Academic literature on the topic 'Parenté – Venezuela'

Epidemic outbreaks of dengue fever (DF) were first recorded in Venezuela in 1978 and were followed by the emergence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) outbreaks in 1989. To gain a better understanding of the nature of these epidemics, the complete envelope (E) gene sequence of 34 Venezuelan dengue type 2 (DEN-2) viruses, isolated between 1997 and 2000 was determined. Of these isolates, 16 were from patients with DF and 17 were from patients diagnosed with DHF. There were no diagnostic sequence differences between them, suggesting that the E gene alone does not determine disease severity. These sequence data were also used in phylogenetic comparisons with a global sample of DEN-2 viruses, including strains collected previously from Venezuela. This analysis revealed that the ancestors of the Venezuelan viruses were Asian in origin, implying that a DEN-2 virus strain from this region was introduced into Venezuela and the wider Caribbean region during the late 1970s or the early 1980s. The phylogenetic trees further indicate that evolution of DEN-2 virus in Venezuela has occurred in situ, with differentiation into a number of distinct but co-circulating lineages, rather than the repeated introduction of new strains from other localities. By incorporating additional sequence data from the virus capsid, premembrane and membrane genes, evidence is provided that a single Venezuelan strain sequenced previously, designated Mara4, is a recombinant virus, incorporating genome sequence from Venezuelan and Asian parental viruses.

The article analyzes the relationship between the corporate culture of a multinational company headquartered in the United States, which enjoys great prestige worldwide, and the business environment and practices in Venezuela, where it has an operation. The prevailing culture in the corporation is North American and the top managers come from their country of origin. In Venezuela, on the other hand, most of the companies are family-owned, and personal contacts and influences prevail. The research is oriented to the elaboration of a qualitative diagnosis, through rigorous observation and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that there is resistance on the part of Venezuelan managers to follow the culture of a strict company governed by rules set in a very different economic and political context. The ambiguity between acceptance and low identification with the values of the parent company leads to think of corporate culture as fragmented.

Latino children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder later in life, usually with more severe symptoms, and lower IQs, compared with non-Latino children. Possible reasons for such disparities could be due to lower levels of parent education, lower socioeconomic status, limited knowledge of parents about autism spectrum disorder, and diminished health-care knowledge. The goal of the study was to describe the age of parental concerns and at first autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, and factors associated with age at the first diagnosis in a sample of Venezuelan children. Diagnostic and demographic data were collected from 103 children between 2 and 7 years of age. Although the mean age of first concerns was 17 months, the age of diagnosis varied from 53.03 months for the Pervasive Developmental Disorders–Not Otherwise specified group to 54.38 months for the autism group. Although parents were aware of developmental difficulties before the second year of life, their children were diagnosed 36 months later. In Latin cultures, behavior problems are usually attributed to poor parenting skills, so parents might take longer to seek professional help. A better understanding of cultural influences on age of diagnosis will translate to quicker use of services independent of ethnicity.

Blue and Not So Pink (2012), created by Miguel Ferrari as director and screenwriter, received innumerable positive and negative critiques. In spite of the negative evaluations, the film managed to become a great box office success in Venezuela and in 2013 obtained the Goya Award for the best Spanish American film. This study will analyze the film’s most significant themes; that is, that the consideration of human diversity as an element should be accepted in our societies, the possibility of giving voice to persons who suffer discrimination and the issue of self-acceptance. The notion that the film proposes that there should be other types of families in our societies will be considered: families with gay parents, those with only one parent, and therefore, families that are formed with no blood relationship whatsoever. The trajectory of the main characters within parameters that are juxtaposed and, at the same time, complement each other will be observed—the private and public world, the social sphere and the familial one. Consequently, the transformation that occurs in the family unit to include more unbiased parental rights for homosexuals and transexuals in the formation of a new kind of family core will likewise be examined. By way of conclusion, it will be observed how the musical diversity of the film is developed intradiegetically to support gender diversity, as well as an examination of the concept of gender within heterocentric society and the way in which relationships of homosexual couples and transgender couples challenge patriarchal society and the dichotomous, binary system it adopted.

The 1998 El Niño significantly reduced garden productivity in the Upper Orinoco region in Venezuela. Consequently, parents were forced to allocate food carefully to their children. Nutrition data collected from village children combined with genealogical data allowed the determination of which children suffered most, and whether the patterns of food distribution accorded with predictions from parental investment theory. For boys, three social variables accounted for over 70% of the variance in subcutaneous fat after controlling for age: number of siblings, age of the mother’s youngest child, and whether the mother was the senior or junior co-wife, or was married monogamously. These results accord well with parental investment theory. Parents experiencing food stress faced a trade-off between quantity and quality, and between investing in younger versus older offspring. In addition, boys with access to more paternal investment (i.e. no stepmother) were better nourished. These variables did not account for any of the variance in female nutrition. Girls’ nutrition was associated with the size of their patrilineage and the number of non-relatives in the village, suggesting that lineage politics may have played a role. An apparent lack of relationship between orphan status and nutrition is also interesting, given that orphans suffered high rates of skin flea infections. The large number of orphans being cared for by only two grandparents suggests that grooming time may have been the resource in short supply.

ABSTRACT Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus antigenic subtypes and varieties are considered either epidemic/epizootic or enzootic. In addition to epidemiological differences between the epidemic and enzootic viruses, several in vitro and in vivo laboratory markers distinguishing the viruses have been identified, including differential plaque size, sensitivity to interferon (IFN), and virulence for guinea pigs. These observations have been shown to be useful predictors of natural, equine virulence and epizootic potential. Chimeric viruses containing variety IAB (epizootic) nonstructural genes with variety IE (enzootic) structural genes (VE/IAB-IE) or IE nonstructural genes and IAB structural genes (IE/IAB) were constructed to systematically analyze and map viral phenotype and virulence determinants. Plaque size analysis showed that both chimeric viruses produced a mean plaque diameter that was intermediate between those of the parental strains. Additionally, both chimeric viruses showed intermediate levels of virus replication and virulence for guinea pigs compared to the parental strains. However, IE/IAB produced a slightly higher viremia and an average survival time 2 days shorter than the VE/IAB-IE virus. Finally, IFN sensitivity assays revealed that only one chimera, VE/IAB-IE, was intermediate between the two parental types. The second chimera, containing the IE nonstructural genes, was at least five times more sensitive to IFN than the IE parental virus and greater than 50 times more sensitive than the IAB parent. These results implicate viral components in both the structural and nonstructural portions of the genome in contributing to the epizootic phenotype and indicate the potential for epidemic emergence from the IE enzootic VEE viruses.

Abstract. The short(s)-EMBU (Swedish acronym for Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran [My memories of upbringing]) consists of 23 items, is based on the early 81-item EMBU, and was developed out of the necessity of having a brief measure of perceived parental rearing practices when the clinical and/or research context does not adequately permit application of time-consuming test batteries. The s-EMBU comprises three subscales: Rejection, Emotional Warmth, and (Over)Protection. The factorial and/or construct validity and reliability of the s-EMBU were examined in samples comprising a total of 1950 students from Australia, Spain, and Venezuela. The data were presented for the three national groups separately. Findings confirmed the cross-national validity of the factorial structure underlying the s-EMBU. Rejection by fathers and mothers was consistently associated with high trait-neuroticism and low self-esteem in recipients of both sexes in each nation, as was high parental emotional warmth with high femininity (humility). The findings on factorial validity are in keeping with previous ones obtained in East Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, and Sweden. The s-EMBU is again recommended for use in several different countries as a reliable, functional equivalent to the original 81-item EMBU.

Embryonic development rates are reflected by the length of incubation period in birds, and these vary substantially among species within and among geographical regions. The incubation periods are consistently shorter in North America (Arizona study site) than in tropical (Venezuela) and subtropical (Argentina) South America based on the study of 83 passerine species in 17 clades. Parents, mothers in particular, may influence incubation periods and resulting offspring quality through proximate pathways, while variation in maternal strategies among species can result from selection by adult and offspring mortality. Parents of long-lived species, as is common in the tropics and subtropics, may be under selection to minimize costs to themselves during incubation. Indeed, time spent incubating is often lower in the tropical and subtropical species than the related north temperate species, causing cooler average egg temperatures in the southern regions. Decreased egg temperatures result in longer incubation periods and reflect a cost imposed on offspring by parents because energy cost to the embryo and risk of offspring predation are both increased. Mothers may adjust egg size and constituents as a means to partially offset such costs. For example, reduced androgen concentrations in egg yolks may slow development rates, but may enhance offspring quality through physiological trade-offs that may be particularly beneficial in longer-lived species, as in the tropics and subtropics. We provide initial data to show that yolks of tropical birds contain substantially lower concentrations of growth-promoting androgens than north temperate relatives. Thus, maternal (and parental) effects on embryonic development rates may include contrasting and complementary proximate influences on offspring quality and deserve further field study among species.

The majority (60 %) of the soils in the Venezuelan Andes are Inceptisols, a large percentage of which are classified as Dystrustepts by the US Soil Taxonomy, Second Edition of 1999. Some of these soils were classified as Humitropepts (high organic - C-OC-soils) and Dystropepts by the Soil Taxonomy prior to 1999, but no equivalent large group was created for high-OC soils in the new Ustepts suborder. Dystrusepts developed on different materials, relief and vegetation. Their properties are closely related with the parent material. Soils developed on transported deposits or sediments have darker and thicker A horizons, a slightly acid reaction, greater CEC and OC contents than upland slope soils. Based on the previous classification into large groups (Humitropepts and Dystropepts) we found that: Humitropepts have a slightly less acid and higher values of CEC than Dystropepts. These properties or characteristics seem to be related to the fact that Humitropepts have a higher clay and OC content than the Dystropepts. Canonical discrimination analysis showed that the variables that discriminate the two great soil groups from each other are OC and silt. Data for Humitropepts are grouped around the OC vector (defining axis 3, principal component analysis), while Dystropepts are associated with the clay and sand vectors, with significant correlation. Given the importance of OC for soil properties, we propose the creation of a new large group named Humustepts for the order Inceptisol, suborder Ustepts.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To analyze the scientific evidence on the disclosure of the diagnostic of adolescents infected by HIV/AIDS in the South American context. DATABASE Systematic literature review using the PubMed, Cinahal, Embase, Cochrane, BVS, and Global Health databases and the descriptors: adolescent and HIV and family and Argentina or Bolivia or Brasil or Chile or Colombia or Ecuador or French Guiana or Paraguay or Peru or Uruguay or Venezuela. DATA SYNTHESIS Brasil was the country highlighted. It was verified that parents have a direct and indirect influence over the adolescents’ life, especially regarding behaviors and health care. Dialog among family members can reduce adolescents’ vulnerability to HIV and encourage diagnostic disclosure. CONCLUSION It is necessary to amplify research involving adolescents with HIV/AIDS and their parents/caregivers and family members to improve care and reduce the cases of the disease. It is suggested that policies of prevention and treatment should involve families, caregivers, partners, and the community.

Cette thèse rassemble les résultats des recherches que nous avons effectuées chez les Ye'kwana du Caura au Venezuela. Notre objectif a été d'approcher la notion de société à travers l'analyse des processus qui ont peu à peu modelé son profil actuel, mais aussi d'aborder les mécanismes identitaires d'incorporation et d'assimilation d'autres groupes, qui se sont produits après la conquête. Partant d'une perspective régionale, nous décrivons les aspects caractéristiques de la culture ye'kwana : la mémoire généalogique ; la passion pour l'histoire ; les très hauts niveaux d'endogamie à l'intérieur des villages. Nous montrons comment, dans la conjoncture actuelle la société tend à se souder en établissant des mécanismes d'altérité maximale face à la société vénézuelienne. Nous concluons en analysant les perspectives de développement futur de la société ye'kwana dans les cadre des relations avec l'Etat-Nation
This dissertation gathers the results of research we have done among the Ye'kwana in the Caura river basin, Venezuela. Our aim was to approach the society concept through the processs that has gradually model its actual profile and also to study the identity machanisms of incorporation and assimilation of other indigenous groups after the conquest. From a regional perspective we have described the main features of ye'kwana culture : genealogic memory ; passion for history and very highlevel of community endogamy. We show how in our days society becomes more uniform establishing mechanisms of maximal alterity in front of the Venezuelan society. Conclusions analyse the ye'kwana perspectives for the future development within the Nation-State

Un couple est d'abord sexuel puis conjugal et parfois il devient aussi parental. La relation sexuelle contribue à la construction identitaire de chaque partenaire, mais aussi à la construction de leur conjugalité. Certains couples par la suite font le choix d'avoir des enfants et de devenir parents; d'autres s'y refusent. La procréation est devenue, elle aussi, élective. Grâce à la sexualité contrôlée par la contraception, les partenaires peuvent décider du meilleur moment pour avoir un enfant. La parentalité est un choix de vie alors qu'il y a encore quelques décennies, elle était la finalité inéluctable d'un couple. Comme pour les modèles de conjugalité, nous nous trouvons confrontés de nos jours à un pluralisme de formes de parentalité qui est étroitement lié à l'émergence de nouveaux modèles familiaux. La sexualité conjugale n'aura pas le même sens ni la même signification selon le modèle de conjugalité dans lequel les individus s'inscrivent mais aussi selon le genre et le contexte socio culturel dans lequel ils vivent. Ces couples qui décident de devenir parents vont connaître des changements dans leur relation sexuelle et conjugale, mais peu d'études traitent de ce sujet tant il semble banal : il s'agit d'un phénomène que connaissent à un moment donné de leur vie la grande majorité des couples hétérosexuels et que nous ne sommes guère enclins à interroger tant il va de soi qu'un couple conjugal a pour objectif de devenir un couple parental. L'interrogation qui initie ce travail peut dès lors s'énoncer en ces termes : comment la sexualité conjugale des couples (de classe moyenne) français et vénézuéliens est-elle « affectée » par la venue d’un enfant ?
Some couples choose to get children and therefore become parents; others refuse to do it. Thanks to contraception which controls the sexuality, both partners can decide when the right time has come to get a baby. Parentality is nowadays a choice of way of life, whereas this was the inevitable finality of a couple some decades ago. These couples who decides to become parents are going to face some changes in their sexual and conjugal life, but few studies are dedicated to this topic since it seems going without saying: this is a phenomenon that most of the heterosexual couples know at any stage of their life but which we are not inclined to investigate since it is just normal that a heterosexual couple aims to become a parental couple. And yet, the individualization of the paths reinforces the role of the sexuality, and the access to parentality can make the couple more vulnerable. Getting a child can sometimes generate some changes in the behavior but also in the representations of the partners as regards their sexuality, their conjugal life, but also their own individuality. This is the reason why we tried to find out in this dissertation how becoming parents can affect conjugal sexuality and conjugal life, keeping in mind that this work at the crossroads of family sociology and sexuality sociology is questioning a point that goes without saying for many people. So, in order to stand back and move a bit away from this point of view, we led the investigation in two different socio-cultural contexts: France and Venezuela

La vie en couple en France et au Venezuela est confrontée à l’épreuve du temps ; temps qui peut tout aussi bien aller dans le sens d’une stabilisation du couple, que d’être la cause de sa rupture. La durée du temps passé ensemble est un élément déterminant pour se projeter dans l’avenir et contribuer à renforcer ainsi le capital conjugal déjà constitué. De plus en plus, ces alliances pérennes sont appréhendées comme des formes de régulations sociales socio-construites. Les différences culturelles présentées dans le cadre de cette thèse entre les familles françaises et vénézuéliennes sont ici analysées à l’aune de l’évolution socio-historique de la famille dans ces deux pays, ce qui permet de souligner leurs convergences et leurs divergences, notamment en ce qui concerne les rapports de genre se modèlent dans la relation sexuée des rôles : des féminités et masculinités. L’analyse des représentations des hommes et des femmes français et vénézuéliens appartenant aux couches moyennes, vivant au sein d’un couple stable et ayant une certaine ancienneté, a permis d’élaborer une typologie visant à rendre compte, dans leur diversité, des modalités de gestion de ces unions en France et au Venezuela. Il apparaît que la dimension de la négociation y est centrale, ce qui leur permet de privilégier le « Nous » aux dépens du « je » lors d’éventuelles perturbations conjugales. Cependant, la pérennité des couples vénézuéliens est plus liée à la préservation du lien amoureux/filial - car il n'existe pas de dissociation entre le conjugal et le parental dans cette société-alors que celle des couples français repose plus sur la préservation du lien amoureux/conjugal, en ce sens que c’est principalement la satisfaction de chacun des partenaires qui contribue à la pérennisation du couple. Trois types de couples ont ainsi pu être dégagés. Les « couples phallocentriques postmodernes », qui critiquent les relations de domination, mais envisagent encore le rôle masculin comme un régulateur et un intégrateur social. Les « couples anti-civiques postmodernes » qui refusent tout type de coutumes sociales comme sauvegarde de leur propre liberté d’action, chaque partenaire ayant sa propre autonomie, ce qui rend le couple plus vulnérable. Et enfin les « couples anti-risques familiaux », qui réaffirment de manière pragmatique leur engagement initial, ce qui leur permet de se préserver d’éventuelles turbulences conjugales et, plus globalement, des vulnérabilités sociales
The life of a couple in France and Venezuela is confronted at the same time with a situation which, while it gives stability, is also the cause for separation; a link between coexistence and rupture. The longevity of life together allows us to understand the present as an attestation of time, that itself allows us to project the future and create conjugal capital. More and more we see these alliances compared to social regulations that are rules built by society. The cultural differences derive from the historical-comparative approximation of French and Venezuelan families, allowing us to arbitrate the differences and the convergences; as well as to establish that in the matter of social interactions, gender relationships are put into practice with regard to sexual roles: femininities and virilities. The embodiment of stable unions of French and Venezuelan middle class men and women in relation to their specific conjugal and parental roles drove the development of typologies to describe the ways to manage the union. In these typologyy the dimension of negotiation appears as the way that permits the favoring of the “us” and the “them” over the individual dimension of the “me”. The continuity of the couple’s life in Venezuela is more linked to the preservation of the loving-family link; there’s no dissociation with conjugal-parenting. The opposite happens with the French couple, which is attached to the preservation of the love-conjugal link that is built around the conjugal. First we find a kind of traditional phallocentric post-modern couple that even if it criticizes established relationships of domination, it still accepts the role of the male as the regulator and integrator of society. Secondly, we also found a type of anti-establishment post-modern couple that rejects existing social customs, the ones that allow for the protection of liberty of action; therefore, they are vulnerable to the changes of the post-modernity and conditioned by the autonomy of each spouse. The third kind is made up of those couples who avoid the risk of family, and maintain a pragmatic commitment that protects them from the social vulnerabilities present in their surroundings

This chapter aims to analyze conflict resolution between Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) operating in Latin America and their host countries. The chapter focuses on the importance of establishing a policy for addressing local governments through permanent channels, as a strategy to solve disagreements with the authorities. The analysis includes different scenarios drawn from the experience of foreign firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Thus, international managers may get a deeper view about the consequences of relying on formal diplomatic channels when conflict arises. Decision makers at MNEs need to evaluate separately each country outlook in order to assess the level of confidence that may be placed on diplomatic representation from the parent country and, consequently, the convenience of developing additional ties with local authorities through international business diplomacy.