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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasitoid and Hyperparasitoid'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Irsan, Chandra. "Studi keberadaan hiperparasitoid dalam mempengaruhi perilaku imago parasitoid pada kutudaun, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 5, no. 1 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.5.1.17.

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Study Hyperparasitoid Existing Affected to Adul Parasitoid Behavior on Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In general, hyperparasitoid is needed for establishing food and chain webs, but in contrary, it could become a limiting factor in existing biological control program. An observation to aim positive impact of hyperparasitoid existence has been carried out. Chili plant, Capsicum annuum, Aphis gossypii, Trioxys sinensis parasitoid and Aphidencyrtus sp. were used in this observation. Results showed that hyperparasitoid existence assisted parasitoid distribution. Parasitoids were placed with hyperparasitoids enhanced parasitoid distribution or dispersion two times farther compare to without hyperparasitoids. It was concluded that dispersal behaviour of hyperparasitoid adult was a parasitoid adult’s response to avoid its suppression by the hyperparasitoid and also increase parasitoid’s searching ability.

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de Boer, Jetske G., Petra J. Hollander, Daan Heinen, et al. "Do plant volatiles confuse rather than guide foraging behavior of the aphid hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum?" Chemoecology 30, no. 6 (2020): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00321-5.

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Abstract Many species of parasitoid wasps use plant volatiles to locate their herbivorous hosts. These volatiles are reliable indicators of host presence when their emission in plants is induced by herbivory. Hyperparasitoids may also use information from lower trophic levels to locate their parasitoid hosts but little is known about the role of volatiles from the plant–host complex in the foraging behavior of hyperparasitoids. Here, we studied how Dendrocerus aphidum (Megaspilidae) responds to plant and host volatiles in a series of experiments. This hyperparasitoid uses aphid mummies as its host and hampers biological control of aphids by parasitoids in greenhouse horticulture. We found that D. aphidum females were strongly attracted to volatiles from mummy-infested sweet pepper plants, but only when clean air was offered as an alternative odor source in the Y-tube olfactometer. Hyperparasitoid females did not have a preference for mummy-infested plants when volatiles from aphid-infested or healthy pepper plants were presented as an alternative. These olfactory responses of D. aphidum were mostly independent of prior experience. Volatiles from the host itself were also highly attractive to D. aphidum, but again hyperparasitoid females only had a preference in the absence of plant volatiles. Our findings suggest that plant volatiles may confuse, rather than guide the foraging behavior of D. aphidum. Mummy hyperparasitoids, such as D. aphidum, can use a wide variety of mummies and are thus extreme generalists at the lower trophic levels, which may explain the limited role of (induced) plant volatiles in their host searching behavior.

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TAVARES, MARCELO TEIXEIRA, GERMAN ANTONIO VILLANUEVA-BONILLA, and JOBER FERNANDO SOBCZAK. "Conura baturitei sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae): a hyperparasitoid of spiders through Zatypota riverai (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." Zootaxa 4624, no. 2 (2019): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.2.9.

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Conura, the largest genus of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), is mostly distributed in the New World where 295 of the 301 described species occur. Chalcididae are in some cases hyperparasitoids of insects. In this study, we report the unusual association of the hyperparasitoid Conura baturitei sp. nov. with spider species of the genus Theridion Walckenaer (Theridiidae) through Zatypota riverai Gauld (Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae, Polysphincta genus-group), a primary ectoparasitoid of spiders. The new species is described and illustrated, and the host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid interaction is discussed.

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Aparicio, Yahana, Rosa Gabarra, Jordi Riudavets, et al. "Hymenoptera Complex Associated with Myzus persicae and Hyalopterus spp. in Peach Orchards in Northeastern Spain and Prospects for Biological Control of Aphids." Insects 10, no. 4 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040109.

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Aphids are a serious pest for peach crops. They have traditionally been managed with insecticides, but there is increasing concern about the risk that insecticides pose to both humans and the environment. As a first step to use biological control in aphid management, we conducted a 3-year field survey in northeastern Spain to determine which parasitoids and hyperparasitoids were most prevalent on two aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Hyalopterus spp. Koch, the most harmful to peach trees. We collected 11 parasitoid species from M. persicae, with Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) being the most abundant. Two parasitoid species were also collected from Hyalopterus spp., Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga and Praon volucre (Haliday). Hyperparasitoid species overlapped between these aphids but their relative abundances differed. We also discuss the possible impacts of hyperparasitoids on parasitoid populations. Our results suggest that it would be feasible to implement biocontrol methods for aphids in integrated pest management programmes in peach orchards. There are a number of primary parasitoid species associated with these aphids, and the nearby crops and wild vegetation in the vicinity and within the orchards may provide a suitable habitat for them. Additionally, some of them are commercially available and might be usable in augmentative releases.

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Bourne, Mitchel E., Gabriele Gloder, Berhane T. Weldegergis, et al. "Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 3 (2023): e1011262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262.

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Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.

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Zhu, Feng, Antonino Cusumano, Janneke Bloem, et al. "Symbiotic polydnavirus and venom reveal parasitoid to its hyperparasitoids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 20 (2018): 5205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717904115.

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Symbiotic relationships may provide organisms with key innovations that aid in the establishment of new niches. For example, during oviposition, some species of parasitoid wasps, whose larvae develop inside the bodies of other insects, inject polydnaviruses into their hosts. These symbiotic viruses disrupt host immune responses, allowing the parasitoid’s progeny to survive. Here we show that symbiotic polydnaviruses also have a downside to the parasitoid’s progeny by initiating a multitrophic chain of interactions that reveals the parasitoid larvae to their enemies. These enemies are hyperparasitoids that use the parasitoid progeny as host for their own offspring. We found that the virus and venom injected by the parasitoid during oviposition, but not the parasitoid progeny itself, affected hyperparasitoid attraction toward plant volatiles induced by feeding of parasitized caterpillars. We identified activity of virus-related genes in the caterpillar salivary gland. Moreover, the virus affected the activity of elicitors of salivary origin that induce plant responses to caterpillar feeding. The changes in caterpillar saliva were critical in inducing plant volatiles that are used by hyperparasitoids to locate parasitized caterpillars. Our results show that symbiotic organisms may be key drivers of multitrophic ecological interactions. We anticipate that this phenomenon is widespread in nature, because of the abundance of symbiotic microorganisms across trophic levels in ecological communities. Their role should be more prominently integrated in community ecology to understand organization of natural and managed ecosystems, as well as adaptations of individual organisms that are part of these communities.

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Bandyan, Srwa K., Ralph S. Peters, Nawzad B. Kadir, Mar Ferrer-Suay, and Wolfgang H. Kirchner. "A survey of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera) on six crops in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 81 (February 25, 2021): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.81.59784.

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In this study, we surveyed aphids and associated parasitoid wasps from six important crop species (wheat, sweet pepper, eggplant, broad bean, watermelon and sorghum), collected at 12 locations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. A total of eight species of aphids were recorded which were parasitised by eleven species of primary parasitoids belonging to the families Braconidae and Aphelinidae. In addition, four species of hyperparasitoids (in families Encyrtidae, Figitidae, Pteromalidae and Signiphoridae) were recorded. Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat &amp; Fatima, 1992), A. flaviventris (Kurdjumov, 1913), A. varipes (Förster, 1841) (Aphelinidae), Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani, 1902), A. uzbekistanicus (Luzhetzki, 1960), (Braconidae) and Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) (Figitidae) were recorded in Iraq for the first time. The results represent the first survey of these interactions in this region and form the basis for understanding crop-aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid networks and for future biological control actions.

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In this study, we surveyed aphids and associated parasitoid wasps from six important crop species (wheat, sweet pepper, eggplant, broad bean, watermelon and sorghum), collected at 12 locations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. A total of eight species of aphids were recorded which were parasitised by eleven species of primary parasitoids belonging to the families Braconidae and Aphelinidae. In addition, four species of hyperparasitoids (in families Encyrtidae, Figitidae, Pteromalidae and Signiphoridae) were recorded. Aphelinus albipodus (Hayat & Fatima, 1992), A. flaviventris (Kurdjumov, 1913), A. varipes (Förster, 1841) (Aphelinidae), Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani, 1902), A. uzbekistanicus (Luzhetzki, 1960), (Braconidae) and Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) (Figitidae) were recorded in Iraq for the first time. The results represent the first survey of these interactions in this region and form the basis for understanding crop-aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid networks and for future biological control actions.

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Darsouei, Reyhaneh, Javad Karimi, and Mehdi Modarres-Awal. "Parasitic wasps as natural enemies of aphid populations in the Mashhad region of Iran: New data from DNA barcodes and SEM." Archives of Biological Sciences 63, no. 4 (2011): 1225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1104225d.

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DNA barcoding is a modern method for the identification of different species, including insects. Among animals, the major emphasis of DNA barcoding is on insects. Due to this global trend we addressed this approach for surveying a group of insects. The parasitic wasps (including primary and hyperparasitoids) of pome fruit orchard aphids were collected from Iran-Mashhad during 2009-2010. Preliminary identification of this group was performed by using morphological and morphometric characters and SEM. The COI gene in the specimens was amplified and sequenced. In this survey, Aphidius matricariae, Binodoxys angelicae, Diaeretiella rapae, Ephedrus persicae, Lysiphlebus fabarum and Praon volucre parasitoids and Alloxysta sp., Asaphes suspensus, Dendrocerus carpenteri, Pachyneuron aphidis, Syrphophagus aphidivorus hyperparasitoids were studied. Based on intra-interspecies distances and phylogenetic analysis using NJ, all species possess diagnostic barcode sequences. The results of this study show that the COI sequence could be useful in identification study of this group of insects. Here we have provided the first GenBank data for the COI gene of the above-mentioned hyperparasitoids as well as an initial attempt toward preparing DNA barcodes for Iranian parasitoid and hyperparasitoid aphids.

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Nair, Abhilash, Toby Fountain, Suvi Ikonen, Sami P. Ojanen, and Saskya van Nouhuys. "Spatial and temporal genetic structure at the fourth trophic level in a fragmented landscape." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1831 (2016): 20160668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0668.

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A fragmented habitat becomes increasingly fragmented for species at higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. To persist, these species are expected to possess life-history traits, such as high dispersal, that facilitate their ability to use resources that become scarce in fragmented landscapes. If a specialized parasitoid disperses widely to take advantage of a sparse host, then the parasitoid population should have lower genetic structure than the host. We investigated the temporal and spatial genetic structure of a hyperparasitoid (fourth trophic level) in a fragmented landscape over 50 × 70 km, using microsatellite markers, and compared it with the known structures of its host parasitoid, and the butterfly host which lives as a classic metapopulation. We found that population genetic structure decreases with increasing trophic level. The hyperparasitoid has fewer genetic clusters ( K = 4), than its host parasitoid ( K = 15), which in turn is less structured than the host butterfly ( K = 27). The genetic structure of the hyperparasitoid also shows temporal variation, with genetic differentiation increasing due to reduction of the population size, which reduces the effective population size. Overall, our study confirms the idea that specialized species must be dispersive to use a fragmented host resource, but that this adaptation has limits.

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Centeno-Parrales, Jesús A., Dorys T. Chirinos, and Takumasa Kondo. "Trophic networks associated with the aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in a cornfield, Manabí, Ecuador." Scientia Agropecuaria 13, no. 4 (2022): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.029.

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The corn leaf aphid is considered an important pest associated with maize. This study aimed to discover the trophic associations around Rhopalosiphum maidis in Manabí, Ecuador. Maize leaves were sampled to determine the numbers of parasitized aphids, and the identities of predators and parasitoids. Nine taxa of natural enemies were detected: the primary parasitoid was Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson, 1880 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); the hyperparasitoid Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr, 1876) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae); the predatory hoverfly Ocyptamus dimidiatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Diptera: Syrphidae), four species of coccinellids, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781), Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, 1842 and Paraneda pallidula guticollis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and an assassin bug, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). A parasitoid, Pachyneuron formosum Walker, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) emerged from hoverfly pupae. This study reports the presence of the parasitoids S. aphidivorus and P. formosum in Ecuador for the first time. These results increase the knowledge of a four-trophic level relationship (host plant – pest – parasitoids, predators – hyperparasitoids) in a maize agroecosystem as a fundamental basis for biological control programs.

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Zhang, Ying, Min-chi Zhao, Jia Cheng, Shuo Liu, and Hai-bin Yuan. "Population dynamics and species composition of maize field parasitoids attacking aphids in northeastern China." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0241530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241530.

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Maize, Zea mays L., is the most abundant field crop in China. Aphids are the most economically damaging pest on maize, particularly in the maize agri-ecosystems of Jilin Province, northeastern China. Parasitic wasps are important natural enemies of aphids, but limited information exists about their species composition, richness and seasonal dynamics in northeastern China. In this study, the population dynamics of maize aphids and parasitoid wasps were assessed in relation to each other during the summer seasons of two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. We selected maize fields in the Changchun, Songyuan, Huinan and Gongzhuling areas of Jilin Province. Four species of aphids were recorded from these maize fields: Rhopalosiphum padi (L), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Aphis gossypii Glover and Macrosiphum miscanthi (Takahashi). The dominant species in each of the four areas were R. maids (Filch) and R. padi in Changchun, R. padi in Songyuan, A. gossypii and R. padi in Huinan, and A.gossypii and R. padi in Gongzhuling. We delineated a species complex made up of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with maize aphids. The primary parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Binodoxys communis and Aphelinus albipodus together formed approximately 85.3% of the parasitoid complex. Pachyneuron aphidis, Phaenoglyphis villosa, Syrphophagus taeniatus and Asaphes suspensus made up the hyperparasitoids. Of the primary parasitoids, L. testaceipes was the dominant species (81.31%). Of the hyperparasitoid group, P. villosa was the dominant species (68.42%). Parasitism rates followed the fluctuation of the aphid population. The highest parasitic rate was observed during the peak period of cotton aphids. In this paper, the occurrence dynamics and dominant species of aphids and the dynamics of parasitic natural enemies of aphids in maize fields in Jilin Province are, for the first time, systematically reported. This study provides important information for the establishment and promotion of aphid biological control in maize fields.

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Ehteshami, Fatemeh, Majid Jafarlu, Hojjatollah Mohammadi, et al. "Baryscapus evonymellae (Bouché, 1834) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a hyperparasitoid of Leucoma wiltshirei Collenette, 1938 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Iran." Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10, no. 1 (2024): 133–42. https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.133.

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Baryscapus evonymellae (Bouché, 1834) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) was rediscovered on Leucoma wiltshirei Collenette, 1938 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) attacked by different parasitoids. This species had already been reported under different names; therefore, its inaccurate identifications were corrected. It was reared as a larval and pupal hyperparasitoid of two important primary parasitoids of L. wiltshirei including Brachymeria tibialis Steffan, 1958 (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae), and Dolichogenidea persica Abdoli, Mohammadi, Sedaratian-Jahromi & Farahani, 2023 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). The last parasitoid-hyperparasitoid association is new. Its morphological characters were illustrated and its biological data and main characteristics were discussed.

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MONTES-RODRÍGUEZ, JOSÉ MAURICIO, TAKUMASA KONDO, and STEPHEN D. GAIMARI. "Natural enemies of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), with description of a new species of Leucopina Malloch (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae)." Zootaxa 5424, no. 4 (2024): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.4.2.

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The Pink Hibiscus Mealybug (PHM), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is a quarantine pest in Colombia, however, there is little information on its distribution within the country and its natural enemies. Samples of PHM were collected in several locations in Colombia from different host-plant species and kept in breeding chambers to extract their predators and parasitoids. Two novel natural enemies of M. hirsutus were recorded, i.e., Allotropa cf. citri Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Leucopina nyiaybsa Gaimari & Montes, sp. n. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) described herein. Furthermore, information on the distribution range in Colombia of the parasitoids Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is provided. A species of Pachyneuron (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was found as a possible parasitoid or hyperparasitoid somewhere in this system. Currently, in Colombia, the PHM is not considered an agricultural pest and its damage is restricted to primary hosts such as Hibiscus spp., Malvaviscus arboreus (Malvaceae) and soursop Annona muricata (Annonaceae). Prochiloneurus dactylopii (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was found as a possible hyperparasitoid. However, the number of recovered hyperparasitoids was low compared to the primary parasitoids that emerged in breeding chambers, which may explain why these species do not seem to interfere in the biological control of PHM. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Leucopina nyiaybsa Gaimari & Montes, sp. n. are considered important predators of PHM.

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Araj, S. A., S. D. Wratten, A. J. Lister A, and H. L. Buckley. "Floral nectar affects longevity of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi and its hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4537.

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In this study the potential consequences of making a three or fourtrophic level system more complex by adding floral resources was studied in the laboratory for a range of plant nectar sources the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi and its hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum Parasitoids exposed to flowering buckwheat survived 45 times longer than those in the control (water only) and 34 times longer than those provided with phacelia alyssum or coriander Hyperarasitoids provided with buckwheat survived 56 times longer than those in the control and 35 times longer than those on the other flowering plants Buckwheat phacelia alyssum and coriander can therefore enhance the fitness of A ervi without benefiting its aphid host which does not feed on nectar However the fitness of the hyperparasitoid may increase relatively more than that of the parasitoid depending on the nectar source

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Nair, Abhilash, Etsuko Nonaka, and Saskya van Nouhuys. "Increased fluctuation in a butterfly metapopulation leads to diploid males and decline of a hyperparasitoid." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (2018): 20180372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0372.

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Climate change can increase spatial synchrony of population dynamics, leading to large-scale fluctuation that destabilizes communities. High trophic level species such as parasitoids are disproportionally affected because they depend on unstable resources. Most parasitoid wasps have complementary sex determination, producing sterile males when inbred, which can theoretically lead to population extinction via the diploid male vortex (DMV). We examined this process empirically using a hyperparasitoid population inhabiting a spatially structured host population in a large fragmented landscape. Over four years of high host butterfly metapopulation fluctuation, diploid male production by the wasp increased, and effective population size declined precipitously. Our multitrophic spatially structured model shows that host population fluctuation can cause local extinctions of the hyperparasitoid because of the DMV. However, regionally it persists because spatial structure allows for efficient local genetic rescue via balancing selection for rare alleles carried by immigrants. This is, to our knowledge, the first empirically based study of the possibility of the DMV in a natural host–parasitoid system.

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Kuhlmann, U., K. P. Carl, and N. J. Mills. "Quantifying the impact of insect predators and parasitoids on populations of the apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), in Europe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 2 (1998): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300025736.

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AbstractLife tables were developed to assess the significance of natural enemies on the dynamics of apple ermine moth, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, in southwestern Germany and to select parasitoid species for use in the biological control of this pest in Canada. During the study from 1993 to 1995 the abundance of Y. malinellus varied from 1.5 to 4.3 tents per 100 leaf clusters indicating that this was a non-outbreak population. From the life tables it was evident that the impact of egg predators accounted for 25–43% of the total generational mortality of Y. malinellus, more than any other known mortality factor. Percent parasitism varied from 18 to 30%, but the impact of parasitoids in relation to the total generational mortality of Y. malinellus from the life tables was remarkably constant at 11–14%. The loss of potential fecundity had an important influence on the generational mortality of Y. malinellus, but declined from 27% to 15% over the course of this study. This decline corresponded with a rise in the net rate of increase R0 from 1.35 in 1993 to 6.8 in 1995, despite the impact of insect predators and parasitoids on the generational mortality. Yponomeuta malinellus was attacked by five different obligate primary parasitoids, a single obligate hyperparasitoid, and three facultative hyperparasitoids. Of these, the oligophagous egg-larval parasitoid Ageniaspis fuscicollis Dalman (Encyrtidae) and the oligophagous larval-pupal and pupal parasitoid Herpestomus brunnicornis Gravenhorst (Ichneumonidae) were selected as potential biological control agents for Canada due to a minimal degree of interspecific competition.

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Tomanović, Željko, Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, Zhengpei Ye, et al. "Cereal Aphid Parasitoids in Europe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae): Taxonomy, Biodiversity, and Ecology." Insects 13, no. 12 (2022): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121142.

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Cereals are very common and widespread crops in Europe. Aphids are a diverse group of herbivorous pests on cereals and one of the most important limiting factors of cereal production. Here, we present an overview of knowledge about the taxonomy, biodiversity, and ecology of cereal aphid parasitoids in Europe, an important group of natural enemies contributing to cereal aphid control. We review the knowledge obtained from the integrative taxonomy of 26 cereal aphid primary parasitoid species, including two allochthonous species (Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Trioxys sunnysidensis) and two recently described species (Lipolexis labialis and Paralipsis brachycaudi). We further review 28 hyperparasitoid species belonging to three hymenopteran superfamilies and four families (Ceraphronoidea: Megaspillidae; Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae; Cynipoidea: Figitidae). We also compile knowledge on the presence of secondary endosymbionts in cereal aphids, as these are expected to influence the community composition and biocontrol efficiency of cereal aphid parasitoids. To study aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid food webs more effectively, we present two kinds of DNA-based approach: (i) diagnostic PCR (mainly multiplex PCR), and (ii) DNA sequence-based methods. Finally, we also review the effects of landscape complexity on the different trophic levels in the food webs of cereal aphids and their associated parasitoids, as well as the impacts of agricultural practices and environmental variation.

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Yoo, Jeong Jae, and D. Christopher Darling. "Integrative taxonomic revision of the Nearctic Perilampus hyalinus species complex (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Perilampidae) resolves 100 years of confusion about the host associations of P. hyalinus Say." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97 (December 5, 2024): 1301–83. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.133255.

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The enigmatic Nearctic parasitoid Perilampus hyalinus Say (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae) has long been suspected as a species complex with a wide range of host associations and differing modes of parasitism. In this study we clarify the status of this species by combining morphological evidence, two genes (COI and ITS2) and host information and recognize ten species in the P. hyalinus species complex in the Nearctic region. Eight new species are described: Perilampus arcus Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. crassus Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. neodiprioni Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. monocteni Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. pilosus Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. seneca Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. sonora Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., and P. ute Yoo & Darling, sp. nov. A reared specimen with a COI sequence is designated as the Neotype of P. hyalinus Say establishing this species as either a hyperparasitoid that parasitizes dipteran parasitoids of Orthoptera or a parasitoid of dipteran kleptoparasites of Crabronidae and Sphecidae that provision their nests with Orthoptera. Perilampus sirsiris (Argaman) and four of the new species are hyperparastioids, parasitizing hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera. Perilampus neodiprioni and P. monocteni can develop as both primary parasitoids of Diprionidae (Hymenoptera) and as hyperparasitoids, parasitizing dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of diprionid sawflies. Perilampus neodiprioni is strictly associated with Neodiprion sawflies, and P. monocteni is associated with Monoctenus sawflies.

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Alvarez-Baca, Jeniffer K., Xiomara Montealegre, Armando Alfaro-Tapia, et al. "Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile." Insects 14, no. 3 (2023): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14030288.

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By increasing plant diversity in agroecosystems, it has been proposed that one can enhance and stabilize ecosystem functioning by increasing natural enemies’ diversity. Food web structure determines ecosystem functioning as species at different trophic levels are linked in interacting networks. We compared the food web structure and composition of the aphid– parasitoid and aphid-hyperparasitoid networks in two differentially managed plum orchards: plums with inter-rows of oats as a cover crop (OCC) and plums with inter-rows of spontaneous vegetation (SV). We hypothesized that food web composition and structure vary between OCC and SV, with network specialization being higher in OCC and a more complex food web composition in SV treatment. We found a more complex food web composition with a higher species richness in SV compared to OCC. Quantitative food web metrics differed significantly among treatments showing a higher generality, vulnerability, interaction evenness, and linkage density in SV, while OCC presented a higher degree of specialization. Our results suggest that plant diversification can greatly influence the food web structure and composition, with bottom-up effects induced by plant and aphid hosts that might benefit parasitoids and provide a better understanding of the activity, abundance, and interactions between aphids, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids in plum orchards.

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The enigmatic Nearctic parasitoid Perilampus hyalinus Say (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae) has long been suspected as a species complex with a wide range of host associations and differing modes of parasitism. In this study we clarify the status of this species by combining morphological evidence, two genes (COI and ITS2) and host information and recognize ten species in the P. hyalinus species complex in the Nearctic region. Eight new species are described: Perilampus arcus Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. crassus Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. neodiprioni Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. monocteni Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. pilosus Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. seneca Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., P. sonora Yoo & Darling, sp. nov., and P. ute Yoo & Darling, sp. nov. A reared specimen with a COI sequence is designated as the Neotype of P. hyalinus Say establishing this species as either a hyperparasitoid that parasitizes dipteran parasitoids of Orthoptera or a parasitoid of dipteran kleptoparasites of Crabronidae and Sphecidae that provision their nests with Orthoptera. Perilampus sirsiris (Argaman) and four of the new species are hyperparastioids, parasitizing hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera. Perilampus neodiprioni and P. monocteni can develop as both primary parasitoids of Diprionidae (Hymenoptera) and as hyperparasitoids, parasitizing dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of diprionid sawflies. Perilampus neodiprioni is strictly associated with Neodiprion sawflies, and P. monocteni is associated with Monoctenus sawflies.

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Giovannini, Lucrezia, Giuseppino Sabbatini-Peverieri, Patricia Glynn Tillman, Kim Alan Hoelmer, and Pio Federico Roversi. "Reproductive and Developmental Biology of Acroclisoides sinicus, a Hyperparasitoid of Scelionid Parasitoids." Biology 10, no. 3 (2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030229.

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Acroclisoides sinicus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was described in 1988 from China, but recent findings in Europe and North America within the framework of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) biological control indicate a Holarctic distribution. The few records and fragmented information on A. sinicus are derived from generic observations of other species belonging to the same genus, and its biological and ethological traits are still completely unexplored. It was suspected to be a facultative or obligate hyperparasitoid of many egg parasitoid species (e.g., Scelionidae and Eupelmidae), especially those parasitizing Pentatomidae eggs. Laboratory colonies of A. sinicus were established from specimens collected in the field in Europe and the USA, which allowed us to investigate for the first time the life traits of this somewhat enigmatic species. Our studies confirmed the obligate hyperparasitoid hypothesis for species of Scelionidae but not of Eupelmidae. Laboratory studies revealed that A. sinicus is extremely selective in its host recognition as only the pupal stage of its host species is exploited for parasitization. Taking into consideration its hyperparasitoid habit, the adventive A. sinicus populations in Europe and North America may potentially be severe threats to pentatomid natural control as new components in the trophic chain of pentatomids and their parasitoid guilds.

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Stathas, G. J., N. G. Kavallieratos, L. N. Cheliotis, P. J. Skouras, M. V. Giakoumaki, and P. G. Milonas. "New data on the parasitization of Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Greece." Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 16, no. 2 (2023): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hppj-2023-0010.

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Summary Signiphora flavella (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) was recorded in 2022 as a new parasitoid species of the serious pest of citrus Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) in Greece, in two different areas, i.e., the provinces of Laconia and Messinia. Previously, Signiphora flavella was recorded in Greece parasitizing Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) and H. lataniae (Signoret) in early 60s. It is mainly a parasitoid species of scale insects belonging to Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), whiteflies, or a hyperparasitoid of aphelinids.

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Morales-Silva, T., L. F. Maia, A. L. Martins, and S. L. Modesto-Zampieron. "Herbivore, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid insects associated with fruits and seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 3 (2019): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.170105.

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Abstract This study aimed to inventory the herbivore insects associated with Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae) fruits and seeds and their primary and secondary parasitoids. Six samples collected between May and October 2013 yielded 210 fruits, from which 326 insects of six orders emerged: Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera and Psocoptera. Coleoptera (five families) was represented by the seed consumers Merobruchus bicoloripes Pic, Stator sp. Bridwell (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), two species of Silvanidae, one species of Scolytinae (Curculionidae), one species of Nitidulidae and one species of Cerambycidae. The cerambycid was also observed forming galleries on fruit mesocarp. Immature individuals of Lepidoptera were observed consuming the fruits and seeds. From the seven Hymenoptera families, only two species were associated with Coleoptera, being Horismenus Walker sp. (Eulophidae) as parasitoid of M. bicoloripes, and Neoheterospilus falcatus (Marsh) (Braconidae) as parasitoid of Scolytinae. The Lepidoptera parasitoids represented four genera: Pseudophanerotoma Zetel, Chelonus Panzer (Braconidae), Orgilus Nees (Braconidae) and Goniozus Forster (Bethylidae). The host associations for the reared parasitoids Bracon Fabricius (Braconidae), Pimplinae sp. (Ichneumonidae) and Perilampus Forster (Perilampidae) were not confirmed. We obtained a single representative of Diptera (Tachinidae) associated with Lepidoptera hosts in this food web.

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UBAIDILLAH, ROSICHON, GOSHI YAMAGUCHI, and JUN-ICHI KOJIMA. "A new Arthula Cameron (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) parasitoid of Ropalidia plebeiana Richards (Vespidae) and host of Amoturoides breviscapus Girault (Torymidae) (Hymenoptera)." Zootaxa 2274, no. 1 (2009): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2274.1.2.

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Arthula plebeja Ubaidillah and Kojima, sp. nov., a parasitoid of the Australian paper wasp Ropalidia plebeiana Richards, and host of the torymid hyperparasitoid Amoturoides breviscapus Girault, is described and illustrated. Both A. plebeja and A. breviscapus are estimated to have a bivoltine life cycle, the first overwintering in the pupal stage, and the second in the prepupal and/or pupal stage.

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Barczak, T., A. Dębek-Jankowska, and J. Bennewicz. "Primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid guilds (hymenoptera) of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) in northern Poland." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 3 (2014): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1403141b.

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The aim of this study was to determine and compare the guilds of parasitic Hymenoptera associated with the grain aphid on rye and winter wheat. Of the seven species of primary parasitoids (Braconidae: Aphidiinae, Aphelinidae), parasitizing colonies of Sitobion avenae, the most numerous and most frequently occurring, included Praon volucre, Aphidius ervi and Aphidius uzbekistanicus. Primary parasitoids of grain aphids were eliminated largely by hyperparasitoids, mostly of the families Megaspilidae (Dendrocerus carpenteri), Figitidae-Alloxystini (Alloxysta spp. and Phaenoglyphis villosa) and Pteromalidae (Pachyneuron aphidis, Asaphes vulgaris, Coruna clavata), but D. carpenteri and Alloxysta spp. belonged to dominants and subdominants, respectively.

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Petrović, Anđeljko, Željko Tomanović, and Mar Ferrer-Suay. "CHARIPINAE (HYMENOPTERA: FIGITIDAE) OF SERBIA – DISTRIBUTION AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS." Acta entomologica serbica 24, no. 1 (2019): 47–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3266840.

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The distribution and trophic interactions of aphid associated Charipinae of Serbia are presented. In total, 77 different trophic associations (plant-aphid-primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid) have been reported. Four Charipinae species are recorded for the first time from Serbia: Alloxysta citripes (Thomson, 1862), Alloxysta mullensis (Cameron, 1883), Alloxysta pusilla (Kieffer, 1902), and Alloxysta sawoniewiczi (Kierych, 1988).

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Brodeur, Jacques, and Jeremy N. McNeil. "LIFE HISTORY OF THE APHID HYPERPARASITOID ASAPHES VULGARIS WALKER (PTEROMALIDAE): POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES ON THE EFFICACY OF THE PRIMARY PARASITOID APHIDIUS NIGRIPES ASHMEAD (APHIDIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 6 (1994): 1493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1261493-6.

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AbstractAspects of the life history of the aphid hyperparasitoid Asaphes vulgaris Walker, when reared on Aphidius nigripes Ashmead, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Longevity was significantly related to temperature and to the sex of adults. Female life span was about 4 months at 15 °C compared with 46 days at 25 °C; under the same conditions male longevity was 66 and 19 days, respectively. Females started to oviposit in aphid mummies upon eclosion and lifetime fecundity was high, reaching 1433 offspring. The sex ratio (proportion of males) was low early in reproductive life but rose sharply after several weeks. The implications of these results on the efficacy of A. nigripes in the potato agrosystem are discussed. It is suggested that high hyperparasitoid fecundity and longevity might play a role in reducing the impact of the primary parasitoid.

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Nieminen, Marko, Christer Hansson, Mari Kekkonen, and Veli Vikberg. "Mesopolobus incultus auct. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) contains two distinct species: Mesopolobus incultus (Walker, 1834) and Mesopolobus amyntor (Walker, 1845)." Entomologica Fennica 29, no. 4 (2018): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.77303.

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Mesopolobus incultus auct. is hypothesized to consist of twodifferent species, M. amyntor (Walker) and M. incultus (Walker). This hypothesis is supported bymolecular(cytochromec oxidase subunit I, i.e. COI), morphological and biologicaldata.Mesopolobus amyntor is a primary parasitoid of Mecinus pascuorum (Gyllenhal) and M. labilis (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Plantago lanceolata. Mesopolobus incultus is a primary parasitoid of Protapion fulvipes (Geoffroy) (Coleoptera: Apionidae) on Trifolium repens and T. pratense, and hasalso been inferred to act as a secondary parasitoid (hyperparasitoid) of Spintherus dubius (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) or Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). The results of this study lead to following nomenclatural changes: M. amyntor is removed from synonymy under M. incultus, and Pteromalus urgo, P. belesis and P. berecynthos, all described by Walker, are synonymized under M. amyntor. The species are diagnosed with characters illustrated.

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Barczak, Tadeusz, Amelia Dębek-Jankowska, and Janina Bennewicz. "Primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid guilds (hymenoptera) of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae F.) in northern Poland." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 2 (2015): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs140915038b.

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The aim of this study was to determine and compare the guilds of parasitic Hymenoptera associated with the grain aphid on rye and winter wheat in northern Poland. Of the seven species of primary parasitoids (Braconidae: Aphidiinae, Aphelinidae), parasitizing colonies of Sitobion avenae, the most numerous and most frequently occurring, included Praon volucre, Aphidius ervi and Aphidius uzbekistanicus. Primary parasitoids of grain aphids were largely eliminated by hyperparasitoids, mostly of the families Megaspilidae (Dendrocerus carpenteri), Figitidae-Alloxystini (Alloxysta spp. and Phaenoglyphis villosa) and Pteromalidae (Pachyneuron aphidis, Asaphes vulgaris, Coruna clavata), but D. carpenteri and Alloxysta spp. belonged to dominants and subdominants, respectively. This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS150806086E">10.2298/ABS150806086E</a>

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Mele, Alberto, Davide Scaccini, and Alberto Pozzebon. "Hyperparasitism of Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang and Liao) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Two Biological Control Agents of Halyomorpha halys." Insects 12, no. 7 (2021): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070617.

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Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is an invasive Asian pest that causes severe crop losses on various crops. Nowadays, management strategies against this pest mainly rely on pesticide use, but biological control with egg parasitoids is considered the most promising long-term and sustainable solution. Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) and Trissolcus mitsukurii (Ashmead) are Asian egg parasitoids already present in Europe and are the most effective biological control agents of H. halys. Therefore, these two species are considered for biological control programs in Europe and other parts of the world. Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang and Liao) is a pteromalid parasitoid wasp that frequently emerged from H. halys egg masses collected in northern Italy. This species has been hypothesized to be a hyperparasitoid of Trissolcus spp. parasitoids. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions where A. sinicus was tested in no-choice and two-choice experiments to assess the host preference between T. japonicus and T. mitsukurii. Olfactory responses of A. sinicus from volatiles emitted from different potential hosts were also tested. In all trials, A. sinicus showed a clear preference for parasitizing H. halys eggs previously parasitized by T. mitsukurii compared to T. japonicus. In no-choice experiments, the impact of the hyperparasitoid on T. japonicus was low, showing an exploitation rate of 4.0%, while up to a 96.2% exploitation rate was observed on T. mitsukurii. Acroclisoides sinicus was also attracted by volatiles emitted by egg masses parasitized by T. mitsukurii, while no response was observed to egg masses parasitized by T. japonicus or not parasitized. Therefore, according to the results obtained here, A. sinicus could limit the population development of T. mitsukurii, while lesser effects are expected on T. japonicus.

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Murray, T. J., T. M. Withers, S. Mansfield, and J. Bain. "Distribution and current status of natural enemies of Paropsis charybdis in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6834.

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In the 1970s and 1980s two natural enemies of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle Paropsis charybdis an invasive pest from Australia were established in New Zealand Cleobora mellyi (Coccinellidae) remained localised to the Marlborough Sounds but Enoggera nassaui (Pteromalidae) showed a significant impact and spread throughout the country A selfintroduced hyperparasitoid Baeoanusia albifunicle (Encyrtidae) has recently disrupted the biological control of P charybdis by E nassaui Another selfintroduced parasitoid Neopolycystus insectifurax (Pteromalidae) has also appeared As the distributions of the three parasitoids and C mellyi throughout the eucalypt growing areas of New Zealand were largely unknown historical records were reviewed and a field survey of selected areas was carried out The three parasitoids are widely distributed and despite some recent inundative releases of C mellyi it does not appear to have established in other geographical areas yet The effectiveness of the biocontrol agents against P charybdis will be the focus of future research

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Walker, G. P., and F. H. MacDonald. "Natural dispersal of Cotesia rubecula the recently introduced larval parasitoid of Pieris rapae through the South Island." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5687.

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The natural dispersal of Cotesia rubecula the important larval parasitoid of Pieris rapae (small white butterfly) was assessed through the South Island over 2 years as part of an SFF project to improve management of foliage pests on forage vegetable and seed brassicas grown in the South Island This parasitoid has dispersed naturally from its initial release sites at Lincoln and Christchurch as far south as Dunedin airport as far north as north Cheviot and inland to Methven and Hanmer Springs However it has failed to establish in Southland and is not present in central Otago or Nelson/Marlborough Seasonal surveys indicate that this parasitoid is well synchronised with its host sometimes parasitising complete cohorts in a cropping area There is also strong evidence that C rubecula is displacing the earlier introduced and much less effective larval parasitoid Cotesia glomerata The hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus is also affecting the new primary parasitoid A new SFF project is supporting the introduction of C rubecula into the Nelson/Marlborough region where its future interaction with C glomerata and possibly its other host Pieris brassicae (great white butterfly) a new incursion into New Zealand will be an interesting study

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Georgieva, Margarita, Georgi Georgiev, Maria Matova, Gergana Zaemdzhikova, Plamen Mirchev, and Peter Boyadzhiev. "Egg parasitoid complex of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) on the Thasos Island, Greece." Silva Balcanica 21, no. 2 (2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.21.e55699.

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The egg parasitoid complex of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) was surveyed for the first time on the Thasos Island, Greece. A total of 96 egg batches containing 20391 eggs were collected between 06 and 10 of September, 2017 from Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) at four sites (Skidia, Thimonia, Alyki and Panagia). Four primary parasitoids were identified (Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii, Anastatus bifasciatus and Trichogramma sp.), as well as the hyperparasitoid B.&nbsp;transversalis. Among the parasitoids groups, O.&nbsp;pityocampae was the most common, followed by B. servadeii, whilst the number of other species was low. The highest survival rate was reported for three species: O. pityocampae, B. servadeii and A. bifasciatus, while the highest was the mortality in Trichogramma sp. All emerged adults of O. pityocampae and B. servadeii were female specimens and in A. bifasciatus &ndash; males. The number of females of B.&nbsp;transversalis was three times higher than the one of males. Ooencyrtus&nbsp;pityocampae and B. servadeii were the most important parasitoids of T.&nbsp;pityocampa, destroying respectively 27.1% and 9.9% of the host eggs.

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Nematollahi, Mohammad Reza, Yaghoub Fathipour, Ali Asghar Talebi, Javad Karimzadeh, and Myron Philip Zalucki. "Parasitoid- and Hyperparasitoid-Mediated Seasonal Dynamics of the Cabbage Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Environmental Entomology 43, no. 6 (2014): 1542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en14155.

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MORSE, DOUGLASS H. "Four-level interactions: herbivore use of ferns and subsequent parasitoid-hyperparasitoid performance." Ecological Entomology 34, no. 2 (2009): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01073.x.

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Lohaus, Katharina, Stefan Vidal, and Carsten Thies. "Farming practices change food web structures in cereal aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid communities." Oecologia 171, no. 1 (2012): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2387-8.

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Dong, Zhaoke, Xiang Zhang, Qiong Wu, et al. "Land-use effects on aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food web structure and function." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 389 (September 2025): 109699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109699.

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Scaccini, Davide, Martina Falagiarda, Francesco Tortorici, et al. "An Insight into the Role of Trissolcus mitsukurii as Biological Control Agent of Halyomorpha halys in Northeastern Italy." Insects 11, no. 5 (2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050306.

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Sustainable strategies such as classical or augmentative biological control are currently being evaluated for the long-term management of the alien invasive pest Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). A three-year study carried out in northeastern Italy was performed to investigate the distribution and field performance of the H. halys egg parasitoid Trissolcus mitsukurii (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), in comparison with other parasitoid species. In the study area, adventive populations of T. mitsukurii were present since 2016, representing the earliest detection of this species in Europe. Trissolcus mitsukurii was the most abundant parasitoid and showed a higher “parasitoid impact” (i.e., number of parasitized eggs over the total number of field-collected eggs) compared to the other species, i.e., Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Trissolcus kozlovi Rjachovskij (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The hyperparasitoid Acroclisoides sinicus (Huang and Liao) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was also recorded. Phylogenetic analysis of T. mitsukurii population distinguished two clades, one covering samples from Italy, Japan and China, the other from South Korea. The present study provides promising results for the biological control of a pest that is having a dramatic impact on a wide range of crops worldwide.

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Goelen, Tim, Islam S. Sobhy, Christophe Vanderaa, et al. "Volatiles of bacteria associated with parasitoid habitats elicit distinct olfactory responses in an aphid parasitoid and its hyperparasitoid." Functional Ecology 34, no. 2 (2020): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13503.

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Harvey, Jeffrey A., Paul J. Ode, and Rieta Gols. "Population- and Species-Based Variation of Webworm–Parasitoid Interactions in Hogweeds (Heracelum spp.) in the Netherlands." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 4 (2020): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa052.

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Abstract In three Dutch populations of the native small hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium L. [Apiales: Apiaceae]), and one of the invasive giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum Sommeier & Levier [Apiales: Apiaceae]), interactions between a specialist herbivore, the parsnip webworm (Depressaria radiella), and its associated parasitoids were compared during a single growing season. We found host plant species-related differences in the abundance of moth pupae, the specialist polyembryonic endoparasitoid, Copidosoma sosares, the specialist pupal parasitoid, Barichneumon heracliana, and a potential hyperparasitoid of C. sosares, Tyndaricus scaurus Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Adult D. radiella body mass was similar across the three small hogweed populations, but moths and their pupal parasitoid B. heracliana were smaller when developing on giant than on small hogweeds where the two plants grew in the same locality (Heteren). Mixed-sex and all-male broods of C. sosares were generally bigger than all-female broods. Furthermore, adult female C. sosares were larger than males and adult female mass differed among the three small hogweed populations. The frequency of pupal parasitism and hyperparasitism also varied in the different H. sphondylium populations. These results show that short-term (intra-seasonal) effects of plant population on multitrophic insects are variable among different species in a tightly linked food chain.

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Beach, R. Mark, and James W. Todd. "PARASITOIDS AND PATHOGENS OF THE SOYBEAN LOOPER, PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS (WALKER), IN SOUTH GEORGIA SOYBEAN." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 3 (1985): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.318.

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Larvae of the soybean looper (SBL), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), were collected from soybean fields in south Georgia during the 1982, 1983, and 1984 growing seasons. Larvae were reared in the laboratory to determine levels of parasitism and disease incidence. Twelve parasitoid species including one hyperparasitoid were reared from SBL larvae. The three most common parasitoid species were Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman), Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). The most abundant pathogen was the fungus Entomophthora gammae Weiser, but the fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus also were present. Peak SBL densities were 73.5 larvae per rowmeter in 1982, 30.9 in 1983, and 19.8 in 1984. Total mortality of larvae collected from different locales due to parasitism and disease ranged from 36.5 to 77.6% during 1982, from 4.8 to 73.2% during 1983, and from 0 to 93.9% during 1984.

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JOHNSON, PAUL J., ZOYA A. YEFREMOVA, JUAN MANUEL, PERILLA LÓPEZ, and EKATERINA N. YEGORENKOVA. "Aprostocetus chilophagae new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from South Dakota, with taxonomic notes on A. bromi (Kostjukov) and A. nebraskensis (Girault)." Zootaxa 4514, no. 4 (2018): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.2.

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Aprostocetus chilophagae Yefremova and Yegorenkova, new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) is described from eastern South Dakota, U.S.A., and is reported as a parasitoid of the larva of Chilophaga virgati Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an ovule predator of Panicum virgatum. This new species is separated from sympatric A. bromi (Kostjukov) and A. nebraskensis (Girault) by structural morphology and host associations. Aprostocetus bromi was recently recognized from North America as an introduced species from Russia that is a primary parasitoid of the introduced ovule feeding gall midge Stenodiplosis bromicola Marikovskij and Agafonova (Cecidomyiidae) on the invasive grass Bromus inermis. Aprostocetus nebraskensis is a native species that is known as a parasitoid only from S. wattsi Gagné, also an ovule predator on the native prairie grasses Andropogon girardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Sorghastrum nutans. Trichacis rufipes Ashmead (Platygastridae) co-occurs with A. chilophagae new species on C. virgati, and a Centrodora sp. (Aphelinidae) may be a hyperparasitoid. The females of A. bromi and A. nebraskensis are redescribed and the males for each species are described for the first time.

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Gupta, Ankita, and P. Manoj. "Cotesia anthelae (Wilkinson, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a natural parasitoid of Cirrochroa thais (Fabricius, 1787) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), first report from the Oriental region." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 2 (2022): 20683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7564.14.2.20683-20685.

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Field surveys conducted during 2020–2021 in Nedumpura, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur district of Kerala yielded Cotesia anthelae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a gregarious larval parasitoid of a nymphalid butterfly Cirrochroa thais (Fabricius) (Tamil Yeoman) along with its hyperparasitoid Mesochorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). This is the first report of C. anthelae parasitizing a nymphalid butterfly, earlier reports were from a host belonging to Anthelidae (Lepidoptera: Bomycoidea). Also, this is the first report of C. anthelae from the Oriental region, earlier reports are confined to Australia. The present study provides morphological identification of C. anthelae and biological details of its host.

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Singh, Rajendra, and P. N. Srivasta. "Bionomics of Alloxysta pleuralis, a cynipoid hyperparasitoid of an aphidiid parasitoid Trioxys indicus." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 43, no. 2 (1987): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01039.x.

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Singh, Rajendra, and P. N. Srivasta. "Bionomics of Alloxysta pleuralis, a cynipoid hyperparasitoid of an aphidiid parasitoid Trioxys indicus." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 43, no. 1 (1987): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb02195.x.

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BUFFINGTON, MATTHEW L., and ANDREW POLASZEK. "Recent occurrence of Aphanogmus dictynna (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) in Kenya an important hyperparasitoid of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Zootaxa 2214, no. 1 (2009): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2214.1.4.

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The ceraphronid wasp Aphanogmus dictynna (Waterston) was recently recorded in error as an undescribed species of Aphanogmus. This species is a primary parasitoid on larvae and cocoons of the bethylid Prorops nasuta Waterston, and probably a second bethylid species, Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem. Both bethylids are primary parasitoids, and important biological control agents, of larvae and pupae of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). New host and distribution records are provided for A. dictynna, as well as a diagnosis and comments on its taxonomic relationships.

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Faris, Ashleigh M., Michael J. Brewer, and Norman C. Elliott. "Parasitoids and Predators of the Invasive Aphid Melanaphis sorghi Found in Sorghum and Non-Crop Vegetation of the Sorghum Agroecosystem." Insects 13, no. 7 (2022): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070606.

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Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) (sorghum aphid), (=Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an invasive pest of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in North America. Over 19 species of predators and parasitoids have been found to prey on M. sorghi. Natural enemies may reside in vegetation such as sorghum in cultivation (in-season) and persist after harvest (off-season), in Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) (L.) and riparian areas consisting of shrubs and grasses, including Johnson grass. The objective was to assess the ability of these vegetation types to harbor M. sorghi natural enemies during and between annual grain sorghum production. Predator diversity was greatest in riparian vegetation in-season, with twelve species detected across seven families, and four orders of insects. Six lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species were abundant in-season, and Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) persisted at relatively high abundance off-season. Parasitoid diversity was more limited (two primary parasitoids and one hyperparasitoid detected) with the primary parasitoids commonly detected. Aphelinus nigritus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), accounted for 85% and 57% of parasitoids in- and off-season, respectively. Aphelinus nigritus abundance was steady across the annual sorghum season in all vegetation types. Results from this study will inform land-management strategies on how diverse vegetations can play a role in the biological control of M. sorghi.

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Georgieva, Margarita, Georgi Georgiev, Maria Matova, Gergana Zaemdzhikova, Plamen Mirchev, and Peter Boyadzhiev. "Egg parasitoid complex of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) on the Thasos Island, Greece." Silva Balcanica 21, no. (2) (2020): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.21.e55699.

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The egg parasitoid complex of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) was surveyed for the first time on the Thasos Island, Greece. A total of 96 egg batches containing 20391 eggs were collected between 06 and 10 of September, 2017 from Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) at four sites (Skidia, Thimonia, Alyki and Panagia). Four primary parasitoids were identified (Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii, Anastatus bifasciatus and Trichogramma sp.), as well as the hyperparasitoid B. transversalis. Among the parasitoids groups, O. pityocampae was the most common, followed by B. servadeii, whilst the number of other species was low. The highest survival rate was reported for three species: O. pityocampae, B. servadeii and A. bifasciatus, while the highest was the mortality in Trichogramma sp. All emerged adults of O. pityocampae and B. servadeii were female specimens and in A. bifasciatus – males. The number of females of B. transversalis was three times higher than the one of males. Ooencyrtus pityocampae and B. servadeii were the most important parasitoids of T. pityocampa, destroying respectively 27.1% and 9.9% of the host eggs.

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Zwölfer, Helmut, Marc Böheim, and Erwin Beck. "Eurytoma serratulae and E. robusta (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae): complementary host exploitation strategies of coexisting parasitoids and their impact on the host Urophora cardui." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 42 (March 18, 2015): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.42.8847.

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Our study investigates the host exploitation strategies of Eurytoma serratulae and E. robusta (Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae), two parasitoid species that co-occur in gall populations of the tephritid Urophora cardui on Cirsium spp. The endoparasitoid E. serratulae detects the host larvae before an externally visible gall is formed. It profits from large galls, as its parasitization rate increases with increasing numbers of chambers per gall. Oviposition by the ectoparasitoid E. robusta does not occur until a distinct gall with chambers has been formed. Its parasitization rate reaches highest values in medium-sized galls. Eurytoma robusta is the dominant parasitoid in host populations with low and moderate gall densities, whereas E. serratulae is the superior exploiter of host populations with high gall densities. Within single galls E. robusta is an important hyperparasitoid of E. serratulae, but E. serratulae has no adverse influence on E. robusta. Parasitism by E. serratulae induces host larvae to promote gall growth, an effect that is profitable to both the parasitoid and the remaining host larvae in the gall. Parasitism by E. robusta often leads to smaller galls, as cases of unsuccessful parasitization result in empty gall cells.

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