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Journal articles on the topic 'Paravalvular abscess'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Safradin, Ivica, Ante Lekic, Stjepan Ivankovic, and Bojan Biocina. "Surgical treatment of mitral valve paravalvular abscess in a patient undergoing chronic haemodialysis." Acta Chirurgica Croatica 8, no. 1 (2011): 31–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3533150.

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Introduction: Infective endocarditis is more common in patients on chronic haemodyalisis than in the general population and constitutes the second most common cause of death in this group. Mitral valve paravalvular abscess is a serious complication of infective endocarditis which predicts future complications. Case report: A 53-year-old female patient was admitted in our institution for surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency and coexisting formation in the left atrium with a great risk of embolization. The patient had been treated by haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease due to diabeti

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2

Kong, William K. F., Chih Ching Choong, Jai Ajitchandra Sule, Kian Keong Poh, and Theodoros Kofidis. "Paravalvular root abscess with mycotic pseudoaneurysm." European Heart Journal 39, no. 41 (2018): 3751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy416.

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3

Naqvi, Tasneem Z., Jason Boyatt, and Robert J. Siegel. "Predictors of Mortality in Paravalvular Abscess." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 18, no. 12 (2005): 1404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2005.06.007.

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4

Khan, Ateeb Mahmood, Fateh Ali Tipoo, Shahabuddin Sharfuddin Syed, and Aqeel Mehmood. "Unusual location of aortic root abscess as a complication of bicuspid aortic valve infective endocarditis by a rare organism." BMJ Case Reports 17, no. 11 (2024): e262955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2024-262955.

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A man in his 50s with diabetes, hypertension and history of multiple percutaneous coronary interventions presented with 3 weeks of fever and worsening shortness of breath. There was clinical suspicion of infective endocarditis with raised infective parameters. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed abnormally thickened, bicuspid aortic valve with suspicion of paravalvular aortic root abscess. Transoesophageal echocardiogram identified large vegetation on aortic valve and non-homogeneous area around the aortic root towards the right ventricular outflow tract, which was further confirmed as paraval

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5

Lutin, B., Y. Van Belleghem, and D. Devos. "Intramyocardial paravalvular abscess after aortic valve replacement." Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 95, no. 4 (2012): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jbr-btr.624.

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6

Reskovic Luksic, Vlatka, Kristina Maric Besic, Niksa Drinkovic Jr, Niksa Drinkovic, and Jadranka Separovic Hanzevacki. "Paravalvular aortic abscess – the role of echocardiography." Cardiologia Croatica 8, no. 5-6 (2013): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15836/ccar.2013.222.

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7

Chamchad, Dmitri, Jacek Karski, Tirone E. David, George Djaiani, and Jagdish W. Butany. "Chronic paravalvular abscess after aortic valve replacement." Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 18, no. 6 (2004): 820–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2004.08.031.

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8

Suksaranjit, Promporn, Daniel N. Sommers, Lowell Chang, Christopher J. McGann, and Brent D. Wilson. "Multimodal Imaging of a Mitral Paravalvular Abscess." Texas Heart Institute Journal 43, no. 1 (2016): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14503/thij-14-4693.

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9

David, Tirone E., Tommaso Regesta, Gheorghe Gavra, Susan Armstrong, and Manjula D. Maganti. "Surgical treatment of paravalvular abscess: long-term results." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 31, no. 1 (2007): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.10.036.

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10

d'Udekem, Yves, Tirone E. David, Christopher M. Feindel, Susan Armstrong, and Zhao Sun. "Long-term results of operation for paravalvular abscess." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 62, no. 1 (1996): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(96)00274-3.

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11

Denegri, A., F. Faletra, T. Moccetti, and G. B. Pedrazzini. "Late paravalvular abscess 6 weeks after transfemoral aortic revalving." European Heart Journal 35, no. 24 (2013): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht469.

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12

Giannoccaro, Peter, Kathy J. Ascah, Randall A. Sochowski, Kwan-Leung Chan, and Terrence D. Ruddy. "Spontaneous Drainage of Paravalvular Abscess Diagnosed by Transesophageal Echocardiography." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 4, no. 4 (1991): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80450-1.

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13

Mieszczanska, Hanna, Anna Janicka, Burke A. Cunha, and Jason Lazar. "Native aortic valve enterococcal endocarditis with myocardial paravalvular abscess." Heart & Lung 32, no. 4 (2003): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0147-9563(03)00076-1.

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14

Rouze, S., E. Flecher, H. Corbineau, et al. "P22 PARAVALVULAR ABSCESS IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS: 30 YEARS EXPERIENCE." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 41 (May 2013): S13—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(13)70046-3.

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15

Agrawal, Abhinav, Martin Miguel Amor, Deepa Iyer, Manan Parikh, and Marc Cohen. "Aortico-Left Atrial Fistula: A Rare Complication of Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis Secondary toEnterococcus faecalis." Case Reports in Cardiology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/473246.

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Paravalvular aortic root abscess with intracardiac fistula formation is an exceedingly rare complication of infective endocarditis. This condition is even more rarely encountered in patients with bioprosthetic valve endocarditis. We report an unusual case of a 68-year-old Bosnian female with a bioprosthetic aortic valve, who developed an extensive aortic root abscess, complicated by an aortico-left atrial intracardiac fistula. This case illustrates that a high index of suspicion, prompt diagnosis by echocardiography, proper antibiotic therapy, and early surgical intervention are crucial to imp

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16

Döngelli, Hüseyin, Baver Kızartıcı, Mustafa Oktay Tarhan, Ebru Özpelit, Osman Nejat Sarıosmanoğlu, and Hatice Kübra Taşçı. "An Infective Endocarditis Case Report Involving Both Native Aortic and Mitral Valves Due to Streptococcus Vestibularis." Prague Medical Report 126, no. 1 (2025): 26–29. https://doi.org/10.14712/23362936.2025.4.

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease, with its mortality rate varying depending on the infectious agent. Streptococci are among the most common causes of infective endocarditis. However, Streptococcus vestibularis has rarely been associated with human infections, typically affecting patients with underlying conditions such as immunosuppressive diseases, valve replacement, rheumatic heart disease, and hemodialysis. We present the case of a 26-year-old man who presented with fever, unanticipated weight loss, and fatigue. Although no typical risk factors for infective endocar

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17

Mohri, Makoto, Takato Hata, Yoshimasa Tsushima, et al. "Ross Operation for Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis with Paravalvular Abscess." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 33, no. 5 (2004): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.33.363.

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18

Wilson, M. E. "Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis and Paravalvular Abscess Caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, no. 4 (1989): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.4.665.

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19

Pouedras, P., P. Y. Donnio, J. M. Sire, and J. L. Avril. "Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis and Paravalvular Abscess Caused by Peptostreptococcus magnus." Clinical Infectious Diseases 15, no. 1 (1992): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/15.1.185.

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20

Gasparovic, H., A. Smalcelj, and M. Brida. "Left Ventricle to Left Atrium Shunt via a Paravalvular Abscess." Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 57, no. 07 (2009): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1039055.

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21

Cosmi, John E., Paul A. Tunick, and Itzhak Kronzon. "Mortality in patients with paravalvular abscess diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 17, no. 7 (2004): 766–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2004.03.026.

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22

Mackic, Denis, Faruk Custovic, and Edin Begic. "Paravalvular Abscess of the Mechanical Prosthetic Aortic Valve: A Case Report." South East European Journal of Cardiology 3, no. 1 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejca.2022.6028.

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BACKGROUND: Prosthetic mechanical valve endocarditis (PVE) can be manifested as early PVE (acquired perioperatively) and late PVE (resulting from infections unrelated to the valve operation). Causes of both are similar but are late PVE are more prone to less virulent microbes. PVE resulting with paravalvular abscess is confirmed through echocardiography (transthoracic or transesophageal), it results with a high mortality rate especially if it is not early recognized. The aim of article was to present a patient with heart failure symptoms caused by PVE. CASE PRESENTATION: Male patient, 44 years

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23

Kitaya, Shiori, Shintaro Katahira, Hiroaki Baba, et al. "Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Complicated by a Paravalvular Abscess: Case Report and Literature Review." Applied Microbiology 3, no. 3 (2023): 1057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030073.

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Salmonella infection typically causes self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in rare cases, it can lead to prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), especially in older adults with a history of valve replacement surgery. In this case study, we describe a case of Salmonella PVE in a man with a prosthetic aortic valve. Complications of PVE include abscess formation, which is associated with increased mortality. If a patient with a history of prosthetic valve replacement presents with symptoms suggestive of gastroenteritis or bacteremia, a thorough investigation should be conducted with suspicion of

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24

Danwade, Tamiruddin A., and Sampath Kumar. "Echo-cardiographic images of infective endocarditis of pulmonary valve with paravalvular abscess." IHJ Cardiovascular Case Reports (CVCR) 2, no. 2 (2018): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ihjccr.2018.04.005.

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25

Ahmed, Ahmed, Ayman Ammar, Yasser Elnahas, and Mohammed Abd Al Jawad. "Mechanical Prosthetic Valve Sparing for Aortic Root Abscess Complicated by Infective Endocarditis." Texas Heart Institute Journal 47, no. 4 (2020): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14503/thij-19-7059.

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Aortic root abscess complicated by infective endocarditis of a mechanical prosthetic valve is associated with morbidity and death. We retrospectively report our experience with a valve-sparing technique for managing this condition. From October 2014 through November 2017, 41 patients at our center underwent surgery for aortic root abscess complicated by infective endocarditis of a mechanical prosthetic valve. Twenty (48.7%) met prespecified criteria for use of our valve-sparing technique after careful assessment of the mechanical valve and surrounding tissues. Our technique involved draining t

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26

Amrani, M., J. C. Schoevaerdts, J. Rubay, et al. "Surgical Treatment for Acute Native Aortic Valvular Infective Endocarditis: Long-Term Follow-Up." Cardiovascular Surgery 3, no. 6 (1995): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721099500300603.

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During the period 1970-1993, 116 patients (63 men, 53 women) with native aortic valvular infective endocarditis were treated surgically. The mean age was 37 years. The main causative organisms were streptococci and staphylococci. Indication for surgery was cardiac failure (70 cases), uncontrolled sepsis (30), peripheral emboli (11) and overwhelming destruction of the aortic valve (five). Hospital and late mortality rates were 8% and 11 % respectively. Patients who died in hospital and those who presented a paravalvular leakage had a ring abscess associated with aortic wall destruction. Among 3

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27

Feuchtner, Gudrun, Fabian Plank, Christian Uprimny, Orest Chevtchik, and Silvana Mueller. "Paravalvular prosthetic valve abscess detected with 18FDG-PET/128-slice CT image fusion." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 13, no. 3 (2012): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jer317.

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28

Thermidor, Marjorie, Elena A. Selbs, Paul E. Schoch, and Burke A. Cunha. "Staphylococcus lugdunensis Prosthetic Mitral Valve Endocarditis Complicated by Paravalvular Abscess and Septic Emboli." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 13, no. 4 (2005): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.idc.0000168469.50600.9b.

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29

Cosmi, John E., Paul A. Tunick, Eugene A. Grossi, F. Gregory Baumann, and Itzhak Kronzon. "Outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with paravalvular abscess detected by transesophageal echocardiography." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39 (March 2002): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)81932-5.

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30

Gürsoy, Mustafa Ozan, Mehmet Özkan, Ahmet Çağrı Aykan, Mustafa Yıldız, and Gökhan Kahveci. "Multimodality Imaging of the Mitral Paravalvular Abscess Cavity with Left Ventriculo-atrial Fistula." Heart, Lung and Circulation 21, no. 5 (2012): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2012.03.004.

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31

Bianchi, N., F. Frascaro, A. Merani, et al. "P151 UTILITY OF MULTIMODALITY IMAGING IN A CASE OF MULTIPLE AORTIC POST–ENDOCARDITIS PSEUDOANEURYSMS." European Heart Journal Supplements 25, Supplement_D (2023): D99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad111.232.

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Abstract Introduction First–line therapy for infective endocarditis is antibiotic treatment to avoid the occurrence of complications such as septic embolization, septic shock (1), pseudoaneurysm or abscess formation (1). A pseudoaneurysm is a cavity that communicates with the vascular lumen and develops as a result of necrosis of the infected tissue (1). Case report: An 81–year–old man with past medical history of aortic valve replacement with bioprosthesis for severe stenosis and re–intervention for infective Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis was admitted to hospital for hyperpyrexia. PET–CT

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32

Brancheau, Daniel, George Degheim, and Christian Machado. "Timing for Pacing after Acquired Conduction Disease in the Setting of Endocarditis." Case Reports in Cardiology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/471046.

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A 53-year-old gentleman with a history of a mechanical aortic valve presented to the emergency department complaining of a sudden right-sided abdominal pain. He was found to have atrioventricular dissociation on his initial electrocardiogram and his blood cultures grew Streptococcus viridans. The suspicion for endocarditis with periaortic abscess was high so a transthoracic echocardiogram was performed and showed a mass in the left ventricular outflow tract. For better visualization, a transesophageal echocardiogram was recommended and revealed a bileaflet mechanical aortic valve with perivalv

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33

Soma, Johannes, Tor I. Stakkevold, and Arne Z. Henriksen. "Escherichia Coli Endocarditis of the Aortic Valve with Formation of a Paravalvular Abscess Cavity." Echocardiography 22, no. 2 (2005): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0742-2822.2005.03178.x.

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34

Mohan, Sowjanya S., Brian P. McDermott, and Burke A. Cunha. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis with paravalvular abscess treated with daptomycin." Heart & Lung 34, no. 1 (2005): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.07.009.

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35

Spiliopoulos, Kyriakos, Ayman Haschemi, Gabriel Fink, and Bernhard-Michael Kemkes. "Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Paravalvular Abscess: A Surgical Challenge. An 11-Year Single Center Experience." Heart Surgery Forum 13, no. 2 (2010): E67—E73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf98.20081141.

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36

Hevroni, Gil, Andrii Maryniak, Diego Cepeda-Mora, Moro O. Salifu, and Samy McFarlane. "Paravalvular Abscess as a Complication of Streptococcus Salivarius Infective Endocarditis of a Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve." American Journal of Medical Case Reports 8, no. 11 (2020): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajmcr-8-11-7.

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37

Ángel, Hernández López Miguel, Solis Garcia Uriel Gadiel, Martínez López Edna Mariana, and Mayoral Zarate José Ángel. "Klebsiella Aerogenes Endocarditis Associated with Port Catheter, Case Report." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 13, no. 07 (2025): 1563–67. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2025.v13i07.009.

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Endocarditis affects one or more cardiac valves and is a potentially fatal, multisystem disease of bacterial origin. It has an incidence of 3 to 7 cases per 100,000 people per year. Fever and sepsis are the most common clinical presentations, followed by embolic events, paravalvular abscess, and heart failure. Diagnosis is based on the modified Duke criteria, which include two major and five minor criteria. The most common infectious agents are Streptococcus viridians, Streptococcus bovis (HACEK group), and Staphylococcus aureus. Klebsiella species are very rare. Medical treatment is based on

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38

S., Hilal, Jennane R., Kaddaf S., et al. "Case Study: Pneumococcal Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis with Mitral Annular Abscess Fistulised in the Left Atrium: An Uncommon Germ with Dramatic End." RA JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH 07, no. 06 (2021): 2386–88. https://doi.org/10.47191/rajar/v7i6.02.

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<strong><em>Background:</em></strong> Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infrequent cause of infectious endocarditis. Several case series have underscored the aggressive course of Streptocoque Pneumiae with acute clinical presentation, rapid valvular destruction, and high mortality despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. <strong><em>Case summary:</em></strong> We present a 74-year-old woman with previous aortic and mitral valve replacement 12 years ago, presented with a 5 days history of persistent fever and a red, hot, and swollen right knee. Atrial fibrillation was demonstrated on a 12-lead elec

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39

Becerra, A., and A. Mahmut. "STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS AORTIC PARAVALVULAR ABSCESS IN A PROSTHETIC VALVE OF AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOST WITH MARFAN’S SYNDROME." Chest 157, no. 6 (2020): A227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.254.

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40

Doane, Katherine, Matthew Coghill, and Amanda Sebring. "(28) Paravalvular Aortic Abscess: An Unusual Case of Fever and Hypoxia in a Previously Healthy Child." Pediatrics 142, no. 1_MeetingAbstract (2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.142.1ma1.38.

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41

Begaj, Ardit, Ross C. McLean, and Pudhupalayam Bhaskar. "Finegoldia magna: a rare cause of necrotising fasciitis." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 5 (2020): e235115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235115.

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Necrotising fasciitis is a life-threatening condition characterised by inflammation, affecting the soft tissues, which spreads within a fascial plane. Skin changes can be delayed and can often go unnoticed. The condition arises from a bacterial infection, commonly being of polymicrobial aetiology. We describe an uncommon case of necrotising fasciitis caused by Finegoldia magna, an anaerobic coccus, in a 40-year-old patient with diabetes. F. magna is a Gram-positive anaerobic coccus, which was previously known as Peptostreptococcus magnus. The bacteria is found in the normal flora of the urogen

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42

Kirali, Kaan, Sabit Sarikaya, Yucel Ozen, et al. "Surgery for Aortic Root Abscess: A 15-Year Experience." Texas Heart Institute Journal 43, no. 1 (2016): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14503/thij-14-4747.

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Aortic root abscess is the most severe sequela of infective endocarditis, and its surgical management is a complicated procedure because of the high risk of morbidity and death. Twenty-seven patients were included in this 15-year retrospective study: 21 (77.8%) with native- and 6 (22.2%) with prosthetic-valve endocarditis. The surgical reconstruction of the aortic root consisted of aortic valve replacement in 19 patients (70.4%) with (11) or without (8) a pericardial patch, or total aortic root replacement in 7 patients (25.9%); 5 of the 27 (18.5%) underwent the modified Bentall procedure with

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43

Jakuska, Povilas, Egle Ereminiene, Egle Muliuolyte, et al. "Predictors of early mortality after surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: a single-center experience." Perfusion 35, no. 4 (2019): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659119872345.

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Objective: Surgical management of infective endocarditis continues to be challenging and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of our study was to determine the risk factors and conditions associated with poor early infective endocarditis surgical treatment outcomes—30-day postoperative mortality. Methods: A total of 124 patients who underwent surgery for infective endocarditis at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics from January 2010 to December 2017 were retrospectively included in this study. The primary endpoints were 30-da

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44

Grueva-Nastevska, Elena, Valentina Andova, Planinka Zafirovska, et al. "Acute Myocarditis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 m-RNA Vaccination." South East European Journal of Cardiology 3, no. 1 (2022): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejca.2022.6032.

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BACKGROUND: Prosthetic mechanical valve endocarditis (PVE) can be manifested as early PVE (acquired perioperatively) and late PVE (resulting from infections unrelated to the valve operation). Causes of both are similar but are late PVE are more prone to less virulent microbes. PVE resulting with paravalvular abscess is confirmed through echocardiography (transthoracic or transesophageal), it results with a high mortality rate especially if it is not early recognized. CASE PRESENTATION: We are presenting a patient with heart failure symptoms caused by PVE after Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disea

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45

Nitschke, M., and R. H. Strasser. "Acute aortic valve endocarditis suspicious of paravalvular abscess, consecutive atrioventricular block III° and suspicious of septic embolism." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 130, no. 39 (2005): 2205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-916365.

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46

Alkhatib, Basil, Paul E. Schoch, and Burke A. Cunha. "Viridans streptococcal (Streptococcus mitis) biosynthetic aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) complicated by complete heart block and paravalvular abscess." Heart & Lung 41, no. 6 (2012): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2012.05.002.

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47

Ceglowska, Karolina, Katarzyna Nowomiejska, Agnieszka Kiszka, Michael J. Koss, Ryszard Maciejewski, and Robert Rejdak. "Bilateral Macular Roth Spots as a Manifestation of Subacute Endocarditis." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/493947.

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A 42-year-old man presented with a 2-day history of impaired vision in the right eye (OD). The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (LogMAR) was 1.1 for the right eye and 0.0 for the left eye (OS). Fundus examination revealed white-centered hemorrhages resembling Roth spots in both macular regions. The spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed intraretinal pseudocysts and hyperreflective deposits in the areas corresponding to the Roth spots. Conducted blood tests revealed elevated D-dimer concentration, increased total number of neutrophils, high C-reactive protein concentrat

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48

Popa, Teodora, Cosmin Petru Peștean, Irina Constantin, et al. "Left-to-Left Acquired Cardiac Shunt: Aorto-Left Atrial Fistula Due to Aortic Infective Endocarditis in a Dog." Animals 14, no. 17 (2024): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14172451.

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Infective endocarditis is a severe but rarely diagnosed disease, characterized by the presence of bacterial infection at the level of the cardiac valves. Although the incidence of the disease is very low, the consequences are severe and the prognosis is very poor, outlining a high mortality rate among cases. The present report highlights the case of a 7-year-old dog presented with abrupt changes in the respiratory pattern, obtunded and in lateral recumbency. The physical examination of the patient revealed fever and a IV/VI systolic heart murmur, with the point of maximal intensity on the left

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49

Gurbuz, Ahmet Seyfeddin, Yakup Alsancak, Abdullah Ozcelik, Sumeyye Fatma Ozer, and Mehmet Akif Duzenli. "A rare echocardiographic image of aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis complicated with paravalvular abscess, pseudoaneurysm and aorto-right atrial fistula." Echocardiography 35, no. 9 (2018): 1484–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/echo.14097.

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Pianou, Nikoletta K., Alexandros Georgakopoulos, Evdokia Apeithi, et al. "A case of paravalvular abscess due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by 18Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography." International Journal of Cardiology 215 (July 2016): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.119.

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