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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasympathetic pathway'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hu, Xuanming, Mengqian Yuan, Yin Yin, et al. "Electroacupuncture at LI11 promotes jejunal motility via the parasympathetic pathway." BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17, no. 1 (2017): 329. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1826-9.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Gastrointestinal motility disorder has been demonstrated to be regulated by acupuncture treatment. The mechanisms underlying the effects of acupuncture stimulation of abdominal and lower limb acupoints on gastrointestinal motility have been thoroughly studied; however, the physiology underlying the effects of acupuncture on the forelimbs to mediate gastrointestinal motility requires further exploration. The aim of this study was to determine whether electroacupuncture (EA) at LI11 promotes jejunal motility, whether the parasympathetic pathway participates in this e

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2

Burde, Ronald M. "Direct parasympathetic pathway to the eye: revisited." Brain Research 463, no. 1 (1988): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90540-9.

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Liu, Lei, Jianqiang Geng, Hongwei Zhao, et al. "Valsartan Reduced Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility by Inhibiting Atrial Parasympathetic Remodeling through MAPKs/Neurturin Pathway." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 36, no. 5 (2015): 2039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430171.

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Background/Aims: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been proved to be effective in preventing atrial structural and electrical remodelinq in atrial fibrillation (AF). Previous studies have shown that parasympathetic remodeling plays an important role in AF. However, the effects of ARBs on atrial parasympathetic remodeling in AF and the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Methods: Canines were divided into sham-operated, pacing and valsartan + pacing groups. Rats and HL-1 cardiomyocytes were divided into control, angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang II + valsartan groups, respectively

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Papathanassoglou, Elizabeth D. E., Panagiota Miltiadous, and Maria N. Karanikola. "May BDNF Be Implicated in the Exercise-Mediated Regulation of Inflammation? Critical Review and Synthesis of Evidence." Biological Research For Nursing 17, no. 5 (2014): 521–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800414555411.

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Introduction: Exercise attenuates inflammation and enhances levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Exercise also enhances parasympathetic tone, although its role in activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is unclear. The physiological pathways of exercise’s effect on inflammation are obscure. Aims: To critically review the evidence on the role of BDNF in the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and its potential involvement in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Methods: Critical literature review of studies published in MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Co

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Dergacheva, Olga, Xin Wang, Mary R. Lovett-Barr, Heather Jameson, and David Mendelowitz. "The Lateral Paragigantocellular Nucleus Modulates Parasympathetic Cardiac Neurons: A Mechanism for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-Dependent Changes in Heart Rate." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 2 (2010): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00228.2010.

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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is generally associated with a withdrawal of parasympathetic activity and heart rate increases; however, episodic vagally mediated heart rate decelerations also occur during REM sleep. This alternating pattern of autonomic activation provides a physiological basis for REM sleep-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Medullary neurons within the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (LPGi) are thought to be active after REM sleep recovery and play a role in REM sleep control. In proximity to the LPGi are parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) within the nucleus ambiguus

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Ernsberger, Uwe, Thomas Deller, and Hermann Rohrer. "The diversity of neuronal phenotypes in rodent and human autonomic ganglia." Cell and Tissue Research 382, no. 2 (2020): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03279-6.

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Abstract Selective sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that act on target organs represent the terminal actors in the neurobiology of homeostasis and often become compromised during a range of neurodegenerative and traumatic disorders. Here, we delineate several neurotransmitter and neuromodulator phenotypes found in diverse parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in humans and rodent species. The comparative approach reveals evolutionarily conserved and non-conserved phenotypic marker constellations. A developmental analysis examining the acquisition of selected neurotransmitter properti

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Wu, Haiya, Ling Li та Xiao Su. "Vagus Nerve throughα7 nAChR Modulates Lung Infection and Inflammation: Models, Cells, and Signals". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/283525.

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Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) bridges immune and nervous systems and plays pleiotropic roles in modulating inflammation in animal models by targeting different immune, proinflammatory, epithelial, endothelial, stem, and progenitor cells and signaling pathways. Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating inflammatory disease. It is pathogenically heterogeneous and involves many cells and signaling pathways. Here, we emphasized the research regarding the modulatory effects of CAP on animal models, cell population, and signaling pathways that involved in the pathogenesis of ALI. By com

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8

Espinosa-Medina, I., E. Outin, C. A. Picard, et al. "Parasympathetic ganglia derive from Schwann cell precursors." Science 345, no. 6192 (2014): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1253286.

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Neural crest cells migrate extensively and give rise to most of the peripheral nervous system, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric, and dorsal root ganglia. We studied how parasympathetic ganglia form close to visceral organs and what their precursors are. We find that many cranial nerve-associated crest cells coexpress the pan-autonomic determinantPaired-like homeodomain 2b(Phox2b) together with markers of Schwann cell precursors. Some give rise to Schwann cells after down-regulation of PHOX2b. Others form parasympathetic ganglia after being guided to the site of ganglion formatio

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Dyavanapalli, Jhansi, Aloysius James Hora, Joan B. Escobar, et al. "Chemogenetic activation of intracardiac cholinergic neurons improves cardiac function in pressure overload-induced heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319, no. 1 (2020): H3—H12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00150.2020.

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Intracardiac ganglia form the final common pathway for the parasympathetic innervation of the heart. This study has used a novel chemogenetic approach within transgenic ChAT-Cre rats [expressing only Cre-recombinase in choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) neurons] to selectively increase intracardiac cholinergic parasympathetic activity to the heart in a pressure overload-induced heart failure model. The findings from this study confirm that selective activation of intracardiac cholinergic neurons lessens cardiac dysfunction and mortality seen in heart failure, identifying a novel downstream card

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10

Mizuta, Kentaro. "Bulbar Pathway for Parasympathetic Reflex Vasodilatation in Orofacial Area." Journal of Oral Biosciences 47, no. 3 (2005): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1349-0079(05)80028-3.

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11

Kenney, M. J., and C. K. Ganta. "Autonomic Nervous System and Immune System Interactions." Comprehensive Physiology 4, no. 3 (2014): 1177–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00574.x.

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AbstractThe present review assesses the current state of literature defining integrative autonomic‐immune physiological processing, focusing on studies that have employed electrophysiological, pharmacological, molecular biological, and central nervous system experimental approaches. Central autonomic neural networks are informed of peripheral immune status via numerous communicating pathways, including neural and non‐neural. Cytokines and other immune factors affect the level of activity and responsivity of discharges in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervating diverse targets. Multi

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12

Dewland, Thomas A., Ana Silvia Androne, Forrester A. Lee, Rachel J. Lampert, and Stuart D. Katz. "Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition with pyridostigmine on cardiac parasympathetic function in sedentary adults and trained athletes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 1 (2007): H86—H92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01339.2006.

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Heart rate variability and postexercise heart rate recovery are used to assess cardiac parasympathetic tone in human studies, but in some cases these indexes appear to yield discordant information. We utilized pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that selectively augments the parasympathetic efferent signal, to further characterize parasympathetic regulation of rest and postexercise heart rate. We measured time- and frequency-domain indexes of resting heart rate variability and postexercise heart rate recovery in 10 sedentary adults and 10 aerobically trained athletes after a sing

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Drummond, PD. "Mechanisms of Autonomic Disturbance in the Face During and Between Attacks of Cluster Headache." Cephalalgia 26, no. 6 (2006): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01106.x.

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Lacrimation and nasal secretion during attacks of cluster headache appear to be due to massive trigeminal-parasympathetic discharge. In addition, the presence of oculo-sympathetic deficit and loss of thermoregulatory sweating and flushing on the symptomatic side of the forehead indicate that the cervical sympathetic pathway to the face is injured in a subgroup of cluster headache patients. In this review, it is argued that a peripheral rather than a central lesion produces signs of cervical sympathetic deficit, probably resulting from compression of the sympathetic plexus around the internal c

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14

Dyavanapalli, Jhansi. "Novel approaches to restore parasympathetic activity to the heart in cardiorespiratory diseases." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319, no. 6 (2020): H1153—H1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00398.2020.

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Neural control of the heart is regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, both opposing each other to maintain cardiac homeostasis via regulating heart rate, conduction velocity, force of contraction, and coronary blood flow. Sympathetic hyperactivity and diminished parasympathetic activity are the characteristic features of many cardiovascular disease states including hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias that result in heart failure. Restoring parasympathetic activity to the heart has recently been identified as the promising approach

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15

Hom, Milton M., and Leonard Bielory. "The Anatomical and Functional Relationship between Allergic Conjunctivitis and Allergic Rhinitis." Allergy & Rhinology 4, no. 3 (2013): ar.2013.4.0067. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ar.2013.4.0067.

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There are numerous anatomic connections between the allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. The most obvious reason is the physical connection via the nasolacrimal apparatus. However, a closer look at innervation, circulatory, lymphatic, and neurogenic systems reveals much more than a physical connection. The eye is richly innervated by parasympathetic nerves that enter the eyes after traveling in conjunction with the parasympathetic input to the nasal cavity. Parasympathetic innervation governing the tear film and nasal secretion can intersect at the pterygopalatine ganglion. Neurogeni

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Suda, Kazunori. "Involvement of parasympathetic pelvic efferent pathway in psychological stress-induced defecation." World Journal of Gastroenterology 19, no. 8 (2013): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i8.1200.

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17

Nishimura, T., and J. Krier. "Action of endothelin on the sacral parasympathetic pathway to the colon." Gastroenterology 99, no. 4 (1990): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)90735-j.

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18

Pfeiffer, Norbert, Huibert J. SimonS, and Guntram Kommerell. "Misdirected regeneration of abducens nerve neurons into the parasympathetic pupillary pathway." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 230, no. 2 (1992): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00164653.

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19

Mink, Steven N., Zhao-Qin Cheng, Ratna Bose, et al. "Lysozyme, a mediator of sepsis, impairs the cardiac neural adrenergic response by nonendothelial release of NO and inhibitory G protein signaling." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 5 (2007): H3140—H3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00502.2007.

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We previously showed that lysozyme (Lzm-S), derived from leukocytes, caused myocardial depression in canine sepsis by binding to the endocardial endothelium to release nitric oxide (NO). NO then diffuses to adjacent myocytes to activate the cGMP pathway. In a canine right ventricular trabecular (RVT) preparation, Lzm-S also decreased the inotropic response to field stimulation (FSR) during which the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were simulated to measure the adrenergic response. In the present study, we determined whether the pathway by which Lzm-S decreased FSR was different from the

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20

Kondo, Yusuke, James E. Melvin, and Marcelo A. Catalan. "Physiological cAMP-elevating secretagogues differentially regulate fluid and protein secretions in mouse submandibular and sublingual glands." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 316, no. 5 (2019): C690—C697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00421.2018.

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The mechanisms underlying the functional differences in sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of the major salivary glands have received little attention. The acute effects of parasympathetic muscarinic (carbachol)-dependent and combined parasympathetic-dependent plus cAMP-dependent pathways on fluid secretion rates, ion composition, and protein content were assessed using a newly developed ex vivo preparation that allows the simultaneous perfusion of the mouse submandibular (SMGs) and sublingual glands (SLGs). Our results confirm that the muscarinic-dependent pathway accounts for the bul

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21

Holmegard, H. N., M. Benn, J. Mehlsen, and S. Haunsø. "Genetic variation in the parasympathetic signaling pathway in patients with reflex syncope." Genetics and Molecular Research 12, no. 3 (2013): 2601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2013.january.30.6.

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22

Marumo, Chinatsu, and Tamami Nakano. "Early phase of pupil dilation is mediated by the peripheral parasympathetic pathway." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 6 (2021): 2130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00401.2021.

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By pharmacologically manipulating the pupil dilator and constrictor muscles of human eye separately, we found that the pupil constrictor muscle is a primary controller of rapid pupil dilation upon brain arousal. However, the pupil dilator muscle, which is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system and is generally considered as a major regulator of pupil dilation, is not involved in rapid pupil dilation, but was involved in long-lasting pupil dilation.

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23

Nakano, Tamami, Arata Ichiki, and Takashi Fujikado. "Pupil constriction via the parasympathetic pathway precedes perceptual switch of ambiguous stimuli." International Journal of Psychophysiology 167 (September 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.006.

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24

Kimura, S. "Direct parasympathetic pathway from midbrain to ciliary muscles in cats and monkeys." Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 41, no. 4 (1997): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5155(97)00051-8.

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25

Pardini, B. J., D. D. Lund, and P. G. Schmid. "Contrasting preganglionic and postganglionic effects of phenylephrine on parasympathetic control of heart rate." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, no. 1 (1991): H118—H122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.1.h118.

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Previous reports indicate that alpha-adrenergic agonists modulate vagal control of heart rate. In the rat, phenylephrine inhibition of vagal-stimulated bradycardia may be occurring at any of a number of sites along the cardiac parasympathetic pathway. The purpose of the present experiments was to localize the pre- or postganglionic sites of phenylephrine modulation of parasympathetic-mediated bradycardia in the rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and instrumented with arterial and venous catheters and electrocardiographic leads. The cervical vagi were sectioned, and propranolol was admi

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Stauss, H. M., P. B. Persson, A. K. Johnson, and K. C. Kregel. "Frequency-response characteristics of autonomic nervous system function in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 2 (1997): H786—H795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.2.h786.

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To characterize the efferent pathway from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to peripheral autonomic neurons and finally to selected effector organs, we stimulated the PVN in 10 conscious rats at frequencies ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 Hz. Simultaneously, blood pressure, heart rate, splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, and mesenteric artery blood flow were measured. The sinus node of the heart responded to PVN stimulation via the parasympathetic pathway (during beta 1-adrenergic blockade) up to a stimulation frequency of 2.0 Hz, whereas the sympathetically mediated response (during

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27

Jänig, Wilfrid. "Transmission of impulses in the parasympathetic cardiomotor pathway to the sino-atrial node." Journal of Physiology 589, no. 24 (2011): 5911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.223255.

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28

Linden, Annick S., Daniel J. M. Desmecht, Hélène Amory, and Pierre M. Lekeux. "Parasympathetic component of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced pulmonary dysfunctions in healthy calves." American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, no. 6 (1996): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.06.896.

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Abstract Objective To determine whether a cholinergic mechanism interferes with the pulmonary response to 5-hydroxytryptamme (5-HT) in the bovine species. Design The protocols differed with regard to the type of pretreatment calves were given 10 minutes before administration of 5-HT (0.05 mg/kg of body weight/min, over 2 minutes). Pretreatment consisted of saline, atropine, or hexamethonium solution given IV. Animals 6 healthy unsedated Friesian calves. Procedure Pulmonary function values were obtained before, during, and after 5-HT infusions. Results After saline pretreatment, response to 5-H

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Sawatzky, Deborah A., Paul J. Kingham, Emma Court, et al. "Eosinophil adhesion to cholinergic nerves via ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and associated eosinophil degranulation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 282, no. 6 (2002): L1279—L1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00279.2001.

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In vivo, eosinophils localize to airway cholinergic nerves in antigen-challenged animals, and inhibition of this localization prevents antigen-induced hyperreactivity. In this study, the mechanism of eosinophil localization to nerves was investigated by examining adhesion molecule expression by cholinergic nerves. Immunohistochemical and functional studies demonstrated that primary cultures of parasympathetic nerves express vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and after cytokine pretreatment with tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Eosinop

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Barclay, G. R., and L. A. Turnberg. "The Effect of Psychological Stress on Human Jejunal Absorption: Evidence for A Parasympathetic Pathway." Clinical Science 72, s16 (1987): 83P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs072083pa.

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Bleys, Ronald L. A. W., Chris Thrasivoulou, and Tim Cowen. "Cavernous Sinus Ganglia are Sources for Parasympathetic Innervation of Cerebral Arteries in Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 21, no. 2 (2001): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200102000-00006.

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Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry was used in rats to investigate whether the ganglia in the cavernous sinus contribute to cerebrovascular innervation. The cavernous sinus ganglia in rat include the cavernous part of the pterygopalatine ganglion (PGC) and small cavernous ganglia (CG). The tracers, fluorogold and fast blue, were applied to the middle cerebral artery in eight rats. After 1 to 4 days, the cavernous sinuses were dissected out and studied as whole mount preparations and sections. A moderate number of labeled neurons were visible in the ipsilateral PGC and CG. Furthermore,

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Thayer, Julian. "THE AGING BRAIN: A NEUROVISCERAL INTEGRATION PERSPECTIVE." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0216.

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Abstract Healthy aging is associated with significant changes in both the brain and the heart. The changes between these, the two most important organs of the body, are linked via the vagus nerve. Using a model of Neurovisceral Integration I will describe how autonomic imbalance and decreased parasympathetic tone in particular may be the final common pathway linking negative affective states and conditions to ill health. The central nervous system network that regulates autonomic balance is closely related and partially overlaps with networks serving executive, social, affective, cognitive, an

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Gorini, C., H. S. Jameson, and D. Mendelowitz. "Serotonergic Modulation of the Trigeminocardiac Reflex Neurotransmission to Cardiac Vagal Neurons in the Nucleus Ambiguus." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (2009): 1443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00287.2009.

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Stimulation of the trigeminal nerve evokes a dramatic decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, and this reflex has generally been termed the trigeminocardiac reflex. A subset of the trigeminocardiac reflex is the diving reflex in which the nasal mucosa is stimulated with water or air-borne chemical irritants. Activation of the diving reflex evokes a pronounced bradycardia, mediated by increased parasympathetic cardiac activity, and is the most powerful autonomic reflex. However, exaggeration of this protective response could be detrimental and has been implicated in Sudden Infant Death Syndr

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Guarino, Maria P., Nina C. Correia, W. Wayne Lautt, and M. Paula Macedo. "Insulin sensitivity is mediated by the activation of the ACh/NO/cGMP pathway in rat liver." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 3 (2004): G527—G532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00085.2004.

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The hepatic parasympathetic nerves and hepatic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are involved in the secretion of a hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS), which mediates peripheral insulin sensitivity. We tested whether binding of ACh to hepatic muscarinic receptors is an upstream event to the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which, along with the activation of hepatic guanylate cyclase (GC), permits HISS release. Male Wistar rats (8–9 wk) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (65 mg/kg). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a euglycemic clamp [the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST)

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Dergacheva, Olga. "Chronic intermittent hypoxia alters neurotransmission from lateral paragigantocellular nucleus to parasympathetic cardiac neurons in the brain stem." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 1 (2015): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00302.2014.

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Patients with sleep-related disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. OSA events are more severe in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep further increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events by diminishing cardioprotective parasympathetic activity. The mechanisms underlying REM sleep-related reduction in parasympathetic activity likely include activation of inhibitory input to cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the brain stem originating from the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (LPGi), a nucleus that plays a role in REM s

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GOIDESCU, Ofelia-Costina, and Iulian-Alexandru DOGARU. "The Pelvic and Sacral Splanchnic Nerves – Identification by Dissection, Trajectory." Maedica - A Journal of Clinical Medicine 17, no. 3 (2022): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26574/maedica.2022.17.3.571.

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The modern principles in pelvic surgery imply the preservation of the nervous structures that are involved in the physiological functioning of the pelvic and genital organs. The main pelvic nervous element is represented by the inferior hypogastric plexus. This plexus receives sympathetic afferent fibres from the hypogastric nerve, parasympathetic afferent fibres from the pelvic splanchnic nerves and also sympathetic afferent fibres coming from the sympathetic sacral chain via the sacral splanchnic nerves. We aimed to demonstrate the anatomy of these structures through dissection and we expose

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Nakade, Yukiomi, Daisuke Tsuchida, Hiroyuki Fukuda, Masahiro Iwa, Theodore N. Pappas, and Toku Takahashi. "Restraint stress delays solid gastric emptying via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic neuron in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 2 (2005): R427—R432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00499.2004.

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Central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) delays gastric emptying through the autonomic nervous system. CRF plays an important role in mediating delayed gastric emptying induced by stress. However, it is not clear whether a sympathetic or parasympathetic pathway is involved in the mechanism of central CRF-induced inhibition of solid gastric emptying. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 1) CRF inhibits solid gastric emptying via a peripheral sympathetic pathway and 2) stress-induced inhibition of solid gastric emptying is mediated via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic

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Amorim-Pires, Diana, Joana Peixoto, and Jorge Lima. "Hypoxia Pathway Mutations in Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 150, no. 3-4 (2016): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457479.

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Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and sympathetic paragangliomas (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, which derive from chromaffin cells occurring in the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglia. PCC and PGL are often benign, catecholamine-producing tumors, responsible for a myriad of symptoms that may be potentially hazardous to the patient. In contrast, nonsecreting parasympathetic PGL, derived from chief cells, develop mainly in the head and neck region. Although PCC/PGL are more commonly sporadic tumors, germline mutations are present in up to 40% of the patients, ranking these tum

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Suzuki, Norihiro, and Jan Erik Hardebo. "The pathway of parasympathetic nerve fibers to cerebral vessels from the otic ganglion in the rat." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 36, no. 1 (1991): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(91)90128-p.

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Xu, Wen‐Xiao, Jin‐Ling Yu, Yan Feng, et al. "Spontaneous activities in baroreflex afferent pathway contribute dominant role in parasympathetic neurocontrol of blood pressure regulation." CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 24, no. 12 (2018): 1219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.13039.

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Wilson, S. J., A. Woody, A. C. Padin, J. Lin, W. B. Malarkey, and J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser. "Abstract # 3133 Loneliness and telomere length: Immune and parasympathetic function in a pathway to accelerated aging." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 76 (February 2019): e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.254.

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Yuan, Mengqian, Yuqin Li, Yidan Wang, et al. "Electroacupuncture at ST37 Enhances Jejunal Motility via Excitation of the Parasympathetic System in Rats and Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3840230.

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Background.The roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in mediating the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at ST37 on jejunal motility have yet to be demonstrated.Aim. We used rats and mice to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of EA at ST37 on jejunal motility.Methods.Jejunal motility was recorded by a balloon placed in the jejunum and connected to a biological signal collection system through a transducer. The effects of EA (3 mA) at ST37 were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats without drugs and with the administration of clenbuterol, propranolol, acetylcholine, and atr

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Sato, Toshiya, Kohei Mito, and Hisayoshi Ishii. "Relationship between impaired parasympathetic vasodilation and hyposalivation in parotid glands associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 5 (2020): R940—R949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00016.2019.

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We examined the relationship between hemodynamics in the three major salivary glands and salivary secretion in urethane-anesthetized and sympathectomized type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic rats via laser speckle imaging and by collecting the saliva. Lingual nerve stimulation elicited rapid increases in glandular blood flow and induced salivary secretion from the three glands in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats. In the parotid gland, the magnitude of blood flow increase and salivary secretion was significantly lower in the diabetic rats when compared with the nondiabetic rats; however, this was

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Willis, A., M. Mihalevich, R. A. Neff, and D. Mendelowitz. "Three types of postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors are activated in DMNX neurons upon stimulation of NTS." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 6 (1996): R1614—R1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.6.r1614.

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While it is widely accepted that parasympathetic activity plays a significant role in cardiovascular, bronchomotor, and gastrointestinal function, little is known about the synaptic control of parasympathetic vagal neurons. In this study, we identified the neurotransmitter(s) and postsynaptic responses in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) neurons upon stimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Neurons were visualized in rat brain stem slices, and perforated patch-clamp techniques were used to record postsynaptic currents. NTS stimulation activated glutamatergic currents in

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van Westerloo, David, and Tom van der Poll. "Acute Vagotomy Activates the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 2 (2005): H977—H979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00837.2004.

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Within minutes of acute myocardial infarction (MI), proinflammatory cytokines increase in the brain, heart, and plasma. We hypothesized that cardiac afferent nerves stimulated by myocardial injury signal the brain to increase central cytokines. Urethane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) or sham LAD ligation after bilateral cervical vagotomy, sham vagotomy, or application of a 10% phenol solution to the epicardial surface of the myocardium at risk. MI caused a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and i

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Leff, A. R., S. R. White, N. M. Munoz, K. J. Popovich, T. Shioya, and N. P. Stimler-Gerard. "Parasympathetic involvement in PAF-induced contraction in canine trachealis in vivo." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 2 (1987): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.599.

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We studied the contractile response elicited by platelet-activating factor (PAF) administered intra-arterially into the tracheal circulation of 34 dogs in vivo. A method that avoided tachyphylaxis encountered in prior investigations was developed for isometric measurement of multiple dose-response effects. PAF was a very potent contractile agent; active tension was elicited with 10(-11) mol ia PAF. To determine the mechanism by which contraction was induced, dose-response curves were generated in groups of five animals each treated with either 0.5 mg/kg (approximately 1.5 X 10(-5) mol) iv + 10

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Suzuki, Norihiro, Jan Erik Hardebo, and Christer Owman. "Origins and Pathways of Choline Acetyltransferase—Positive Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers to Cerebral Vessels in Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 10, no. 3 (1990): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1990.70.

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The presence of cholinergic nerve fibers in the brain vasculature has been a matter of controversy, partly due to the lack of a reliable histochemical marker. Accordingly, no distinct information about the origin and pathways for such fibers has been available. In the present study on the rat pial vasculature, utilizing a choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody, which is able to demonstrate this enzyme in peripheral nervous tissue, evidence was obtained for an innervation by cholinergic fibers of large pial arteries. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was present in or in close associat

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Zhang, Xiang-Yang, Feng-Xia Zhu та N. Edward Robinson. "Role of cAMP and neuronal K+channels on α2-AR-induced inhibition of ACh release in equine trachea". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 274, № 5 (1998): L827—L832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.5.l827.

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To investigate the effects of changes in intracellular cAMP on α2-adrenoceptor (AR)-induced inhibition of airway acetylcholine (ACh) release, we examined the effects of the α2-AR agonist clonidine on electrical field stimulation-evoked ACh release from equine tracheal parasympathetic nerves before and after treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP or forskolin. We also tested whether charybdotoxin (ChTX)- or iberiotoxin (IBTX)-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels mediate α2-AR-induced inhibition by examining the effect of clonidine in the absence and presence of ChTX or IBTX on ACh release. The amount of r

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de Jonge, Wouter J. "The Gut’s Little Brain in Control of Intestinal Immunity." ISRN Gastroenterology 2013 (April 4, 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/630159.

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The gut immune system shares many mediators and receptors with the autonomic nervous system. Good examples thereof are the parasympathetic (vagal) and sympathetic neurotransmitters, for which many immune cell types in a gut context express receptors or enzymes required for their synthesis. For some of these the relevance for immune regulation has been recently defined. Earlier and more recent studies in neuroscience and immunology have indicated the anatomical and cellular basis for bidirectional interactions between the nervous and immune systems. Sympathetic immune modulation is well describ

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Kulkarni, Kanchan, Xueyi Xie, Ezequiel Marron Fernandez de Velasco, et al. "The influences of the M2R-GIRK4-RGS6 dependent parasympathetic pathway on electrophysiological properties of the mouse heart." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (2018): e0193798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193798.

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