Dissertations / Theses: 'PARENTAL LABOR'

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Chen, Chia-Le Joy. "Parental labor migration and children's educational progress in rural China." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4246.

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Gao, Qianyun. "Parental Bargaining and Gender Gap in Primary Education Expenditure." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1696.

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This paper examines the gender gap in human capital investment in India from the perspective of intra-household bargaining. I test whether the existing gender disparity in bargaining power, in the form of educational attainment of parents, contributes to the differences in educational expenditure between sons and daughters. As the proxy for bargaining power, fathers’ and mothers’ educational attainments both have a positive impact on the human capital investment for the children, but the gender gap widens with fathers’ education and narrows with mothers’. The results are robust controlling for additional variables such as age, number of siblings, household income, caste and location. These findings suggest that mothers may have a preference for daughters’ education. When their bargaining power rises, families tend to spend more equal amounts on the education of daughters and sons. Policies aiming at improving gender equality in education should take into account the decision-making process.

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Mostafavi, Dehzooei Mohammad Hadi. "Essays in Labor and Development Economics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82718.

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This dissertation provides program evaluation and policy analysis evidence from USA and Iran. The first chapter studies the impact of paid leave legislation on women employment. We employ California’s first-in-the-nation Paid Family Leave program to draw inference using difference-in-differences and triple differences methods. The change in the employment outcomes for women before and after this program is compared to the change in similar outcomes for a set of control groups. We find that women’s employment increased in the intensive margin but not extensive margin. We also find that wages increased for married prime-age and decreased for highly educated young women. The second chapter provides evidence on the impact of a nation-wide unconditional cash transfer program in Iran on labor supply. As compensation for the removal of bread and energy subsidies in 2011, the government of Iran started monthly deposits of cash into individual family accounts amounting to 29% of the median household income. A popular outcry against the subsidy reform program has focused on the negative labor supply effects of the cash transfers on the poor. We use panel data to study the impact of these transfers on the labor supply of poor households and individuals during the first two years of the program, before inflation reduced their value. We use the exogenous variation in the value of the cash transfers relative to household income to estimate the impact of the transfers on labor supply of individuals using fixed effects method. We also use a difference-in-differences methodology using the variation in the time households first started receiving transfers. Although everyone was eligible to receive cash transfers starting January 2011, about 20 percent of the households who for one reason or another did not submit their application in time, started receiving it three months later. Neither set of results support the hypothesis that cash transfers reduced labor supply as measured by hours of work or probability of employment. The third chapter analyses what happens to the welfare of households and the budget of the government if it implements further price reforms in Iran. Five years into the reform, energy prices in Iran were still well below international levels. The impacts of a gradualist approach to price increase versus a one-off approach are simulated in this chapter. Under the gradualist approach government savings (reduction in foregone earnings) from selling subsidized items will increase by 20.2 trillion Rials or 0.18 percent of GDP in 2014. Half of these savings is needed as transfers to households to keep the poverty rate constant by paying each person 17,059 Rials per month. A one-off price increase would have a large effect on poverty and would require transfers equivalent to 203,775 Rials per person per month. Government savings after transfers would equal 96.4 trillion Rials or 0.87 percent of GDP.
Ph. D.

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Olson, Toska. "The price of parenting : the effect of parental involvement on labor market mobility /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8881.

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Cusworth, Linda. "The impact of parental employment and unemployment on children and young people." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10317/.

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Over recent decades there have been dramatic changes in the employment patterns of men and women, with particularly significant increases in employment rates among mothers. Government policy has also increasingly given attention to encouraging parents, particularly lone mothers, into work, with a focus on paid work as a defence against poverty. These trends and policy changes affect the everyday lives of both parents and children, and give rise to questions about the potential impact that parental employment patterns have on children and young people. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate any relationships between patterns of parental employment and young people's educational and emotional well-being. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey and its associated Youth Panel, logistic regression techniques were used to assess the association between parental employment patterns and a number of outcomes. A forms of capital (Bourdieu, 1983) approach was adopted to contextualise and explain the relationships between parental employment patterns and outcomes for young people. The main conclusions are that parental employment and unemployment impact upon young people's outcomes in a number of ways, with different mechanisms observed for different outcomes. Young people living in a currently workless household were more likely to have poorer educational outcomes (truancy, leaving school at age 16), operating through the impact on family socio-economic circumstances (financial capital). Maternal part-time employment appeared to offer young people some protection against poor emotional well-being, operating through a mechanism of social capital. The influence of parental employment patterns on the formation of educational attitudes and expectations appeared to operate through a mechanism of cultural norms and expectations (cultural capital). Understanding the impact of parental employment patterns on outcomes for adolescents, using this recent data source, offers a key contribution to the literature and to policy debates.

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Ekblom, Jens. "Does parental origin reflect the labor market outcome? : Study of differences between native Swedes and second generation immigrants." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-132136.

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Sweden is a country with an increasing foreign born population, where more and more people growing up with two parents born outside of Sweden. In this paper I examine the different labor market outcome for native Swedes and the six largest groups of second generation immigrants in the ages 30-39 years. The analysis is divided in two part where the first examining the level of gainful employment and the second the distribution in line of work. By using data from population register there was possible to perform detailed analysis. The gainfully employment rate are lower for the different groups of second generation immigrants. Unlike earlier studies regarding employment differences depending on parental origin, there are however not as distinct pattern of ethnic penalties. The result regarding line of work from the second part of the analysis show that some groups of second generation have a higher risk of being in less-qualified jobs after controlling for education, personal- and parental variables.

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Genlott, Emma. "The effects of school closures due to Covid-19 on parental labor supply : evidence from the United States." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447163.

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The spread of Covid-19 led to social restrictions of various kinds, of which closing schools was one. This paper studies the effect of school closures on parental labor supply. To this end, I use repeated cross-sectional data on households at the monthly level from the US Current Population Survey (CPS), and employ a difference-in-differences methodology where I compare the labor market outcomes for parents to school-aged children that require supervision with parents to slightly older children, before and after March 2020. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the labor supply of parents to younger children as a result of school closures, and that the effects are larger for mothers than for fathers.

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Almeida, Suzana Stefanini Campos de. "Aleitamento Materno e Trabalho: entre as funções maternas e a responsabilidade profissional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-17082017-150907/.

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Introdução: O trabalho materno tem sido apontado como um dos fatores que influenciam o início, a duração e a intensidade do aleitamento e vários são os fatores relacionados ao trabalho que podem influenciar a prática do aleitamento materno. Entretanto, percebemos que a grande dificuldade para alcançar melhores padrões desta prática, entre as trabalhadoras, não se encontra na falta de conhecimento materno sobre a importância de amamentar, tampouco na inexistência de programas e leis que promovam, protejam e incentivem o aleitamento. A dificuldade está também, na falta de adesão por parte das empresas/gestores em implementar as ações vigentes de forma apropriada para as funcionárias que retornam da licença maternidade, ou ainda daquelas que retornam precocemente ao trabalho por não terem um vínculo trabalhista formal. Objetivo: Compreender a experiência de mulheres trabalhadoras e gestores/empresários em relação ao aleitamento materno e o retorno ao trabalho. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que teve como cenário uma empresa do ramo de agronegócio da região de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil que adota políticas de promoção, proteção e incentivo ao aleitamento materno, tais como: licença maternidade, licença paternidade, sala de amamentação, horários flexíveis, creches, entre outros. Os participantes deste estudo foram mulheres que passaram pelo processo da amamentação nos anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016, e funcionários/gestores que trabalham no mesmo setor. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada gravada após a assinatura do TCLE. Para analise dos dados foi utilizado o Método de Interpretação de Sentidos à luz do Materialismo Histórico Dialético, dos conceitos de gênero e das políticas de apoio à maternidade. Resultados: 16 sujeitos participaram de nosso estudo, sendo eles 10 mulheres, cinco funcionários e um gestor. Três categorias temáticas foram identificadas: A maternidade e os programas de apoio no trabalho, Fragmentação de pensamentos: entre as necessidades maternas, sobrecargas diárias e posturas profissionais e O aleitamento materno sob o prisma empresarial. Conclusão: Identifica-se que muitos são os dilemas sofridos pelo desejo de manter a prática do aleitamento materno e sentir-se segura em suas profissões e longe de olhares preconceituosos e incriminadores. Para que a mulher concilie de forma harmoniosa suas funções maternas e a sua responsabilidade profissional, além de uma rede de apoio que agregue familiares, profissionais de saúde capacitados, a mulher necessita desejar e se resignar. Destacamos no que diz respeito à empresa que a simples existência de programas de apoio dentro das empresas não representa o legítimo apoio dos funcionários/gestores demonstrando que não somente são necessários tais programas, mas também a compreensão e sensibilização destes em relação aos vários papeis sociais que a mulher representa hoje na sociedade contemporânea
Introduction: A mother\"s job has been appointed as one of the factors that influence the beginning, the duration and the intensity of breastfeeding and many aspects related to her work can affect this practice. However, we realized that a great difficulty to achieve better standards of breastfeeding among working mothers is not found in the lack of knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding, let alone in the inexistence of programs and laws that promote, protect and encourage it. It is therefore found in the lack of adhesion of the companies that implement appropriate current actions for its employees who return from maternity leave, or even those who go back to work earlier than expected due to not having a formal labor relationship. Objective: To understand the relationship of working mothers and companies regarding breastfeeding and the return to their jobs. Method: A qualitative study which takes place in an agribusiness company in the region of Ribeirao Preto, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, which adopts promotion policies, protection and encouragement to breastfeeding, such as: maternity leave, paternity leave, breastfeeding room, flexible hours and daycare, among others. The participants of this study were women who went through the process of breastfeeding in the years of 2014, 2015 and 2016, and other employers who worked in the same sectors. The data was collected through semi structured interviews recorded after signing the WICF. The method used to analyze this data was the Interpretation of Senses in light of Dialectic Historical Materialism, of the concept of gender and the policies supporting motherhood. Results: 16 subjects took part in our study being 10 women, 5 employers and 1 manager. Three themed categories were identified: Maternity and Supportive Programs in the Workplace, Fragmentation of Thought: the maternal needs, daily overloads and professional postures and Breastfeeding under the Business Prism. Conclusion: Many are the identified dilemmas which mothers suffer when they have the desire of maintaining the practice of breastfeeding and feeling safe in their professions and far from prejudicial and incriminating looks. In order for the woman to deal with her maternal functions and her professional responsibilities in a consonant way, aside from a supporting network of family members and capable health professional, the woman needs to desire and relinquish herself. We highlight that regarding the company, the simple existence of supportive programs in the workplace doesn\"t represent the legitimate support of employers. It also demonstrates that these programs are not only necessary, but that the understanding and awareness of the employers towards the many social roles of the woman in modern society are also needed

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Cardell, Micaela. "Mannens ansvar för arbetet i hemmet : förändring över generationer." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29241.

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This essay is aiming to examine distribution of the unpaid domestic work from a male perspective. Qualitative interviews with three men from three different generations has been implemented to get a subjective image of what these men belives are the factors behind the division of domestic work in there homes. The study shows that changes have taken place, men take a bigger responsibility in domestic work and children care today compared to 50 years ago. A reason for this is for instance womens increasing degree of gainful employment. Despite the changes- or because of them, the discussion of division of domestic work is most current, though differences still remains.

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Yum, Minchul. "Essays in Quantitative Macroeconomics." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429444230.

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Latta, Amy Elizabeth. "Parents' division of childcare responsibilities: Predictors of fathers' childcare involvement and egalitarian attitudes." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2533.

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The current study was designed to examine whether adult childrens' reports of egalitarian parenting by their parents would influence the likelihood for egalitarian parenting behavior and gender role attitudes of the adult child. In general, results support the notion of intergenerational transmission of egalitarian parenting behavior. Individuals whose fathers were more involved in parenting reported greater father involvement in parenting their own children.

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Бледнова, Н. Д., and N. D. Blednova. "Профессиональный и родительский труд работников с семейными обязанностями: проблемы совмещения и государственное регулирование взаимодействия : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/99987.

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Объектом исследования в диссертации выступают сферы профессионального и родительского труда как объекты государственного регулирования. Цель исследования – изучить взаимодействие сфер профессионального и родительского труда для лиц с семейными обязанностями и разработать инструменты его совершенствования. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно полуформализованное интервью, анкетирование и контент-анализ. В процессе исследований были изучены теоретические подходы к определению категории «работники с семейными обязанностями как субъекты профессионального и родительского труда»; проанализировано нормативно-правовое регулирование деятельности работников с детьми; выделены и систематизированы факторы, влияющие на гармонизацию профессиональной и семейной жизненных сфер; разработана и реализована методика социологического исследования процесса совмещения профессионального и родительского труда работников с детьми. Результатом работы стала разработка ряда рекомендаций для органов государственной власти, направленных на поддержку работников с семейными обязанностями и преодоление негативных демографических тенденций в стране.
The object of the dissertation research is the spheres of professional and parental labor as objects of state regulation. The aim of the research is to study the interaction of the spheres of professional and parental labor for people with family responsibilities and to develop tools for its improvement. The main research methods were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely semi-formalized interview, questionnaire and content analysis. We studied theoretical approaches to the definition of the category “workers with family responsibilities as subjects of professional and parental labor”; analyzed the legal regulation of the activities of workers with children; highlighted and systematized the factors influencing the harmonization of professional and family life spheres; analyzed and implemented the methodology of sociological research of the process of combining professional and parental labor of workers with children. The result of the work was the development of a number of recommendations for public authorities aimed at supporting workers with family responsibilities and overcoming negative demographic trends in the country.

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Искакова, Э. В., and E. V. Iskakova. "Формирование и развитие гражданской активности в ходе родительства: межпоколенческие модели : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/89656.

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Объектом исследования в диссертации является процесс родительства. Цель исследования – изучить процесс формирования и развития гражданской активности последующего поколения в ходе родительства предыдущего и разработать рекомендации, направленные на стимулирование этого процесса. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно полуформализованное интервью, кейс-стади, анкетирование. В процессе исследований была систематизирована совокупность семейных факторов, влияющих на формирование и развитие гражданской активности в ходе родительства; проанализировано нормативно-правовое регулирование гражданской активности; разработана концепция межпоколенческих моделей формирования и развития гражданской активности у последующего поколения в ходе родительства предыдущих; разработана и реализована методика социологического исследования процессов формирования и развития гражданской активности. Результатом работы стала разработка ряда рекомендаций и мероприятий по стимулированию гражданской активности через институт семьи. Рекомендации адресованы органам государственного и муниципального управления, а также общественным организациям и некоммерческим объединениям.
The object of research in the dissertation is the process of parenting. The purpose of the research is to study the process of formation and development of civic activity of the next generation during the previous parenthood and to develop recommendations aimed at stimulating this process. The main methods of research were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely semi-formal interviews, case studies, and questionnaires. A set of family factors that influence the formation and development of civic activity during parenthood was systematized; we analyze the legal regulation of civil activity; we developed the concept of intergenerational models of formation and development of civil activity in the next generation during parenthood of the previous ones; the methodology of sociological research of the processes of formation and development of civil activity is developed and implemented. The result of this work was the development of a number of recommendations and measures to stimulate civic activity through the family Institute. The recommendations are addressed to state and municipal authorities, as well as public organizations and non-profit associations.

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Morgan, Sarah. "Credit and child labor the impact of parents' access to credit on children's labor /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6130.

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Trako, Iva. "Essays on Development Economics." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH043/document.

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Le chapitre 1 évalue l'impact d'une politique publique au Pérou visant à améliorer l'accès à la justice et à réduire la violence contre les femmes. Ce chapitre utilise des données sur les centres de justice pour femmes (CJF) au Pérou, des institutions spécialisées qui emploient principalement des femmes et fournissent des services de police et des services juridiques pour réduire la violence fondée sur le genre. En examinant le déploiement progressif des CJF dans les districts, nous constatons que l'ouverture d'un centre augmente de 40 % le nombre de signalements de crimes spécifiques au genre et réduit d'environ 10 % l'incidence de la violence fondée sur le genre, mesurée par la violence domestique, les féminicides et les hospitalisations pour cause de santé mentale. Nous constatons en outre qu'une diminution de l'exposition des femmes à la violence domestique a des effets intergénérationnels : les CJF augmentent considérablement les investissements en capital humain pour les enfants, ce qui augmente la scolarisation, la présence scolaire et les résultats aux examens. Le chapitre 2 examine l'effet de la fécondité sur les décisions des parents albanais en matière d'offre de travail. Afin d'aborder la question de l'endogénéité potentielle de la décision de fécondité, j'exploite la préférence des parents albanais pour avoir des garçons combinés avec l'instrument de composition du genre des frères et sœurs comme source exogène de variation. En utilisant un échantillon représentatif de parents ayant au moins deux enfants, je constate un effet positif et significatif de la fécondité sur l'offre de travail pour les parents plus jeunes, moins scolarisés ou vivant dans une famille élargie. Les estimations pour les mères montrent qu'elles augmentent l'offre de travail en termes d'heures travaillées et de probabilité de travailler hors secteur rural. De même, la probabilité pour le père de travailler hors secteur rural et d'avoir un deuxième emploi augmente à la suite d'autres naissances. L'analyse de l'hétérogénéité suggère deux mécanismes plausibles : les services de garde offerts par des adultes non-parentaux (grands-parents) dans les familles élargies et les coûts financiers plus élevés liés au maintien d'un plus grand nombre d'enfants. Le chapitre 3 analyse l'effet du déplacement forcé de populations sur l'offre de travail des adultes et la scolarisation des enfants dans le contexte de l'après-guerre au Kosovo. Ce chapitre utilise la guerre du Kosovo de 1998-1999 et les déplacements massifs de population comme une expérimentation naturelle afin d'estimer l'impact du déplacement forcé dû au conflit sur les Kosovars qui sont partis et qui ont décidé de revenir par rapport à ceux qui sont restés pendant la guerre. J'exploite l'intéraction de la variation spatiale de l'intensité du conflit - mesurée par le nombre de victimes et de bombardements - et de la distance à la frontière albanaise comme source de variation exogène dans le statut de déplacement. Les résultats indiquent que les hommes kosovars déplacés sont moins susceptibles d'être employés dans le secteur agricole et de travailler pour leur propre compte, tandis que les femmes kosovares déplacées sont plus susceptibles d'être inactives. La perte d'actifs (terres, bétail, etc.) dans une économie agraire fondée sur les compétences et la perte de réseaux sociaux dans un marché du travail informel pourraient avoir réduit davantage la probabilité de trouver un emploi par rapport aux personnes qui sont restées. Toutefois, peu après le retour au pays, les résultats indiquent également que les hommes et les femmes kosovars déplacés sont plus susceptibles de travailler hors secteur rural, en particulier dans les secteurs de la construction et de l'administration publique, ce qui indique une reprise relativement rapide. En outre, les filles kosovares déplacées sont plus susceptibles d'être inscrites à l'école primaire, mais je ne constate aucun effet sur la scolarisation des garçons
Chapter 1 evaluates the impact of a policy intervention in Peru aimed at improving access to justice and reducing violence against women. In many developing countries, access to justice remains unequal, especially for women. What are the implications of this inequality for gender-based violence, intra-household bargaining, and investment in children? This paper provides evidence from Peru on all-women's justice centers (WJCs), specialized institutions that mostly employ female officers and provide police and legal services to reduce gender-based violence. Examining the gradual rollout of WJCs across districts/ villages, we find that the opening of a center increases reporting of gender-specific crimes by 40% and reduces the incidence of gender-based violence measured by domestic violence, femicides and hospitalizations due to mental health by about 10%. We find, moreover, that a decrease in the exposure of women to violence has intergenerational effects: WJCs substantially increase human capital investments in children, raising enrollment, attendance, and test scores. These results are consistent with a bargaining model in which women's access to justice determines the threat point. Chapter 2 examines the effect of fertility on labor supply decisions of Albanian parents, with particular attention to the intervening role of childcare provided by grandparents in extended families. In order to address the potential endogeneity in the fertility decision, I exploit Albanian parental preference for having sons combined with the sibling’s sex-composition instrument as an exogenous source of variation. Using a repeated cross-section of parents with at least two children, I find a positive and statistically significant effect of fertility on parental labor supply for those parents who are more likely to be younger, less educated or live in extended families. In particular, IV estimates for mothers show that they increase labor supply, especially in terms of hours worked per week and the likelihood of working off-farm. Similarly, father’s likelihood of working off-farm and having a second occupation increase as a consequence of further childbearing. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that this positive effect might be the result of two plausible mechanisms: childcare provided by non-parental adults in extended families and greater financial costs of maintaining more children. Chapter 3 analyzes the effect of forced displacement on adult’s labor market outcomes and children’s schooling in the context of the post-war Kosovo. This chapter uses the 1998-1999 Kosovo war and the following massive displacement of people as a natural experiment in order to estimate the impact of conflict displacement on Kosovars that left and decided to come back relative to those who stayed in the province. I exploit the interaction of the spatial variation in conflict intensity -as measured by casualties and bombings- and distance to the Albanian border as a source of exogenous variation in the displacement status. Results indicate that displaced Kosovar men are less likely to be employed in the agricultural sector and to work on their own account, while displaced Kosovar women are more likely to be inactive. Loss of assets (e.g. land, livestock) in an agrarian skill-based economy and also loss of social networks in an informal labor market might have further decreased the probability to find employment relative to stayers. However, shortly after the return home, the results also indicate that displaced Kosovar men and women are more likely to be working off-farm, especially in the construction and public administration sectors, which indicates a relatively quick recovery. In addition, displaced Kosovar girls are more likely to be enrolled in primary school, but I find no effect on education for boys. The refugee camp experience might have provided better conditions to young Kosovar girls compared to the precarious pre-war “parallel" education system

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Kluwer, Esther Suzanne. "Marital conflict over the division of labor : when partners become parents /." [Amsterdam] : Kurt Lewin Inst, 1998. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008650609&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Tamefuji, Rieko. "The impact of child care proximity on labor force participation of parents." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6990.

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Dearing, Helene. "Does parental leave influence the gender division of labour? Recent empirical findings from Europe." Institut für Sozialpolitik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4501/1/WP_HD_gesamt.pdf.

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There has been increasingly interest in parental leave policies as instruments for the implementation of gender equality in society. This review essay explores the link between parental leave policies and the gender division of labour - referring to both paid employment and unpaid family work. Against this backdrop the essay systematically reviews evidence from quantitative empirical research on the effects of parental leave policies on mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in family work. The article suggests that there are several aspects of parental leave that seem to be especially relevant for the gender division of labour, such as the duration of leave, the provision of payments, and an individual entitlement of non-transferable leave rights. In a concluding section the article summarizes the results, discusses doubts and questions raised by the material and identifies promising areas of future research that are crucial for a better understanding of the effects of parental leave on the gender division of labour. (author's abstract)
Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

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Zambrano, Lysien I., Elías Reneé Pereyra, García Selvin Z. Reyes, Itzel Fuentes, and Percy Mayta-Tristan. "Influence of parental education on Honduran medical students' labour perspectives: rural work and emigration." The Society of Rural Physicians of Canada, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/604438.

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INTRODUCTION: We sought to evaluate the intentions of Honduran medical students to emigrate or to work in a rural setting, and their association with parental education. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, analytic study at a Honduran medical school. Student participants completed a structured questionnaire, which assessed their intentions to emigrate or work in a rural setting after finishing medical school and the highest level of education achieved by their parents. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Of 868 surveys distributed, 564 were completed. The mean age of the participants was 21 (standard deviation 3) years, and 62.2% were female. Of the respondents, 16.6% intended to emigrate to work and 11.2% intended to work in a rural setting. Higher paternal education (i.e., technical, university and postgraduate training) was associated with a higher rate of intention to emigrate. Students whose fathers underwent postgraduate education were less likely to intend to work in a rural setting. For maternal education, only the postgraduate level was associated with the outcomes in some of the tested models. CONCLUSION: The frequency of students intending to emigrate was relatively low. However, the frequency of students being willing to work in rural settings was also low. Students whose parents had higher levels of education were more likely to intend to work abroad and less likely to intend to work in a rural area. These factors should be considered in medical schools' selection processes to improve retention and ensure adequate distribution of physicians.

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Nurhadi, Nurhadi. "Child labour in rural Indonesia : children and parents' perspectives." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9691/.

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This thesis provides a valuable new contribution for understanding the nature of child labour within the agricultural sector in Indonesia. It presents new empirical evidence and interpretation of child work in rural Java from both a parental and a child perspective and it raises important implications for child labour policy. This purpose is in line with efforts to solve the problems of child labour in Indonesia. It is also designed to contribute to address current theoretical problems of child work and of childhood studies. The empirical element involved a detailed qualitative case study of 20 working children aged between 11-14 years old and their parents/caregivers in two communities in Central Java and East Java. An in-depth qualitative interview was conducted with the parents and separately with the children to reveal their different understandings and experiences of the working lives of children. Specially designed visual and material methods appropriate to children ages were adopted to help the children express their views more easily. Thematic analysis and NVivo 10 were employed to analyse the data. Three key sets of findings are highlighted from this study. First, children's work in the agricultural sector in Javanese society was seen as a form of economic participation, a form of personal development and a form of moral obligation to the family. Second, children were seen as competent agents who were able to identify any risks and harm associated with their work; however, there were also intergenerational differences in the perceptions of risk whereby parents were unaware of the children’s-perceptions and understandings of the routine risks they faced. Third, the practice of child work and the perception of risk in Javanese society were not conducted in a separate sphere of family life; rather they were embedded in cultural and family practices and were intimately connected to children's life at play and education, and to sibling relationships, child-parent relationships and friendships. The results from this thesis challenge the prevailing view that child work is a necessarily destructive element within children’s well-being and well-becoming. Instead, it argues that we need to recognize the positive value of children’s participation in work. The evidence suggests that policy makers should question a state led top-down global standard model of prohibition and listen more closely to children and their parents’ views on the benefits of children’s participation in some kinds of work. However, this should be done with regard to the local contexts that take account of the fact that children also require protection from certain risks and harm associated with child work and animal husbandry. The key message is that a non- prohibitionist stance must also recognise that the protective factors for children cannot be considered in isolation from their family and cultural practices that take place within their local communities.

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Barnes, Lauren Alyssa Bone. "The Relationship of Equal Division of Labor and Satisfaction of Division of Labor to Positive Parenting as Mediated by Parents' Relationship Quality." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2130.

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Couples learn to negotiate a complex intersection between household labor and family processes. Using both observational coding and questionnaire self report, this study examined the relationship between father and mothers' reported equality with their division-of-labor, their satisfaction with division-of-labor and their respective positive parenting as observed in taped interaction with a target child while controlling for quality of the relationship between the parents. Findings showed that egalitarian division of labor was positively related to satisfaction in division of labor and that egalitarian division of labor was a significant predictor of mothers' relationship quality, but not fathers' relationship quality. It also showed that fathers', but not mothers', marital relationship quality was found to be correlated with positive parenting and satisfaction with division of labor was a significant predictor of positive parenting for mothers, but not for fathers. Therapists should be mindful of and address the role division of labor plays in a family. Researchers should examine the use of a more comprehensive overview of division of labor tasks.

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22

Giles, Fiona. "Barriers to labour force participation of single parents in Adelaide /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arg4723.pdf.

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23

Sarr, Ibrahima. "Essays on decision making over time : correlation neglect and the labor market discrimination of parents." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67038.

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Cette thèse, structurée en trois essais, se propose tout d’abord d’étudier de façon expérimentale et empirique les règles de décision utilisées dans le processus de décision avec une emphase sur l’inattention à la corrélation et ses conséquences sur les décisions prises, d’autre part la discrimination à l’embauche liée à la parentalité. Un comportement prospectif rationnel fait nécessairement appel à une résolution de problèmes complexes impliquant le calcul des évaluations futures maximales attendues entre des options de choix (calculs Emax ). Dans le premier essai, nous avons mené une expérience pour mesurer la proportion de participants capables d’effectuer ces calculs complexes ainsi que celle utilisant deux règles de calcul alternatives (sous-optimales) qui ignorent la corrélation entre les évaluations futures. La première règle alternative capte les participants qui effectuent des calculs Emax en ignorant la corrélation entre les éléments non observables dans l’ensemble d’informations. La seconde règle alternative est celle utilisée par les sujets calculant le maximum des évaluations futures attendues (calculs maxE), similaires au modèle option-valeur de Stock and Wise (1990). Notre conception expérimentale exploite différentes structures de corrélation entre les évaluations futures pour séparer la part des sujets utilisant chaque règle. L’expérience a été menée sur un échantillon important et hétérogène de sujets, ce qui a permis de relier la propension à utiliser une règle donnée à un ensemble de caractéristiques socio-économiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que 28% des sujets sont capables d’effectuer des calculs Emax en exploitant la structure de corrélation, 20% des sujets effectuent des calculs Emax en ignorant la corrélation, tandis que 52% des sujets effectuent maxE calculs. De plus, nous constatons que la propension à utiliser une règle donnée varie, de manière significative, selon les niveaux d’éducation - les sujets les plus instruits sont beaucoup plus susceptibles d’effectuer des calculs maxE. Le deuxième essai constitue une extension du premier essai. L’arrivée d’un enfant dans une famille engendre plus d’incertitudes poussant ainsi stratégiquement certains agents à éviter ou retarder la venue d’un premier enfant. Cette incertitude supplémentaire apportée par l’arrivée d’un enfant crée des conflits entre la parentalité et l’emploi, en particulier chez les femmes, qui préfèrent souvent sécuriser leur emploi avant de se tourner vers la parentalité. Conséquemment, le report de la première naissance est plus que jamais perceptible dans les sociétés actuelles. Dans le deuxième essai de cette thèse, nous nous donnons comme objectif d’explorer la manière dont les incertitudes liées au travail et les risques accrus d’infertilité associés au retard de maternité interagissent dans la formulation des décisions en matière de parentalité (timing et nombre d’enfants). A cet effet, nous avons développé un modèle de cycle de vie des décisions en matière d’offre de travail et de choix de parentalité et nous avons cherché à quantifier les effets de l’incertitude sur le marché du travail ainsi que de l’inattention à la corrélation sur le report de la première maternité. Nos paramètres estimés (préférences, équations salariales, qualité des enfants) sont conformes à la littérature existante. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que la réduction des incertitudes liées au marché du travail augmenterait le nombre d’enfants et diminuerait l’âge à la première naissance quel que soit le niveau d’instruction (primaire, secondaire, ou post-secondaire). Le biais comportemental de l’inattention à la corrélation contribuerait également voire plus au report de la parentalité. Le troisième et dernier essai présente des évidences empiriques de discrimination à l’embauche liée à la parentalité dans la province de Québec (Canada) par le biais d’envoi de CVs fictifs. Il examine également dans quelle mesure les congés parentaux et le dévouement au travail réduisent ou renforcent la discrimination à l’embauche. Environ 1300 candidatures ont été envoyées en réponse à des offres d’emploi en ligne pour cinq catégories d’emplois. Les résultats suggèrent que les hommes bénéficient d’un bonus lorsqu’ils sont parent tandis que les femmes subissent un malus (une pénalité). En effet, les pères ont un taux de rappels supérieur de 18 points de pourcentage à celui de leurs homologues masculins, tandis que le taux de rappels des mères est inférieur de 14 points à celui de leur correspondant femmes sans enfant. Nous avons noté que les mères subissent une discrimination même lorsqu’elles montrent leur dévouement au travail. De l’autre côté, le taux de rappels des hommes augmenterait lorsqu’ils signalent leur engagement au travail. La mobilité professionnelle ouvrirait, elle aussi, des perspectives d’emploi ou en d’autres termes les employeurs ont donc tendance à valoriser la mobilité des iv employés.
Via experimental and empirical methods, this thesis consisted of three essays studies, on the one hand, the decision rules used in life-cycle decision-making with an emphasis on the correlation neglect and its consequences, and on other hand, hiring discrimination in relation to parenthood. Rational forward looking behavior requires solving complex problems involving computation of the expected maximum future valuations across choice alternatives (Emax computations). In Chapter 1, we conduct an experiment to measure the share of subjects able to perform these computations as well as the share of subjects using two alternative (sub-optimal) rules of computation which ignore correlation between future valuations. The first alternative rule captures subjects who perform Emax computations ignoring correlation between unobservables in the information set. The second alternative rule captures subjects computing the maximum of the expected future valuations (maxE computations), akin to the option-value model of Stock and Wise (1990). Our experimental design exploits different correlation structures between future valuations to separate the share of subjects using each rule. The experiment was conducted with a large and heterogenous sample of subjects, allowing to relate the propensity to use a given rule to a rich set of socio-economic characteristics. Our results suggest that 28% of subjects are able to perform Emax computations exploiting the correlation structure, 20% of subjects perform Emax computations ignoring correlation, while 52% of subjects perform maxE computations. Moreover, we find that the propensity to use a given rule significantly varies across education levels – higher educated subjects are significantly more likely to perform maxE computations. Chapter 2 studies how the labour uncertainties and increased fertility risks associated with delayed motherhood interact in shaping fertility decisions (timing and number of children). Having a child comes with more uncertainties, and agents strategically avoid uncertainties and conflict between parenthood and employment, particularly among women, by securing their employment before turning to parenthood. Consequently parenthood is being experienced on average later in life than ever. We develop a life-cycle model of labor supply and fertility choices decisions and we quantify how labor market uncertainties as well as correlation neglect contribute to fertility delaying. Our parameters estimated (preferences, wage equations, quality of children) are in line with the existing literature. Moreover, our results suggest that a reduction in the labour uncertainties affect differently fertility decisions according to the education attainment. Indeed, the reduction in labour uncertainties increases number of children and decreases the age at first childbirth for lower educated couples, however, it decreases the number of children and increases age at first childbirth of highly educated couples. The behavioural bias of correlation neglect has a heightened effect on fertility decisions and contributes to parenthood postponement. Finally, Chapter 3 presents experimental evidence about hiring discrimination in relation to parenthood in the province of Québec (Canada) via a correspondence testing. It also investigates to what extent parental leave as well as signalling work commitment reduce or reinforce hiring discrimination. Around 1300 applications were sent in response to online job openings for five categories of jobs. The results suggest that men benefit from a bonus when they experience parenthood while women undergo a penalty. Indeed, fathers have a callback rate 18 percentage points larger than their analogue childless men candidates while mother’s callback is 14 percentage points lower than the corresponding childless women’s callback. However, mothers have a higher callback rate than childless women for the job category patient attendant. Signalling job commitment does not eliminate motherhood penalty whereas substantially increases father’s callback rate. Our results suggest that taking parental leave does not affect mother’s callback rate and surprisingly increases father’s callback rate. Job mobility opens up job opportunities meaning employers tend to value the employee’s mobility.

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Gambles, Richenda. "Creating hard-working, responsible parents : a new labour structure of feeling." Thesis, Open University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548068.

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This thesis uses and extends Raymond Williams' (1961; 1977) structure of feeling approach to locate a mood about parenting during the New Labour years, and to consider what this approach can reveal about the presence, power and position of policy in parents' lives. It adapts the structure of feeling approach in two particular ways: by including interviews alongside policy and popular cultural sources; and by extending the notion of feeling to include personal feelings and their interaction with the wider public mood. These aclaptions were particularly relevant for a subject as personal as parenting, and for a cultural context which placed so much attention on the personal and personal responsibilities for monitoring and supervising the self (Giddens, 1991; Rose, 1999). In locating and analysing the structure of feeling, the thesis draws on the concepts of ideological dilemmas and interpretative repertoires which have been described as a range of competing ideologies that make up beliefs, values, practices and wisdoms of particular cultures, and a range of different rhetorical resources people have available to them to discuss and make sense of the dilemmas (Billig, 2001; Edley, 2001). In identifying three particular dilemmas - about the genclered nature of parenting, expertise about parenting, and work in the context of parenting - the thesis locates dominant and alternative ideas about parenting which point to a structure of feeling that is full of contestation which is managed through discourses of 'choice' and 'what works'. The thesis explores the personal responsibilities placed on parents for managing these dilemmas and the strategies they deploy to do this, and reveals that these strategies can vary according to parents' personal dispositions but also their social positionings. This thesis demonstrates the usefulness and significance of the structure of feeling approach for locating and understanding social inequalities and their (lack of) transformation in a cultural era emphasising the personal and personal responsibility.

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Wu, Chih-Ying. "The influence of employees' parents on work-family balance in Taiwan : implications for organisational behaviour and wellbeing." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28498/.

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Work-family research in Chinese societies often directly adopts the Western work-family model and rarely attempts to consider cultural differences in the importance of employees’ parents. Researchers infrequently address the role of parents in the work-family field. The aim of this thesis was to understand the influence of employees’ parents on work-family balance and its related outcomes in a Chinese society, Taiwan. A multi-method approach was employed consisting of three studies. First, the nature of the influence of employees’ parents in Taiwan was explored through interviews, followed by an online questionnaire survey with Taiwanese employees to examine the relationships between the influence of employees’ parents, work-family balance, organisational behaviour and wellbeing. Third, a secondary data analysis was used to provide triangulations for the findings of the questionnaire survey. The interview study explored the influence of employees’ parents as six types of demand and six types of support. It also found that parent demand had a negative effect on employees’ work-family balance, while parent support had a positive effect. In the questionnaire survey, parent demand and parent support measures were developed. Using these measures, the relationships between the influence of employees’ parents, work-family balance and outcomes were tested using regression analyses. The results showed that parent demand and parent support were significantly related to work-family balance. In addition, the structural models revealed mechanisms for predicting two types of outcome variables. For organisational behaviour, a full mediation model was identified, showing that the influence of parents had only indirect relationships (through the work-family balance variables) with job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and turnover intention. For wellbeing, a partial mediation model was identified, showing that the influence of parents had both indirect as well as direct relationships with life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression. Last, the analysis of secondary data also showed that parent demand and parent support had significant impacts on employees’ work-family balance, which supports the results of the questionnaire survey. The implications for work-family research were discussed.

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Kendiová, Gabriela. "Žena na trhu práce v situácii matky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194185.

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This thesis will map the situation of women in the labour market, who are also mothers. The main objective of this thesis is to refute or confirm the hypothesis about the correlation of the financial situation of women, respectively the level of education and efforts to return to work and also the attractiveness of flexi-time jobs. The theoretical part will examine the possibilities for various form of assistance in returning to the labour market and to compare the situation of Czech women on a European scale. In the practical part I will assess the responses from the questionnaire survey and decide on the basis of an analysis of hypotheses. The survey will be conducted in selected regions of the Czech Republic.

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27

McCarthy, Laura A. "Influences of couple conflict type, division of labor, and violated expectations on first-time parents' individual and marital well-being." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013463.

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28

Halldén, Karin. "What's Sex Got to Do with It? Women and Men in European Labour Markets." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-61877.

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This thesis consists of four empirical studies on women and men in European labour markets. Study I examines effects of the sex of the immediate supervisor on the time men and women spend in initial on-the-job training (OJT) in Sweden. The results show that men receive longer initial OJT than women do, but men’s time in training is independent of the supervisor’s sex. For women in the private sector, the chances of receiving long initial OJT are higher if the immediate supervisor is a man. Study II analyses effects of labour market institutions on the quality of part-time work by comparing the skills and autonomy of female part-time jobs in Britain and Sweden. The results show that female part-time employees in Sweden hold positions of higher skill and have more autonomy compared to their equivalents in Britain. Both British and Swedish part-time employees face relative disadvantages when compared to female full-time workers. Study III examines associations between maternal employment policies and wage penalties for mothers by skill in 10 European countries. The results indicate that, net of variation in female labour force participation, extensive publicly funded childcare is associated with a modest decrease in the motherhood wage penalty, regardless of skill. By contrast, paid maternity leave is weakly associated with a larger motherhood wage gap in less skilled jobs only. Study IV examines the extent to which women’s opportunities to attain positions of high workplace authority are related to maternal employment policies, such as paid parental leave and part-time work. Based on data from 25 European countries, the results show that a high proportion of women working long part-time hours is associated with a wider gender gap in the attainment of high authority positions, to the disadvantage of women. However, paid parental leave appears to be unrelated to the gender authority gap.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Feng, Peihong. "The impacts of children's disability on mothers' labor supply and marital status." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1142442563.

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Gordon, Margaret. "Women's labour lost - mothers' labour's cost : workforce participation when children have disabilities /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18561.pdf.

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Casebourne, Joanna Jane. "Work, poverty and welfare reform : welfare-to-work programmes for lone parents in depressed local labour markets." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244842.

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This dissertation examines the impact of welfare reform on the work and poverty of lone parents living on welfare in depressed local labour markets. It uses a comparative approach to compare supply-side welfare-to-work programmes in Sheffield, UK and Buffalo, USA, and draws on current debates in geography, the social sciences and feminist scholarship to examine the connections between work, poveliy and welfare. It is based on a detailed evaluation of the circumstances of sixty lone parents in Buffalo and Sheffield and the programmes in which they participated. I begin by critically assessing the literatures which examine the restructuring of work, poverty and welfare states in the post-Fordist period and discussing the importance of qualitative methods in researching welfare reform. The first of four empirical chapters examines how lone parents on welfare in depressed local labour markets live in poverty, carry out a great deal of unpaid work, and face multiple barriers to moving into employment. I then examine the different approaches to employing lone parents in Buffalo and Sheffield, and assess whether the programmes move lone parents off benefit and into employment, and whether they subsequently return to welfare. The last of these four chapters shows that lone parents are moving into are poorly paid, insecure and precarious employment, often leaving them in poveliy and struggling to balance their paid and unpaid work. The dissertation concludes by suggesting that an alternative approach to welfare reform is needed that addresses the demand-side of the labour market, invests in education and training, and tackles the multiple barriers to employment faced by lone parents. I argue that whilst welfare reform ignores the geography of employment, the growth of the working poor, and the value of unpaid work, it will not be effective in ending the economic and social exclusion of lone parents.

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Thomas-Seltzer, Ashley. ""It's never been this bad...ever": An analysis of K-12 teachers' standpoints related to parent-teacher communication." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc10977/.

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With the rise of "helicopter" parents within primary and secondary education, school officials nationwide have started to address how to manage parental involvement in the educational system, specifically with regard to parent-teacher communication. Beginning in the 1980s, school administrators actively implemented programs targeting increased parental involvement in K-12 public schools, though the use of contact and relationship building strategies, in order to substantiate school-teacher-parent communication and further parental influence over decision making processes. While administrators and parents may view parent-teacher interactions as productive, teachers' negative experiences with parents may lead to stress, burnout, and attrition. Researchers have indicated that between 20 and 50% of first through third year teachers leave the profession due to increased, long-term stress, unrealistic workload, and an overall feeling of decreased personal and professional fulfillment. Likewise, through educational reform initiatives to standardize curriculum and increase parental involvement within public schools, teachers' roles within the educational system have shifted from positions of power, to figureheads for the system. The purpose of this study is to examine public school K-12 teachers' standpoints as they relate to parent-teacher communication.

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Haux, Tina. "Lone parents and welfare-to-work reform : a policy appraisal." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528173.

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The current welfare-to-work reform in Britain is activating lone parents with older children and marks a step-change in the treatment of lone parents. While there has been some support for using age of child as selection criterion for the activation of lone parents, it is not clear whether this equates to selecting by ‘ability to work’ if interpreted as ability to obtain a job. The commitment of the current government to evidence-based-policy-making and the large amount of research available in this area form the justification for carrying out a policy appraisal of this aspect of the current welfare-to-work reform. The potential and likelihood to make substantial progress towards the lone parent employment and the child poverty target of the selection criteria will be assessed and compared to alternative approaches. Five selection models are identified in the international policy review: selection by age of child, transition status, employability or by caseworkers and finally, a voluntary model. The analysis is based on a critical discussion of the available evidence, an international policy review and secondary analysis of the Families and Children Study. I argue that the current approach of selecting lone parents by the age of child is unlikely to result in substantial progress towards the lone parent employment target and instead likely to create a substantial group of long-term unemployed lone parents. Alternative approaches, such as using different selection criteria that take into account the employability of lone parents are more likely to make progress towards the employment and child poverty target.

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Coutts, Adam Peter. "The health impacts of government policy : active labour market training programmes for lone parents in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251987.

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How does the movement of lone parents from economic inactivity to employment via an active labour market programme (ALMP) affect their health? This study examined the psychosocial health impact of two ALMPs on lone parents in the UK; and whether the change in their psychosocial environment as measured by a newly developed scale of the latent and manifest benefits of employment (LAMB) explain any health impacts. The data for the study were obtained from sixty-two lone parents participating in the programmes who were followed longitudinally for five months. These were compared with a control group (n=56) of economically inactive lone parents at the beginning and end of the course. Structured questionnaires comprising scales of psychological health, self-esteem, mastery, positive and negative affect, self-efficacy, perceived psychosocial environment (LAMB) and social support were administered to the programme participants at three time intervals, i.e., at the beginning, during and end of the programme. In-depth qualitative interviews were also conducted at each time interval with both the programme participants and control group lone parents. The study indicates that entry into the ALMPs produces significant improvements in psychological health, as well as on all other measures as compared to the economically inactive group. Significant changes were also observed on the LAMB scale with enhanced access to latent functions of employment. The quantitative results show that access to social contact and support acts as the main mechanism through which a positive health change occurs. The lack of social contact, i.e., social isolation and financial strain are posited to be responsible for the ill health of the economically inactive lone parents. The research is discussed in relation to the development of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) methodologies, as well as the implications for current UK government emphasis on encouraging lone parents into work via active labour market programmes.

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Shieh, Ching-yi A. "Does gendered labor force structure affect adult children's provision of transfer to their elderly parents? an examination of the late-middle-aged generation /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2463.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Åkerlund, Carl. "Elitishockeyns anpassning till arbetsrätten : Föräldraledig som elitishockeyspelare? "Nej, det går inte, helt omöjligt"." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-51263.

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The sports in Sweden has previously been self-regulated with its own rules and provisions. As the commercialisation and professionalization have increased the common legal system has a greater impact on sports. The purpose of this study is to investigate the professional ice hockey adjustments to the labour law regulation. Furthermore the purpose is to illuminate possible advantage and disadvantage with the professional ice hockey player’s conditions of employment. To answer the purpose and the research questions of this study the legal dogmatic method, the legal sociology method and qualitative method with interviews has been used. The study shows how the professional ice hockey has adapted the labour law regulations with collective agreement due to the semi-dispositive provisions found in Swedish labour law. In Swedish professional ice hockey only the fixed-term contract is applied and most of the provisions about employment security are not available for the ice hockey players. In return the players has a stronger protection during the employment. As an employee and a parent the right to have a parental leave is statutory. The study shows a complex of problems with ice hockey player’s opportunity to have a parental leave, which is a right as an employee. This raises questions about equality between men and women in the labour market of ice hockey.

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Ulveseth, Sara, and Tobias Högberg. "Från par till föräldrar : om anpassning och skenbar jämställdhet." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-44562.

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Sammanfattning Detta är en sociologisk studie som med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer har undersökt hur föräldrar upplever övergången från par till föräldrar, samt hur föräldraskapet inverkar på jämställdhet. Att bli förälder är något många i vårt samhälle upplever. Denna övergång är fylld av emotioner, krav och förväntningar. I det svenska samhället har jämställdhet länge varit en högaktuell fråga. Lagar har konstituerats, belöningar har skapats för den som förmått vara jämställd i den bemärkelsen att de delat lika på föräldraledighetsdagarna. Att få barn och skapa en familj är ofta förknippat med kärlek och gemenskap, men sällan synonymt med att känna sig ledig. Snarare är det förknippat med oro, stress, ansvar över såväl barn som att sköta om hemmet. Hemmet kräver omsorg och arbete, men vem som ska utföra arbetet har blivit en fråga att diskutera både i politiken och i familjens vardag. Jämställdhet borde innebära lika ansvar och delaktighet i barnomsorg och hushållsarbete för båda föräldrar. Denna studie visar hur övergången från par till föräldrar ökar känslan av trygghet och gemenskap hos individerna, men också att övergången är liktydig med stress och förväntningar om jämställdhet. Studien visar även att dessa föräldrars syn på jämställdhet är förknippat med arbetsdelning och omsorg främst kring barnet. Då arbetsdelning och jämställdhet kring hushållsarbetet och i parrelationen verkar bortprioriteras, kan fädernas engagemang i barnen skapa en skenbar jämställdhet. I vår studie ser vi en anpassning som är gynnsam för männens relation till sina barn, men ogynnsam för kvinnors rättighet till lika möjligheter och samma värde.
Abstract This is a sociological study using qualitative interviews examining how parents experience the transition from couple to parenthood, and how parenthood affects equality. Becoming a parent is something many in our society experience during their lifetime. This transition is full of emotions, needs and expectations. In Swedish society, gender equality has long been a highly topical issue. Legislation has been constituted, and rewards have been created for those who manage to be equal in the sense that they share equally on parental leave days. To have children and create a family is often associated with love and fellowship, but rarely synonymous with feelings of freedom. Rather, it is associated with anxiety, stress and responsibility over children, as well as taking care of the home. The household requires care and work, but who of the parents that will carry out the work has become an issue to discuss, both in politics and in the family's everyday life. Gender equality should mean equal responsibility and involvement in childcare and household work for both parents. This study shows how the transition from couple to parents increases the sense of a stronger connection between the family members, but also that the transition is synonymous with stress and expectations of equality. This study also shows that the parents' views on gender equality are associated with the division of labor and care primarily concerning the child. As the division of labor and gender equality concerning the household work and in the couple’s relationship lack priority, the father’s involvement in the children create an apparent equality. In our study we see an adaptation favorable to men's relationship with their children, but unfavorable for women's rights to equal opportunities and equal value.

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38

Peng, Ito. "Boshi Katei a theoretical and case analysis of Japanese lone mothers and their relationship to the state, the labour market, and the family, with reference to Britain and Canada /." Thesis, Online version, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.390358.

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39

Carlson, Laura. "Searching for Equality : Sex Discrimination, Parental Leave and the Swedish Model With Comparisons to EU, UK and US Law." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Iustus, 2007. http://www.iustus.se/html/contents/menu/03_katalog/bookshop/describtion/6468.jpg.

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40

Young, Zoe. "Women in the middle : mothers' experiences of transition to part-time and flexible work in professional and managerial occupations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68119/.

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41

Lundström, Camilla. "Are there links between children's self-esteem and parent/child interaction in Guatemalan children?" Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-24405.

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This investigation examined the relations between children’s self-esteem and parent/child interaction. It also searched for a link between self-esteem and numbers of siblings, gender and working after school. 47 students from public schools in Guatemala City, Guatemala (age 10-14 years old) participated in this study (14 girls and 33 boys). Participants completed measures of Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and a questionnaire regarding Parent - Child Interactions. The study showed that there was a positive correlation in boys’ population between level of self-esteem and parent - child interaction, but a negative correlation for girls. A positive correlation in girls’ population was shown between self-esteem and number of siblings, a negative correlation was shown between self-esteem and working after school. However in boys’ population there was a positive correlation between self-esteem and working after school, and a negative correlation for siblings. There is also a skewed distribution in boys’ and girls’ answers, and no generalizations can be made because of too few respondents, therefore further studies in this area should be done

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42

Jakešová, Michaela. "Žena na trhu práce v situaci matky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359342.

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Human society is dependent on women who ensure their sustainability in the role of mothers. At the same time women participate in the economic prosperity of the family and society. The combination of these two roles puts them at a disadvantage in the labour market. This thesis aims at analyzing the current situation of women from the point of view of motherhood and position on the labour market. The theoretical part deals with two primary areas including social policy and the labour market. Social policy gives information about family policy and state support to mothers in comparison with other countries. The practical part, which is based on methodology, is dedicated to the analysis of the current situation of women and is divided according to the origin of the data. The secondary data were obtained from the public statistical database and the primary one through the questionnaire survey. The outcome of the work reveals significant factors influencing the age at which women have their first child, the dependence between parental leave income, the length of parental leave, and other answers to the research questions.

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Whitworth, Adam. "Work, care and social inclusion : lone motherhood under New Labour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670080.

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Mullerova, Alzbeta. "Maternal employment in the Czech transition : effects of family policy and gender norms." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100193/document.

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En république tchèque, les politiques de conciliation travail/famille ont été profondément remodelées à l’occasion de la transition systémique vers l’économie de marché : l’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les récentes évolutions de politique familiale et d’estimer leurs effets sur l’emploi des mères. Malgré l’accession du pays à l’UE en 2004 et une disponibilité croissante de données, la littérature économique sur le régime d’Etat social, les politiques sociales et familiales et leur effet sur le marché du travail reste très rare. Je montre que l’orientation des politiques familiales après 1989 a induit un fort recul de garde publique d’enfants et creusé un très fort écart d’emploi entre les femmes avec et sans enfants en âge préscolaire. J’analyse les effets de deux réformes de congé parental : la réforme de 1955 qui a prolongé le paiement de l’allocation parental à 4 ans par enfant sans prolonger la durée de la protection d’emploi (3 ans), puis la réforme de 2008 qui a au contraire encouragé un retour en emploi plus rapide qu’auparavant. J’utilise l’Enquête Emploi et j’applique la méthode des Différences-de-différences pour estimer l’impact sur l’emploi des mères à court et moyen terme. Enfin, j’examine les déterminants culturels de long terme des préférences des ménages tchèques en termes de conciliation travail/famille, et je mets en évidence une évolution des valeurs de genre vers un modèle conservateur de la division des tâches. Cette évolution, qui court sur les années 2000, s’oppose à la tendance Européenne générale et est susceptible d’influencer l’orientation des politiques familiales ainsi que leurs effets sur les ménages
Czech work-life conciliation policies and practices have gone through dramatic changes since the 1989 transition from centrally planned to market economy. The objective of this thesis is to describe the recent evolutions of family policies, and to assess their effects on maternal employment. Surprisingly, despite the country’s EU accession in 2004 and an increasing data availability, the economic literature on the Czech welfare state regime, its social and family policy and its effects on labour market outcomes is extremely scarce. I show that post-transitional policies differed from the former interventionist and paternalist orientation, and resulted in a sharp decrease in public childcare supply and the widest parenthood-related employment gaps among OECD countries (41 pp in 2011). I focus on two reforms of the parental leave system: the 1995 Parental Benefit reform which extended the payment of universal parental benefit to 4 years instead of 3 without an equivalent extension of the job protected parental leave; then the 2008 Multi-Speed Parental Benefit reform, which encouraged yet again a faster return to employment. I use the Labour Force Survey and rely on a difference-in-differences strategy to assess the net effect of these reforms on mother’s labour market participation, in both short and medium run. Last but not least, I investigate long-run cultural determinants of the observed work-life conciliation preferences and show that a significant evolution towards conservative gender roles has been taking place in the post-transitional decades. This opposes the general European trend, and is likely to influence family policy orientations as well as the reforms’ outcomes

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45

Tomášková, Dana. "Žena na trhu práce v situaci matky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202037.

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This thesis is focused on women - mothers in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to acquaint current situation in the labour market for women who wish to return to employment after maternity or parental leave. This thesis examines the posibility for women to harmonize employment with childcare. Theoretical knowledges are supported by research findings and my questionnaire survey, where women express their opinion on the situation in the Czech Republic and the attitude of employers of these women.

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46

CHEN, YI-CHEN, and 陳怡蓁. "The Effect of Unpaid Parental Leave Policy of Labor Participation." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qr6k3t.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
社會學系
107
The research topic of this thesis is “The Effect of Unpaid Parental Leave Policy of Labor Participation.” In order to solve the population problem, the government proposes a family-friendly and work-friendly policy that takes family as well as labor participation into account. Countries such as Sweden mainly implement parental leave or related measures, which have a good effect on the domestic population and labor participation. This study is conducted based on the policy of parental leave without pay in our country, aiming to figure out the perspectives of ordinary workers who apply for parental leave without pay on whether the following factors-gender, age, education level, residential area, family structure, occupation, the state of being the breadwinner of a family, and the ways of housework assignment and labor involvement have an influence on the policy’s effectiveness on balancing family and work and on helping workers to return to the workplace. According to the result of the study, it is generally considered that the policy of parental leave without pay has a positive effect on balancing family and work. However, the development and implementation of our country’s policy of parental leave without pay mainly focus on the perspective of “maternity protection,” which lacks gender division of labor in private sectors such as family care. In this way, career women’s situation of burning the candle at both ends do not improve. This study concludes with a suggestion that reference should be made to the number of days in which men in Sweden and Japan are required to bear the burden for the purpose of implementing gender equality in care work and improving women’s opportunities and willingness to enter the workplace. At the same time, women’s labor rights for part-time work should be guaranteed with rules of law and related support to protect them from being in a poor condition at their old age.

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Liu, Tan-Chi, and 劉丹琪. "Parental Influence on the Division of Household Labor among Newlywed Couples." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32220604310868913948.

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碩士
輔仁大學
兒童與家庭學系碩士班
98
This study not only will explore how parental factors influence newlywed couples’ housework participation, and further, but will also view the original family factors (parents’ marital status, parents’ education, parents’ working position, and parents’ domestic division of labor) ,thus knowing whether they are indirectly affected newlywed couples participating in household chores by their gender-role attitudes. We also retrace four types of theories: social learning theory, resources theory, time availability theory, and gender-role ideology to see the influences on this newlywed couple’s household. The data sources are taken from the NSC (National Science Council), Executive Yuan Subsidized study titled “A Study of Early Marriage Development in Taiwan” WaveⅠdata (NSC 89-2412-H-158-001), with 182 newlywed couples. The results are as follows: 1. Newlywed couples’ household division of labor is consistent with the pattern of the past and domestic works are still mostly taken care of by wives. 2. Both parents’ marital status and the original family division of labor affect the husbands’ domestic participation. The data shows that husbands from a single-parent family do more housework; the more women of a husband’s original families do housework, the less participation in housework the husbands have. 3. Newlywed husbands’ gender-role attitudes directly affect their personal domestic participation, while parental factors don’t affect household through the gender-role attitudes. This study also shows husbands do more domestic chores when their gender-role attitudes tend to be equalitarian. 4. With respect to the individual variables, monthly incomes and working hours affect husbands’ housework participation. Husbands of higher incomes participate more in housework, and husbands of longer working hours participate less in housework matters; the education level affects the wives’ housework participation, as wives of higher education level participate less in housework matters. 5. The time availability theory explains the husband participating situation better, and it is followed by social learning theory; the resources theory explains the wife participating situation better; and the time availability theory can explain better newlywed couples’ relative participating situation.

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48

Li, I.-Tzu, and 李翊慈. "The Effects of Parental Leave on Women`s Labor Market：Evidence from Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c752ev.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
應用經濟研究所
105
This study investigates the impact of birth mandates on women`s labor market in Taiwan. We use the Manpower Utilization Survey from 2003 through 2013 and employ the approach－Difference-in-differences to estimate the policy effect of parental leave.The empirical results show that after the parental leave was enforced in 2008, it has a significant negative impact on wage to women of childbearing age. Besides, the parental leave has a significant negative effect on employment of women. Furthermore, we analyze the women`s labor market outcome within different industries after enforce the parental leave in 2008. We find the employee of women in Manufacturing industry have a significant positive effect on wage. It has a significant negative effect on women`s wage in Financial and Insurance industry and Service industry. We figure out the benefit policy of parental leave to women might have negative effect in women`s labor market.

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49

Kiser, Sally Jane. "Employer work -family programs: Essays on policy implementation, employee preferences, and parental childcare choices." 2001. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3027219.

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This dissertation examines a number of issues regarding employer-provided work-family programs. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the rise of employer-provided work-family programs and research in this field. Chapter 2 is a case study of the implementation of a model work-family program in a major U.S. corporation. It examines the degree to which this corporation succeeded in providing adequate information and equitable access to the various benefits and policies that comprised its work-family program. In analyzing the successes and failures of this organization, by extension I call into question the success of other large corporations in providing programs that are equitable in terms of employee wage level, race/ethnicity, and location within the organization. Chapter 3 models the decisions by dual-earner couples regarding the allocation of their own time toward childcare activities versus the time they purchase paid childcare services, using individual and joint parental time budgets as choice variables. First, I demonstrate a relationship between working non-traditional full-time day schedules that approximate those available through flextime programs and the staggering of time at home by working couples. Then, regression analysis establishes a relationship between the time budgets thus established and the allocation of childcare time among mother, father, and paid service providers. Data from the 1992 National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW) is used for this research. Chapter 4 examines the preferences of women who are members of labor unions for various work-family benefits and policies. Drawing again on the 1992 NSCW data, I explore possible explanations for similarities and differences between the preferences held by union women and men and union vs. non-union working women.

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Datta, Atreyee Rupa. "Composition effects in labor markets and families : two essays /." 2001. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3006485.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'PARENTAL LABOR'

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