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Journal articles on the topic 'Paratyphi A'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hooda, Yogesh, Arif Mohammad Tanmoy, Samir K. Saha, and Senjuti Saha. "Genomic Surveillance of Salmonella Paratyphi A: Neglected No More?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_1 (2023): S53—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad077.

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Abstract Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, is a neglected tropical disease with a high burden and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Limited information is available regarding its genomic diversity, especially from South Asian countries that are collectively responsible for &gt;80% of all paratyphoid cases. At the 2021 International Conference on Typhoid and Other Salmonelloses, researchers from the around the globe presented their work on Salmonella Paratyphi A genomics. Presentations described recent genomic data from South Asi

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Sundari, Mulya, Debie Rizqoh, and Grace Junita Bate'e. "IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI Salmonella sp. PADA PENDERITA DEMAM TIFOID ANAK USIA 5-14 TAHUN DENGAN METODE WIDAL TEST DI RUMAH SAKIT ADVENT MEDAN TAHUN 2018." JURNAL ANALIS LABORATORIUM MEDIK 6, no. 1 (2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/jalm.v6i1.1893.

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Demam tifoid merupakan suatu penyakit sistemik akut yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B dan Salmonella paratyphi C. Penularan demam tifoid terjadi secara fekal-oral melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi yang masuk kedalam tubuh.Pada anak-anak demam tifoid dapat terjadi akibat kurang memperhatikan kebersihan diri dan kebiasaan jajan yang sembarangan sehingga dapat menyebabkan tertular penyakit demam tifoid.Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap 10 serum penderita demam tifoid anak usia 5-14 tahun di Rumah Sakit Advent Medan, dengan identi

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Rabbee, Md Chhanaur, Mohammad Shahriar, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuyian, Rishikesh Islam, and Md Asraful Islam. "Evaluation of Bactericidal Action of Serum Collected from Paratyphoid Patients and Normal Human against Salmonella Paratyphi." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (2013): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v12i1.16303.

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A comparative study of susceptibility of clinical isolates of Salmonella Paratyphi to bactericidal action of S. Paratyphi infected human serum and uninfected human serum was investigated. Bactericidal action of S. Paratyphi infected human serum and uninfected human serum was assessed after incubating the bacterial suspension of S. Paratyphi with 40% of both infected and unifected human serum at various incubation times. Eight samples of S. Paratyphi infected serum from the patients diagnosed with paratyphoid fever were used. The investigation found that the serum killed S. Paratyphi both by cl

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Alhaj-Qasem, Dina M., Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh, Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola, et al. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Paratyphoid Fever: Opportunity of Surface Plasmon Resonance." Diagnostics 10, no. 7 (2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10070438.

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Paratyphoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi (A, B and C), and contributes significantly to global disease burden. One of the major challenges in the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever is the lack of a proper gold standard. Given the absence of a licensed vaccine against S. Paratyphi, this diagnostic gap leads to inappropriate antibiotics use, thus, enhancing antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the symptoms of paratyphoid overlap with other infections, including the closely related typhoid fever. Since the development and utilization of a standard, sensitiv

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Han, Kyung Ho, Seon Young Choi, Je Hee Lee, et al. "Isolation of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+, or Salmonella Java, from Indonesia and alteration of the d-tartrate fermentation phenotype by disrupting the ORF STM 3356." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 12 (2006): 1661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46792-0.

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Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B [O1,4,(5),12 : Hb : 1,2] can cause either an enteric fever (paratyphoid fever) or self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. The d-tartrate non-fermenting variant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT− (S. Paratyphi B) is the causative agent of paratyphoid fever, and the d-tartrate fermenting variant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT+ (S. Paratyphi B dT+; formerly called Salmonella Java) causes gastroenteritis. S. Java is currently recognized as an emerging problem worldwide. Twelve dT+ S. Java isolates wer

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Gal-Mor, Ohad, Jotham Suez, Dana Elhadad, et al. "Molecular and Cellular Characterization of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A Outbreak Strain and the Human Immune Response to Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 2 (2011): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05468-11.

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ABSTRACTEnteric fever is an invasive life-threatening systemic disease caused by theSalmonella entericahuman-adapted serovars Typhi and Paratyphi. Increasing incidence of infections withSalmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi A and the spreading of its antibiotic-resistant derivates pose a significant health concern in some areas of the world. Herein, we describe a molecular and phenotypic characterization of anS. Paratyphi A strain accounted for a recent paratyphoid outbreak in Nepal that affected at least 37 travelers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the outbreak isolates revealed

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Pavlova, M., E. Alexandrova, Y. Kalchev, V. Velev, M. Murdjeva, and T. Kantardjiev. "A Study of Paratyphoid Fever in Bulgarian Children." Acta Medica Bulgarica 48, no. 1 (2021): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2021-0009.

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Abstract Objective. To study both the molecular discrimination of D-tartrate fermenting and non-fermenting strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Paratyphi B isolated from patients with paratyphoid fever and the clinical course of this disease. Materials and methods. The isolates examined were from children aged 3 months to 9 years. A total of 33 Salmonella strains were serotyped as Salmonella Paratyphi B, with an antigenic formula based on O- and H- antigens: 1,4, [5], 12: b: 1,2 by Kauffmann–White classification. Results. Multiplex PCR analysis confirmed all tested strains a

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Trawinski, Henning, Sebastian Wendt, Norman Lippmann, Sascha Heinitz, Amrei von Braun, and Christoph Lübbert. "Typhus abdominalis und Paratyphus." Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 58, no. 02 (2020): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1063-1945.

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ZusammenfassungTyphus (besser: Typhus abdominalis) und Paratyphus sind global bedeutsame systemische Infektionskrankheiten, die durch Salmonella enterica Subspezies enterica Serovar Typhi (Kurzbezeichnung: Salmonella Typhi) bzw. Serovar Paratyphi (Kurzbezeichnung: Salmonella Paratyphi) hervorgerufen werden. Der Verlauf der fäkal-oral übertragenen Erkrankung ist vor allem durch hohes Fieber gekennzeichnet. Unbehandelt kann Typhus schwer verlaufen und zum Tode führen. Die Erkrankung wird zu nahezu 100 % im außereuropäischen Ausland (v. a. in Indien) erworben und ist in Deutschland, Österreich un

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Mohammed, A. H.,, Na’inna, S. Z., Yusha’u, M., Salisu, B., Adamu, U., and Garba, S. A. "In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Psidium guajava Leaves Extracts against Clinical Isolates of Salmonella specie." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 2, no. 1 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1721.001.

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Dried leaves of Psidium guajava obtained from Bayero University, Kano old campus were extracted using water, ethanol and chloroform solvents via percolation method. The leaves extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to detect presence of secondary metabolites. The extracts were further tested for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella ParatyphiA and Salmonella Paratyphi B using agar well diffusion method. The results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and phenols while thoseof the a

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Namwin, Siourimè Somda, Juste Isidore Bonkoungou Ouindgueta, Traoré Yves, and Savadogo Aly. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi Responsible of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Transmitted by Environment and Food." International Journal of Sciences Volume 6, no. 2017-05 (2017): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3349890.

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This study deals with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi responsible of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers transmitted by environment and foods. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are systemic diseases caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi, respectively. Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella Typhi (which is the most serious), whereas Salmonella Paratyphi also has animal reservoirs. Humans can carry the bacteria in the gut for very long times (chronic carriers), and transmit the bacteria to other persons (either directly or via food or water contamination)

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Al-Muhannak, Fadhil H. N., Hashim Ali Abdualmeer Al-sherees, Ibrahim Abed Ali Abdul Sada, Thikra Abdullah Mahmood, and Rasha Fadhel Obaid. "Detecting Phenotypic and Genotypic of the Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi Isolated from Blood Samples in Najaf Province /Iraq." Kufa Medical Journal 18, no. 2 (2021): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36330/kmj.v18i2.10292.

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Background & Objectives: Salmonella Paratyphi is a leading cause of human paratyphoid fever in developing countries, causing deaths in humans worldwide. There are several paths for catching paratyphoid fever, but the close contact between patients and healthy humans is so far the most frequent cause of human infections. No study is found about the antibiotic resistance (phenotypic and genetic) of S. Paratyphi isolated from patients in Al-Najaf Province/Iraq, to the researcher’s best knowledge. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. Paratyphi isolates from blood specimens

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Jacob, Jobin John, Agila K. Pragasam, Karthick Vasudevan, et al. "Genomic analysis unveils genome degradation events and gene flux in the emergence and persistence of S. Paratyphi A lineages." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 4 (2023): e1010650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010650.

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Paratyphoid fever caused by S. Paratyphi A is endemic in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. The proportion of enteric fever cases caused by S. Paratyphi A has substantially increased, yet only limited data is available on the population structure and genetic diversity of this serovar. We examined the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary trajectory of S. Paratyphi A isolates collected as part of the Indian enteric fever surveillance study “Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI).” In the study period (2017–2020), S. Paratyphi A comprised 17.6% (441/2503) of total enteric fever

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Mehta, Varshil. "ENTERIC FEVER IN TRAVELERS: AN UPDATED INSIGHT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.14543.

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ABSTRACTEnteric fever is a broad term used to represent typhoid and paratyphoid fever which is caused by S. typhi and S. paratyphi respectively. The mostcommon cause being S. typhi, overall. However, S. paratyphi is known to infect the travelers at a higher rate. Indian subcontinent being one of the mostendemic region, it is always beneficial for the travelers to get immunized while traveling to these areas. However, Vaccination to S. paratyphi is not yetavailable, hence travelers often fall prey to the disease. The morbidity is often high but mortality is very rare, especially due to first li

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Wahid, Rezwanul, Shah J. Zafar, Monica A. McArthur, Marcela F. Pasetti, Myron M. Levine, and Marcelo B. Sztein. "Live Oral Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Vaccines Ty21a and CVD 909 Induce Opsonophagocytic Functional Antibodies in Humans That Cross-React withS. Paratyphi A andS. Paratyphi B." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 3 (2014): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00786-13.

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ABSTRACTLive oralSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi vaccine Ty21a induces specific antibodies that cross-react againstSalmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi A andSalmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi B, although their functional role in clearance remains unknown. We utilized anin vitroassay with THP-1 macrophages to compare the phagocytosis and survival ofSalmonellaopsonized with heat-inactivated human sera obtained before and after vaccination with Ty21a or a live oralS. Typhi vaccine, CVD 909. Opsonization with postvaccination sera predominantly increased the phagocytosis ofS. Typhi relative to t

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Bal, Harshvir, Aadya Chawla, Aakanksha Shetty, Mohammad Sinan, and Basavaprabhu Achappa. "Salmonella Paratyphi A causing Endocarditis: A rare encounter." Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 11, no. 2 (2025): 214–16. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjid.v11i2.74895.

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With the trends of emerging paratyphi infections, especially in South Asia, the increase in the incidence of its rarer manifestations is around the corner. Here, we describe the case of Paratyphoid Endocarditis in a 55-year-old man, presenting to the ER with fever, vomiting, and aortic murmur, the subsequent diagnostic workup, and the treatment plan. The rarity of the disease has led to a scarcity of knowledge about the appropriate course of treatment, particularly whether surgery is required. Furthermore, a broader community-level strategy, such as the development of vaccines including the pa

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McCann, Naina, Katherine Emary, Nisha Singh, et al. "Accelerating clinical development of a live attenuated vaccine againstSalmonellaParatyphi A (VASP): study protocol for an observer-participant-blind randomised control trial of a novel oral vaccine using a human challenge model ofSalmonellaParatyphi A infection in healthy adult volunteers." BMJ Open 13, no. 5 (2023): e068966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068966.

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IntroductionThis is the first efficacy study of an oral live attenuated vaccine againstSalmonellaParatyphi A using a human challenge model of paratyphoid infection.S. Paratyphi A is responsible for 3.3 million cases of enteric fever every year, with over 19 000 deaths. Although improvements to sanitation and access to clean water are vital to reduce the burden of this condition, vaccination offers a cost-effective, medium-term solution. Efficacy trials of potentialS. Paratyphi vaccine candidates in the field are unlikely to be feasible given the large number of participants required. Human cha

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Cordovana, Miriam, Norman Mauder, Markus Kostrzewa, et al. "Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (2021): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040853.

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Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typ

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Sajib, Mohammad S. I., Arif M. Tanmoy, Yogesh Hooda, et al. "Trends in antimicrobial resistance amongst Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates in Bangladesh: 1999–2021." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 11 (2023): e0011723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011723.

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Background Typhoid and paratyphoid remain common bloodstream infections in areas with suboptimal water and sanitation infrastructure. Paratyphoid, caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A, is less prevalent than typhoid and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends are less documented. Empirical treatment for paratyphoid is commonly based on the knowledge of susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid. Hence, with rising drug resistance in Salmonella Typhi, last-line antibiotics like ceftriaxone and azithromycin are prescribed for both typhoid and paratyphoid. However, unlike for typhoid,

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Nayak, Niranjan, Rajani Shrestha, Dharm Raj Bhatta, Deependra Hamal, Supram Hosuru Subramanya, and Shishir Gokhale. "Reemergence of Chloramphenicol Sensitivity among Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi : a six year experience in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal." International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research 1, no. 4 (2018): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2018v01i04.002.

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Emerging drug resistance among Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi has become challenging in the treatment of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from patients with enteric fever admitted to Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara,Nepal. A total of 30 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B isolated from cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever admitted to Manipal Teaching Hospital over a period from January 2012 to March 2018 were investigated. All strains were identified by standard mic

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Faik, Ashna J., Ali Hussain Al-wardy, and Raghad Abdul Elah Mohammad. "Multiplex PCR for Identification of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A by Selective Amplification of tyv, prt, viaB, fliC-d and fliC-a Genes." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, no. 2 (2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.2.333.

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Salmonellosis is responsible for large number of infections in both human and animals. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a causative agent of typhoid fever and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A is a causative agent of paratyphoid fever. Conventional methods of isolation of Salmonella strains take 4-6 days to complete and are therefore laborious and require substiantial manpower. Therefore development of a PCR assay that can target multiple genes for rapid detection of S. Typhi and S.Paratyphi A. Methods: Synthetic primers for O, H, and Vi antigen genes, tyv , prt , fliC-d, fliC-a, and

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Rajagukguk, Tiara. "ANALYSIS OF WIDAL SLIDE TEST ON TIFOID FEVER PATIENTS IN SUNDARI MEDAN GENERAL HOSPITAL." JURNAL ANALIS LABORATORIUM MEDIK 7, no. 1 (2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/jalm.v7i1.2903.

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Typhoid fever is an acute systemic disease caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C are characterized by prolonged fever, bacteremia without changes in the endothelial system. Salmonella is a genus of gram-negative enterobacteria bacteria in the form of rods, flagellated, without spores, capsules, and anaerobes that cause typhoid and paratyphoid. Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illness. In general, Salmonella causes diseases of the digestive organs. Salmonella antigen structure consists of flagellar antigen (H antigen), somatic antigen (O antigen). Widal test

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Raju, Vannala, Narayana Lunavath, Laxmi Makam, and G. Manisha Varma. "A Case of Paratyphoid with Diarrhea as the Only Symptom in a 5 Year Old Boy from Southern Part of India." Asian Journal of Pediatric Research 12, no. 4 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpr/2023/v12i4244.

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Paratyphoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by bacteria Salmonella paratyphi serovars A, B, or C. It is most associated with travel to endemic areas but can occur sporadically in non-endemic areas. While the disease is more commonly seen in adults, it can occur in children, and the presentation can be variable. It is clinically difficult to differentiate Typhoid from Paratyphoid without isolation of organism. We present a case of a 5-year-old boy, from Telangana state of South India, who presented with watery diarrhea of 8 to 10 episodes per day and abdominal discomfort for 5 da

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Mylona, Elli, Duy Pham Thanh, Jacqueline A. Keane, et al. "A retrospective investigation of the population structure and geospatial distribution of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 6 (2024): e0011864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011864.

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Salmonella Paratyphi A, one of the major etiologic agents of enteric fever, has increased in prevalence in recent decades in certain endemic regions in comparison to S. Typhi, the most prevalent cause of enteric fever. Despite this increase, data on the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. Paratyphi A remain generally scarce. Here, we analysed the whole genome sequences of 216 S. Paratyphi A isolates originating from Kathmandu, Nepal between 2005 and 2014, of which 200 were from patients with acute enteric fever and 16 from the gallbladder of people with suspected chronic carriage. By e

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Buzilă, Elena Roxana, Olivia Simona Dorneanu, Felicia Trofin, Cristina Mihaela Sima, and Luminița Smaranda Iancu. "Assessing Salmonella Typhi Pathogenicity and Prevention: The Crucial Role of Vaccination in Combating Typhoid Fever." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 9 (2025): 3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26093981.

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Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A, B, and C. Globally, an estimated 11 to 21 million cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever occur annually, with approximately 130,000–160,000 deaths, most of which are reported in South/Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The antibiotic susceptibility of S. Typhi strains varies between countries within broad limits, from 3% to 97% for ampicillin, 9% to 95% for ciprofloxacin, 4% to 94% for chloramphenicol (India vs. Pakistan), and 0% to 99% for ceftriaxone (India

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Neupane, Ganesh Prasad, Dong-Min Kim, Sung Hun Kim, and Bok Kwon Lee. "In Vitro Synergism of Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime against Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotypes Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 9 (2010): 3696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00988-09.

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ABSTRACT Paratyphoid fever is considered an emerging systemic intracellular infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A, B, and C. We performed in vitro time-kill studies on three clinical isolates of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella serotype Paratyphi (NARSP) with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime to identify combinations of antibiotics with synergistic activity against paratyphoid fever. Furthermore, we identify the frequency of mutations to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and rifampin resistance and also sequenced the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes t

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Pinto, Marika, Salvatore Durante, Martina Carducci, et al. "The Salmonella Paratyphi A O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccine Is Able to Induce Antibodies with Bactericidal Activity Against a Panel of Clinical Isolates." Vaccines 13, no. 2 (2025): 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020122.

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Background: Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers represent a global health burden, especially in Southern Asia, exacerbated by the increase in antimicrobial resistance. While vaccines against Salmonella Typhi have been successfully introduced, a vaccine against S. Paratyphi A is not available, yet. Efforts to develop an effective vaccine targeting both Salmonella serovars are currently ongoing. GVGH is developing a bivalent vaccine constituted by the Vi-CRM197 typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), and the Salmonella Paratyphi A O-antigen (O:2), also conjugated to the CRM197 carrier protein (O:2-CRM197).

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Alex Morel Longue Essoua, Fabrice Fabien Dongho Dongmo, Martin Luther Mogtomo Koanga, et al. "Study of coinfection of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi with Candida spp., in four hospitals of Douala- Cameroon." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 2, no. 2 (2021): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.2.2.0041.

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Candida spp., are saprophytic yeasts capable of creating a favorable environment for bacterial infection, amplifying or inhibiting their activity. On the other hand, bacteria produce molecules that reduce the proliferation of Candida spp or promote their adherence to surfaces. The resurgence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in endemic individuals and the relative effectiveness of contemporary conventional therapies arouse curiosity to explore other factors that may influence, the re-emergence of infection in patients. We carried out a cross-sectional study of 2500 patients in four hospitals i

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Alam, Mohammad Murshid, Lillian L. Tsai, Sean M. Rollins, et al. "Identification ofIn Vivo-Induced Bacterial Proteins during Human Infection with Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi A." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 5 (2013): 712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00054-13.

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ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserotype Paratyphi A is a human-restricted pathogen and the cause of paratyphoid A fever. Using a high-throughput immunoscreening technique,in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT), we identified 20 immunogenic bacterial proteins expressed in humans who were bacteremic withS. Paratyphi A but not those expressed inS. Paratyphi A grown under standard laboratory conditions. The majority of these proteins have known or potential roles in the pathogenesis ofS. enterica. These include proteins implicated in cell adhesion, fimbrial structure, adaptation to atypical condit

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Kapil, Arti. "Paratyphoid Fever Due to Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi A." Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, no. 3 (1997): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0303.970325.

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Gajurel, Damodar, Rabi Prakash Sharma, Krishna Dhungana, Niranjan Acharya, Prasant Karki, and Sudikshya Acharya. "Age Distribution of Patients Presenting With Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Kathmandu, Nepal." Journal of Nobel Medical College 6, no. 2 (2018): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v6i2.19566.

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Background: Enteric fever is a significant cause of morbidity in Nepal. In the past, Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) was the major causative organism of enteric fever. However, more recently, Salmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi (S.Paratyphi) A has been isolated from most patients presenting with enteric fever in various regions of Nepal. This study aimed to evaluate age differences in patients presenting with typhoid and paratyphoid fever.Materials & Methods: Between December 2014 and October 2015, 186 patients presented with enteric fever to the Civil Service Hospital in Kath

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Chhetri, A., A. Manandhar, Y. Shah, et al. "Comparision of Antibiotic Susceptility of Levofloxacin with Other Commonly Tested Antibiotics Against Salmonella Enterica Serovar (Typhi And Paratyphi A)." Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 1 (2014): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10344.

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Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first line therapy for children and adults infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of different classes of antibiotics with levofloxacin from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting Birhospital, Kathmandu. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauerdisc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results:

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Nair, Satheesh, Maria Fookes, Craig Corton, Nicholas R. Thomson, John Wain, and Gemma C. Langridge. "Genetic Markers in S. Paratyphi C Reveal Primary Adaptation to Pigs." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (2020): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050657.

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Salmonella enterica with the identical antigenic formula 6,7:c:1,5 can be differentiated biochemically and by disease syndrome. One grouping, Salmonella Paratyphi C, is currently considered a typhoidal serovar, responsible for enteric fever in humans. The human-restricted typhoidal serovars (S. Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C) typically display high levels of genome degradation and are cited as an example of convergent evolution for host adaptation in humans. However, S. Paratyphi C presents a different clinical picture to S. Typhi/Paratyphi A, in a patient group with predisposition, raising th

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Wahid, Rezwanul, Raphael Simon, Shah J. Zafar, Myron M. Levine, and Marcelo B. Sztein. "Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine Ty21a Induces Cross-Reactive Humoral Immune Responses against Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A andS. Paratyphi B in Humans." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 6 (2012): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00058-12.

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ABSTRACTEnteric fever caused bySalmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi A infection has emerged as an important public health problem. Recognizing that in randomized controlled field trials oral immunization with attenuatedS. entericaserovar Typhi live vaccine Ty21a conferred significant cross-protection againstS. Paratyphi B but notS. Paratyphi A disease, we undertook a clinical study to ascertain whether humoral immune responses could explain the field trial results. Ty21a immunization of adult residents of Maryland elicited predominantly IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC) that recognizeS. Typhi

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Elhadad, Dana, Prerak Desai, Guntram A. Grassl, Michael McClelland, Galia Rahav, and Ohad Gal-Mor. "Differences in Host Cell Invasion and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Expression between Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A and NontyphoidalS. Typhimurium." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 4 (2016): 1150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01461-15.

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Active invasion into nonphagocytic host cells is central toSalmonella entericapathogenicity and dependent on multiple genes withinSalmonellapathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Here, we explored the invasion phenotype and the expression of SPI-1 in the typhoidal serovarS. Paratyphi A compared to that of the nontyphoidal serovarS. Typhimurium. We demonstrate that whileS. Typhimurium is equally invasive under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions,S. Paratyphi A invades only following growth under microaerobic conditions. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Weste

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Mohammed, A. H., Na’inna, S. Z., Yusha’u, M., Salisu, B., Adamu, U., and Garba, S. A. "In vitro Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Citrus aurantifolia Extracts." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 1, no. 1 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1611.001.

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Leaf extracts of Citrus aurantifolia, was investigated for antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Paratyphi B using agar-well diffusion and gradient serial dilution methods. Phytochemical screening was conducted in order to detect secondary metabolites. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts showed antibacterial activity againsttyphi and S. Paratyphi B. Watersoluble leaf extracts demonstrates higher zone of inhibition (19mm) against S. Paratyphi A.S. Typhi was found resistant to both water and chloroform soluble leaf extracts but sen

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Mohammed, A. H., Na’inna, S. Z., Yusha’u, M., Salisu, B., Adamu, U., and Garba, S. A. "Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indica Extracts." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 1, no. 1 (2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1611.004.

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Mangifera indica leaves are used for the treatments of various ailments in folklore medicine. This research was aimed to determine phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of Mangifera indica. Powdered leaves of Mangifera indica were extracted with water, ethanol and chloroform solvents via percolation method. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Paratyphi B using agarwell diffusion method. The extracts were further subjected to phytochemical tests for the presence

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Alfini, Renzo, Martina Carducci, Luisa Massai, et al. "Design of a Glycoconjugate Vaccine Against Salmonella Paratyphi A." Vaccines 12, no. 11 (2024): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111272.

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Background/Objectives: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever together are responsible for millions of cases and thousands of deaths per year, most of which occur in children in South and Southeast Asia. While typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) are licensed, no vaccines are currently available against S. Paratyphi A. Here we describe the design of a S. Paratyphi A conjugate. Methods: The serovar-specific O-antigen (O:2) was linked to the CRM197 carrier protein (O:2–CRM197) and a panel of conjugates differing for structural characteristics were compared in mice and rabbits. Results: We identified the O-a

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Abdulsalami, Halimat, Yusuf Oladipupo A. Daudu, Nasiru Usman Adabara, and Rabiat Unekwu Hamzah. "Antisalmonellal Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Piliostigma thonningii leaf extract." AROC in Natural Products Research 02, no. 02 (2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocnpr02020109.

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Background: Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection which causes bacteremia and inflammatory destruction of the intestine and some internal organs in the body. The widespread emergence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi has necessitated the search for other therapeutic options. The study was conducted to screen the antisalmonellal activity of Piliostigma thonningii leaf crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds. Methods: The plant leaves were extracted with 70% methanol, the crude extract was partitioned into fractions and was tested for antibacteria

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Boatemaa, Mercy Adusei, Ramachandra Ragunathan, and Jishnu Naskar. "Nanogold for In Vitro Inhibition of Salmonella Strains." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (June 19, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9268128.

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The pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhi, paratyphi, and typhimurium are the major cause of typhoid and food poisoning in children and adults in developing countries. According to WHO estimation, 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,000 related deaths occur worldwide each year with an additional 6 million cases of paratyphoid fever estimated to occur annually with the highest incidence in children, resulting in a high death rate. The high use of antibiotics has also given rise to drug-resistant strains. Hence, it was of importance to assess the inhibition and quick detection of pathogen

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Kamal, A. H. M., K. H. Mollah, A. Akhier, K. Khuda, A. Islam, and K. A. Jahan. "Changing Trends of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella typhi 11 and paratyphi in Recent Isolates." Journal of Medical Science & Research 28, Number 1 (2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jmsr.2018.v2801.02.

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Due to lack of proper sanitation measures and clean water typhoid and paratyphoid fever is prevalent in developing counties like Bangladesh. Increasing number of cases of antibiotic resistance as well as multi-drug resistance have been reported in Indian sub-continent. A total of 120 patients selected for this study on the basis of clinical diagnosis. Among them salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated in 54 cases by blood culture. Among the isolates 100% sensitivity was present to third generation cephalosporines, gentamycine and carbapenems. Resistance to conventional antibiotics like ch

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Bakhrouf, Amina, Moncef Jeddi, and Michel J. Gauthier. "Survie du Salmonella paratyphi B et du Pseudomonas aeruginosa dans l'eau de mer après incubation ou lavage en présence d'osmolytes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 7 (1992): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-112.

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The authors have compared the survival in seawater of Salmonella paratyphi B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells grown at low or high osmolarity, in the presence of organic osmolytes: glycine betaine, choline, proline, and glutamate. The four substrates enhanced the survival potential of S. paratyphi B while only glycine betaine protected P. aeruginosa. In addition only S. paratyphi B cells were more resistant after a preliminary growth at high osmolarity. Both bacteria were sensitive to osmotic down-shock, sensitization of S. paratyphi B being inversely proportional (p ≥ 0.01) to the osmolarity

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Elhadad, Dana, Prerak Desai, Galia Rahav, Michael McClelland, and Ohad Gal-Mor. "Flagellin Is Required for Host Cell Invasion and Normal Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Expression by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 9 (2015): 3355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00468-15.

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Salmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi A is a human-specific serovar that, together withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi andSalmonella entericaserovar Sendai, causes enteric fever. Unlike the nontyphoidalSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium, the genomes ofS. Typhi andS. Paratyphi A are characterized by inactivation of multiple genes, including in the flagellum-chemotaxis pathway. Here, we explored the motility phenotype ofS. Paratyphi A and the role of flagellin in key virulence-associated phenotypes. Motility studies established that the human-adapted typhoidalS. Typhi,S. Paratyphi A, andS. S

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Häfner, Sophia. "Conquest of Paratyphi." Microbes and Infection 22, no. 8 (2020): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2019.11.003.

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Win, Thandar Oo, Ohn Myat Tin, Win Htike Wah, et al. "Incidence of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Among Adolescents and Adults in Yangon, Myanmar." Clinical Infectious Diseases, Suppl 2 (October 10, 2019): SI 124–129. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3478983.

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Background. Accurate estimates of typhoid disease burden are needed to guide policy decisions, including on vaccine use. Data on the incidence of enteric fever in Myanmar are scarce. We estimated typhoid and paratyphoid fever incidence among adolescents and adults in Yangon, Myanmar, by combining sentinel hospital surveillance with a healthcare utilization survey. Methods. We conducted a population-based household health care utilization survey in the Yangon Region 12 March through 5 April 2018. Multipliers derived from this survey were then applied to hospital-based surveillance of Salmonella

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Matono, Takashi, Masatomo Morita, Hidemasa Izumiya, Mitsuo Kaku, and Makoto Ohnishi. "Phylogenetic Analysis of an Unusual Increase in Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A Infection among Travelers Returning from Myanmar." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S65—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.156.

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Abstract Background The proportion of enteric fever cases caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) has recently been increasing in Asian counties, which is a public health concern. In 2015, an unusual increase in S. Paratyphi A infection among Japanese travelers returning from Myanmar was noted, while there is little information on this uptrend in Myanmar. Methods Isolates from travelers who returned with enteric fever from 2005 to 2015 were analyzed in order to determine country-specific notification rates (epidemiological investigation). The noti

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Joshi, BG, K. Keyal, R. Pandey, and BM Shrestha. "Clinical Profile and Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella Serotypes in Children: A Hospital Based Study." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 31, no. 3 (2011): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i3.4382.

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Introduction: Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacteria, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovara Paratyphi (S. paratyphi A, B and C). Most of the burden of the disease is limited to the developing world and the disease still has the issues like wide spectrum of clinical presentation and multidrug resistance. Objectives: This study was done to analyze the clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in the cases of culture positive enteric fever. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Civil Service Hospital fr

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Santander, Javier, and Roy Curtiss III. "Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A are avirulent in newborn and infant mice even when expressing virulence plasmid genes of Salmonella Typhimurium." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 11 (2010): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1218.

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Background: Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A are human host-restricted pathogens. Therefore, there is no small susceptible animal host that can be used to assess the virulence and safety of vaccine strains derived from these Salmonella serovars. However, infant mice have been used to evaluate virulence and colonization by another human host-restricted pathogen, Vibrio cholerae. Methodology: The possibility that infant mice host could be adapted for Salmonella led us to investigate the susceptibility of newborn and infant mice to oral infection with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A

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Barman, Tushar Kanti, Iftekhar Uddin, Md Ahsanul Haque, Md Monjurul Haque, and Nandita Paul. "Study on Isolation of Organism and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern in Blood Culture of Enteric Fever Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh." Mugda Medical College Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 108–13. https://doi.org/10.3329/mumcj.v7i2.78776.

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A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Mugda Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between March 2022 and September 2023, to observe the changing pattern of antibiotic sensitivity pattern among enteric pathogens causing enteric fever. A total of 50 blood culture and sensitivity reports were analyzed. Blood samples were derived from 50 patients included in this study, who were admitted into the medicine inpatient department of Mugda Medical College Hospital suffering from fever for at least 2 weeks and were confirmed having enteric fever. The

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Shetty, Anup Kumar, Ichlampady Nagaraj Shetty, Zevita Venisha Furtado, Beena Antony, and Rekha Boloor. "Antibiogram of Salmonella Isolates from Blood with an Emphasis on Nalidixic Acid and Chloramphenicol Susceptibility in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal Karnataka: A Prospective Study." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 4, no. 02 (2012): 074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.105585.

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ABSTRACT Background: Enteric fever is caused by the serotypes Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella Paratyphi C. After emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonellae Ciprofloxacin, a fluorquinolone antibiotic was the first-line therapy. Treatment failure was observed with Ciprofloxacin soon and such strains showed in-vitro resistance to Nalidixic acid. Recent reports suggest re-emergence of Chloramphenicol sensitive strains and increasing Nalidixic acid resistance. This study is aimed at detecting the current trend in the antibiogram of Salmonella isolat

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Rahman, Sadia Isfat Ara, To Nguyen Thi Nguyen, Farhana Khanam, et al. "Genetic diversity of Salmonella Paratyphi A isolated from enteric fever patients in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2018." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 10 (2021): e0009748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009748.

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Background The proportion of enteric fever cases caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A is increasing and may increase further as we begin to introduce typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). While numerous epidemiological and genomic studies have been conducted for S. Typhi, there are limited data describing the genomic epidemiology of S. Paratyphi A in especially in endemic settings, such as Bangladesh. Principal findings We conducted whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 67 S. Paratyphi A isolated between 2008 and 2018 from eight enteric disease surveillance sites across Bangladesh. We performed a detailed

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