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Journal articles on the topic 'PARENTAL LABOR'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

AHMAD, MUHAMMAD HASNAYN, JIBRAN MOHSIN, HASSAN JAVED, Ghulam Mustafa, Asim Mumtaz Khan, and Shahid Mahmood. "CHILD LABOR." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 04 (December 10, 2011): 635–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.04.2653.

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Background: Child Labor is any kind of work that harms or exploits the children in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education). Child labor is quite common in Pakistan, and is still ignored; which depicts the society's attitudes towards child care. Child labor is an ethical dilemma and special attention must be given to this issue. Objective: To determine the factors responsible for child labor in Shadman Market Lahore. Study design: Descriptive, Cross sectional. Place and duration: Shadman Colony Lahore, July-August 2010. Methodology: Structured Pretested questionnaire was used to asses the factors responsible for child labor. Results: Large family size, low income per capita and parental illiteracy were shown to be responsible for child labor. Conclusion: Family size, income per capita and patrental education has a large scale effect on child labor.Key words:- Child labor, Family size, income per capita, parental education.

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2

WETHINGTON, ELAINE, and RONALD C. KESSLER. "Employment, Parental Responsibility, and Psychological Distress." Journal of Family Issues 10, no. 4 (December 1989): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251389010004006.

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This article uses panel data from 745 married women in the Detroit Metropolitan Area to examine the mental health effects of employment and parenting status changes. Contrary to popular belief, the transition to parenting is not directly related to increases in psychological distress. Changes in employment status, however, are. Women who significantly increase their labor force participation report lower levels of psychological distress over the study period, while women who significantly decrease their labor force participation report higher psychological distress. The effects of labor force changes on mental health are not all modified by parenting status or changes in parenting status. The transition to parenting and increased parenting responsibilities, however, are indirectly related to increased psychological distress insofar as they result in decreased labor force participation. The implications of these results are used to evaluate four competing perspectives on the relationship between roles, stress, and psychological functioning.

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3

Sajons, Christoph. "Birthright citizenship and parental labor market integration." Labour Economics 57 (April 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.01.001.

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HAAS, LINDA. "Gender Equality and Social Policy." Journal of Family Issues 11, no. 4 (December 1990): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251390011004004.

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This article evaluates the effectiveness of parental leave as a social policy designed to eliminate the traditional, gender-based division of labor. It examines whether fathers' taking parental leave equalizes women's and men's involvement in the labor market and in child care once the leave is over. Results from a 1986 study of 319 sets of new parents in Gothenburg, Sweden were analyzed. Fathers who took parental leave were found to be more likely to be involved in child care and to reduce their involvement in the labor force. On the other hand, mothers retained primary responsibility for children and remained less involved and rewarded in the labor market, whether or not their partners participated in parental leave. Elimination of the gender-based division of labor may require social policies that simultaneously aim to improve women's labor market opportunities, raise girls' interests in occupational achievement, and increase men's participation in child care.

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Eckhoff Andresen, Martin, and Tarjei Havnes. "Child care, parental labor supply and tax revenue." Labour Economics 61 (December 2019): 101762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101762.

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6

Goodwin, Donna L., and Amanda Ebert. "Physical Activity for Disabled Youth: Hidden Parental Labor." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 35, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 342–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2017-0110.

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Locating suitable, inclusive community physical activity programs for disabled children can be challenging for parents. The aim of this study was to uncover everyday hidden labor experienced by parents, as they sought inclusive physical activity opportunities for their children. Focus group interviews with eight families of youth aged 13–19 years were completed using an interpretative phenomenological case study research approach. Four themes, interpreted through the framework of relational ethics, captured their experiences: (a) inclusion is immensely effortful; (b) judged by their impairments, not their possibilities; (c) ongoing education needed to open doors and sustain participation; and (d) the guilt of staying home. Reliance on hidden parental labor highlighted an exclusion agenda in community, accentuated by ableist belief systems.

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FOX, GREER LITTON, MARIE COLOMBO, WILLIAM F. CLEVENGER, and CELIA FERGUSON. "PARENTAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN ADOLESCENT SEXUAL SOCIALIZATION." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 17, no. 3 (October 1988): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124188017003006.

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Witt, Judith LaBorde. "The Gendered Division of Labor in Parental Caretaking:." Journal of Women & Aging 6, no. 1-2 (May 10, 1994): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j074v06n01_05.

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9

김정호. "Parental Leave and Female Labor Supply in Korea." KDI Journal of Economic Policy 34, no. 1 (March 2012): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2012.34.1.169.

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10

Rogers, Carol Ann, and Kenneth A. Swinnerton. "Does Child Labor Decrease When Parental Incomes Rise?" Journal of Political Economy 112, no. 4 (August 2004): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421175.

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11

Wolff, François-Charles. "Parental transfers and the labor supply of children." Journal of Population Economics 19, no. 4 (October 19, 2005): 853–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0012-4.

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12

Bagirova, Anna, and Natalia Blednova. "Combination of professional and parental labor in assessments of Ural women: objective and subjective barriers." Woman in russian society, SU (January 3, 2021): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2021.0.10.

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The article considers the problem of combining two types of labor activity — professional and parental labor. The aim of the research is to identify objective and subjective barriers for combination of these two labor spheres. We focus on specific elements of the organization of labor of working mothers (length of the working week and working day, time of the start and the end of work, alternation of work and days off, leave period, form of work organization) and on identifying subjective barriers that prevent the effective combination of professional and parental labor. We conducted an online survey of 265 women aged 18 to 45 working in various organizations in the Sverdlovsk region. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and group comparison based on nonparametric criteria. The results of the study are as follows: the length of the working day, as well as the time of its beginning and end, act as objective barriers to combining professional and parental work for Ural women. The subjective barriers preventing the effective combination of professional and parental work for Ural women are stereotypes of employers and colleagues who do not have children, based on the perception of the low efficiency of professional activities of workers with children, the negative impact of children on the implementation of professional work and the professional career of parents, misunderstanding of the advantages that children give to workers with children in the process of their professional work. The presence of such subjective barriers often entails refusals in employment of subjects of parental labor, a deterioration in the attitude of the employers towards them, and increases the likelihood of going on unpaid leave.

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Hasan, Yumna, and Waqar Wadho. "Unskilled Migration, Child labor and Human Capital Accumulation of Children in the Presence of Parental Absenteeism." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2020.v25.i2.a5.

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Temporary unskilled migration and the remittancesit generateshavethe potential to reduce child labor and improve educational outcomes in developing countries. However, recent literature points towards the adverse impact of the parental absenteeism on children left behind. We build a theoretical model to explore the joint impact of remittances and parental absenteeism on child labor and human capital formation of children left behind in the context of unskilled workers’ migration. We find threshold conditions for the relative wage of source to destination countriesbeyond which unskilled migration helps in reducing child labor and increasing human capital. Moreover, the threshold is endogenous and depends on the sensitivity of human capital formation to parental absenteeism relative to the child’s time spent on acquiring human capital. In a special case when the former is equal to the latter, the wages in the destination country should at least be twice as much as in the source country to have a detrimental (promoting) impact on child labor (human capital formation). Since the importance of parental absenteeism would depend on a variety of sociocultural factors such as marriage, presence of extended families, religious communities, and social networks, there will be heterogeneity in the impact of unskilled migration.

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Balsa, Ana I. "Parental Problem-drinking and Adult Children’s Labor Market Outcomes." Journal of Human Resources 43, no. 2 (2008): 454–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.43.2.454.

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15

Baker, Maureen. "Parental Benefit Policies and the Gendered Division of Labor." Social Service Review 71, no. 1 (March 1997): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/604230.

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Wang, Qing. "Child Gender, Intergenerational Kinship and Parental Labor Market Outcomes." Review of Development Economics 19, no. 4 (October 5, 2015): 892–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12177.

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Balsa, Ana I. "Parental Problem-drinking and Adult Children's Labor Market Outcomes." Journal of Human Resources 43, no. 2 (2008): 454–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2008.0032.

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18

Gloor, Jamie L., Xinxin Li, and Rebecca M. Puhl. "Predictors of parental leave support: Bad news for (big) dads and a policy for equality." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 5 (July 19, 2018): 810–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217751630.

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Parenthood increases gender inequality in paid (employment) and unpaid labor (e.g., caretaking). New parental leave plans aim to increase gender equality by reducing managerial discretion and offering gender-neutral benefits. However, coworkers may undermine these inclusive aims, particularly if they show variable support per employee characteristics. Thus, we examine why and how employee gender and obesity interactively predict coworkers’ support for parental leave and test an intervention to increase equality. Three between-subjects experiments with working American adults ( Ns = 133–252) indicate that obesity decreases coworkers’ parental leave support for men, but increases coworkers’ parental leave support for women; these effects are replicated and mediated by coworkers’ caregiving ability expectations of the employees, inequalities that are reduced when parental leave is made the default. Discussion focuses on our results’ implications for theory, practice, and for men and women’s paid and unpaid labor, including recommendations for parental leave policy design and delivery to increase equality.

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Bartoš, Vojtech, and Barbara Pertold-Gebicka. "Parental leave length, social norms, and female labor market re-entry frictions." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 600–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-09-2017-0235.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of employers in creating employment gaps among women returning to the labor market after parental leaves of different durations. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a controlled correspondence field experiment that orthogonally manipulates parental leave length and the quality of fictitious female job candidates. The experiment is complemented with a survey among human resource managers. Findings High-quality candidates receive more interview invitations when applying after a short parental leave, while low-quality (LQ) candidates receive more interview invitations when applying after a typical three years long parental leave. Survey results suggest that the difference in invitations between short and typical leave treatments is driven by a social norm that mothers should stay home with children younger than three. Productivity gains from employing a LQ job applicant with a shorter career break might not be high enough to outweigh the adverse social norm effect. Social implications The presented results point toward the strong effect of prevailing social norms on job search prospects of women returning to the labor market after parental leave. Originality/value A correspondence experiment has not been used before to study the relationship between time spent on leave and the labor market prospects of mothers. It also extends research on social norms to the domain of hiring decisions.

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20

Rutledge, Emilie, and Mohammed Madi. "Parental influence on female vocational intentions in the Arabian Gulf." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0130.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine parental career-related behavior (PCB) in relation to the vocational intentions of female nationals enrolled at higher education institutions in the United Arab Emirates. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework was constructed to examine the interplay between the PCB factors of support, interference and lack of engagement, against context-relevant dimensions of gendered sociocultural barriers, public sector preferences and the likelihood itself of labor market entry. Survey data from face-to-face encounters (n=335) was collected. Findings Parental support was found to significantly reduce the perceived sociocultural barriers to workforce participation. Parental interference amplified these barriers and also increased public sector preferences. Those with educated fathers were more likely to seek labor market entry and consider atypical career paths, while those with a parent working in the private sector were more willing to consider this sector. Research limitations/implications One limitation was a sample comprising only female students, nonetheless it implies PCB has an impact on “national” female labor force participation (FLFP). Therefore, seeking to engage parents as more active stakeholders in vocationally related HEI interventions would benefit from greater policy attention. Originality/value This paper is the first to consider parental influence on FLFP using the PCB construct. Its value is in the framework model presented and its contribution to the discourse on the Arabian Gulf’s labor market dynamics.

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Apgar, Lauren, and Patricia A. McManus. "Cultural Persistence and Labor Force Participation among Partnered Second-Generation Women in the United States." Social Forces 98, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 211–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy104.

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AbstractWomen who migrate to the United States often face structural and cultural obstacles when joining the workforce. The US-born daughters of these women show considerable upward mobility, yet recent scholarship finds substantial variation in the employment of second-generation women by parental country of origin. This study assesses whether gender traditionalism in the parental country of origin has a persistent effect on the labor force participation of partnered second-generation women in the United States. An analysis of 1995–2015 Current Population Survey data supplemented with parental origin country characteristics finds that gender-traditional behaviors, religions, institutions, and attitudes are each associated with a lower likelihood of female labor force participation (FLFP). We propose that the successful intergenerational transmission of conservative cultural repertoires from the first to the second-generation accounts for these relationships. Conservative religious context is the best overall predictor of lowered second-generation FLFP. However, patriarchal attitudes and institutions in the parental birthplace best account for the participation of women with parental origins in Latin America and the Caribbean, while the effect of religious context is strongest among women with parental origins in Asia and Europe.

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Bagirova, Anna P., and Irina V. Shmarova. "Parental labor costs as an element of human capital appreciation." Вестник Пермского университета Серия «Экономика» = Perm University Herald ECONOMY 13, no. 4 (2018): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9960-2018-4-487-501.

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Cornell, L. L. "Age at marriage, female labor force participation, and parental interests." Annales de démographie historique 1989, no. 1 (1989): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/adh.1989.1742.

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24

Tamm, Marcus. "Fathers’ parental leave-taking, childcare involvement and labor market participation." Labour Economics 59 (August 2019): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.04.007.

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25

Albert, Aaron. "Parental duties, labor market behavior, and single fatherhood in America." Review of Economics of the Household 16, no. 4 (June 26, 2018): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-018-9419-z.

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Guo, Rufei, Hongbin Li, Junjian Yi, and Junsen Zhang. "Fertility, household structure, and parental labor supply: Evidence from China." Journal of Comparative Economics 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2017.10.005.

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Stock, Wendy A., and Myron Inglis. "The longer‐term labor market impacts of paid parental leave." Growth and Change 52, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 838–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12486.

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Eriksen, Tine L. Mundbjerg, Amanda Gaulke, Niels Skipper, and Jannet Svensson. "The impact of childhood health shocks on parental labor supply." Journal of Health Economics 78 (July 2021): 102486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102486.

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Callander, Emily J., Faith Allele, Hayley Roberts, William Guinea, and Daniel B. Lindsay. "The Effect of Childhood ADD/ADHD on Parental Workforce Participation." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 5 (November 19, 2016): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716680076.

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Objective: This research aimed to examine the impact of attention deficit disorder (ADD)/ADHD in children on parental labor force participation across different child age groups. Method: This study utilized a longitudinal, quantitative analyses approach. All data were collected from Wave 6 of the Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) survey. Results: After adjusting for various confounders, mothers whose children were 10/11 years old and had been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD were significantly more likely to be out of the labor force compared with those mothers whose child had not been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD. The impact was more pronounced for single mothers. No significant influence on paternal labor force participation was found. Conclusion: In assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions for ADD/ADHD, policy makers and researchers must consider the long-term social and economic effects of ADD/ADHD on maternal workforce participation when considering costs and outcomes.

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Warnick, Bryan. "Parental Authority over Education and the Right to Invite." Harvard Educational Review 84, no. 1 (March 13, 2014): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.1.8puw782652m2tj19.

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In this article, Bryan R. Warnick explores parents’ authority to make educational decisions for their children. In philosophical debates, three types of arguments are typically invoked to justify parents' rights: arguments based on the welfare interests of children, arguments based on the expressive interests of parents, and arguments based on the property rights of parents. While each captures something important about parenting, these arguments ultimately fail, on philosophical grounds, to establish a substantial right to educational authority. In light of this failure, the author advances two arguments. First, he proposes a new type of argument for parental authority based on the sacrificial labor of parenting—that is, on the physical and emotional work associated with caring for children. Within the sphere of family life, the unique nature of parental sacrificial labor is honored as parents are given rights to raise their children, including a right to expose their children to their preferred way of life, which he terms the right to invite. This encompasses the right to make educational decisions, including the removal of children from public schools. Second, Warnick argues that the child's lack of consent to receive this sacrificial labor—essentially the inability to choose one's parents—underscores the need to protect the development of autonomy in children. Parents, therefore, cannot foreclose exposure to cultural alternatives that schools often provide as they exercise their right to invite.

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Antwi, Yaa Akosa, Asako S. Moriya, and Kosali Simon. "Effects of Federal Policy to Insure Young Adults: Evidence from the 2010 Affordable Care Act's Dependent-Coverage Mandate." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.4.1.

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Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we study the health insurance and labor market implications of the recent Affordable Care Act (ACA) provision that allows dependents to remain on parental policies until age 26. Our comparison of outcomes for young adults aged 19–25 with those who are older and younger, before and after the law, shows a high take-up of parental coverage, resulting in substantial reductions in uninsurance and other forms of coverage. We also find preliminary evidence of increased labor market flexibility in the form of reduced work hours. (JEL H51, I11, I18, J13, J22)

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Müller, Nora, Klaus Pforr, and Oshrat Hochman. "The non-linear relationship between parental wealth and children’s post- secondary transitions in Germany." Soziale Welt 71, no. 3 (2020): 268–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-3-268.

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Our paper addresses the relationship between parental wealth and children’s post-secondary transitions. More specifically, we contrast the likelihood of children with an upper secondary degree to make a transition into further education or the labor market with their likelihood to stay inactive, i.e., to engage neither in further education nor in labor market activity (NEET) after leaving school for the first time. While previous research argues that there is a general positive association between parental wealth and children’s educational and occupational transitions, we argue that for children of wealthy parents, this association might be weaker or even negative. Our study focuses on Germany, where wealth has a weak correlation with the traditional measures of parental socio-economic background. For our empirical analyses, we apply data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and use binary logistic regression models for discrete-time event history analyses. Although not statistically significant, our results show that the relationship between parental wealth and children’s post-secondary transitions is not linear. Our study contributes to previous research by providing a detailed examination of the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between parental wealth and children’s post-secondary transitions.

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Dobrotić, Ivana, and Sonja Blum. "Inclusiveness of Parental-Leave Benefits in Twenty-One European Countries: Measuring Social and Gender Inequalities in Leave Eligibility." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 27, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 588–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxz023.

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Abstract This article analyzes eligibility for parental-leave benefits in twenty-one European countries. It distinguishes four ideal-type approaches to how leave-related benefits are granted (in-)dependent of parents’ labor market position: universal parenthood model, selective parenthood model, universal adult-worker model, and selective adult-worker model. An eligibility index is created to measure the inclusiveness of parental-leave benefits, alongside the degree of (de-)gendered entitlements. The importance of employment-based benefits and gender-sensitive policies increased between 2006 and 2017. Eligibility criteria remained stable, but due to labor market trends, such as increasing precariousness, fewer parents may fulfill the conditions for employment-based benefits.

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Ginja, Rita, Jenny Jans, and Arizo Karimi. "Parental Leave Benefits, Household Labor Supply, and Children’s Long-Run Outcomes." Journal of Labor Economics 38, no. 1 (January 2020): 261–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704615.

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Shuffelton, Amy. "Parental Involvement and Public Schools: Disappearing Mothers in Labor and Politics." Studies in Philosophy and Education 36, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-016-9537-0.

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Kalenkoski, Charlene Marie, and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. "Parental transfers, student achievement, and the labor supply of college students." Journal of Population Economics 23, no. 2 (October 17, 2008): 469–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-008-0221-8.

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Alam, Shamma Adeeb. "Parental health shocks, child labor and educational outcomes: Evidence from Tanzania." Journal of Health Economics 44 (December 2015): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.09.004.

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Byker, Tanya S. "Paid Parental Leave Laws in the United States: Does Short-Duration Leave Affect Women's Labor-Force Attachment?" American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161118.

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I analyze the effects of short-duration paid parental leave on maternal labor supply. Using monthly longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, my event-study research design estimates impacts of paid leave laws in California and New Jersey on women's labor-force outcomes around childbirth. I find that paid leave laws are associated with a substantial increase in labor-force attachment in the months directly around birth. While US-style short-duration leave is unlikely to change prolonged exits from the labor force, my findings imply that paid leave laws induce some women stay more attached to jobs, particularly low-skill women.

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DeGraff, Deborah S., Andrea R. Ferro, and Deborah Levison. "Kids at risk: children's employment in hazardous occupations in Brazil." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 44, no. 4 (December 2014): 685–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612014000400002.

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While the literature on child labor in Brazil is large, it is not comprehensive: in particular, there are few studies on children's work in risky occupations, and those that exist tend to be qualitative and based on limited samples. In this paper, we aim to paint a broader picture of children's engagement in risky labor force work, based on quantitative evidence from PNAD data. We document associations between parental characteristics and children's work, using both descriptive statistics and multivariate modeling to understand the determinants of child participation in risky labor force work. Brazilian children engaged in risky occupations are less likely than other employed children to be enrolled in school, and more likely to work long hours and experience a variety of working conditions that may be unsafe. Parental education, indicators of household wealth and owning a family farm are particularly strongly associated with the incidence of risky work among children, and girls are over-represented in risky jobs due to their work in domestic service.

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Hirayama, Ryo, and Tomoko Wakui. "NONTRADITIONAL VIEWS? HOW SIBLINGS MATTER FOR PERCEIVED PARENTAL CARE RESPONSIBILITY IN JAPAN." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S489—S490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1817.

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Abstract Our aim in this study was to explore whether and how siblings’ marital and work status influence Japanese adult children’s perceived responsibility for parental care. Within traditional familial institutions in Japan, married sons were expected to assume parental care responsibility. At the same time, such care arrangements built on gendered division of labor; sons served as family breadwinners, and their wives cared for their parents-in-law while out of the paid labor force. Yet, because of sociodemographic shifts such as a greater percentage of unmarried persons and a growing number of women who seek to maintain their job, it has been increasingly unclear which adult children can and should assume the role of parental caregiver. Using online survey data from 989 Japanese adult children who were all employees with no parental care experiences ever, we sought to clarify the influences of siblings’ circumstances on whether these children anticipated assuming responsibility for conducting different care tasks for their parents. In doing so, we focused on how siblings’ gender and work and marital status might combine to affect adult children’s anticipation of parental care responsibility. A series of logistic regression analyses revealed that having a married brother made it less likely for adult daughters to anticipate assuming responsibility for conducting typical care tasks (e.g., ADL assistance) whereas for adult sons, having a single sister declined such anticipation. We discuss our findings in terms of how traditional familial institutions still impinge on Japanese adult children’s views of parental care responsibility.

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Henkhaus, Laura E. "The Child Left Behind: Parental Incarceration and Adult Human Capital in the United States." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 1, 2019): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191092.

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Exposure to parental incarceration is particularly prevalent in the United States, where about 7 percent of children have lived with a parent who was incarcerated. In this paper, I use nationally representative US data and apply partial identification methods to bound the likely effects of parental incarceration on education and labor market outcomes. Findings suggest that parental incarceration leads to substantially higher rates of high school dropout. Results provide some support for negative effects on likelihood of college degree attainment and employment in young adulthood. This work has important implications for criminal justice policy and social policies toward children.

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias. "Sons, Daughters, and the Parental Division of Paid Work and Housework." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 100–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15593577.

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Children play an important role in shaping the division of labor within couples. This study examines whether the impact of parenthood on the household division of paid work and housework is moderated by child gender, and thereby extends previous work on the effect of child gender on family life. The empirical analysis used fixed effects models and data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1985-2011, N = 7,572). It showed that both fathers and mothers of boys spend more hours on paid work than parents of girls. This child-gender effect is, however, much stronger for women than for men. There is also suggestive evidence that mothers and fathers of a same-sex child spend more time on housework than mothers and fathers of an opposite-sex child. Overall, the analysis indicates that having a daughter is associated with a more traditional division of labor than having a son.

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Bagirova, A. P., and D. G. Bykova. "The managerial approach to the parental labor: Methods and techniques for governance." National Interests: Priorities and Security 15, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 1262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.15.7.1262.

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Ren, Qiang, and Donald J. Treiman. "The consequences of parental labor migration in China for children's emotional wellbeing." Social Science Research 58 (July 2016): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.03.003.

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Ryan, Rebecca M., Ariel Kalil, Caitlin Hines, and Kathleen Ziol‐Guest. "Trends in Parental Values in a Period of U.S. Labor Market Change." Journal of Marriage and Family 82, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 1495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12685.

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Rogers, William. "Parental Investment and Division of Labor in the Midas Cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum)." Ethology 79, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1988.tb00706.x.

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Fahle, S., and K. McGarry. "CAREGIVING AND WORK: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABOR MARKET ATTACHMENT AND PARENTAL CAREGIVING." Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (November 1, 2018): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.2150.

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Burke, Ronald J. "Career and Life Values and Expectations of University Business Students." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.147.

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To examine values and career and life expectations among a sample of 216 Canadian business students, 83 female and 133 male undergraduate and graduate students provided data on anonymously completed questionnaires. The men and women valued very similar work characteristics and attached generally similar importance and involvement to work, marital, parental, and home-care roles; however, comparisons of hopes and beliefs about work, family, and parental responsibilities indicated a traditional division of labor.

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Braziene, Ruta. "From Education to the Labor Market in Lithuania: The Role of Youth and Parental Education." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220908254.

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This article examines how the education of youth and parents influences the transition of youth from schooling to the labor market. I use a representative survey of youth aged 16 to 29 ( N = 1,590) in Lithuania in 2013 to create an analysis that yields estimates of the influence of family education on factors such as youth employment, obstacles to finding a first job, and difficulties in the first job. My hypothesis that youth from families with less education have greater difficulties in the labor market transition was confirmed. My hypothesis that the higher the parents’ education, the easier it is for young people to adapt in the first workplace was also confirmed. Results also reveal that lower parental education means that their children lacked general workplace competencies, had less-decent working conditions, and faced other difficulties in the labor market.

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El Awady, Mehrinaz. "Parental Policies: A Catalyst for Gender Equality in the Arab Region." Al-Raida Journal 42, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32380/alrj.v42i2.1740.

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The struggle for gender equality has many facets, but one crucial aspect that is often overlooked is the role of parental policies. This refers to laws stipulating that women and men should be given time off work during and after the birth of a child. Parental policies are widely viewed as important labor rights and are enshrined under various international treaties, but the broader societal value of these policies in transforming gender dynamics and promoting equality is sometimes underappreciated.

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