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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasternal intercostal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

De Troyer, A., and G. A. Farkas. "Linkage between parasternals and external intercostals during resting breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.2.509.

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To assess the mechanical coupling between the parasternal and external intercostals in the cranial portion of the rib cage, we measured the respiratory changes in length and the electromyograms of the two muscles in the same third or fourth intercostal space in 24 spontaneously breathing dogs. We found that 1) the amount of inspiratory shortening of the external intercostal was considerably smaller than the amount of shortening of the parasternal; 2) after selective denervation of the parasternal, the inspiratory shortening of both the parasternal and the external intercostal was almost abolis

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2

De Troyer, A. "Inspiratory elevation of the ribs in the dog: primary role of the parasternals [published errata appear in J Appl Physiol 1991 Aug;71(2):following Table of Contents and 1991 Dec;71(6):following Author Index]." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.4.1447.

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To assess the relative contributions of the different groups of inspiratory intercostal muscles to the cranial motion of the ribs in the dog, we have measured the axial displacement of the fourth rib and recorded the electromyograms of the parasternal intercostal, external intercostal, and levator costae in the third interspace in 15 anesthetized animals breathing at rest. In eight animals, the parasternal intercostals were denervated in interspaces 1-5. This procedure caused a marked increase in the amount of external intercostal and levator costae inspiratory activity, and yet the inspirator

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3

De Troyer, A., and G. A. Farkas. "Mechanical arrangement of the parasternal intercostals in the different interspaces." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 1421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1421.

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When the parasternal intercostal in a single interspace is selectively denervated in dogs with diaphragmatic paralysis, it continues to shorten during both quiet and occluded inspiration. In the present studies, we have tested the hypothesis that this passive parasternal inspiratory shortening is due to the action of the other parasternal intercostals. Changes in length of the denervated third right parasternal were measured in eight supine phrenicotomized animals. We found that 1) the inspiratory muscle shortening increased after denervation of the third left parasternal but gradually decreas

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4

Kelsen, S. G., S. Bao, A. J. Thomas, I. A. Mardini, and G. J. Criner. "Structure of parasternal intercostal muscles in the adult hamster: topographic effects." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 1150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.3.1150.

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The parasternal intercostals are primary inspiratory muscles like the costal and crural diaphragm. However, the structure of the rib cage and its impedance to inspiration and expiration varies regionally. We questioned whether topographic differences in rib cage structure and impedance were associated with regional differences in parasternal intercostal muscle structure. Therefore, we examined the size and percentage of histochemically stained fibers in the parasternal intercostal muscles in the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth interspaces in the hamster. We observed a rostrocaudal grad

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5

Leenaerts, P., and M. Decramer. "Respiratory changes in parasternal intercostal intramuscular pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.868.

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In an attempt to obtain insight in the forces developed by the parasternal intercostal muscles during breathing, changes in parasternal intramuscular pressure (PIP) were measured in 14 supine anesthetized dogs using a microtransducer method. In six animals, during bilateral parasternal stimulation a linear relationship between contractile force exerted on the rib and PIP was demonstrated (r greater than 0.95). In eight animals, during quiet active inspiration, substantial (55 +/- 11.5 cmH2O) PIP was developed. During inspiratory resistive loading and airway occlusion the inspiratory rise in PI

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6

Wilson, T. A., and A. De Troyer. "Respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles in the dog." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2636.

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In a previous paper (J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 2283–2288, 1992), respiratory effect was defined as the change in airway pressure produced by active tension in a muscle with the airway closed, mechanical advantage was defined as the respiratory effect per unit mass per unit active stress, and it was shown that mechanical advantage is proportional to muscle shortening during the relaxation maneuver. Here, we report values of mechanical advantage and maximum respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles of the dog. Orientations of the intercostal muscles in the third and sixth interspaces were measur

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7

De Troyer, André, and Dimitri Leduc. "Effect of diaphragmatic contraction on the action of the canine parasternal intercostals." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 1 (July 2006): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01465.2005.

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The inspiratory intercostal muscles enhance the force generated by the diaphragm during lung expansion. However, whether the diaphragm also alters the force developed by the inspiratory intercostals is unknown. Two experiments were performed in dogs to answer the question. In the first experiment, external, cranially oriented forces were applied to the different rib pairs to assess the effect of diaphragmatic contraction on the coupling between the ribs and the lung. The fall in airway opening pressure (ΔPao) produced by a given force on the ribs was invariably greater during phrenic nerve sti

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8

Shibata, Yasuyuki. "Parasternal Intercostal Nerve Block." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 43 (2017): S183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.08.1618.

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9

Levine, Sanford, Taitan Nguyen, Michael Friscia, Jianliang Zhu, Wilson Szeto, John C. Kucharczuk, Boris A. Tikunov, Neal A. Rubinstein, Larry R. Kaiser, and Joseph B. Shrager. "Parasternal intercostal muscle remodeling in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 5 (November 2006): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01607.2005.

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Studies in experimental animals indicate that chronic increases in neural drive to limb muscles elicit a fast-to-slow transformation of fiber-type proportions and myofibrillar proteins. Since neural drive to the parasternal intercostal muscles (parasternals) is chronically increased in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), we carried out the present study to test the hypothesis that the parasternals of COPD patients exhibit an increase in the proportions of both slow fibers and slow myosin heavy chains (MHCs). Accordingly, we obtained full thickness parasternal m

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10

De Troyer, A., and G. Farkas. "Mechanics of the parasternal intercostals in prone dogs: statics and dynamics." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 2757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2757.

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It is well established that the parasternal intercostal muscles in supine dogs play a major role in causing the inspiratory elevation of the ribs. This posture, however, is not physiological in the dog. In the present study, we measured the electromyographic (EMG) activity and the respiratory changes in length of these muscles in the prone (standing) and supine postures in seven anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. With a change from the supine to the prone posture, the parasternal intercostals showed a 3.2% reduction in their relaxation length (Lr), but their mechanical behavior was ess

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11

Easton, Paul A., Harvey G. Hawes, Bruce Rothwell, and Andre de Troyer. "Postinspiratory activity of the parasternal and external intercostal muscles in awake canines." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1097.

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Previous studies have shown in awake dogs that activity in the crural diaphragm, but not in the costal diaphragm, usually persists after the end of inspiratory airflow. It has been suggested that this difference in postinspiratory activity results from greater muscle spindle content in the crural diaphragm. To evaluate the relationship between muscle spindles and postinspiratory activity, we have studied the pattern of activation of the parasternal and external intercostal muscles in the second to fourth interspaces in eight chronically implanted animals. Recordings were made on 2 or 3 success

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12

Greer, J. J., and T. P. Martin. "Distribution of muscle fiber types and EMG activity in cat intercostal muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.4.1208.

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The electromyogram (EMG) activity and histochemical properties of intercostal muscles in the anesthetized cat were studied. The parasternal muscles were consistently active during inspiration. The external intercostals in the rostral spaces and the ventral portions of the midthoracic spaces were also recruited during inspiration. The remaining external intercostals were typically silent, regardless of the level of respiratory drive. The internal intercostal muscles located in the caudal spaces were occasionally recruited during expiration. There was a clear correlation between recruitment patt

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13

Oliven, A., E. C. Deal, S. G. Kelsen, and N. S. Cherniack. "Effects of bronchoconstriction on respiratory muscle activity during expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.308.

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The effect of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction on the electrical activity of respiratory muscles during expiration was studied in 12 anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. Before and after aerosols of methacholine, diaphragm, parasternal intercostal, internal intercostal, and external oblique electromyograms were recorded during 100% O2 breathing and CO2 rebreathing. While breathing 100% O2, five dogs showed prolonged electrical activity of the diaphragm and parasternal intercostals in early expiration, postinspiratory inspiratory activity (PIIA). Aerosols of methacholine increased

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14

Tagliabue, Giovanni, Michael Sukjoon Ji, Jenny V. Suneby Jagers, Danny J. Zuege, John B. Kortbeek, and Paul A. Easton. "Parasternal intercostal, costal, and crural diaphragm neural activation during hypercapnia." Journal of Applied Physiology 131, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00261.2020.

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This investigation directly compares neural activation of the parasternal intercostal muscle with the two distinct segments of the diaphragm, costal and crural, during room air and hypercapnic ventilation. During eupnea and hypercapnia, the parasternal intercostal muscle and costal diaphragm share a similar neural activation, whereas they both differ significantly from the crural diaphragm. The parasternal intercostal muscle maintains and increases active inspiratory mechanical action with shortening during ventilation, even with high levels of diaphragm recruitment.

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15

Cappello, Matteo, and André De Troyer. "On the respiratory function of the ribs." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2001.

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To assess the respiratory function of the ribs, we measured the changes in airway opening pressure (Pao) induced by stimulation of the parasternal and external intercostal muscles in anesthetized dogs, first before and then after the bony ribs were removed from both sides of the chest. Stimulating either set of muscles with the rib cage intact elicited a fall in Pao in all animals. After removal of the ribs, however, the fall in Pao produced by the parasternal intercostals was reduced by 60% and the fall produced by the external intercostals was eliminated. The normal outward curvature of the

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16

Road, J. D., S. Osborne, and A. Cairns. "Stability of evoked parasternal intercostal muscle electromyogram at increased end-expiratory lung volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1485.

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The diaphragmatic electromyogram has been measured as an index of the level of diaphragmatic activation. The diaphragmatic electromyogram, however, even when measured by intramuscular electrodes, can be artifactually altered by a change in lung volume (A. Brancatisano, S. M. Kelly, A. Tully, S. H. Loring, and L. A. Engel. J. Appl. Physiol. 66: 1699–1705, 1989) or by a change in body position. The parasternal intercostal muscle may be less subject to the mechanisms that are believed to produce this artifactual change. We asked whether the parasternal intercostal electromyographic activity could

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17

Hudson, Anna L., Jane E. Butler, Simon C. Gandevia, and Andre De Troyer. "Interplay Between the Inspiratory and Postural Functions of the Human Parasternal Intercostal Muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (March 2010): 1622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00887.2009.

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The parasternal intercostal muscles are obligatory inspiratory muscles. To test the hypothesis that they are also involved in trunk rotation and to assess the effect of any postural role on inspiratory drive to the muscles, intramuscular electromyographic (EMG) recordings were made from the parasternal intercostals on the right side in six healthy subjects during resting breathing in a neutral posture (“neutral breaths”), during an isometric axial rotation effort of the trunk to the right (“ipsilateral rotation”) or left (“contralateral rotation”), and during resting breathing with the trunk r

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18

De Troyer, A., G. A. Farkas, and V. Ninane. "Mechanics of the parasternal intercostals during occluded breaths in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.4.1546.

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The electrical activity and the respiratory changes in length of the third parasternal intercostal muscle were measured during single-breath airway occlusion in 12 anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs in the supine posture. During occluded breaths in the intact animal, the parasternal intercostal was electrically active and shortened while pleural pressure fell. In contrast, after section of the third intercostal nerve at the chondrocostal junction and abolition of parasternal electrical activity, the muscle always lengthened. This inspiratory muscle lengthening must be related to the fa

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19

Darian, G. B., A. F. DiMarco, S. G. Kelsen, G. S. Supinski, and S. B. Gottfried. "Effects of progressive hypoxia on parasternal, costal, and crural diaphragm activation." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 2579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2579.

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The distribution of motor drive to the costal and crural diaphragm and parasternal intercostal muscles was evaluated during progressive isocapnic hypoxia in anesthetized dogs. Bipolar stainless steel wire electrodes were placed unilaterally into the costal and crural portions of the diaphragm and into the parasternal intercostal muscle in the second or third intercostal space. Both peak and rate of rise of electromyographic activity of each chest wall muscle increased in curvilinear fashion in response to progressive hypoxia. Both crural and parasternal intercostal responses, however, were gre

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20

Lozano-García, Manuel, Luis Estrada-Petrocelli, Abel Torres, Gerrard F. Rafferty, John Moxham, Caroline J. Jolley, and Raimon Jané. "Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromechanical Coupling and Mechanical Efficiency of Parasternal Intercostal Muscle during Inspiratory Threshold Loading." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051781.

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This study aims to investigate noninvasive indices of neuromechanical coupling (NMC) and mechanical efficiency (MEff) of parasternal intercostal muscles. Gold standard assessment of diaphragm NMC requires using invasive techniques, limiting the utility of this procedure. Noninvasive NMC indices of parasternal intercostal muscles can be calculated using surface mechanomyography (sMMGpara) and electromyography (sEMGpara). However, the use of sMMGpara as an inspiratory muscle mechanical output measure, and the relationships between sMMGpara, sEMGpara, and simultaneous invasive and noninvasive pre

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21

Leduc, Dimitri, and André De Troyer. "The effect of lung inflation on the inspiratory action of the canine parasternal intercostals." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 3 (March 2006): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00739.2005.

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Inflation induces a marked decrease in the lung-expanding ability of the diaphragm, but its effect on the parasternal intercostal muscles is uncertain. To assess this effect, the phrenic nerves and the external intercostals were severed in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs, such that the parasternal intercostals were the only muscles active during inspiration, and the endotracheal tube was occluded at different lung volumes. Although the inspiratory electromyographic activity recorded from the muscles was constant, the change in airway opening pressure decreased with inflation from −7.2 ± 0.6 cmH

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22

Ohgoshi, Yuichi, Kentaro Ino, and Masakazu Matsukawa. "Ultrasound-guided parasternal intercostal nerve block." Journal of Anesthesia 30, no. 5 (June 20, 2016): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00540-016-2202-5.

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23

Decramer, M., T. X. Jiang, and M. Demedts. "Effects of acute hyperinflation on chest wall mechanics in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1493.

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We studied chest wall mechanics at functional residual capacity (FRC) and near total lung capacity (TLC) in 14 supine anesthetized and vagotomized dogs. During breathing near TLC compared with FRC, tidal volume decreased (674 +/- 542 vs. 68 +/- 83 ml; P less than 0.025). Both inspiratory changes in gastric pressure (4.5 +/- 2.5 vs. -0.2 +/- 2.0 cmH2O; P less than 0.005) and changes in abdominal cross-sectional area (25 +/- 17 vs. -1.0 +/- 4.2%; P less than 0.001) markedly decreased; they were both often negative during inspiration near TLC. Parasternal intercostal shortening decreased (-3.0 +/

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24

Leduc, Dimitri, and André De Troyer. "Mechanism of increased inspiratory rib elevation in ascites." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 3 (September 2009): 734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00470.2009.

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The detrimental effect of ascites on the lung-expanding action of the diaphragm is partly compensated for by an increase in the inspiratory elevation of the ribs, but the mechanism of this increase is uncertain. To identify this mechanism, the effect of ascites on the response of rib 4 to isolated phrenic nerve stimulation was first assessed in four dogs with bilateral pneumothoraces. Stimulation did not produce any axial displacement of the rib ( Xr) in the control condition and caused a cranial rib displacement in the presence of ascites. This displacement, however, was small. In a second ex

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25

Legrand, Alexandre, Serge Goldman, Philippe Damhaut, and André De Troyer. "Heterogeneity of metabolic activity in the canine parasternal intercostals during breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.811.

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In the dog, the inspiratory mechanical advantage of the parasternal intercostals shows a marked spatial heterogeneity, whereas the expiratory mechanical advantage of the triangularis sterni is relatively uniform. The contribution of a particular respiratory muscle to lung volume expansion during breathing, however, depends both on the mechanical advantage of the muscle and on its neural input. To evaluate the distribution of neural input across the canine parasternal intercostals and triangularis sterni, we have examined the distribution of metabolic activity among these muscles in seven spont

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26

Decramer, M., M. B. Reid, and A. De Troyer. "Relationship between parasternal intercostal length and rib cage displacement in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.5.1517.

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The relationship between parasternal intercostal length and rib cage cross-sectional area was examined in nine supine dogs during passive inflation and during quiet breathing before and after phrenicotomy. Parasternal intercostal length (PSL) was measured with a sonomicrometry technique, and rib cage cross-sectional area (Arc) was measured with a Respitrace coil placed around the middle rib cage. During active inspiration as well as during passive inflation, PSL decreased as Arc increased. However, the relationship between PSL and Arc during active inspiration, whether in the intact or phrenic

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27

De Troyer, A., and G. A. Farkas. "Passive shortening of canine parasternal intercostals during breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 1414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1414.

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We have previously demonstrated that the shortening of the canine parasternal intercostals during inspiration results primarily from the muscles' own activation (J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 1546–1553, 1988). In the present studies, we have tested the hypothesis that other inspiratory rib cage muscles may contribute to the parasternal inspiratory shortening. Eight supine, spontaneously breathing dogs were studied. Changes in length of the third or fourth right parasternal intercostal were measured during quiet breathing and during single-breath airway occlusion first with the animal intact, then afte

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28

Dres, Martin, Bruno-Pierre Dubé, Ewan Goligher, Stefannie Vorona, Suela Demiri, Elise Morawiec, Julien Mayaux, Laurent Brochard, Thomas Similowski, and Alexandre Demoule. "Usefulness of Parasternal Intercostal Muscle Ultrasound during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation." Anesthesiology 132, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003191.

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Abstract Background The assessment of diaphragm function with diaphragm ultrasound seems to bring important clinical information to describe diaphragm work and weakness. When the diaphragm is weak, extradiaphragmatic muscles may play an important role, but whether ultrasound can also assess their activity and function is unknown. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the feasibility of measuring the thickening of the parasternal intercostal and investigate the responsiveness of this muscle to assisted ventilation; and (2) evaluate whether a combined evaluation of the parasternal and the diaphragm c

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29

Carrier, D. R. "Function of the intercostal muscles in trotting dogs: ventilation or locomotion?" Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.7.1455.

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Although the intercostal muscles play an important role in lung ventilation, observations from fishes and ectothermic tetrapods suggest that their primary function may be locomotion. To provide a broader understanding of the role these muscles play in locomotion, I measured ventilatory airflow at the mouth and activity of the fourth and ninth intercostal muscles in four dogs trotting on a treadmill. During rest and thermoregulatory panting, activity of the intercostal muscles was associated with inspiratory and expiratory airflow. However, during trotting, activity of the interosseous portions

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30

De Troyer, A., and A. Legrand. "Inhomogeneous activation of the parasternal intercostals during breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.55.

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Recent computations of the mechanical advantage of the canine intercostal muscles have suggested that the inspiratory advantage of the parasternal intercostals is not uniform. In the present studies, we have initially tested this hypothesis. Using a caliper and markers implanted in the costal cartilages, we have thus measured, in four supine paralyzed dogs, the length of the medial, middle, and lateral parasternal fibers at functional residual capacity and after a 1-liter mechanical inflation. With inflation, the medial fibers always shortened more than did the middle fibers (-9.8 +/- 0.8 vs.

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31

Yokoba, Masanori, Harvey G. Hawes, Teresa M. Kieser, Masato Katagiri, and Paul A. Easton. "Parasternal intercostal and diaphragm function during sleep." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 1 (April 28, 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2015.

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32

DiMarco, A. F., J. R. Romaniuk, and G. S. Supinski. "Parasternal and external intercostal responses to various respiratory maneuvers." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.979.

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Recent studies suggest that the external intercostal (EI) muscles of the upper rib cage, like the parasternals (PA), play an important ventilatory role, even during eupneic breathing. The purpose of the present study was to further assess the ventilatory role of the EI muscles by determining their response to various static and dynamic respiratory maneuvers and comparing them with the better-studied PA muscles. Applied interventions included 1) passive inflation and deflation, 2) abdominal compression, 3) progressive hypercapnia, and 4) response to bilateral cervical phrenicotomy. Studies were

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33

Hudson, Anna L., Jane E. Butler, Simon C. Gandevia, and Andre De Troyer. "Role of the diaphragm in trunk rotation in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 4 (October 2011): 1622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00155.2011.

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The objectives of the present study were to test the hypothesis that the costal diaphragm contracts during ipsilateral rotation of the trunk and that such trunk rotation increases the motor output of the muscle during inspiration. Monopolar electrodes were inserted in the right costal hemidiaphragm in six subjects, and electromyographic (EMG) recordings were made during isometric rotation efforts of the trunk to the right (“ipsilateral rotation”) and to the left (“contralateral rotation”). EMG activity was simultaneously recorded from the parasternal intercostal muscles on the right side. The

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34

De Troyer, A., A. Legrand, G. Gayan-Ramirez, M. Cappello, and M. Decramer. "On the mechanism of the mediolateral gradient of parasternal activation." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.5.1490.

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Recent studies have shown that in spontaneously breathing dogs the parasternal intercostals are activated according to a mediolateral gradient. To assess the mechanism of this regionalization of activity, we assessed the pattern of activation of these muscles after section of the dorsal roots and examined the topographic distribution of the muscle fiber types from the sternum to the chondrocostal junctions. The pattern of parasternal activity after dorsal rhizotomy was similar in all respects to that previously observed in intact animals. Thus activity in the medial parasternal bundles at the

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35

Legrand, Alexandre, Theodore A. Wilson, and André De Troyer. "Rib cage muscle interaction in airway pressure generation." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.198.

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We have previously demonstrated in dogs that the change in airway opening pressure (ΔPao) produced by isolated maximum activation of the parasternal intercostal or triangularis sterni muscle in a single interspace, the sternomastoids, and the scalenes is proportional to the product of muscle mass and the fractional change in muscle length per unit volume increase of the relaxed chest wall. In the present study, we have assessed the interactions between these muscles by comparing the ΔPao obtained during simultaneous activation of a pair of muscles (measured ΔPao) to the sum of the ΔPao values

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36

van Lunteren, E., M. A. Haxhiu, E. C. Deal, J. S. Arnold, and N. S. Cherniack. "Respiratory changes in thoracic muscle length during bronchoconstriction." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.221.

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The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of bronchoconstriction on respiratory changes in length of the costal diaphragm and the parasternal intercostal muscles. Ten dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and tracheostomized. Respiratory changes in muscle length were measured using sonomicrometry, and electromyograms were recorded with bipolar fine-wire electrodes. Administration of histamine aerosols increased pulmonary resistance from 6.4 to 14.5 cmH2O X l–1 X s, caused reductions in inspiratory and expiratory times, and decreased tidal volume. The peak and rate o

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MacBean, Victoria, Claire L. Pringle, Alan C. Lunt, Keith D. Sharp, Ashraf Ali, Anne Greenough, John Moxham, and Gerrard F. Rafferty. "Parasternal intercostal muscle activity during methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction." Experimental Physiology 102, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep086120.

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De Troyer, André, and Theodore A. Wilson. "Effect of acute inflation on the mechanics of the inspiratory muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 1 (July 2009): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91472.2008.

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When the lung is inflated acutely, the capacity of the diaphragm to generate pressure, in particular pleural pressure (Ppl), is impaired because the muscle during contraction is shorter and generates less force. At very high lung volumes, the pressure-generating capacity of the diaphragm may be further reduced by an increase in the muscle radius of curvature. Lung inflation similarly impairs the pressure-generating capacity of the inspiratory intercostal muscles, both the parasternal intercostals and the external intercostals. In contrast to the diaphragm, however, this adverse effect is large

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Cala, Stephen J., Christopher M. Kenyon, Allan Lee, Kenneth Watkin, Peter T. Macklem, and Dudley F. Rochester. "Respiratory Ultrasonography of Human Parasternal Intercostal Muscle In Vivo." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 24, no. 3 (March 1998): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(97)00271-8.

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40

DiMarco, A. F., J. R. Romaniuk, and G. S. Supinski. "Parasternal and external intercostal muscle shortening during eupneic breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 2222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.6.2222.

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The interosseous external intercostal (EI) muscles of the upper rib cage are electrically active during inspiration, but the mechanical consequence of their activation is unclear. In 16 anesthetized dogs, we simultaneously measured EI (3rd and 4th interspaces) and parasternal intercostal (PA) (3rd interspace) electromyogram and length. Muscle length was measured by sonomicrometry and expressed as a percentage of resting length (%LR). During resting breathing, each muscle was electrically active and shortened to a similar extent. Sequential EI muscle denervation (3rd and 4th interspaces) follow

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Legrand, A., T. A. Wilson, and A. D. Troyer. "Mediolateral gradient of mechanical advantage in the canine parasternal intercostals." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.6.2097.

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Previous theoretical studies have postulated that the potential effect of a given respiratory muscle on lung volume or pleural pressure (i.e., its respiratory effect) is proportional to the change in length of the muscle during inflation of the passive chest wall (T. A. Wilson and A. De Troyer J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 2283-2288, 1992). To test this prediction, we have studied the parasternal intercostals in 18 interspaces in 8 supine anesthetized dogs. In each interspace, we have measured the changes in length of the medial and lateral portions of the parasternal during passive inflation and we h

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42

van Lunteren, E., and N. S. Cherniack. "Electrical and mechanical activity of respiratory muscles during hypercapnia." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.2.719.

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In nine anesthetized supine spontaneously breathing dogs, we compared moving average electromyograms (EMGs) of the costal diaphragm and the third parasternal intercostal muscles with their respective respiratory changes in length (measured by sonomicrometry). During resting O2 breathing the pattern of diaphragm and intercostal muscle inspiratory shortening paralleled the gradually incrementing pattern of their moving average EMGs. Progressive hypercapnia caused progressive increases in the amount and velocity of respiratory muscle inspiratory shortening. For both muscles there were linear rela

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Watson, T. W., and W. A. Whitelaw. "Voluntary hyperventilation changes recruitment order of parasternal intercostal motor units." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.187.

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The order of recruitment of single-motor units in parasternal intercostal muscles during inspiration was studied in normal human subjects during quiet breathing and voluntary hyperventilation. Electromyograms were recorded from the second and third intercostal spaces by means of bipolar fine wire electrodes. Flow at the mouth, volume, end-expired CO2, and rib cage and abdominal anterior-posterior diameters were monitored. Single-motor units were identified using criteria of amplitude and shape, and the time of first appearance of each unit in each inspiration was noted. Hyperventilation was pe

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Estenne, M., M. Gorini, A. Van Muylem, V. Ninane, and M. Paiva. "Rib cage shape and motion in microgravity." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 946–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.946.

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We studied the effect of microgravity (0 Gz) on the anteroposterior diameters of the upper (URC-AP) and lower (LRC-AP) rib cage, the transverse diameter of the lower rib cage (LRC-TR), and the xiphipubic distance and on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the scalene and parasternal intercostal muscles in five normal subjects breathing quietly in the seated posture. Gastric pressure was also recorded in four subjects. At 0 Gz, end-expiratory LRC-AP and xiphipubic distance increased but LRC-TR invariably decreased, as did end-expiratory gastric pressure. No consistent effect was observed on

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De Troyer, André, Peter A. Kirkwood, and Theodore A. Wilson. "Respiratory Action of the Intercostal Muscles." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 2 (April 2005): 717–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00007.2004.

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The mechanical advantages of the external and internal intercostals depend partly on the orientation of the muscle but mostly on interspace number and the position of the muscle within each interspace. Thus the external intercostals in the dorsal portion of the rostral interspaces have a large inspiratory mechanical advantage, but this advantage decreases ventrally and caudally such that in the ventral portion of the caudal interspaces, it is reversed into an expiratory mechanical advantage. The internal interosseous intercostals in the caudal interspaces also have a large expiratory mechanica

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Budzinska, K., G. Supinski, and A. F. DiMarco. "Inspiratory action of separate external and parasternal intercostal muscle contraction." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.4.1395.

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We have previously shown that electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord produces near maximal activation of the inspiratory intercostal muscles. In the present investigation, we used this technique to evaluate the relative capacity of separate external (EI) and parasternal intercostal (PA) muscle contraction to produce changes in airway pressure and inspired volume. Studies were performed in 23 anesthetized phrenicotomized dogs. Electrical stimuli were applied to the spinal cord after hyperventilation-induced apnea, before and after sequentially severing either the PA or EI muscles fr

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Troyer, André De, and Dimitri Leduc. "Role of pleural pressure in the coupling between the intercostal muscles and the ribs." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 6 (June 2007): 2332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01403.2006.

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The inspiratory intercostal muscles elevate the ribs and thereby elicit a fall in pleural pressure (ΔPpl) when they contract. In the present study, we initially tested the hypothesis that this ΔPpl does, in turn, oppose the rib elevation. The cranial rib displacement (Xr) produced by selective activation of the parasternal intercostal muscle in the fourth interspace was measured in dogs, first with the rib cage intact and then after ΔPpl was eliminated by bilateral pneumothorax. For a given parasternal contraction, Xr was greater after pneumothorax; the increase in Xr per unit decrease in ΔPpl

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Cappello, Matteo, and André de Troyer. "Interaction between left and right intercostal muscles in airway pressure generation." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.3.817.

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The interactions between the different rib cage inspiratory muscles in the generation of pleural pressure remain largely unknown. In the present study, we have assessed in dogs the interactions between the parasternal intercostals and the interosseous intercostals situated on the right and left sides of the sternum. For each set of muscles, the changes in airway opening pressure (ΔPao) obtained during separate right and left activation were added, and the calculated values (predicted ΔPao) were then compared with the ΔPao values obtained during symmetric, bilateral activation (measured ΔPao).

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Nishii, Y., Y. Okada, M. Yokoba, M. Katagiri, T. Yanaihara, N. Masuda, P. A. Easton, and T. Abe. "Aminophylline increases parasternal intercostal muscle activity during hypoxia in humans." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 161, no. 1 (March 2008): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2007.12.004.

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Hudson, Anna L., and Jane E. Butler. "Assessment of ‘neural respiratory drive’ from the parasternal intercostal muscles." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 252-253 (June 2018): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2017.11.003.

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