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Journal articles on the topic 'Parenteral solutions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Creber, Elizabeth, Frank Shann, Peter McDougall, and Richard Gill. "Parenteral nutrition solutions." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 8 (1985): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb123072.x.

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2

Montanari, Andrew, and Peter Murney. "Parenteral drug solutions." Australian Prescriber 31, no. 6 (2008): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2008.082.

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3

Urquhart, J. S. "Parenteral nutrition solutions." Medical Journal of Australia 144, no. 1 (1986): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113642.x.

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4

Ferrie, Suzie, Sharon Carey, Rachelle Ryan, et al. "Parenteral Nutrition With Standard Solutions." Journal of Infusion Nursing 37, no. 6 (2014): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nan.0000000000000077.

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5

Zahavi, I., E. A. Shaffer, and D. G. Gall. "Total Parenteral Nutrition." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 4, no. 4 (1985): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1985.tb08919.x.

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SummaryTo assess the basis of cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN), we studied the short term effect of the component solutions on bile flow and bile salt secretion in infant and adult rabbits. Groups of four to six adult and infant rabbits received intravenously 154 mM NaCl (control), 2.5% amino acid, 10% glucose, or 10% fat emulsion alone or in combination. Bile was collected directly from the common bile duct for 3 h. Solutions containing both amino acids and glucose significantly (p < 0.05) reduced bile flow and bile salt secretion in both age groups. Glucose alone also decreased bile flow and bile salt secretion, whereas amino acids as the sole infusate significantly (p < 0.05) decreased bile flow only. The suppressive effect of the amino acid glucose solutions on bile flow was more pronounced in infants than in adults. Fat emulsion alone had no effect on bile formation. Our findings demonstrate that short term intravenous administration of nutrient solutions containing amino acids and glucose reduces bile flow and bile salt secretion, suggesting that these components are responsible for TPN associated cholestasis.

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6

Advenier, Emmanuelle, Caroline Landry, Virginie Colomb, et al. "Aluminum Contamination of Parenteral Nutrition and Aluminum Loading in Children on Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 36, no. 4 (2003): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2003.tb08051.x.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundChildren who are receiving parenteral nutrition are at risk of aluminum overload, which may contribute to such side effects as osteopenic bone disease. The aim of the present study is to determine the aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions and their components, and to assess the aluminum status of children on long‐term parenteral nutrition.MethodsAluminum concentrations were determined by graphite furnace absorption spectroscopy in components and in final parenteral nutrition solutions. The urinary aluminum excretion and plasma aluminum concentration were determined in 10 children on long‐term parenteral nutrition.ResultsThe mean aluminum concentration in the administered parenteral nutrition solutions was 1.6 ± 0.9 μmol × l−1(mean ± standard deviation (SD)). The resulting mean aluminum daily intake of the 10 patients was 0.08 ± 0.03 μmol × kg−1 × day−1.ConclusionsCompared to two previous studies performed in 1990 and in 1995 in our hospital, the aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions and the daily aluminum intake of the children seemed to decrease. However, the plasma aluminum concentration and daily urinary aluminum excretion of the children still remain above normal standards. The children had no clinical symptoms of bone disease but aluminum accumulation in tissue can not be excluded. To prevent this iatrogenic toxicity, the aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition should be assessed regularly.

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Popescu, Simona, Laura Diaconu, Bogdan Timar, and Romulus Timar. "Updates in Parenteral Nutrition." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 21, no. 3 (2014): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2014-0026.

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AbstractParenteral nutrition (PN) represents an alternative or additional approach when other nutrition routes are not succeeding or when using other routes is not possible or would be unsafe. The main goal of PN is to deliver a nutrient mixture closely related to requirements in a safe manner and without complications. The concentration of parenteral solutions (PS) determines their osmolarity, according to which, the solutions will be infused by peripheral or central venous access. The solutions used in central PN contain more glucose, which, together with amino acids and electrolytes, determines a hyperosmolar solution, which has to be administered in a large caliber vein. Central venous access may be maintained over long periods of time. In peripheral PN there are used solutions with a lower concentration of dextrose in order to obtain (solutions with the) an osmolarity lower than 900 mOsm/L, which can be administered in a peripheral vein. Peripheral PN is used over short periods of time because of the limited tolerance for a long term of peripheral veins. PN is an efficient method to ensure the nutritional support which can be associated with numerous complications, some of them severe, with lethal potential. Patients with PN need a daily physical examination and laboratory tests.

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Signoretti, E. Ciranni, A. Dell'utri, L. Paoletti, D. Batisti, and L. Montanari. "Parenteral Solutions: Nature of Particulate Matter." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 14, no. 1 (1988): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048809151956.

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9

Klein, G. L. "Aluminum in parenteral solutions revisited—again." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 3 (1995): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.3.449.

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10

Laborie, Sophie, Angélique Denis, Gilles Dassieu, et al. "Shielding Parenteral Nutrition Solutions From Light." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 39, no. 6 (2014): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607114537523.

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11

Nieuwoudt, Cornelia D. "Appendix 2: Parenteral Electrolyte Replacement Solutions." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 15, no. 3 (1999): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30170-5.

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12

Frederick, Gigi S. "Appendix 2 Parenteral Electrolyte Replacement Solutions." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 1, no. 3 (1985): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31313-x.

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13

Weidmann, B., Christiane Lepique, Andrea Heider, Albert Schmitz, and Norbert Niederle. "Hypersensitivity reactions to parenteral lipid solutions." Supportive Care in Cancer 5, no. 6 (1997): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005200050120.

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14

Demircan, Mehmet, Orkan Ergün, Canan Çoker, Funda Yilmaz, Sibel Avanoglu, and Geylani Özok. "Aluminum in Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Produces Portal Inflammation in Rats." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 26, no. 3 (1998): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1998.tb00772.x.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Aluminum contaminates parenteral nutrition solutions and accumulates in bone and liver of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition therapy. Although previous reports have shown that parenteral administration of aluminum in pharmacologic doses to rats results in the production of elevated total serum bile acid concentrations alone or in combination with decreased bile flow, they have failed to demonstrate any abnormalities in the histologic appearance of liver tissue. The effects of aluminum in total parenteral nutrition and of aluminum chloride on total serum bile acid concentrations, aluminum contents of the liver, and histopathologic changes in the liver were studied in rats.Methods:The aluminum concentrations in the aluminum chloride solution and total parenteral nutrition formula were equal (300 μg/l). They were given intraperitoneally as follows: control group, 0.9% saline for 14 days; T7 group, total parenteral nutrition for 7 days; A7 group, aluminum chloride for 7 days; A14 group, aluminum chloride for 14 days; T7A7 group, total parenteral nutrition for 7 days and aluminum chloride for the next 7 days; and T7O7 group, total parenteral nutrition for 7 days and 0.9% saline for the next 7 days. Volumes of 0.9% saline, aluminum chloride, and total parenteral nutrition given to rats were equal. During the experiment, rats were maintained on rat chow and water ad libitum. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bile acid concentrations and aluminum content of the liver were measured. The liver was evaluated histopathologically by light microscope, and a morphologic portal inflammation index was calculated.Results:Portal inflammation was present in all groups except the control group. The morphologic portal inflammation correlated with hepatic aluminum accumulation in all groups and was the highest in the T7A7 group. Levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase did not correlate with the histopathologic findings, but serum bile acid concentrations correlated with morphologic portal inflammation and hepatic aluminum accumulation in all groups. Hepatic aluminum accumulation also correlated with the duration of exposure to total parenteral nutrition and aluminum chloride concentration.Conclusion:Aluminum in contaminating doses, not in pharmacologic doses, accumulates in the liver and can produce hepatobiliary dysfunction characterized by portal inflammation detectable in histologic examination of liver tissue.

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15

Nahata, Milap C., Josephine R. Zingarelli, and Diane E. Durrell. "Stability of Caffeine Injection in Intravenous Admixtures and Parenteral Nutrition Solutions." DICP 23, no. 6 (1989): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808902300606.

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Our objective was to determine the stability of caffeine base in intravenous admixtures and parenteral nutrition solutions at room temperature for 24 hours. Caffeine 10 mg/mL was used in this study. The admixtures included D5W; D5W with NaCl 0.2% injection; D5W with NaCl 0.2% and 20 mEq/L of potassium chloride injection; D10W injection; and D10W with NaCl 0.2% and 5 mEq/L of KCl injection. The parenteral nutrition solutions included 1.1% amino acids with electrolytes; 2.2% amino acids with electrolytes; and 4.25% amino acids with electrolytes. These parenteral nutrition solutions were prepared in D10W. Ten milliliters of caffeine were added to glass test tubes containing 10 mL of various solutions to yield a final concentration of 5 mg/mL. One milliliter aliquots were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours and caffeine was measured by a stability-indicating HPLC method. The largest change in the concentrations of caffeine was 4.1 percent during the study period. Thus, caffeine injection is stable in various admixtures and parenteral nutrition solutions at room temperature for 24 hours.

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16

Salamah, Ardhanarishwari Umi, Fita Rahmawati, and Fivy Kurniawati. "Potential Incompatibility Problem of Intravenous Drugs’ Administration among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 9, no. 4 (2019): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.40930.

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Drugs’ administration among hospitalized patients in ICU commonly is given intravenously. Mixing the intravenous drugs may result in incompatibility problem that might affect the drugs’ stability and bioavailability. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential incompatibility problem of intravenous mixing drugs’ administration among ICU patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital. This study was a cross-sectional study in which design and data was obtained from ICU patients’ medical record retrospectively with purposive sampling in order to observe the pattern of intravenous drug’s combination. The potential incompatibility problem was analyzed using Handbook on Injectable Drugs. There were 79 out of 119 medical records which fulfilled sample inclusion criteria taken in this study. Parenteral dosage form was commonly used rather than non parenteral (62.06%) among ICUs’ patients. The potential incompatibility pattern consisted of incompatibility of intravenous drugs, electrolyte solutions/parenteral nutritions in mixture form, and the electrolyte solutions/parenteral nutritions, which are administrated simultaneously. Potential incompatibility of intravenous dosage was found in 50 events out of 79 patients (0.63 events per patients), which consisted of 8 events (8.51%) in using of drugs administrated simultaneously, 10 events (19.23%) in using of electrolyte solutions/parenteral nutritions in mixture form, and 32 events (11.72%) in using of electrolyte solutions/parenteral nutritions administrated simultaneously. Common potential incompatibilities types were precipitation of drugs and drug’s adsorption to packaging materials.

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17

Poole, Robert L., Kevin P. Pieroni, Shabnam Gaskari, Tessa K. Dixon, KT Park, and John A. Kerner. "Aluminum in Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Products: Measured Versus Labeled Content." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16, no. 2 (2011): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-16.2.92.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Aluminum is a contaminant in all parenteral nutrition solutions. Manufacturers currently label these products with the maximum aluminum content at the time of expiry, but there are no published data to establish the actual measured concentration of aluminum in parenteral nutrition solution products prior to being compounded in the clinical setting. This investigation assessed quantitative aluminum content of products commonly used in the formulation of parenteral nutrition solutions. The objective of this study is to determine the best products to be used when compounding parenteral nutrition solutions (i.e., those with the least amount of aluminum contamination). METHODS All products available in the United States from all manufacturers used in the production of parenteral nutrition solutions were identified and collected. Three lots were collected for each identified product. Samples were quantitatively analyzed by Mayo Laboratories. These measured concentrations were then compared to the manufacturers' labeled concentration. RESULTS Large lot-to-lot and manufacturer-to-manufacturer differences were noted for all products. Measured aluminum concentrations were less than manufacturer-labeled values for all products. CONCLUSIONS The actual aluminum concentrations of all the parenteral nutrition solutions were significantly less than the aluminum content based on manufacturers' labels. These findings indicate that 1) the manufacturers should label their products with actual aluminum content at the time of product release rather than at the time of expiry, 2) that there are manufacturers whose products provide significantly less aluminum contamination than others, and 3) pharmacists can select products with the lowest amounts of aluminum contamination and reduce the aluminum exposure in their patients.

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18

Brawley, Vince, Jatinder Bhatia, and Warren B. Karp. "Hydrogen Peroxide Generation in a Model Paediatric Parenteral Amino Acid Solution." Clinical Science 85, no. 6 (1993): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0850709.

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1. Parenteral amino acid solutions undergo photo-oxidation, which may be an important factor in total parenteral nutrition-associated hepatic dysfunction. Light-exposed parenteral solutions containing amino acids, in addition to vitamins and trace minerals, generate free radicals, which, in turn, may contribute to this type of injury. This study examined the characteristics of H2O2 production in a parenteral amino acid solution modelled on a commercially available paediatric parenteral amino acid solution. 2. The solution was exposed to light in the presence of riboflavin-5′-monophosphate (riboflavin), and peroxide formation in the presence and absence of catalase (H2O2 formation) was assayed using potassium iodide/molybdate. 3. Peak H2O2 production occurred at a light intensity of 8 μW cm−2 nm−1 in the 425–475 nm waveband and was linear to 2 h of light exposure. H2O2 production reached 500 μmol/l at 24 h. 4. H2O2 was directly related to a riboflavin concentration of up to 20 μmol/l and was maximal at 30 μmol/l. 5. H2O2 production was greatest in the amino acid/riboflavin solution at a pH of between 5 and 6. 6. Under the conditions of light exposure intensity, light exposure time, riboflavin concentration and pH found during the administration of parenteral nutrition in neonatal intensive care units, net H2O2 production occurs in solutions modelled on a paediatric parenteral amino acid preparation.

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19

Kelleci Cakir, Burcu, Gulcan Paloglu, Cigdem Karababa, Kutay Demirkan, and Sule Yigit. "Stability problems of pediatric parenteral nutrition solutions." Clinical Science of Nutrition 1, no. 3 (2020): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/clinscinutr.2019.910.

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20

Hollingsworth, PharmD, Hanna, and Chris Herndon, PharmD, CPE. "The parenteral opioid shortage: Causes and solutions." Journal of Opioid Management 14, no. 2 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2018.0434.

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21

Gupta, V. Das. "COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOBRAMYCIN IN PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS." Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 13, no. 3 (1988): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1988.tb00180.x.

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22

Postaire, E., and P. Anglade. "Selenium stability in total parenteral nutrition solutions." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, no. 2 (1990): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607190014002223.

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23

Ito, Yasushi, Nancy W. Alcock, and Maurice E. Shils. "Chromium Content of Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, no. 6 (1990): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607190014006610.

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24

Laborie, Sophie, Jean-Claude Lavoie, Marjolain Pineault, and Philippe Chessex. "Protecting Solutions of Parenteral Nutrition From Peroxidation." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 23, no. 2 (1999): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607199023002104.

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Bohrer, D., P. C. do Nascimento, E. Becker, L. M. de Carvalho, and M. Dessuy. "Arsenic Species in Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 29, no. 1 (2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014860710502900101.

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26

Socha, P., P. Heim, and B. Koletzko. "Hydrogen sulfide in parenteral amino-acid solutions." Clinical Nutrition 15, no. 1 (1996): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(96)80259-7.

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27

Hardy, G., S. J. Bevan, B. McElroy, T. E. A. Palmer, R. D. Griffiths, and C. Braidwood. "Stability of glutamine in parenteral feeding solutions." Lancet 342, no. 8864 (1993): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91400-g.

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28

Huston, Robert K., Carl F. Heisel, Benjamin R. Vermillion, J. Mark Christensen, and Leah Minc. "Aluminum Content of Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 32, no. 2 (2016): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533616668789.

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29

Gates, Dennis M., Richard T. Smolarek, and James G. Stevenson. "Outsourcing the preparation of parenteral nutrient solutions." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 53, no. 18 (1996): 2176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/53.18.2176.

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30

Bohrer, Denise, Paulo Cícero do Nascimento, Emilene Becker, Leandro Machado de Carvalho, and Morgana Dessuy. "Arsenic Species in Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 29, no. 1 (2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-2444.2005.tb04838.x.

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31

Zemrani, Boutaina, Zoe McCallum, and Julie Bines. "Trace Element Provision in Parenteral Nutrition in Children: One Size Does Not Fit All." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (2018): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111819.

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Routine administration of trace elements is recognised as a standard of care in children requiring parenteral nutrition. However, there is a lack of global consensus regarding trace elements provision and dosing in pediatric parenteral nutrition. This review provides an overview of available evidence regarding trace elements supply and posology in parenteral nutrition in neonates and children. Trace elements provision in children should be tailored to the weight and clinical condition of the child with emphasis on those at risk of toxicity or deficiency. Based on current evidence, there is a need to review the formulation of commercial solutions that contain multiple-trace elements and to enable individual trace elements additives to be available for specific indications. Literature supports the removal of chromium provision whereas manganese and molybdenum supplementation are debated. Preterm neonates may have higher parenteral requirements in iodine, selenium and copper than previously recommended. There is growing support for the routine provision of iron in long-term parenteral nutrition. Further studies on trace elements contamination of parenteral nutrition solutions are needed for a range of trace elements.

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Abdullina, Yu A., S. N. Egorova, A. R. Khayatov, and T. A. Akhmetova. "Study of medicines for parenteral administration used in children's medical organization." REMEDIUM 26, no. 4 (2022): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.32687/1561-5936-2022-26-4-298-302.

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Assortment of industrially manufactured solutions for parenteral use a pediatric multidisciplinary hospital - the Children's Republican Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan (DRCH) being discussed in the article. The paper presents the distribution of drugs for parenteral administration by producing countries, anatomical-therapeutic-chemical (ATC) - classification of the assortment of injection solutions. ABC-analysis of the most expensive groups, assortment analysis according to the nomenclature of medicines were carried out. In 2021 the largest number of items used a multidisciplinary hospital was revealed among the group of drugs affecting blood and hematopoiesis, while the most financially costly group were drugs for the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The greatest financial expenses fall on the dosage form of solutions for injections in ampoules. TOP-10 expensive medicines for parenteral use have been determined. It has been established that the most purchased drugs for parenteral administration were the drugs from the group of antibiotics, plasma-substituting agents and solvents. Pediatric dosages of these drugs are not presented in the State Register of Medicines.

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Recknagel, S., P. Brätter, A. Chrissafidou, H. J. Gramm, J. Kotwas, and U. Rösick. "Parenteral Aluminum Loading in Critical Care Medicine. Part I: Aluminum Content of Infusion Solutions and Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition." Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 21, no. 4 (1994): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000222986.

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Chhim, Rebecca F., and Catherine M. Crill. "Premixed Parenteral Nutrition Solution Use in Children." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20, no. 5 (2015): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-20.5.378.

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OBJECTIVES: In response to national drug shortages, our institution established criteria for the use of commercial premixed parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions in select pediatric patients. Although these solutions have been marketed for use in children, there are no data in this patient population. The objective of this study was to review our use of commercial premixed PN solutions in children. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients ≤18 years of age who received a premixed PN solution from October 2010 to April 2012. All premixed PN courses were assessed for incidence of premixed PN discontinuation due to laboratory abnormalities. Estimated goal and actual protein and total caloric intake were evaluated for premixed PN courses that were continued for &gt;48 hours. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients received 74 courses of premixed PN solutions for a mean duration of 5.6 ± 6.2 (range, 1–31) days. Fifteen courses (20%) required discontinuation of premixed PN as a result of mild laboratory abnormalities. No changes in clinical status were observed in patients and all abnormalities were corrected after switching to individualized PN. In patients receiving PN for &gt;48 hours, premixed PN solutions provided goal protein in 48/49 (98%) courses and goal calories in 33/49 (67%) courses. CONCLUSIONS: Premixed PN solutions were used in a wide range of pediatric patients and provide a potential option for PN support in pediatric patients when drug shortages limit PN product supply. Close monitoring for electrolyte abnormalities and protein and caloric intake is recommended when using premixed PN solutions in children.

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Sykes, Rachel, Christopher McPherson, Kristi Foulks, Joni Wade, and Peter Gal. "Aminophylline Compatibility with Neonatal Total Parenteral Nutrition." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13, no. 2 (2008): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-13.2.76.

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OBJECTIVES Aminophylline has proven useful for treating renal failure in preterm infants. Previous reports state that aminophylline is incompatible with some neonatal total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. If this is correct, administration of aminophylline doses would be complicated by the need to hold TPN and provide flush solution after each aminophylline dose. Our experience with administering aminophylline over 30 minutes concurrently with TPN was that this was not problematic. We therefore examined the in vitro compatibility of aminophylline and TPN solutions used in our neonates over a 30-minute interval to see if our policy of allowing concurrent mixing of these products was appropriate. METHODS TPN solutions (2.5 mL) were mixed with 1 mL of intravenous aminophylline 2.5 mg/mL in a glass vial. Three different TPN solutions used in our NICU were collected for the study, and five samples of each combination were prepared. Samples were watched for 60 minutes to see if precipitation occurred. RESULTS Although the aminophylline and TPN solutions were not miscible, no turbidity or precipitation was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study supports that aminophylline is physically compatible with neonatal TPN for 60 minutes.

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36

Marks, Katherine E., and Catherine M. Crill. "Calcium and Phosphorous in Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 17, no. 6 (2004): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190004270424.

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Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are essential for various systemic functions, including bone mineralization. Adequate provision of Ca and P in pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions is necessary for skeletal growth and for the prevention of metabolic bone disease. The provision of adequate doses of Ca and P in pediatric PN solutions is complicated by the increased needs in preterm and term infants, solubility limitations, and venous access. Clinicians should be aware of the evidence that supports the optimal use of Ca and P in pediatric PN solutions, including studies that have evaluated dosing and solubility. The aim of this article is to review relevant literature and practices for the use of these two minerals in pediatric PN solutions. The vitamin D endocrine system, a critical component for Ca homeostasis and bone mineralization, is discussed, as well as clinical manifestations of metabolic bone disease and methods for its prevention, assessment, and treatment in pediatric patients receiving PN.

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37

Beattie, Colleen, Johane Allard, and Maitreyi Raman. "Comparison Between Premixed and Compounded Parenteral Nutrition Solutions in Hospitalized Patients Requiring Parenteral Nutrition." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 31, no. 2 (2016): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533615621046.

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38

Siritientong, Tippawan, and Suree Nimitwongsin. "Sodium glycerophosphate and prescribed calcium concentrations in pediatric parenteral nutrition: a retrospective observational study and economic evaluation." Asian Biomedicine 12, no. 5 (2019): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0024.

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Abstract Background The risk of precipitation limits calcium and phosphate concentrations that can be administered parenterally to pediatric patients. As an alternative to dipotassium phosphate, sodium glycerophosphate (NaGlyP) is claimed to reduce the risk of precipitation in solutions for parenteral administration. Objectives To determine the calcium concentrations, NaGlyP, and dipotassium phosphate prescribed in pediatric parenteral nutrition orders and the cost–benefit of the organic phosphate. Methods We retrospectively collected cross-sectional data for parenteral nutrition orders from September 2014 to August 2015 for pediatric patients including neonates and children aged <18 years who were admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Calcium concentration, calcium concentration adjustments, and costs of phosphate used per bag were analyzed. Results Of 2,192 parenteral nutrition orders, NaGlyP was used in 2,128 (97.1%) with calcium concentrations in the range of 0.84–139.91 mmol/L, which were significantly higher than calcium concentrations used with dipotassium phosphate (0.00–12.21 mmol/L, P < 0.001). There was no report of visible precipitation. Median costs of NaGlyP and dipotassium phosphate used per unit bag were not significantly different (35.88 and 41.25 Thai baht [THB] or 1.04 and 1.20 USD per bag, respectively, P>0.99; (1 USD equivalent to 34.241 THB U.S. Federal Reserve Bank G5.A annual average rate 2015). Conclusions Higher calcium concentrations could be achieved without increasing the direct cost per unit bag significantly as a result of using NaGlyP, an alternative to dipotassium phosphate as a source of phosphate for patients who require high amounts of calcium in parenteral nutrition.

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Ali, Majid, Victoria Kasper, Paul W. Niemiec, and Timothy W. Vanderveen. "Efficacy of iron dextran in parenteral nutrient solutions." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 42, no. 4 (1985): 784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/42.4.784.

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Johnston, Sarah J. "Stability of tryptophan in total parenteral nutrient solutions." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 43, no. 6 (1986): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/43.6.1424.

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Willard, Devina L., Lorraine S. Young, Xuemei He, Lewis E. Braverman, and Elizabeth N. Pearce. "IODINE CONTENT OF ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION SOLUTIONS." Endocrine Practice 23, no. 7 (2017): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep161692.or.

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Bayder, Terken, Ahmet Aydin, Suna Duru, Aşkin Işimer, and Gönül şahin. "Aluminum in Enteral Nutrition Formulas and Parenteral Solutions." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 35, no. 3 (1997): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659709001212.

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Decsi, Tamás, and Berthold Koletzko. "Hydrogen Sulfide in Pediatric Parenteral Amino Acid Solutions." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 17, no. 4 (1993): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199311000-00015.

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Rockwell, Gary, Bryant Nelson, Thomas Campfield, Donald McCool, Susan Hamilton, and Peter Uden. "SPONTANEOUS OXALOGENESIS IN TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION SOLUTIONS.1899." Pediatric Research 39 (April 1996): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199604001-01923.

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Das Gupta, V. "Stability of vitamins in total parenteral nutrient solutions." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 43, no. 9 (1986): 2132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/43.9.2132.

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Hershey, Andrea G., Gail H. Rosen, Michele D. Foster, et al. "Audit of ranitidine administration in parenteral nutrient solutions." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 48, no. 1 (1991): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/48.1.104.

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Berner, Y. N., T. R. Shuler, F. H. Nielsen, C. Flombaum, S. A. Farkouh, and M. Shike. "Selected ultratrace elements in total parenteral nutrition solutions." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, no. 5 (1989): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/50.5.1079.

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Chappuis, P., J. Poupon, J. Arnaud, M. C. Jaudon, and R. Zawislak. "About FDA recommendations for aluminum in parenteral solutions." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 5 (1991): 951–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.5.951.

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Cham, Thau-Ming, Huey-Mee Yu, and Loong-Chyau Tung. "Counting of Microspheres in Electrolytes and Parenteral Solutions." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 15, no. 14-16 (1989): 2441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048909052540.

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Kumagai, Takefumi, Yoshitaka Kihira, Yoshino Fujimura, et al. "Stability of Insulin in Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 140, no. 4 (2020): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.19-00251.

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