasites, use of plant secondary metabolites with anthelmintic properties... The choice of methods to be combined must be based on their feasibility in terms of human and material resources, compatibility with the farming system and effi-ciency. Future developments would address the evaluation of interactions between components of GIN integrated systems of management, in order to optimize the farmer choices
Audegond, Aimeric. "Art parasite : pratiques parasitaires dans l'art contemporain." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0025.
Full textRivoal, Florence. "Effets de l'exposition au paraquat et de la présence de parasites (Trématodes, Digènes) sur divers paramètres biochimiques chez Lymnaea palustris (Mollusca, Gastropoda)." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112365.
Full textBiochemical and ecophysiological effects of paraquat were investigated in Lymnaea palustris (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in laboratory conditions. The experiments were performed concurrently on healthy individual organisms and on others infected by Trematodes in order to examine the possible effects of parasitism on the studied parameters and their response to intoxication. In a first experiment, statistical distribution and inter-individual variability of the studied markers were examined in a reference population to maximize statistical analysis. Because of the inter-individual variability of studied parameters and the differences in animal batches between the experiments, no significant effect of exposure to paraquat was recorded. The establishment of a loss of correlation between antioxidant enzyme activities could indicate a dysfunction in adaptative response to toxic exposure. ETS activity showed a response profile that could correspond to an increased energy requirement during low concentration or low duration exposures, confirmed by the concomitant reduction of glycogen reserves, and an overstepping of capacities to maintain homeostasy during higher concentration and/or prolonged exposures. The interpretation of the effects of parasitism was complicated by the inter-individual variability of studied parameters and the differences in animal batches, the misreading of the infestation stage and of the intensity of infection, and the lack of knowledge about contribution of intra-molluscan stages of the Trematodes in the measurements. A constant diminution of galactogen rates and a lower fecundity were observed, indicating a parasitic castration. Perturbations in antioxidant enzymes and ETS activities were occasionally observed, but it seems globally that the capacities of response to intoxication were not affected
Seck, Momar Talla. "Etude des paramphistomidae et des gastrothylacidae parasites de bovins dans la région de Kolda (Sénégal) : epidemiologie, ultrastructure et relations avec les trematodes associés chez les ruminants." Corte, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CORT3092.
Full textAn epidemiologyc and ultrastructural study on Paramphistomoidea parasites of bovine ( Bos taurus)was carried in Senegal, in the area of Kolda. This research allowed us to identify ten species of two families:Paramphistomidae and gastrothylacidae. Seven species have been reported for the first in Senegal ( Paramphistomum daubneyi, Cotylophoron fülleborni,Cotylophoron macrosphinctris, Carmyerius chabaudi,Carmyerius endopapillatus , Carmyerius parvipapillatus ) and among these, one new has been discovered : Carmyerius marchandin. Sp. The three others ( Paramphistomum microbothrium, Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Carmyerius exoporus) had already been found in Senegal. In the bovines, the paramphistomosis diagnosed in mature parasites has an average prevalence of 48,42%,mother higher than the 2. 36% of prevalence obtained from eggs emitted in the feces. This result shows a low relation between the presence of the mature parasites and the eggs emission ( X2 =6. 28,contngency coefficient=0. 13). The associated trematodosis (dicrocoeliosis, fasciolosis and schistosomosis) have low prevalences. In the small ruminants , the paramphistomosis is sporadic with an average prevalence of 2. 69% on sheep on goats. Paramphistomoidea adults , depending on family, cause more or less important lesions in the rumen, the final microhabitat of thes parasites. Six mollusc species ( Bulinus forskalii, Bulinus senegalensis,Bulinus truncatus, Bulinus umbilicatus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis) potential intermediate hosts of the trematotes, have been identified and studied. None of the these pulmonate gastropods has been naturally infested by Paramphistomoidea cerceria. However, 23% of Biomphalaria pfeifferi have been naturally infested by furcocercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. The experimental study of the biological cycle of Paramphistomum microbothrium allowed us to highlight a good experimental intermediate host ( Bulinus forskalii) with a rate of success of 50. 98% of and a real percentage of infestation of 35. 29%. The experimental infestation of young bovines, at different stages of maturation of the metacercaria with an optimum at four weeks. We carried out also an ultrastructural study of the spermiogenesis and spermatozoon of five Paramphistomoidea, which allowed us to show ultrastuctural characteristics to each species. The work appears a like good phylogenetic tool and should contribute in future studies to specify the taxonomy of Paramphistomoidea. Lastly, we propose struggle strategies in order to stop the cycles of the trematodes
Marie, Annabelle Corinne. "Hybridité, animalité et métissage : la littérature francophone contemporaine entre parasitisme et devenir-autre." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20097.
Full textRodrigues, Da hora Riviane. "Stratégies de reproduction et parasitisme social chez la fourmi ponerine ectatomma tuberculatum (olivier)." Paris 13, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA132016.
Full textFilali, Maltouf Abdelkarim. "Énergétique de la pénétration d'ADN chez Escherichia coli au cours de l'infection phagique et de la conjugaison." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112158.
Full textDedeine, Franck. "Evolution de la dépendance mutuelle entre espèces : exemple de l'infection par Wolbachia (Rickettsiaceae) chez l'Hyménoptère Asobara tabida (Braconidae)." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066085.
Full textBelliardo, Carole. "Étude des transferts horizontaux de gènes chez les nématodes phytoparasites par l'exploitation de métagénomes du sol." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2022COAZ6032.
Full textPlant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are among the most important crop pests and threaten the world's food production. Besides the need to understand their biology to develop new control strategies, they are fascinating organisms in terms of genomic evolution. Plant parasitism has evolved several times independently in nematodes with some convergent evolutionary processes. For instance, all studied PPN have acquired bacterial and fungal genes by horizontal gene transfers (HGT). Some of the acquired genes are involved in essential parasitic functions like plant cell wall degradation or processing nutrients from the plant. However, several major questions concerning their origin, evolutionary fate and distribution in the genomes and timing of acquisition events remain unsolved. Most PPN live in soil; thus, we hypothesised that these genes originated from soil-dwelling microorganisms. However, the underrepresentation of soil microorganisms in generalist sequence libraries has previously limited HGT analyses.To circumvent this problem, we built a protein library including more than 6,800 soil metagenomes from the Joint Genome Institute's IMG/M server. The first challenge was to make this massive dataset more accurate and suitable for HGT analysis in PPN genomes. An important issue in metagenomic data is the underrepresentation of eukaryotes and their annotation with prokaryotic tools. To better represent the pool of genes present in the natural environments of PPN, we identified eukaryotic contigs and re-predicted proteins using Augustus, a eukaryotic dedicated gene predictor. Moreover, we reduced the protein sequence redundancy and refined the taxonomic assignment. After all these steps, we obtained an improved and non-redundant database that was more representative of the soil's natural biodiversity. This soil protein library, two times larger than the classic library, contains mainly organisms genetically divergent than lab-cultured.Then, we performed an HGT detection on proteins from 18 plant-parasitic nematode genomes of the Tylenchina clade, constituting a highly diverse group of PPN phenotypes, against our library enriched with soil protein. After manual curation, the proportion of genes acquired by horizontal transfers with phylogenetic confirmation is between 0.5 to 1.9% to protein-coding genes originating from HGT in PPN genomes. Those genes mainly originate from bacteria, but we also observed HGT from eukaryotic kingdoms such as fungi, protists and plants. The most represented taxa in donors are soil-dwelling species of clades Burkholderiaceae, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Rhizobiales and Dikarya. The usage of metagenomic data clarified the history of previously described HGTs but also identified hundreds of new HGTs. Functional analyses of the newly identified HGTs indicate a wide diversity of potential functions whose biological implications can be more precisely described in in-vitro experiments. Integrating environmental data in our reference library has allowed us to extend the detection of HGTs and to complete the catalog of potential donor offspring
Haloti, Said. "Etude du parasite et du parasitisme : l'orthonectide intoshia linei endoparasite de l'heteronemerte lineus ruber." Reims, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REIMS019.
Full textAffourmou, Kouamé. "Parasitisme et productivité en élevage du mâchoiron chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède, 1803) en Côte d'Ivoire." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP1010.
Full textPour tester l’efficacité du traitement antiparasitaire courant en pisciculture, des élevages de Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus ont été réalisés dans le sud de la Côte d’ivoire dans des milieux écologiques différents. Pendant l’essai, l’Ovaldine® a été associé au Slice® (OS) ; le Parasiticide-S® au Pycèze® (PP) et la chaux a été utilisée seule (CH). Ces produits ont été utilisés à Jacqueville dans trois étangs différents. Quatre autres élevages ont été conduits à Layo, de Mopoyem et d’Anyama parallèlement à celui de Jacqueville où les étangs n’ont pas été traités. Au terme de cette étude, les poissons traités présentent en termes de performances zootechniques et d’indices épidémiologiques une différence significative comparativement aux poissons issus d’élevage non traités. En revanche aucune différence n’a été constatée chez les poissons non traités. Malgré ces différences de croissance de poissons imputables aux antiparasitaires, l’utilisation des produits chimiques en élevage pose non seulement des problèmes écologiques mais aussi, constitue un danger pour le pisciculteur
To test the effectiveness of current pest control treatment in fish farming, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus have been made in the south of Ivory Coast in different environments. During the testing, Ovaldine® was associated with Slice ® (OS), the parasiticide-S® to Pyceze® (PP) and lime was used alone (CH). These products have been used to Jacqueville in three different ponds. Four other farms were taken to Layo of Anyama Mopoyem and parallel to that of Jacqueville where ponds have not been addressed. At the end of this study, the fish are treated in terms performance zootechnical and epidemiological evidence have a significant difference compared to farmed fish from untreated. Despite these differences in growth of fish due to pesticides, the use of chemicals in farming poses not only environmental problems but also constitutes a danger to the fish farmer
Maalouly, Matar Mariline. "Déterminants du parasitisme larvaire du carpocapse du pommier au Sud Est de la France." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0657/document.
Full textIn the context of a more environment-friendly agriculture, it is important to design methodsthat enable us to reduce the use of pesticides to fight pests. One possible way consists inincreasing pest regulation by their natural enemies (Conservation biological control). Thecodling moth, Cydia pomonella, is a major insect pest of apple orchards in SoutheasternFrance. The aim of this thesis was to identify determinants of the larval parasitism of thispest. We characterized the composition of the parasitoid community on diapausing and nondiapausing codling moth larvae. This community is mainly represented by threeHymenoptera species: Ascogaster quadridentata, Pristomerus vulnerator (two primaryparasitoids) and Perilampus trisits (a secondary parasitoid of A. quadridentata and P.vulnerator) in the study sites. We determined the characteristics of agricultural practices andsemi- natural habitats at the orchard and landscape level that affect the parasitism rate andthe composition of the parasitoid community of diapausing codling moth larvae. Thewindbreak and spontaneous hedgerows around the orchard seemed to impact theparasitoid community composition by promoting, when present, the primary parasitoids A.quadridentata and P. vulnerator versus the secondary parasitoid P. tristis. Crop protectionpractices at the orchard and surrounding landscape levels affected the parasitism rate.Parasitism rate was higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards as well as inorchards surrounded by a low proportion of conventional orchards in a 250 m vicinity. Wefurther studied the within-season temporal dynamics of the codling moth parasitoidcommunity. The parasitism rates globally increased along the season among cohorts ofmature codling moth larvae and were higher in young larvae trapped in fruits than in maturelarvae trapped in band traps around the tree trunks. The community composition variedalong the season. The relative proportion of the secondary parasitoid P. tristis increasedamong the codling moth cohorts whereas the proportion of A. quadridentata decreased.Furthermore, the emergences of adult A. quadridentata were synchronized with theemergences of the adult codling moths. Finally, we developed and tested a PCR -RFLPmethod and specific DNA markers to detect and identify parasitoids of the codling moth. ThePCR -RFLP method was powerful to identify adult parasitoids and their hosts. Specificprimers allowed detection of parasitoids in the eggs and young larvae of codling moth. TheseDNA-based techniques allowed molecular evaluation of parasitism in C. pomonella naturalpopulation and reconstructing quantitative food web of the parasitoid community
Dubreuil, Géraldine. "Analyse moléculaire et fonctionnelle des effecteurs du parasitisme des nématodes à galle Meloidogyne spp." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4036.
Full textLes nématodes à galle du genre Meloidogyne sont des vers microscopiques biotrophes, endoparasites obligatoires des racines. Lors de l’interaction compatible, la larve de second stade (L2) pénètre dans la racine, migre de façon intercellulaire, se sédentarise et initie la formation d’un site nourricier formé de 5 à 7 cellules géantes dans la zone du cylindre vasculaire. Les protéines des sécrétions des nématodes jouent un rôle majeur lors de l’interaction plante/nématode. Les sécrétions du stylet sont produites dans les glandes oesophagiennes et injectées dans la racine au cours du parasitisme. L’objectif de ce travail était d’abord d’identifier les fonctions biologiques impliquées dans l’adaptation du parasite à l’environnement de la plante et dans la modulation des défenses de la plante. Par une approche différentielle et une approche gène candidat, des protéines de fonction inconnue, des protéases, une protéine potentiellement sécrétée, une glutathion S-transférase (GST) et une péroxirédoxine (PRX) ont été identifiées. La GST, localisée dans les glandes œsophagiennes, est présente dans les sécrétions du stylet de L2 infestantes de M. Incognita. La PRX est localisée au niveau du pore excréteur des L2 et de l’hypoderme des stades sédentaires. Le rôle de ces deux protéines dans le processus parasitaire est discuté. L’analyse fonctionnelle de gènes du nématode est limitée par l’absence d’outils de transformation. L’efficacité transitoire de l’ARN interférence pour inhiber des gènes du parasitisme dans les L2 a été démontrée. Afin de garantir un « silencing » durable, la mise au point d’un nouvel outil sera développée dans une dernière partie
Laffon, Ludivine. "Caractérisation des relations trophiques des communautés de parasitoïdes et de syrphes avec les plantes et les insectes ravageurs en vergers de pommiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0620.
Full textAphidiphagous hoverflies and parasitoid wasps are involved in the regulation of two main apple pests, the rosy apple aphid (RAA) and the codling moth (CM). Once adult, they feed mainly on floral resources. Providing nectar and pollen may thus favour hoverflies and parasitoid wasps, and improve pest biological control. Here, we studied the contribution of flowering plant species to biological control services provided by hoverflies and parasitoid wasps in apple orchards. Botanical and entomological surveys were conducted in commercial and experimental orchards: floristic surveys, hoverfly and parasitoid sampling, and observations of apple pests and associated damages. Barcoding and metabarcoding were used to characterise the relationships between flowering plants and hoverflies or parasitoid wasps. Only 6% of parasitoid wasps collected on flowering plants belonged to species involved in RAA regulation. Among the hoverflies collected on orchard vegetation, three genera were identified as major contributors to RAA regulation, as their larvae were also observed in RAA colonies. These three taxa accounted for 20% of the total adult hoverfly abundance. Other hoverfly taxa collected on flowering plants also predate apple aphids, but less consistently. Moreover, only the abundance of hoverflies observed on spontaneous vegetation had a significant effect on the infestation of RAA. Concerning parasitoid wasps, we observed a higher parasitism rate of CM and RAA on apple trees associated with some flowering plant species (i.e. Veronica persica, Ocimum basilicum). However, the higher parasitism rates did not translate into a reduction in the number of apple pests or apple damage. Preserving spontaneous vegetation or adding flowering infrastructures in apple orchards may promote parasitoid wasp and hoverfly abundances, but cascading effects on insect pest regulation and damage reduction remain low. Further studies are needed to better understand interactions between these two strategies and other crop management practices to promote sustainable apple pest regulation
Vergely, Chabo Chantal. "La relation hôte-microbiote dans le développement du diabète de type 2 : du mutualisme au parasitisme métabolique." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3097/.
Full textMetabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are a major public health issue. A low grade chronic inflammatory reaction is one of the mechanisms appearing early during the development of these diseases. We hypothesized that bacteria could be a direct triggering factor of metabolic inflammation. First, we discovered the existence of a physiological infection. Moreover we found in mice an increased translocation of commensal bacteria towards blood and adipose tissue, before the onset of high-fat diet-induced diabetes, providing a putative direct cellular link between intestinal microbiota and metabolic inflammation. This bacterial translocation was prevented in mice lacking receptors for bacterial patterns Nod1 or CD14, but conversely increased in ob/ob or MyD88-deficient mice. Moreover, a probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis, or with Lactococcus lactis delivering active leptine, was able to prevent metabolic infection and inflammation as well as diabetes. We then confirmed in man the existence of a physiological bacteremia. Bacterial DNA was moreover identified as a positive marker of metabolic diseases. Analysis of this microbiota shown a decrease in Gram positive bacteria and an increase in Gram negative ones, as well as an increase in NO reductase-expressing bacteria, in diabetics. These results were confirmed in mice. Moreover, mucus quantity and quality of its glycosylations were modified before diabetes, along with a decrease in defensins' expression, a loss of physiological inflammation and increased transcellular permeability
Sefiane, Hanane. "L’opposabilité et l’action en concurrence déloyale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0072.
Full textLaw rules relations between individuals. From an economic angle, it defines an activity range for each operator. Our research work aims at studying the french concept of “opposabilité” in a competitive background. The question is about analysing the effects of a contract or an exclusive right regarding third competitors; and the reconciliation proceeding that is the action on unfair competition. We will attempt to draw a criterion from unfair behaviour that enables a better analysis of the effect of competitive action on a market and therefore on this market's own operators, to adapt the “opposabilié” degree to allow protection of some and preservation of freedom for others
Delfosse, Cyril. "Méthodes d'évaluation et de contrôle du stress chez les salmonides d'élevage : Implications sanitaires, zootechniques et environnementales." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0003/document.
Full textFrom hatching to slaughter, Atlantic salmon and Rainbow trout are subjected to several stressful events. Stress impairs physiological, behavioral and zootechnical performances of animals. The public interest in animal welfare brings us to study the assessment and control methods of stress in farmed salmonids. To do that, we studied the consequences of two different stressful events and proposed a method for assessing welfare of freshwater Rainbow trout. We also studied the interaction between stress and pathology with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. After developing an attractiveness test of salmon for the parasite, we investigated the influence of shortand long-term stress on salmon attractiveness for the parasite. Handling stress increased attractiveness of salmon for the parasite, while there was no difference between chronically stressed and control salmon. We proposed then a method to control this parasite by isolating a semiochemical which inhibit the hooking behavior of the parasite on the host. These results open interesting prospects for improving the assessment and control methods of stress in farmed salmonids. The investigation of stress consequences on animal welfare and on production performances is crucial. The semiochemical inhibiting the hooking behavior of the parasite on the salmon needs more studies to identify its mechanisms of action for use in farms
Gómez, i. Grau Ferran. "Estudio sobre la toxoplasmosis en Andorra y el Alt Urgell." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/786.
Full textLa toxoplasmosis es una de las más importantes zoonosis del ser humano. Esta ocasionada por Toxoplasma gondii un parásito coccidio apicomplejo de distribución cosmopolita.
En este estudio se pretende determinar y analizar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos, frente a este parásito, de tipo G y de tipo M en mujeres gestantes del Principado de Andorra y los anticuerpos de tipo G en los habitantes de las principales poblaciones de la comarca del Alt Urgell (Lleida), Bellver de Cerdanya y Martinet (Girona).
En el estudio realizado en Andorra se han analizado un total de 1936 muestras de sangre, mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI), de mujeres gestantes residentes en las siete parroquias que forman el principado obteniéndose las siguientes tasas de seroprevalencia de anticuerpos G: Andorra la Vella 43,9 %, Canillo 45 %, Encamp 47,4 %, Escaldes 52 %, La Massana 45,6%, Ordino 45 % y Sant Julià 42,9 %. La prevalencia global del principado se situó en el 45,9 %. La prevalencia global de anticuerpos M fue del 0,6 %. Agrupando la población analizada en grupos de edad se observa un significativo (p<0.05) aumento de la seroprevalencia con la edad. La seroprevalencia fué homogénea entre las siete parroquias analizadas (p=0.5274).
Para realizar el estudio de la comarca del Alt Urgell se obtuvieron un total de 2603 muestras de pacientes atendidos en la Fundació Sant Hospital de la Seu d'Urgell, residentes en alguna de las seis principales poblaciones de la zona, de ambos sexos y de todas la edades. En este caso se analizaron exclusivamente los anticuerpos de tipo G, mediante la técnica de enzimoinmunoanálisis de micropartículas (MEIA). Las tasas de seroprevalencia fueron las siguientes: Bellver de Cerdanya 55,5 %, Coll de Nargó 44,4 %, Martinet 53,8 %, Oliana 53,9 %, Organya 48,6 % y la Seu d'Urgell 50,6 %. La prevalencia global de la comarca se situó en el 51,1 %. Se obtuvo una significativa mayor seroprevalencia del sexo masculino (p<0.05) con un 56,3 % frente al 44,4 % femenino y también un significativo aumento de la tasa de seroprevalencia con la edad (p<0.05), en la población menor de 16 años la prevalencia media fue del 37,7 % mientras que a partir de los 45 años pasó a ser del 64,3 %. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las tasas de seroprevalencia de las distintas localidades analizadas tanto de manera global como comparando los distintos grupos de edad y sexos.
Las características geográficas u ocupacionales de los habitantes de las localidades analizadas no fueron factores determinantes del grado de infección por Toxoplasma gondii. Al mismo tiempo, el ambiente rural o urbano no fue en ningún caso un condicionante de la tasa de seroprevalencia.
Tanto en el Principado de Andorra como en el Alt Urgell y las poblaciones de Bellver de Cerdanya y Martinet, se observa una desprotección frente a Toxoplasma gondii, de la población femenina en edad fértil, cercana o superior al 50 %. En el segmento de edad más joven (menos de 16 años) esta desprotección puede llegar al 70 %. Por lo tanto, los análisis de control y las medidas preventivas son indispensables durante el embarazo, sobre todo en las gestantes seronegativas.
Chassain, Chantal. "Reproduction et comportements d'infestation des hôtes chez les trichogrammes : facteurs de variation génétiques et épigénétiques." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10171.
Full textUzest, Marilyne. "Caractérisation des partenaires moléculaires impliqués dans l'interaction entre le Cauliflower mosaic virus et son insecte vecteur." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0021.
Full textUbeda, Jean-Michel. "Les cellules sanguines de drosophile : Etude transcriptionnelle et analyse génétique de leur réponse à une infection parasitaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/UBEDA_Jean-Michel_2005.pdf.
Full textDrosophila have three blood cells (or hemocytes) types: plasmatocytes are professional phagocytes, crystal cells are involved in melanization reactions that accompanies immune defenses, and lamellocytes ensure parasites encapsulation. In a first project, we studied the transcriptional profiling of activities of distinct hemocyte populations and from naïve or infected larvae, using Affymetryx microarray. One outcome was the gain of new insights into the lamellocyte encapsulation process. A second compelling observation is that, after an immune challenge, Drosophila hemocytes produce a signal molecule that is essential to induce the immune reactions. The establishment of the transcriptional profiling of Drosophila hemocytes represents a useful tool for future studies on hemocyte functions. In my main research project, I investigated the role of Collier (Col) in the Drosophila larval hematopoiesis. Col is the unique Drosophila orthologue of the mammalian transactivator EBF, an important factor for B cell differentiation. We showed the critical requirement for Col activity in lamellocytes’ specification. Col is first expressed during embryogenesis, in the progenitors of the hematopoïetic organ. During larval stages, col is expressed in this organ in a signalling centre for hemaotopoiesis. We suggest that Col give the capacity to relay an instructive signal emitted by plasmatocytes upon their encounter with a parasite. In our model, these cells synthesise a signal S2 that orients precursors towards the lamellocyte fate. We then identified the gene CG14225, which encodes a transmembrane protein homologous of the mammalian gp130 receptor. Our first analysis revealed that CG14225 is a good candidate to encode the receptor for S2. I have developed two different strategies to generate a loss-of-function mutation for CG14225. The null mutant will enable us to conclude about this gene‘s implication in the Drosophila hematopoietic processes
Delattre, Olivier. "Coévolution et reconnaissance sociale chez un parasite social et ses espèces hôtes : étude de la fourmi esclavagiste Myrmoxenus ravouxi et d'espèces sympatriques du genre Thermnothorax." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA132033.
Full textThe ecological success of insect societies can partially be explained by the altruism displayed by their members. Social insects care for nestmates and thus increase the inclusive fitness of the colony. Insect societies have numerous predators and parasites, and some species have even developed an original strategy by diverting the entire labour force of colonies. Among these social parasites, slave-making ants invade and raid neighbouring colonies, heavily impacting their survival. We thus hypothesized that, in this arms race between hosts and parasites, recognition mechanisms are likely to be shaped by reciprocal constraints. Host species should discriminate and reject the parasite, while the slave-making ant has to be effective in finding suitable host colonies and break through their defences. We show that host species of the slave-making ant Myrmoxenus ravouxi are less tolerant than a non-host species. We also demonstrated that M. Ravouxi displayed a more aggressive response toward familiar and unfamiliar host species, suggesting that partly innate sensorial or/and cognitive mechanisms are involved in host recognition by this slave-making ant. We formulate an original recognition model for M. Ravouxi which could allow a better understanding of the behavioural patterns of this parasite. We also discuss the evolutive implications of host-parasite interaction regarding the parasite virulence and the set-up of geographic mosaic of species
Paolini, Virginie. "Effets des tanins condensés sur le parasitisme par les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez la chèvre." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0524.
Full textThe first objective of the study was to examine, on goats, in controlled conditions, the effects of condensed tannins (CT) on established parasite populations and on the establishment of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Teladorsagia. Circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus. The main result on the established populations was a decrease in egg excretion associated with a dimininution of the fecundity of the female worms. In the second case, the CT provoked a reduction of the implantation of the worms. These studies have permitted to show differences of effects of CT according to the parasite species and the parasitic stages. An in vitro study was realized in order to screen the effects of three woody plants rich in CT: hazel tree, oak and brambles, usually consumed by goats on the model nematodes. The effects of sainfoin were also tested, a forage plant, in order to have a comparison with others leguminous forages. The infective larvae and the adult worms were affected by the plant extracts. Two applied researchs were performed in order to examine the consequences of ingestion of dry sainfoin by naturally infected goats. Egg excretion was decreased in the two cases. In the second study, the fertility of the female worms and the number of intestinal parasites were decreased. A better resilience was also observed in the sainfoin group