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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasocial relationship theory'
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Özbay, Burcu. "The Relationship Between Parasocial Theory and Brand Placement." Etkileşim 2, no. 4 (2019): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2019.4.66.
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Bu makale parasosyal etkileşim, parasosyal ilişki, parasosyal ayrılma, bir karakterin veya bir ünlünün ölümü, parasosyal ilişkisinin marka yerleşimi ile ilişkisini incelemektedir. Bu makale literatür taraması olan ikincil kaynakları içermektedir. Marka yerleştirme tartışmalı bir konudur ve bunun nedenlerinden biri başarılı bir marka yerleştirme yapmak için izlenecek kesin kuralların bulunmamasıdır. Popülerliği hızla artmasına rağmen marka yerleştirme konusunda ve özellikle parasosyal teori arasındaki korelasyon ile ilgili çok fazla çalışma yoktur. Bu nedenle, bu makalenin amacı yukarıda bahsi geçen konulara netlik kazandırmak ve literatür taramasına katkı sağlamaktır.
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Fetscherin, Marc. "What type of relationship do we have with loved brands?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 31, no. 6/7 (2014): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-05-2014-0969.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion, testing and comparing two different relationship theories and their underlying scales as applied to brand love. Current brand love studies neglect a detailed discussion and analysis of the appropriate relationship theory and underlying measurement scale to be used. Design/methodology/approach – We use a 2 × 2 experimental design where we compare two relationship theories (interpersonal versus parasocial) across two samples (USA and Japan). Model testing were conducted using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group structural equation modeling techniques assessing the type of relationship consumers have with loved brands. Findings – Our results show conceptualizing and measuring “brand love” as a parasocial relationship, as compared to interpersonal relationship, leads overall to equal and, in some instances, better results. For both samples, we get stronger relationships between brand love and purchase intention, as well as for brand love and positive word of mouth (WOM). We also get higher explanation power for dependent variables purchase indentation and WOM. Originality/value – This paper compares different relationship theories and underlying measurement scales and proposes an alternative relationship theory to conceptualize and measure brand love relationships. With the parasocial interaction scale, we provide researchers and practitioners an alternative and very suitable instrument to measure brand love relationships.
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Aw, Eugene Cheng-Xi, and Lauren I. Labrecque. "Celebrity endorsement in social media contexts: understanding the role of parasocial interactions and the need to belong." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 7 (2020): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2019-3474.
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Purpose As celebrity endorsements have extended from traditional media to social media, the role of celebrities has been amplified and celebrities have been able to establish unprecedentedly close relationships through interacting with consumers. This study, grounded in the theory of parasocial interactions and celebrity endorsement, aims to propose a framework of antecedents and outcomes of parasocial interactions with celebrities on social media. Design/methodology/approach Using an experimental survey-based approach, this study collected 270 usable responses, and data were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling. Findings The study found that parasocial interactions fully mediate the relationship between social media interaction and celebrity attachment, celebrity attachment influences purchase intention directly and indirectly through both cognitive (brand credibility) and affective (brand attractiveness) elements, the need to belong moderates the relationship between social media interaction and parasocial interactions and the need to belong moderates the relationship between celebrity attachment and brand attractiveness. An exploratory analysis uncovers whether different types of social platforms may be more conducive to establishing parasocial interactions. Originality/value This study explores the mechanisms by which celebrity interactions on social media can impact the brands they endorse and the role that parasocial interactions and the need to belong play in these interactions and outcomes.
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Cohen, Jonathan, and Michal Hershman-Shitrit. "Mediated relationships with TV characters." Scientific Study of Literature 7, no. 1 (2017): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.7.1.05coh.
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Abstract Five TV actors completed the Big Five personality scale for a character they played on a popular Israeli TV comedy. Viewers of each of these series completed the same scales both for themselves and as they thought the characters would have completed them. They then completed parasocial relationship and identification scales with respect to the same character. Perceived and measured similarity scores (i.e., using the actors’ scores) were computed for each viewer-character pair. These similarity scores were then used to predict both parasocial relationship strength and the degree of identification. Results show that perceived and measured similarity are mostly unrelated and that perceived similarity, but not measured similarity, is related to parasocial relationships and identification. Implications of these results for mediated relationships theory and measurement validity are discussed.
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Zhong, Yunying, Valeriya Shapoval, and James Busser. "The role of parasocial relationship in social media marketing: testing a model among baby boomers." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 33, no. 5 (2021): 1870–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2020-0873.
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Purpose This study aims to apply parasocial relationship theory to understand the hospitality brand-consumer relationship on social media. Aiming to examine brand-initiated mechanisms that drive relationship development, the study identified two sets of brand actions as antecedents, namely, content-related (utilitarian and hedonic benefits) and interaction-related factors (perceived interactivity and openness). This study also investigated the subsequent impacts of parasocial relationships on customer engagement behaviors and brand loyalty. As baby boomers are an important but understudied consumer cohort in social media marketing, this study empirically tested the proposed model for this specific group. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted electronically with baby boomer consumers from the USA. The partial least squares analysis was used to test the model validity for this consumer group. Findings The results of this study showed that content-related factors had significant effects on the parasocial relationship, which, in turn, significantly influenced customer engagement and brand loyalty. Research limitations/implications This study responds to the recent calls from scholars on developing and expanding a nomological network of parasocial relationships to understand consumer-brand relationships in social media. By focusing on baby boomers, this study adds unique insights on understanding online relationships and engagement, specifically for this cohort. Future studies should expand the study by examining other generations, platform differences or using longitudinal methods. Practical implications This study informs hospitality marketers in the development and implementation of a successful Facebook relationship building campaign targeting baby boomers. Originality/value According to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study known to have developed a coherent parasocial relationship model that combined content-related benefits, interaction-related factors, online engagement and brand loyalty. It also represents one of the few to examine how hospitality brands can build a parasocial relationship with baby boomers, an important but cohort, on social media and provide actionable insights to hospitality marketers for this generation.
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Zafar, Abaid Ullah, Jiangnan Qiu, and Mohsin Shahzad. "Do digital celebrities' relationships and social climate matter? Impulse buying in f-commerce." Internet Research 30, no. 6 (2020): 1731–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-04-2019-0142.
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PurposeGrowing evidence asserts that individuals are inclined to buy impulsively in the social commerce environment due to interactive elements. However, extant literature does not reveal the influence of emerging digital celebrities and their communities on impulse buying, although users may encounter them synchronously. Hence, this study explores the impact of parasocial relationships and social climate on impulse buying following the stimulus–organism–response framework with the incorporation of the urge to buy. Besides, this research investigates the role of hedonic and utility gratification-seeking behavior in parasocial relationships following uses and gratifications theory (UGT).Design/methodology/approachAn empirical research study was conducted on Facebook, and data were collected from Pakistani users who followed digital celebrities. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was employed to analyze the valid data of 231 respondents.FindingsThe results indicate that integrated constructs significantly influence impulse buying with complementary partial mediation of urge to buy. Besides, social climate significantly interacts the relationship of parasocial relationships and impulse buying. Further, passing time, enjoyment and information seeking has a significant impact on parasocial relationships, except for self-presentation.Originality/valueThis research provides key knowledge to comprehend the overall phenomenon of emerging digital celebrities through the integration of their parasocial relationships and the social climate of their communities, with potential intervening and interaction effects. This study also unveils the role of gratifications in building digital celebrities' parasocial relationships.
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Hakim, Moh Abdul, and James H. Liu. "Development, Construct Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Parasocial Relationship With Political Figures (PSR-P) Scale." International Perspectives in Psychology 10, no. 1 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000002.
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Abstract. Parasocial theory views ordinary people’s emotional bonding with political figures as a form of parasocial relationship (PSR). Despite the insights it offers, existing measures of PSR have been criticized conceptually and psychometrically. We developed a new scale of PSR with political figures (PSR-P) and examined the construct validity, factor replicability, and measurement invariance based on samples from culturally and politically diverse countries (i.e., Indonesia, New Zealand, and the United States). In three studies using a panel of experts ( N = 20; Study 1), a convenience adult sample ( N = 212; Study 2), and representative and cross-cultural samples ( N = 897; Study 3), we found that the four-item PSR-R scale provides satisfying construct validity, as well as a replicable factor structure and scalar invariance across countries. The PSR-P scale can be utilized to advance the measurement and application of parasocial theory in the field of social and political psychology. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
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Eyal, Keren, and Tali Te’eni-Harari. "Explaining the Relationship Between Media Exposure and Early Adolescents’ Body Image Perceptions." Journal of Media Psychology 25, no. 3 (2013): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000094.
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In recent years, there has been a worldwide increase in the extent of overweight and obesity as well as other eating disorders, especially among youths. Alongside genetic and biological factors that can explain some aspects of these phenomena and the psychological outcomes associated with them, researchers attributed an important role to social and cultural factors, including the mass media. This study examined the relationship between media exposure and early adolescents’ body image. It applied social comparison theory to the study of favorite television characters, an original extension of past research on general social comparison processes. Specifically, the parasocial relationships and motivations for self-comparison with the characters were examined. Based on a survey among 391 seventh and eighth graders, the study found that media exposure negatively predicted body image both directly and through a mediation process involving parasocial relationships with favorite characters, motivations to self-compare, and engagement in social comparison with them. Further, social comparison with favorite characters was found to positively predict an actual/ideal body shape discrepancy which negatively predicted body image. The findings are discussed in light of theory, developmental considerations associated with this unique age group, past research, and educational and policy implications.
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Ding, Yue, and Lingyun Qiu. "The impact of celebrity-following activities on endorsement effectiveness on microblogging platforms." Nankai Business Review International 8, no. 2 (2017): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-11-2016-0043.
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Purpose Celebrity endorsement on microblogging platforms (such as Twitter or Weibo) has become a widely adopted marketing practice. Compared to its counterpart on traditional mass media, celebrity endorsement on microblogging platforms has some unique characteristics. For example, the endorsement information is usually more implicit and the endorsers tend to use different tactics so as to maximize the impact on their followers. However, these new practices have not been thoroughly investigated and the underlying mechanism by which the endorsers influence potential information receivers is not well understood. Anchored on the theory of parasocial interaction borrowed from the mass communication literature, this paper aims to reveal the underlying mechanism of celebrity endorsement on microblogging platforms. More specifically, it examines the relationship between the intensity of microbloggers’ various celebrity-following activities and endorsement effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach The authors designed and conducted a Web-based survey containing scales for all focal constructs and demographic and control variables. Through online and offline campus advertisement, undergraduate and graduates students who have used microblogging for at least three months were recruited. Findings First of all, the survey results show that the intensity of users’ celebrity-following activities on microblogging platforms has a positive effect on the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement. Second, the positive effect of the intensity of microbloggers’ celebrity-following activities on the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement is mediated by the perceived parasocial interaction with the endorsers. Research limitations/implications Firstly, most respondents of the survey are university students. Second, because of the intrinsic disadvantage of the survey method, the causal relationship between constructs cannot be examined directly. Last, parasocial interaction/relationship is a complex theoretical construct whose influence is unveiled partially in this research. Practical implications First, this study found that the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement on microblogging platforms are largely affected by celebrity-followers’ online involvement. Second, this study revealed that celebrity-following activities that help enhance followers’ perceptions of parasocial interactions are particularly beneficial for endorsement effectiveness. Last, the exploratory analysis further revealed that followers’ perceptions of ingenuousness and companionship are two key sub-dimensions of parasocial interaction. Originality/value First, the authors verified the positive relationship between information receiver’s involvement and the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement in the context of microblogging platforms. Second, this study found that parasocial interaction fully mediates the relationship between celebrity-following intensity and endorsement effectiveness. Last, through an exploratory factor analysis, the authors further decomposed the construct of parasocial interaction into three sub-dimensions, namely, ingenuousness, empathy and companionship.
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Chen, Tser Yieth, Tsai Lien Yeh, and Fang Yu Lee. "The impact of Internet celebrity characteristics on followers' impulse purchase behavior: the mediation of attachment and parasocial interaction." Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 15, no. 3 (2021): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrim-09-2020-0183.
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PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between Internet celebrity characteristics and the follower's impulse purchase behavior in YouTuber. Attachment and parasocial interaction are mediating variables concerning the impact of Internet celebrity characteristics on followers' impulse purchase behavior.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted an online survey of YouTube users in Taiwan and utilized quota sampling with 500 samples to examine the influence of two types of Internet celebrities on impulse purchase behavior.FindingsAs to the empirical results, the main path indicated that the self-disclosure Internet celebrity positively affected the attachment, which mainly positively affected the impulse purchase behavior. The second path showed that the expertise-knowledge Internet celebrity positively affected the attachment, which positively affected the impulse purchase behavior.Practical implicationsYouTube marketers should proceed prudently with the market segmentation and choose the appropriate type of Internet celebrities who are suitable for the product image to differentiate marketing. Empirical results can aid marketers in selecting a product-endorser, and enhance consumers' purchasing effect on product advertisements in interactive marketing.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study is to explore the mediation effect of the impact of Internet celebrity characteristics on followers' impulse purchase behavior in interactive marketing. The explaining mechanism of attachment and parasocial interaction is promised to be highlighted as the contribution of this study to the extant literature. This study constructs a theoretical mechanism between attachment theory and parasocial interaction theory and then can be used as a theoretical lens for designing successful social media strategies and explaining social media brand relationships.
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Yuksel, Mujde, and Lauren I. Labrecque. "“Digital buddies”: parasocial interactions in social media." Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 10, no. 4 (2016): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrim-03-2016-0023.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus its inquiries on the parasocial interactions (PSI) and relationships (PSR) consumers form with personae in online social media communities. The authors extend the marketing literature on parasocial interaction/relationship beyond brands by focusing on personal social media accounts (public student-athletes). Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt a grounded theory methodology (Glaser and Strauss, 2009) triangulating observational netnographic data (Kozinets, 2010) of 49 public student-athlete accounts on Twitter (34,500 tweets) with in-depth interviews. The findings emphasize that PSI/PSR occur not only from interactions with brands but also through personal accounts on social media platforms. Findings The investigation reveals that through such social media platforms, PSI/PSR influence consumers cognitively, affectively and behaviorally. In terms of cognition, the data suggest that PSI/PSR can influence opinion, interests, attention allocation and construction of relations, specifically through the availability of in-depth knowledge about the social media persona. Additionally, the research findings indicate that affect-laden messages from persona can alter emotion and mood, induce empathetic reactions and trigger inspiration, especially in relation to the shared interest of the online community of the social media account. Behaviorally, the findings suggest that personas’ messages can direct and inspire both online and offline actions through endorsed behavioral parasocial interactions. Research limitations/implications This research focused on one specific social media platform, Twitter. Twitter was specifically chosen, because it is a popular social media platform and allows non-reciprocal relationships. Although the authors feel that the findings would hold for other social media platforms, future research may be conducted to see if there are differences in PSI/PSR development on different types of networks. Additionally, the authors focused on a specific type of personal account, student-athletes. Future research may wish to extend beyond this population to other personal social media accounts, such as fashion bloggers, diy bloggers and others. Originality/value This research reveals that PSI/PSR can occur not only from interactions with brands but also through personal accounts on social media platforms. The findings give support for the value of brand spokespersons and brand ambassadors and suggest that brands should take careful consideration into who is chosen to represent the brand.
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Pratama, Muhammad Rakha Rizky, and Septia Winduwati. "Aktivitas Interaksi Parasosial Penggemar Kepada Idola (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif pada Wota dan Woti Penggemar JKT48 di Jabodetabek)." Koneksi 5, no. 1 (2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v5i1.10197.
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JKT48 is an idol group originating from Indonesia and produced by Akimoto Yasushi. This research is expected to be able to explain the parasocial interactions that occur between fans and idols. Parasocial interactions are interactions that occur when individuals interact with people who are presented by the media. This research is focused on finding out how the parasocial interaction activities between JKT48 fans Wota and Woti and JKT48 idols. This study uses the concept of communication theory, fandom theory, and parasocial interactions. This research uses a qualitative approach with a collection method by conducting interviews with three informants, study documentation, and literature study. The results in this study are Wota and Woti will feel sad when their idols leave, Wota and Woti limit their relationship with idols only to idols with fans, Wota and Woti make JKT48 as their guide when they behave. None of the three informants in this study was affected pathological.JKT48 merupakan grup idola yang berasal dari Indonesia dan diproduseri oleh Akimoto Yasushi. Penelitian ini bermaksud menjelaskan interaksi parasosial yang terjadi antara penggemar dan idola. Interaksi parasosial merupakan interaksi yang terjadi ketika individu berinteraksi dengan orang yang dipresentasikan oleh media. Penelitian ini fokus untuk mengetahui bagaimana aktivitas interaksi parasosial antara penggemar JKT48 Wota dan Woti terhadap idola JKT48. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep teori komunikasi, teori fandom, dan interaksi parasosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data berupa wawancara tiga informan, studi dokumentasi, dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah Wota dan Woti akan merasa sedih ketika idolanya keluar, Wota dan Woti membatasi hubungannya dengan idola hanya sebatas idola dengan penggemar, Wota dan Woti menjadikan JKT48 sebagai pedoman mereka saat bertingkah laku. Namun penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efek patologis tidak terjadi pada tiga informan.
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Pirker, Viera. "‚Influencing‘ – ein Modell religionspädagogisch reflektierten Handelns?" International Journal of Practical Theology 25, no. 1 (2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijpt-2019-0043.
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Abstract With the changes in the world we live in, the conditions for learning change. Children and adolescents have access to orientation opportunities in the media, which they can approach independently. Digital environments call for a rethinking of educational theory and teaching practice in terms of content and didactics. In the contexts of YouTube and Instagram, Influencing has developed as a new factor in market, opinion and personality formation. In order to understand peer learning on social media, two classical learning theories can be applied. In the context of communication science and media pedagogy, influencing is based on an update of the conception of parasocial relationship. Technological aspects have to be taken into account. The article concludes with a media pedagogical assessment and religious pedagogical perspectives for educational practice and research.
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Et. al., Lilian Pinda. "The Determinant Factors of Purchase Intention in the Culinary Business in Indonesia That Mediated by Parasocial Interaction and Food Vlogger Credibility." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (2021): 4852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1991.
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This study aims to analyze the relationship between physical attractiveness, attitude homophily, social attractiveness, openness, interactivity, credibility, parasocial interaction, and purchase intention on YouTube in the culinary business in Indonesia. This research is a causal research design that applies the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) research model as a method of data analysis. Using convenience sampling, the study sample involved 202 respondents as YouTube users in Jakarta and its surroundings who watched food review content by food vloggers more than three times a month. Based on the results of the hypothesis test, the factors that influence social interaction are physical attractiveness, social attractiveness, and interactivity. Meanwhile, only physical attractiveness affects food vlogger credibility. Therefore, before deciding to collaborate with a food vlogger, marketers can understand how credibility is formed and the interaction between a food vlogger and its audience on social media so that it can influence the audience's buying interest
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Wang, Shih-Ju, Chiu-Ping Hsu, Heng-Chiang Huang, and Chia-Lin Chen. "How readers’ perceived self-congruity and functional congruity affect bloggers’ informational influence." Online Information Review 39, no. 4 (2015): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-02-2015-0063.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to treat bloggers as human brands and applies self-congruity theory to explore how actual and ideal blogger-reader self-congruity, combined with the blog’s functional congruity, influences blogger-reader relationship quality (BRRQ) and the blogger’s informational influence, taking perceived interactivity among blog members as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach – Using a survey of 372 female beauty blog readers, this study employs the structural equation modelling approach to investigate the proposed model. Findings – The empirical findings indicate that readers’ perceived self-congruity with beauty bloggers raises the bloggers’ informational influence, mediated by BRRQ and functional congruity. Actual self-congruity has greater predictive power than ideal self-congruity in explaining bloggers’ informational influence. Moreover, perceived interactivity plays a two-sided role because it strengthens the positive impact of BRRQ on informational influence but weakens the positive impact of functional congruity on informational influence. Practical implications – The findings should help marketers identify influential beauty bloggers through their presented image on their blogs to encourage readers’ acceptance of their opinions about products and services. However, when focusing on beauty blogs featuring high-perceived interactivity among blog members, marketers should carefully balance the facilitating and offsetting effect of perceived interactivity and identify bloggers equipped with superior BRRQ. Originality/value – Using human brand and parasocial interaction perspectives, this study contributes to emerging research on human brands and blog marketing and demonstrates that perceived interactivity is a double-edged sword in stimulating a blogger’s informational influence.
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Sanderson, Jimmy. "“You Are the Type of Person That Children Should Look up to as a Hero”: Parasocial Interaction on 38pitches.com." International Journal of Sport Communication 1, no. 3 (2008): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.1.3.337.
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This research explored people’s expression of parasocial interaction (PSI) on Boston Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling’s blog, 38pitches.com. A thematic analysis using grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and constant comparative methodology of 1,337 postings on Schilling’s blog was conducted. Three parasocial aspects emerged from data analysis: identification, admonishment and advice giving, and criticism. The findings of the study provide support for previous research that suggests identification is a PSI component, and given the large presence of admonishment and criticism, the findings extend PSI theory by suggesting that PSI theory must account for and encompass negative relational behaviors. The results also indicate that people’s use of information and communication technologies is reconfiguring parasocial relationships as fans take an active role in soliciting and communicating with professional athletes, subsequently creating more opportunities for PSI to occur.
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Han, Sangyeal, and Heetae Yang. "Understanding adoption of intelligent personal assistants." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 3 (2018): 618–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-05-2017-0214.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive research model that can explain customers’ continuance intentions to adopt and use intelligent personal assistants (IPAs). Design/methodology/approach This study proposes and validates a new theoretical model that extends the parasocial relationship (PSR) theory. Partial least squares analysis is employed to test the research model and corresponding hypotheses on data collected from 304 survey samples. Findings Interpersonal attraction (task attraction, social attraction, and physical attraction) and security/privacy risk are important factors affecting the adoption of IPAs. Research limitations/implications First, this is the first empirical study to examine user acceptance of IPAs. Second, to the authors’ knowledge, no research has been conducted to test the role of PSR in the context of IPAs. Third, this study verified the robustness of the proposed model by introducing new antecedents reflecting risk-related attributes, which has not been investigated in prior PSR research. But this study has limitations that future research may address. First, key findings of this research are based only on data from users in the USA. Second, individual differences among the survey respondents were not examined. Practical implications To increase the adoption of IPAs, manufacturers should focus on developing “human-like” and “professional” assistants, in consideration of the important role of PSR and task attraction. R&D should continuously strive to realize artificial intelligence technology advances so that IPAs can better recognize the user’s voice and speak naturally like a person. Collaboration with third-party companies or individual developers is essential in this field, as manufacturers are unable to independently develop applications that support the specific tasks of various industries. It is also necessary to enhance IPA device design and its user interface to enhance physical attraction. Originality/value This study is the first empirical attempt to examine user acceptance of IPAs, as most of the prior literature has concerned analysis of usage patterns or technical features.
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Hartmann, Tilo, Daniela Stuke, and Gregor Daschmann. "Positive Parasocial Relationships with Drivers Affect Suspense in Racing Sport Spectators." Journal of Media Psychology 20, no. 1 (2008): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.20.1.24.
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Abstract. The present study examines determinants of suspense on viewers observing sports on television. As an explanatory framework, an integrated model is proposed, linking the concept of (positive and negative) parasocial relationships (PSR) to the concept of affective dispositions as used in the affective disposition theory of drama. In the context of the popular sport of “Formula 1” racing, the hypothesized causal structure of the formation of suspense was tested in an empirical survey study. A structural equation model was calculated. Results show a significant influence of positive forms of PSR toward a favorite driver, either mediated by viewers' hopes for a positive outcome or influenced directly by the experienced level of suspense. While negative forms of PSR toward a disliked driver affect viewers' hopes for a negative outcome, they do not add to the level of suspense.
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Liebers, Nicole, and Romina Straub. "Fantastic relationships and where to find them: Fantasy and its impact on romantic parasocial phenomena with media characters." Poetics 83 (December 2020): 101481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101481.
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Lim, Joon Soo, Min-Ji Choe, Jun Zhang, and Ghee-Young Noh. "The role of wishful identification, emotional engagement, and parasocial relationships in repeated viewing of live-streaming games: A social cognitive theory perspective." Computers in Human Behavior 108 (July 2020): 106327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106327.
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Bonus, James Alex, Nicholas L. Matthews, and Tim Wulf. "The Impact of Moral Expectancy Violations on Audiences’ Parasocial Relationships With Movie Heroes and Villains." Communication Research, November 20, 2019, 009365021988651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650219886516.
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Integrating the predictions of disposition theory and expectancy violations theory, a longitudinal survey assessed adults’ parasocial relationships with characters in a popular movie franchise before and after the release of the latest film installment of that franchise. Consistent with disposition theory, characters’ immoral behavior in the film weakened participants’ parasocial relationships with those characters. However, analyses conducted using a novel statistical technique (i.e., response surface analysis) revealed that further shifts in the strength of these relationships occurred when characters subverted participants’ expectations regarding their typical moral behavior. Specifically, participants’ relationship with the film’s primary villain strengthened when he was perceived as behaving more morally than expected, whereas their relationship with the film’s primary hero weakened when he was perceived as behaving either more or less morally than expected. These findings highlight the need for more nuanced examinations of disposition formation processes.
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Yan, Qing, and Fan Yang. "From parasocial to parakin: Co-creating idols on social media." New Media & Society, June 27, 2020, 146144482093331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444820933313.
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Star worship is an ever-growing phenomenon around the globe. Across various social media platforms in China, a new idol–fan relationship model has emerged, such that the fans have stepped up from merely worshipping the idols to being able to co-cultivate their idols, including their public images, the scope of their work, and even their personal lives. Based on a grounded theory approach, this study utilized text analysis and in-depth interviews to explore parakin relationships between fans and idols and proposed a dual motivation model to explain the motivations of fans for forming such a relationship. The findings extend current fandom literature by exploring a new front of fan–idol interactions in the context of social media. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Liao, Youliang, Bin Lin, Haiyan Zhou, and Xi Yang. "The Power of Unrequited Love: The Parasocial Relationship, Trust, and Organizational Identification Between Middle-Level Managers and CEOs." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (September 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689511.
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Previous studies have found that CEOs manage their firms through traditional methods such as leadership and management practices. In this study, we investigate how the parasocial relationship (PSR) between middle-level managers and CEOs affects the organizational trust and the organizational identification (OI) of middle managers. We find that the PSR between middle managers and CEOs has a positive effect on the OI of middle managers, which is mediated by the organizational trust of middle managers.Purpose: Middle managers and CEOs are the key components of a firm and are crucial to firm strategies and control systems. Middle managers play a vital role in information transmission like in the organizational hierarchy while CEOs influence low-level employees through middle managers. In this study, we investigate how the PSR between middle managers and CEOs affects organizational trust and OI.Design/Methodology: In this study, the data concerning OI, integrity perception, and organizational trust are derived from a survey conducted by the internal control research group of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). The research group began the survey on September 5, 2014, for the firms listed in the A-share market, accounting firms with securities and future practice qualifications, and institutional investors through the accounting department of the CSRC, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and the Asset Management Association of China. The research group members surveyed 2,536 A-share firms listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. As of October 31, 2014, 2,154 sets of questionnaires with a total of 12,551 questionnaires were received, with a response rate of 84.95%. The financial and accounting data are from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) database.Findings: We find that the PSR between middle managers and CEOs has a positive effect on the OI of middle managers, which is mediated by the organizational trust of middle managers. This study extends the application of the parasocial interaction (PSI) theory, organizational trust theory, and social identity theory in listed firms.Practical Implication: There are practical implications for internal relationship management, corporate governance, and performance management. CEOs should value the influence of organizational trust and improve his/her own social and work abilities on middle-level managers as the organizational trust of middle-level managers has a significant positive impact on their sense of responsibility, ethical behavior, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance. CEOs should adopt various methods to influence different managers because organizational trust mediates the relationship between the PSR and OI.Originality/Value: Our study is one of the first attempts to apply the PSI theory to the corporate world. Given the dynamics of present-day markets and changing stakeholder demands, there is little insight into how this relationship affects organizational health and functioning. Much less what a PSR between CEO and middle management looks like in practice. Our study attempts to fill the gap by investigating how CEOs might come to affect middle managers through their practices and behaviors.
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Wellman, Mariah L. "Trans-mediated parasocial relationships: Private Facebook groups foster influencer–follower connection." New Media & Society, September 16, 2020, 146144482095871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444820958719.
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This essay offers an extension of the theory of parasocial relationships deemed trans-mediated parasocial relationships in which popular users rely on a specific social media platform to maintain relationships with followers previously kindled on another platform. The extension calls for scholars to pay attention to which platforms influential users are moving between and how the affordances of particular platforms help or hinder the growth of existing relationships. To explicate this theory extension, the researcher applied a multi-method approach to explore a private Facebook group run by Australian social media influencer, Sarah’s Day. The researcher investigates how members use the group to communicate their thoughts, seek support, ask questions, and share critiques of themselves and others. In this case, an influencer who originally fostered connections with followers on YouTube and Instagram built a self-sustaining Facebook group to maintain those relationships through little effort of her own, continually benefiting from follower labor.
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Kreissl, Julian, Daniel Possler, and Christoph Klimmt. "Engagement With the Gurus of Gaming Culture: Parasocial Relationships to Let’s Players." Games and Culture, April 8, 2021, 155541202110052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15554120211005241.
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Let’s Players have emerged as a successful class of entertainers in the YouTube® universe. Most of their broadcasts not only relate to video games and gaming but also feature elements of talk shows and other modes of personality entertainment, including star–fan interaction through social media channels. Hence, they represent focal points of reference for gamers and important manifestations of contemporary gaming culture. The present contribution applies the concept of parasocial relationships (PSR) to examine how dimensional compositions and formation dynamics of audience engagement with Let’s Players are affected by the specific conditions of digital online media environments. Findings from an online survey indicate that PSR with popular Let’s Players are composed partially similar to “conventional” stars, but seem to rest more on interactive responsiveness and less on idolizing “larger-than-life” characters. Implications for PSR theory in hybrid mass/online communication settings and for digital gaming culture are discussed.
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Sherrick, Brett, Jennifer Hoewe, and David R. Ewoldsen. "Using narrative media to satisfy intrinsic needs: Connecting parasocial relationships, retrospective imaginative involvement, and self-determination theory." Psychology of Popular Media, September 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000358.
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Kim, Jiyoung, Jihye Ellie Min, and Linh Ha Le. "Impacts of brand familiarity and brand responses on perceived brand credibility, similarity, and blog recommendation intention: a study of corporate blogs." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-09-2020-0189.
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PurposeAdopting the theory of parasocial interaction (PSI) and schema theory, this study proposes that a brand’s personalized response and brand familiarity on a corporate blog will lead to higher perceived brand similarity, credibility and blog recommendation intention.Design/methodology/approachA 2 (brand familiarity: high, low) × 3 (brand responses: none, automated and personal) experimental design was developed to test the hypothesized relationships. A total of 474 qualified data were collected using an online survey. ANOVA was utilized to test the research hypotheses.FindingsStudy results revealed that personalized messages lead to stronger perceived brand similarity, credibility and blog recommendation intention than those exposed to automated and no response. Brand familiarity also significantly influenced perceived brand similarity, brand credibility and blog recommendation intention. Further, the study analysis revealed an interesting interaction effect between brand awareness and brand response on recommendation intention.Originality/valueThe study provides meaningful implications and suggestions for the effective corporate blogging strategy to influence consumers’ attitudes and image toward brands and establish strong brand equity and relationships with customers.