Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parc national du Mercantour (France)'
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Resche-Rigon, Frédérique. "Quelques aspects de la compétition entre ongulés sauvages et domestiques : étude des relations entre chamois et moutons dans une vallée du Mercantour." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10152.
Full textLefebvre, Vincent. "Origine de la diversité des insectes pollinisateurs d'altitude : le cas des diptères Empidinae dans le Parc National du Mercantour." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0019/document.
Full textMountains are biodiversity hotspots, where the effects of global warming have already been demonstrated in numerous studies. Plant-pollinator networks are a central element of these ecosystems, but, despite the tremendous number of species potentially affected by the disruption of this mutualism, spatial and temporal patterns of pollinator communities along altitudinal gradients are still poorly known. The first part of this work analyses the effects of elevation and phenology on the abundance and diversity of anthophilous insects along a 1700 m altitudinal gradient. I show that the main orders of pollinators (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera) are structured by elevation and foraging preferences, with an increasing predominance of flies from 1500 m altitude up to 2700 m, the upper limit of the gradient. Most of these fly species belong to four families (Anthomyiidae, Empididae, Muscidae and Syrphidae) which also segregate along the gradient according to altitude, phenology and the choice of flowering plants they visit. The systematics and biology of these taxa, including their pollination efficiency, are still largely under-investigated. Second, I studied the pollination ecology and the evolutionary causes of the success of empidine dance flies (Empidinae), a central group in these anthophilous communities. I measured 1) their relative importance in the plant-visitor network of a subalpine meadow; and 2) the pollinating effectiveness of their visits to Geranium sylvaticum L. relative to the other visitors. Visits by large species of Empis produced the same number of seeds as those by the domestic bee (Apis mellifera L.), a highly effective pollinator. Such results suggest a major role of large empidines in the pollination of alpine plants. To understand the role of anthophily in Empidinae diversification and the origins of their abundance at altitude, I built a worldwide molecular phylogeny for the subfamily. The resulting cladogram includes 212 species for which four molecular markers were sequenced (28S D1-D2, D4-D5, 16S mtDNA, COI). Most clades of Empidinae contain species occupying various altitudes, indicating that there is no phylogenetic niche conservatism involved in their distribution along the gradient. The association between Empidinae and Angiosperms dates back to the end of the angiosperm radiation and seems, through the lengthening of the proboscis, to have favoured the evolutionary radiation of several clades in parallel with flowering plants. Their wide altitudinal distribution, combined with their ability to visit floral morphotypes inaccessible to other anthophilous insects, could confer them a strong resistance to global changes
Laslaz, Lionel. "Les zones centrales des Parcs Nationaux alpins français (Vanoise, Ecrins, Mercantour) : des conflits au consensus social ? : contribution critique à l'analyse des processus territoriaux d'admission des espaces protégés et des rapports entre sociétés et politiques d'aménagements en milieux montagnards." Chambéry, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CHAML056.
Full textThis thesis proposes a critical approach of the functioning of the French alpine National Parks, through the analysis of the dynamics which animate for more than 40 years their central areas, strongest protective measures of the French legislative arsenal of nature conservation. The particular context of the alpine mountain supplies elements of understanding of the phenomena of refusal, even perplexity, noticed towards these Administrative Public Establishments. The thesis demonstrates how the alpine central zones have gradually and imperfectly slid by a situation of conflict towards the sketch of a search for social consensus, based on the massive use of the spatial compromise. The first part loosens the parameters of spatial segmentation which presided over the plan and over the demarcation of the alpine central zones. These last ones are conceived not as spaces of "natural" pseudo-fixedness, but as equipped territories answering a general logic of development of the mountain. The second part establishes the conflict as the mode of social construction of the relation in the protected spaces. Four entrances are privileged : the spaces of the conflicts, the actors and the roots of these conflicts. The part ends on the binomial conflict/ consensus through the representations of the "nature" appropriate for the various social groups, which tend to instrument it. The third part makes of the consensus the mode of privileged social exchange of the actors; but it is not set against the conflict, and on the contrary these last ones feed mutually, barriers separating them being unstable. Through the present various activities in central zone, this consensus is built on a compromise : economic through the consequences of the summer frequenting ; spatial with the rigorous spatial partition and the interchangeability with the skiable domains ; politics with the new trump cards which we discover to a for a long time rejected pastoralisme. The last chapter asks the question of the social acceptance of the National Parks, which try to turn to the local development. In the final the thesis joins in a questioning argued of protective measures in France
Cataldi, Maddalena. "Découvrir, comprendre et interpréter des gravures pariétales : une histoire de la science archéologique à travers l’histoire de l’étude scientifique du Mont Bégo (1868-1947)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0130.
Full textNowadays, the Vallée des Merveilles archaeological site, in the Mercantur National Park (Alpes-Maritimes, France), preserves about 40.000 protohistoric engravings. These engravings are carved on the rocks of the valleys around Mount Bego, dated between the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age (3300-1800 BC). Known since the 16th century, these engravings reappeared around the 1860s, in the framework of a recently established knowledge, prehistory. Our research examines how they have been characterized as a scientific object as well as the process that led to their protection as expression of the culture of the “primitive man”. The thesis analyzes, through an historiographical method, three moments of the redefinition of the value of the site, in order to describe how it is constituted at the intersection of the scientific debate, of the construction of the public opinion and his protection by national institutions
Rascle, Claudie Ducos de Lahitte Jacques. "Maîtrise de la reproduction du loup en captivité application pratique sur une meute du Parc Alpha (Parc du Mercantour) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/1719/1/debouch_1719.pdf.
Full textLaborde, Emmanuelle Ducos de Lahitte Jacques. "Etude du parasitisme interne des loups du parc Alpha, dans le Mercantour." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2130/1/celdran_2130.pdf.
Full textMusso, J. "Daphne & chloris : un systeme coherent de traitement des donnees biogeographiques. un exemple: le parc national du mercantour." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE4498.
Full textViallon, Alain. "Protection et développement dans trois parcs nationaux de l'arc alpin. Le cas de Berchtesgaden (Allemagne), Hohe Tauern (Autriche) et Mercantour (France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10028.
Full textDeschamps, Sylvie. "Une étude comparative entre le Parc du Saguenay (Québec) et le Parc national des Cévennes (France) : les tendances en zone périphérique." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1995. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5108/1/000620171.pdf.
Full textPodgorski, Ferielle. "Communication, territoires et environnement : le cas du parc national des Calanques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENL018/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes to analyze the communication around and about national parks highlighting the actors' strategies, power relations and communication strategies used. Recurrent conflicts in the creation and management of national parks and political developments have led to increased consideration of local actors by proponents of the parks. This research shows the role of these actors, particularly through the communication of public institutions of national parks and participatory mechanisms that are implemented. This thesisalso attempts to show territorial issues of national parks. These "protected areas" contribute to the construction and promotion of the territories. The "national park label" distinguishes the environmental value of the territory. Finally, we propose to understand politics of national parks through the construction of the environment as public intervention sector and throughthe approches of nature and its protection. Therefore, parks' communication policies reconcile the nature patrimonialization and sustainable development
Cavalli, Laurent. "Biologie des populations de salmonidés des lacs de haute altitude du parc national des Ecrins : alimentation, croissance, reproduction." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11055.
Full textBlanc, Guillaume. "Les territoires des parcs nationaux (Canada, Ethiopie, France) : logiques identitaires, patrimoniales et nationales." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010635.
Full textThis thesis offers a comparative environmental history of French, Ethiopian and Canadian national parks. It rests upon an analysis of laws, management plans, tourist documentation and archive produced by the managers of Cévennes, Semën and Forillon national parks. This research questions the "national park" object as a territory of heritage and identity manufactured by power to promote a national belonging feeling. Using comparison, this work shows that beyond the context, invention of nature is dedicated to the reinforcement of the material and ideal edges of the nation. In France, the Cévennes national park serves as a symbol of a rural, nostalgic and traditional nation. In Canada, Forillon participates to the naturalization of a nation that gives herself to see as a virgin, a-temporal and a-political nation in order to overcome a past lacking of depth but overflowed by conflicts. In Ethiopia, the State adopts the eco-racist representations of international institutions such as IUCN, UNESCO and WWF for being recognized on the international scene and established, therefore, on a territory namely "national". Thus, in these three countries, national park appears as a place of struggle. Space of daily life converted in a space of temporary visit, it legitimates the exertion of a concrete and symbolic violence on local and surrounding populations
Mousset, Sylvie. "Nature paysannée, nature paysagère : de la proection à la gestion agricole d'un espace rural de moyenne montagne : l'exemple du parc national des Cévennes." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010595.
Full textIt's because the cevennes national park protects the nature keeping an agricultural society wich is not a park like another one. In 1970, it made it self known like an original case as regards politics of space's development. It's the first real attempt of authorities to developp a "french desert" though its identity of medium mountain's country in the south-east of massif-central. After being rolled around the scenario of a new wood land and the one of tourist's developpment, sit's, in fact the rural's developpment wich as been favoured but the developpment stil had to be adapted to local realities wich have kept a very strong personnality despite their desertification. In collaboration with local agricultural organisms, the park devises a programm to help farmers. Nevertheless this one is essentielly concentred in agricultural sectors with higher potential and it rapidly suffered from expansive compromises that it entailed. Having insuffiscient budgetary ways, the park progressively looses its role of actor all the more difficult to defend that its action expands on a area which is moreover the object of numerous interventions of actors concerned by the evolution of this area too. The "agricultural politic's" results of the park is however relatively positive in spite of very different local situations
Selmi, Adel. "Le parc national de la Vanoise : administration de la nature et savoirs liés à la diversité biologique." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0165.
Full textMy investigations explored the visions of the world that the various actors build through the interrelationships and practical interactions, cognitive and symbolic, which they maintain with natural objects, and between actors themselves, in connection with these objects. This work attempts to contribute to the analysis of the knowledge and know-how of the actors involved in biodiversity management, as well as to links established between knowledge action, erudite knowledge and indigenous knowledge in la Vanoise National park. Cultivated for the ones, naturalness for the others, the park is at the crossing between domestic and wild space. Therefore, it is the place and the object of conflicts between social actors having different interests and different knowledge (the managers for the Park and their partners, scientific and amateur naturalists, members of associations of nature protection and space users, in particular stockbreeders)
Dumez, Richard. "L'herbe et le feu dans le Parc National des Cevennes : pratiques de gestion et modes de catégorisation des éleveurs et des gestionnaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0019.
Full textIn the National Park of the Cevennes, the dialogue between managers (Park rangers, agricultural managers, foresters) and stockbreeders is a necessity for the co-management of opened and grazed natural spaces, invaded by brushwood. The representations of these actors have to be understood to improve this dialogue. In that way, we apply an ethnoscientific method. Two ethnoscientific categories are used to describe the environment : the opened one (ouvert) and the clean one (propre). With the category clean, the question of the access to food resources, particularly the pasture grass, is put. To apprehend the category clean in breeding context, it is necessary to define the cattle food classification of stockbreeders. The foods are in particular divided between an "including" category A grain and a subset Grass. Then, the quest of the clean depends on the equilibrium, chosen by stockbreeders, between these different foods. Lastly, to maintain cleanness, and fight against brushwood invasion, stockbreeders use pastoral fire. Human use of fire also maintains the opening but managers and scientific searchers have contrasted opinions. There are other actors dealing with the question of fire : local firemen. Within a complex actors game, the fire knowledge of stockbreeders is evolving. A mutual/shared knowledge is building. In the National Park, different representations of nature coexist : a nature/agricultural land, a nature/ecological patrimony and a nature/firebreak
Blanc, Julien. "Du naturel du produit à la production de la nature : les agneaux de parcours du Parc national des Cévénnes, figure d'une protection de la nature négociée." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0057.
Full textThis research focuses on one of the most achieved case of cooperation between a French national park (« Les Cévennes ») and sheep breeders producing lamb meat. This partnership is an experiment directly aligned with the numerous qualification systems of agricultural products which can be observed in French and Europe with the specificity of trying simultaneously to address the stakes of biodiversity management. We first show how this partnership fits with the evolution of the nature conservation policies in France, from a protection of a specific nature to sustainable development and biological diversity protection. We then analyse how and with what compromises such cooperation allows to conciliate, better than elsewhere, production and conservation. We finally analyse how this partnership is part of a consistent unity of strategic choices (low-input and low waste production systems, short circuits, limited collectivity) for small producers looking for autonomy and increased value added to the product of their work. The practical commitments of these sheep breeders are analysed through their persona land familial stories and through their production settings. We identify the tensions which permeate their logics and divide them in their organization and market choices. We debate the individual answers to these questions and their consequences on the group’s dynamic. This PhD aims to give an empirical test of the presently dominant speech on sustainable development. We question the follow up by the public administration of alternative types of agriculture and of producers’ organizations. We propose some thoughts on the National Park issues, confronted nowadays to the necessity to invent new modes of governance of the nature and to find their place within the present perspective of sustainable development
Brun-Lagarde, Marie-France. "Gestion des ressources génétiques du parc national des Écrins : contribution à la connaissance du complexe d'espèces des haricots (Phaseolus Spp.)." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112114.
Full textBaltzinger, Christophe. "Sélection des sites de repos par le cerf (Cervus Elaphus L. ) et le chevreuil (Capreolus Capreolus L. ) vivant en sympatrie en forêt tempérée de moyenne montagne." Paris, Engref, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005727.
Full textRed Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) are two abundant cervids in Europe, and they often share the same habitat. Cervids rest for about half of the time. However their bedsite selection criteria have rarely been studied. Our goal is double : i) to describe bedsite selection patterns for each species at different temporospatial scales and ii) to compare those selection patterns between species. The study took place in the Forêt Domaniale du Bougès, Parc National des Cévennes, France. Transect sampling helped us describe the characteristics of 425 bedsites, within 2 winter and 2 summer periods. PCR methodology applied to hair DNA collected on the bedsites proved to be efficient to distinguish between Red and Roe Deer. At the forest stand scale, Red and Roe Deer widely overlap in their use of different stands types as bedding sites. Both cervids tend to avoid adult coniferous stands in winter and summer. Roe Deer is less selective than Red Deer at this scale and uses forest stands relative to their availability. Red Deer is highly selective and shows a marked preference for young coniferous stands. At the microhabitat scale, Red and Roe Deer always search for good visual protection, through a well developed lateral cover. That cover is predominantly composed by conifers for the Red Deer, whereas the Roe Deer also uses deciduous cover when it is available during summer. In winter, Roe Deer beds under a large canopy cover, this cover is larger than for Red Deer. It chooses bedsites near edges whereas Red Deer rests far away from them. We discuss those differences in the selection patterns between the Red Deer, that occupies a wide home range, and the territorial Roe Deer, that lives on a more restricted range
Chraïbi, Farah. "Dynamique des populations des principaux crustacés de l'herbier de phanérogame marine Posidonia oceanica (L.) delile au parc national de Port-Cros, Méditerranée, France." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603975g.
Full textChraïbi, Farah. "Dynamique des populations des principaux crustacés de l'herbier de phanérogame marine, Posidonia oceanica (L. ) Delile au parc national de Port-Cros (Méditerranée-France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30092.
Full textPouliquen, Caroline. "Le développement du tourisme dans les espaces de nature protégés français et européens : les cas du Parc National du Lake District (Royaume-Uni), de l’Espace Naturel de Doñana (Espagne) et du Parc Naturel Régional du Verdon (France)." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0020.
Full textDuring the 19 th century, the first protected areas in the Western world were created and had two missions to fulfil : environmental protection and promoting opportunities for enjoyment in order to welcome tourists. Since 1970 newly created protected areas have followed this double goal. The first 'Parc Naturel Régional' we studied from 2006 to 2008 had such goals but the relationship between the environmental protection goal and the tourism development goal was very tense. Tourists were seen as a threat, and managers had rather focusing on environmental protection. This thesis deals with three protected areas : the Lake District National Park (UK), the 'Espacio Natural de Doñana' (Spain) and the 'Parc Naturel Régional du Verdon' (France). What is at stake is the discovery of whether or not the tension is real between environmental protection and tourism in these areas. We aim at understanding in what way this tension can be felt and the reasons why these areas experience this tension (or not). After a content analysis showing that words used by managers were quite severe about tourists, we study the way the area is spatially ordered ,the relationships between actors, and statistics in tourism, revealing a total breaking off between the protected area, managers and tourists, whose practices are not understood nor accepted. The study of cultural and historical factors that can explain this tension shows a strong influence of the history of tourism,artistic heritage, political and economical history on the way nature is defined and the way tourism is accepted in each area
Sandoz, Henri. "Recherches taxonomiques, biogéographiques et phytoécologiques sur les principaux conifères subalpins des Alpes mélèze d'Europe, pin Cembro, pin à crochets et pin Mugho : études de terrain centrées sur les Alpes maritimes et Ligures (Région du Parc national du Mercantour) /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609704v.
Full textSandoz, Henri. "Recherches taxonomiques, biogéographiques et phytoécologiques sur les principaux conifères subalpins des Alpes : mélèze d'Europe, pin cembro, pin à crochets et pin mugho : Etudes de terrain centrées sur les Alpes maritimes et ligures (Région du Parc national du Mercantour)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30017.
Full textBouet, Bruno. "Reconnaissance de l’autochtonie et déclinisme environnemental au sein des Parcs nationaux français : L’exemple du Parc national de La Réunion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0178.
Full textThe main purpose of this thesis is about the recognition of local and indigenous people within protected areas in general and French National Parks in particular. From global to local scales, this process appears to be the result of an axiological principle that is not necessarily new but which nevertheless increasingly conditions the legitimacy and effectiveness of public environmental action. The recognition of local and indigenous people would thus have become one of the conditions for achieving greater environmental justice within protected areas, particularly internationally.We question how this process has been extended to French National Parks, in particular through the analysis of the causes and effects of their recent reform (2006). How could this recognition be taken up and possibly redefined in the institutionalization of the so-called "new generation" national parks? Consequently, to what effects does this "French-style" recognition make it possible to achieve locally, in terms of environmental inequality? Our demonstration is based on the notion of "indigenous capital" (Retière, 2003) and argues that local social groups able to demonstrate their "indigenous environmental capital" to national park management authorities would be in the best position to keep intact their uses of these protected areas.To better address the issue of local people’s recognition "under conditions", we investigated the recent Reunion Island National Park (2007), presented with the Amazonian Park of French Guyana and the Calanques National Park as new generation parks. This survey, based on several other points of comparison, leads us to see Reunion Island National Park (PNRun) as an ecocentric integrating framework of different global and territorial narratives. “Environmental declinism”, both local and globalized, is the most prominent of these stories. Nevertheless, a “local cultural” and an “economic catch-up” narratives coexist with the first one. The PNRun, urged to recognize them due to the doctrine of sustainable development, appears as an ever-changing and unstable combination of these three - potentially contradictory - narratives.The traditional and customary conflicts within French National Parks (Larrère, 2009) can thus be understood as part of a competition between stories and their bearers, who can challenge or support the National Park's own way of administering, but also of "telling" the territory that supports it. The current challenge for French National Parks, in regard of the 2006 reform, is to allow and accept that this policy narrative is the result of a collective construction, and no longer an exercise reserved for some scientific, political and social elites who have always constituted its preferred audiences. In a postcolonial context such as on Reunion Island, this challenge seems all the more acute as the local "concern" for a narrative which is reparative of cultural, social and environmental injustices is important, even sine qua non
Julien, Marie-Pierre. "Processus de colonisation des prairies permanentes par le frêne (Fraxinus excelsior L. ) et conséquences sur la biodiversité : le cas de la zone périphérique du Parc national des Pyrénées." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30060.
Full textTraditionally used as a fodder species in the local pastoral system, ash has now become an invading species of the grasslands of the Pyrenees National Park. The aim of this work is to identify and study the importance of the factors influencing the colonization processes, and to evaluate their impact on biodiversity. Heavy grazing and mowing are directly preventing grasslands from ash seedlings establishment, when low grazing intensity and grassland abandonment are indirectly allowing ash seedlings to establish. However the successful establishment of ash in grasslands does not only depend on changes in management practices but on the omnipresence of ash in the landscape and on its specific traits of invasive species. Regarding the biodiversity impact, the ground beetle communities are changing dramatically according to the degree of ash colonization which leads to the local extinction of the grasslands species whereas the transient ash stand appears to have a high conservative value
Breuil, Michel. "Biologie et différenciation génétique des populations du Triton alpestre (Triturus Alpestris) (Amphibia caudata) dans le Sud-Est de la France et en Italie." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112124.
Full textTriturus alpestris Biology and Populations Dynamics in Parc National des Ecrins were compared in correlation with different parameters, altitude, aquatic medium. . . Newts breeding in stable and permanent water bodies become sexually mature later and live longer than those which breed in unpredictable mediums. The genetical differenciation among the populations of Parc National des Ecrins is quite important and may be explained by isolation of the different bodies of water but mainly by genetic drift in small sized populations where bottlenecks must be numerous. Populations which breed in stable or permanent mediums seem to be less heterozygotous than those of unpredictable mediums. Paedogenesis is quite abundant in Southeast France. Conversely to that which occurs in the Balkanian Peninsula, it is met in unpredictable and temporary mediums. Paedogenesis in this region should be a consequence of an introgression phenomenon of T. A. Apuanus in T. A. Alpestris which was revealed by the presence of two alleles at two loci. New hypothesis are proposed to explain the determinism of paedogenesis and its adaptative meaning. T. A. Alpestris is well differenciated from T. A. Inexpectatus; T. A. Apuanus lies between these two taxa
Adrados, Christophe. "Occupation de l'espace et utilisation de l'habitat par le cerf (Cervus Elaphus L. ) en forêt tempérée en moyenne montagne : approche au moyen du GPS." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30066.
Full textLehébel-Péron, Ameline. "L’abeille noire et la ruche-tronc : approche pluridisciplinaire de l’apiculture traditionnelle cévenole : histoire, diversité et enjeux conservatoires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20093/document.
Full textFor several centuries, the Cévennes region in Southern France has been renowned as a “land of honey”. Beekeeping in Cévennes is characterized by lo brusc, a traditional hive that is made of a hollowed chestnuts log which is covered with a schistous stone slab called “lauze”. Log hive apiaries are a very old and rustic form of beekeeping, which was a major driver of human occupation history and landscape dynamics throughout the Cévennes. From their origins, log hives were home most exclusively to black bees (Apis mellifera mellifera) that were settled in the region far before the rise of humankind. Nowadays, beekeeping in Cévennes is mainly carried out in frame hives. Current beekeeping practices — purchase of bees, transhumance, queen selection… — have led to a drastic decrease in populations of local bee subspecies, and to their genetic homogenization. In order to better understand and preserve this remarkable natural and cultural beekeeping heritage, the Cévennes National Park implemented a multidisciplinary study, through the funding of a CIFRE (Industrial contract for training through research) doctoral research.1- The first part of the study is dedicated to the hive. Archive documents strongly support the assertion that the very first log hives that were established in Cévennes date back to the end of the Middle Age. Afterwards they expanded and were maintained until the middle of the 20th century. The shift from log hive to frame hive occurred progressively throughout the past century. Testimonies by old Cévennes inhabitants helped assessing local practices, knowledge and know-how related to these traditional apiaries. Furthermore, spatial analyses were undertaken to characterize the micro-environment surrounding apiaries. These analyses corroborate local discourses about where an apiary should ideally be set up.2- The black bee is the epicenter of the second part of the study. From the common bee to the “black and aggressive” bee, views by the beekeeping community concerning the local bee in Cévennes have evolved over the past century. Genetic analyses using geometrical morphometry and mitochondrial DNA were successively implemented to establish a state of the art of local bee populations. Morphometric data tell us that nearly 2/3rd of the bee populations of Causses and Cévennes are composed of black bees. However, mitochondrial DNA data alert us on the high level of introgression within these populations. Such introgression equally affects bees kept in frame hives and those kept in log hives.3- The third part of the study addresses the sensitive issue of a conservation strategy of local beekeeping patrimony that is carried out by the public development agency of the Cévennes National Park. Past conservationist resources and actions are described and so are the perspectives and obstacles to a valuable conservation strategy of black bees and log hives in a context of protected area. In conclusion, the study advocates for an indispensable multi-stakeholder conciliation and a necessary integration of several types of knowledge — local ecological knowledge, knowledge from learned experts, scientific knowledge — that takes into consideration the social, economical and ecological changes affecting the overall Cévennes region
Demené, Camille. "Entre nature et agriculture. Agricultures patrimoniales et services environnementaux en aire d’adhésion des parcs nationaux à la Réunion et en Guadeloupe." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0009/document.
Full textThis research deals with changing interactions between agriculture and territories. Food production is no longer the only criteria used to assess agricultural systems efficiency. Social and environmental issues are increasingly taken into account. This new understanding of the role of agriculture within territories raises the issue of the role of some extensive marginal agricultural models, aside intensive models promoted by agricultural policies. We focus on how increasing concerns on biodiversity may impact these models. Addressing biodiversity issues may change the way agriculture is considered, from a threat to a potential ally in natural areas management. We assume that this redefinition of agriculture’s role goes beyond a mere reframing of environmental functions but results of genuine trade-offs with other cultural and social functions. Considering an agricultural industry as a geographical object, we propose a two-stage analysis. Using actor’s discourses, we analyze (i) their perceptions of agricultural functions, then (ii) the integration of these perceptions in their strategies, that contribute to transforming resources (geographical, economical, political, and ideological resources) used by agriculture. This analytical framework is applied on a small but emblematic Reunionese agricultural industry, vanilla, whose economical profitability is questioned today. Our analysis reveals that biodiversity issues both raise new constraints and restriction but also generate new opportunities for actors to make their strategies evolve. Trade-offs between ecological, economical, social and cultural issues are part of these dynamics. The comparison with another marginal insular agricultural industry, coffee in Guadeloupe, reveals similar dynamics, and allows us to discuss the way agriculture could be managed, especially considering environmental and ecological aspects. Although the concept of « environmental service » offers new perspectives, its actual implementation isn’t suited to such agricultural systems, whose characteristics are not those of conventional productivist models. In Guadeloupe, the support the National Park granted to this type of agriculture models (coffee and vanilla) give us some elements to discuss the relevance and the interest of such an intervention. The vulnerability of such marginal industries, and the close intertwining of economic, social, cultural and environmental issues at stake, suggest to cross sectoral settings and to promote a territorial governance allowing a transverse consideration of their specificities
Umasangaji, Halikuddin. "Contamination des calanques par les micropolluants organiques (Cortiou) zone côtière de Marseille, France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0520/document.
Full textDemographic explosion has led to increase intensively environmental contaminants issued from different anthropogenic release e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and also other domestic waste such as detergents as household cleaner. Due to their persistence and the toxicological point of view, the remnants of these organic contaminants, which can be detected in the different environmental matrices (water, sediment, air and biota), sometimes with very low concentration (micropollutants), has gained the public attention. This study aims to determine the concentration levels of selected contaminants in surficial sediments and identifying the source of these chemicals in Cortiou Creek. The results showed high contamination by hydrocarbons in the studied area. Additionally, these results probably reflected that biodegradation processes occurred concomitantly with a chronic apportionment of untreated sewage loading. These organic pollutants also confirmed an adverse effect for marine biota and more particularly for benthic communities for some stations
Sierra, Jimenez Mara Johanna. "Parcs nationaux en transition vers des parcs nationaux naturels anthropisés (PNNa) ? Étude comparative de trois parcs nationaux naturels habités du Continent américain (Colombie, Guyane française, Québec)." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU1010/document.
Full textThe evolution of international environmental policies and national and local conservation contexts gives increasing importance to the anthropic dimension within the national parks (category II UICN). Not only does this dimension takes into account the local population that lives permanently in these various natural areas, but also the economic actors who, legally or illegally, benefit from those protected areas (tourism, gold-washing, wood, etc.) or participate directly or indirectly in the process of the territorial elaboration of a national park. The integration of the anthropic aspect definitely help the emergence of new dynamics and strategies of collaborative management and policies. Building on political geography, socio-cultural geography and political ecology, this thesis aims to shed light how that anthropic dimension (sociocultural as well as economical) entails the transition of some protected areas from a classical type to a new category we identify as the “Nature and Anthropic National Park” (PNNa). We focus on three specific study cases in the American continent: the Amazonian park of the French Guiana, the Sea Park of Saguenay-Saint-Laurent of Québec, Canada, and the Amazonian Amacayacu National Park of Colombia. The systemic analysis of their structure and their functioning, as far as macrostructure of policies and microstructures of management are concerned, has allowed us to bring out that transition in the territorial management of these category II protected natural areas and the deriving conflicts for power
La evolución de las políticas de gobernanza medioambiental internacional y la transición de los contextos nacionales y locales de conservación, favorecen cada vez más la integración de la dimensión antrópica al interior de los parques nacionales (categoría II-UICN). Esta dimensión corresponde de una parte, a las poblaciones locales que habitan de manera permanente las diversas zonas de protección dentro del parque nacional, y de otra parte, a los actores económicos (legales e ilegales) que explotan el territorio protegido (Turismo, explotación minera, explotación de madera, etc), o que participan de manera directa o indirecta en los procesos de construcción territorial del parque nacional. La integración de la dimensión antrópica dentro de estos territorios naturales de protección favorece en consecuencia la emergencia de nuevas dinámicas y estrategias participativas de gestión y de gobernanza. A través de un triple enfoque científico construido mediante el cruce de diversos puntos de vista de la geografía política, de la geografía sociocultural y de la political ecology, esta tesis se interesa en el análisis de tres casos de estudio particulares del Continente americano. El objetivo de esta contribución es el de intentar mostrar, cómo la integración de la dimensión antrópica (sociocultural y económica) influencia la transición de algunos espacios naturales protegidos hacia una nueva configuración que nosotros proponemos identificar aquí bajo el nombre de “parques nacionales naturales antropizados – PNNa”.El análisis sistémico de la estructura y del funcionamiento de las macroestructuras de gobernanza y de las microestructuras de gestión participativa del Parque amazónico de la Guayana, en Francia, del Parque marino del Saguenay-Saint-Laurent en Quebec, Canadá, y del Parque nacional natural Amacayacu en Amazonia colombiana, nos permitieron poner en evidencia este tipo de transición en la gestión territorial de los espacios naturales protegidos de categoría II, así que los conflictos de poder que resultan de esta transformación
Nellier, Yann-Michel. "Influence des processus biogéochimiques sur la contamination par les PCB des espèces piscicoles des lacs d'altitude." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA012/document.
Full textAltitude lakes undergo atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) resulting mainly from human activities despite their distance from emission sources. If the mechanisms driving the atmospheric transport of these pollutants to altitude environment are now fairly known ("global distillation" or "grasshopper effect"), there is still few information about their fate in these mountain ecosystems. This work aims to identify the internal lake processes influencing the fate of POPs, with a particular focus on their interaction with the organic phases and their integration into food webs. Due to their variability of physico-chemical properties between congeners (e.g., less to more hydrophobic), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been chosen as POP models.The study was conducted on two alpine lakes from the National Park of Ecrins (Isère, France): Lake Muzelle (2110 m) and Lake Plan Vianney (2250 m). A monitoring was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to assess PCBs concentration in aquatic organisms, particulate and dissolved fractions and atmospheric PCBs inputs. Thus, seasonal, interannual and inter-lakes variability of PCBs level in fish have been assessed and linked to atmospheric inputs and biogeochemical lake processes.Our results show that snowmelt corresponds to an important and sudden flux of PCBs to altitude lakes (40% of annual contributions during the few weeks of spring thaw). Mass balance also reveals that PCBs inputs are higher than outputs, highlighting the role of altitude lakes as atmospheric PCBs sinks. PCBs partition between particulate and dissolved phases varies both between lakes and seasons, revealing a succession of thermodynamics equilibrium and non-equilibrium. In fact, when lakes are ice-covered, the water column is isolated from the atmosphere and therefore from sources of pollutants, allowing to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium partition of PCBs between the particulate and dissolved phases. On the contrary, when lakes are ice-free, parameters affecting PCBs adsorption on particulate matter (temperature, concentration and nature of the particles, PCBs concentration) are subject to environmental variability, preventing chemicals to reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Finally, even though PCBs fish contamination varies both between lakes and between seasons, the lack of relationship between PCBs concentrations and trophic indicators (stable isotope composition of carbon or lipid biomarkers) highlights that fish level of PCBs does not depend on habitat use and inter-individual trophic variability. In contrast, the PCBs concentration in fish is related to the concentration of pollutants in the dissolved phase. In altitude lakes, even though POPs are presented at low concentrations, these chemicals are mainly transferred to the fish compartment by bioconcentration rather than bioaccumulation.These results highlight the need to improve our knowledge on POPs ecodynamics even in low contaminated environments. In a context of global change for which pollutant inputs in altitude ecosystems might vary in intensity or temporality, this research appears essential to (i) assess the future role of altitude lakes as atmospheric POPs sinks or secondary sources and (ii) predict any modification of PCBs levels in fish in remote aquatic ecosystems