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Journal articles on the topic 'Parentification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 April 2022

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1

Mireille, Ndje Ndje, Ndzerem Shela Shiyghan, and Tsala Tsala Jacques Philippe. "Process of Parentification And Construction of Ego Identity in The Cameroonian Adolescents." European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2, no. 4 (September 3, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v2i4.246.

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Culture and idiosyncratic family configuration play a significant role in neglect, such as parentification. Some family systems may engender an inappropriate overlap in subsystems, with member participating in roles that are traditionally reserved for other members. We have the case of adolescents in parental roles. The adolescent is brought to make personal choices that will have long term repercussions on varied domains of his life. To this effect, the society should give to him the possibility of a psycho-social moratorium which is a necessary period for the construction of a true identity. So how the construction of self-identity would be effectuated in the case of parentified adolescents. We carried out a semi-structured interview on five adolescents in Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon who are in a situation of parentification. For the analysis, we used the content as well as the thematic analysis of the interviews. The findings show that the parentified adolescent have had no time to live the stage of adolescence. They are early parents because of the responsibilities they carry at an age or time they are not ready or prepared for. What is particular and special about them is the extent to which they are able to construct a positive self and give positive self-view of life. So, the process of parentificatin will have positive repercussions on the construction of ego identity of the adolescent. The findings of this study has shown the importance of contextual study as a good number of literature on parentification have shown the destructive and maladaptive impact of parentification on the development of adolescents.

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2

Arellano, Brenda, Judy Mier-Chairez, Sara Tomek, and Lisa M. Hooper. "Parentification and Language Brokering: An Exploratory Study of the Similarities and Differences in Their Relations to Continuous and Dichotomous Mental Health Outcomes." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 40, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.40.4.07.

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Researchers have argued parentification and language brokering experienced in childhood are similar in nature and may have the same deleterious effects on mental health outcomes in adulthood, although there is a dearth of empirical research examining this contention. To address this gap in the literature, parentification was analyzed multidimensionally with subscales for parent-focused parentification, sibling-focused parentification, instrumental parentification, emotional parentification, and perceived unfairness in a nonclinical sample of adults (N = 1,796; Mage = 21.23, SD = 5.25). Overall, we found all parentification scores—with the exception of sibling-focused parentification—to be predictive of mental health outcomes (i.e., depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms as well as overall psychological distress). Language brokering showed similar results but to a lesser degree, suggesting parentification had a stronger association with mental health. We also found significant gender differences pointing toward higher levels of parentification and language brokering in male participants. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Black, Brittney TaShawn. "Relations Among Parentification, Parenting Beliefs, and Parenting Behaviors." Journal of Student Research 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2013): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v2i1.145.

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Instrumental parentification occurs when children take on adult chores, and emotional parentification occurs when children take the responsibility for providing an adult-level of emotional support. This study examined how the level of parentification and perceived unfairness in the childhood home affected adults’ parenting beliefs and future parenting behaviors. One hundred and seven young adults responded to the Parentification Questionnaire which assessed levels of instrumental parentification, emotional parentification, and perceived fairness. Participants were asked to imagine themselves as parents and then respond to questions that assessed their parenting beliefs, planned parenting behaviors, and demographics. Results revealed that emotional parentification and perceived unfairness were related to adults’ decreased self-esteem and feelings of attractiveness. In addition, parentification and perceived unfairness in the childhood home were linked to negative feelings toward participants’ own parents; however, parentification did not clearly predict factors associated with parenting.

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4

Połomski, Piotr, Aleksandra Peplińska, Aleksandra Lewandowska-Walter, and Judyta Borchet. "Exploring Resiliency and Parentification in Polish Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 30, 2021): 11454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111454.

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Parentification is a form of distorted division of roles and responsibilities in the family where the roles of parent and child are reversed. A situation that goes beyond the child’s capabilities and exhausts resources usually yields numerous negative consequences. Nevertheless, in some circumstances, parentification may be beneficial by shaping resiliency. The main aim of the study was to examine the relations between parentification characteristics and resiliency. There were 208 adolescents (Mage = 14.55; SDage = 1.00) who participated in the study. Resiliency was evaluated using the Polish Scale for Children and Adolescents SPP-18. Parentification level was measured with the polish Parentification Questionnaire for Youth. The analyses revealed significant relations between parentification and resiliency dimensions. The relations were different based on the participant’s gender. The obtained results underline the role of resiliency in shaping the perception of family role dysfunctions such as parentification.

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5

Borchet, Judyta, Aleksandra Lewandowska-Walter, Piotr Połomski, Aleksandra Peplińska, and Lisa M. Hooper. "We are in this Together: Retrospective Parentification, Sibling Relationships, and Self-Esteem." Journal of Child and Family Studies 29, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01723-3.

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Abstract Parentification occurs when children provide caregiving for family members that typically exceeds their capacity and developmental stage. Parentification roles and responsibilities are often linked with deleterious outcomes, including robbing children of age-appropriate opportunities, activities, and support. However, in some circumstances, such as caring for a sibling vs. caring for a parent, parentification may engender feelings of self-efficacy, competence, and other positive outcomes. The primary objective of the current study was to explore the possible benefits of parentification. Using an understudied, international population, the current study tested the benefits of parentification in the context of the sibling relationship. Two research questions guided the study: to what extent are perceived benefits of parentification positively associated with self-esteem among a sample of Polish late adolescents? And to what extent does the quality of the sibling relationship mediate the association between perceived benefits of parentification and self-esteem? Results from the current sample showed the quality of sibling relationships partially mediated the relation between parentification and self-esteem. The findings underline the importance of assessing the quality of sibling relationships when an individual or family presenting for clinical services related to past and current family discord and dysfunction. Future research might consider other factors in the sibling relationship, such as personality, that could relate to positive outcomes from parentification.

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6

van der Mijl, Ruben C. W., and Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets. "The Positive Effects of Parentification." Psihologijske teme 26, no. 2 (2017): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.26.2.8.

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The present study was designed to examine the relationship between parentification and choice of education: Psychology versus humanities. Additionally, we investigated the association between parentification, on the one hand, and cognitive and affective empathy as well as resilience, on the other. The rational for this study was the increasing evidence that parentification may not only induce several possible adverse effects but that it can also facilitate the development of some specific positive abilities (e.g., higher empathic skills and resilience). We compared 265 psychology students with 51 humanities students on the variables parentification, empathy, and resilience. Within the group of psychology students, we conducted hierarchical regression analyses on cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and resilience with parentification and possible confounders as predictors. Psychology students reported more parentification experiences in their families than the humanities students, but they did not score higher on empathy and resilience. Among psychology students, parentification was associated with higher resilience and higher cognitive empathy, while there was no connection with affective empathy. These findings partially support the hypothesis of specific mental growth in parentified children.

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7

Dessoy, Etienne, M. Stassart, Anne Courtois, G. Bernaerts, Anne de Keyser, G. Nyssens, S. Haxheet, and C. Vande Velde. "Parentification ? infantilisation." Thérapie Familiale 26, no. 1 (2005): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/tf.051.0037.

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8

Brunschwig, H. "La parentification." Journal de Pédiatrie et de Puériculture 10, no. 8 (December 1997): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0987-7983(97)80049-7.

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9

Chojnacka, Barbara, and Aneta Jarzębińska. "„De-parentification” – strategies of dealing with the reversal of family roles." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 589, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0591.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the content of discussions conducted on selected online forums devoted to the topic of parentification. It presents the ways in which forum members (victims of parentification) have interrupted the reversed order of family roles and levelled out the negative consequences of this experience, referred to as „de-parentification”. Activities such as: encouraging the parents to change their behaviour, separation from them, working on disclosure of negative emotions related to experienced parentification, exploring their own needs, reading, undertaking therapy, etc. have been identified. Simultaneously, different factors were identified, that are the obstacles for de-parentification. These include: transgenerational transfer of incorrect family roles structures, its continuance by the parent through diverse types of manipulation, the victim's denial, lack of social recognition of the victim's harm and the fault of the parent, etc. Additionally, the article points out the need for and the direction of further research concerning parentification, since only in-depth knowledge, both descriptive and explanatory, can further the effectiveness of the actions performed with the families.

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Féres-Carneiro, Terezinha, Amanda Londero-Santos, and Jean Carlos Natividade. "Adaptation of the Parentification Questionnaire for the Brazilian Context." Psico-USF 26, no. 4 (October 2021): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712021260412.

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Abstract Parentification involves a role reversal phenomenon between family subsystems, including role distortions and hierarchy inversion. The purpose of this study was to adapt and search for validity evidence of the Parentification Questionnaire for the Brazilian context. After translation procedures, the authors applied the instrument in 868 adults of four geographic regions of Brazil, of which 55.4 percent were women. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the solution of three parentification factors (i.e., emotional parenting, instrumental parenting and perceived unfairness) as adequate, with satisfactory internal consistency rates, following the construct theory. As expected, the authors also found relations with other variables; for example, people who presented parentification indicators in their speeches displayed higher levels in the three factors of the construct; while women displayed higher levels of parentification than men. The Brazilian version of the instrument showed satisfactory validity evidence and appropriate reliability indicators.

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11

Qayyum, Salma, Samina Qayyum, and Najma Qayyum. "EMOTIONAL ENLIGHTENMENT: AN OPTIMISTIC APPROACH TOWARDS PARENTIFICATION." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.278.

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Parentification is generally described as a negative phenomenon that deprives a child of his/her childhood overnight. The parentified child faces a flood of expectations for which s/he is not prepared. His/her parents expect him/her to ‘automatically’ adopt the role of a parent. In Pakistan, parents are the most important pillars in the foundation of the family and if one of them suffers from a long-term sickness, the whole structure falls apart. From the child’s perspective, it is extremely painful. S/he not only loses the blessings of previous physical and emotional assistance but also must perform myriads of responsibilities. So, parentification seems to be a negative experience. This article challenges this idea by proving that parentification can be a positive, pleasurable experience. It focuses on the researcher’s parentification experience when her mother underwent a stroke. The data collection methods include audio recordings, diary notes and discussions with the doctor. The data analyses focus on the paralinguistic features of the researcher’s speech that she had with the research participant. The research outcomes exhibit the special features of the parentified speech. It also suggests that through mental readiness and planning, the potential parentified figure, can make parentification a rewarding experience. Keywords: parentification, empathetic stress, emotional burnout, self-esteem, denial, regression, frigidity.

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12

Parker, Gordon B. "Expanding on Parentification." Contemporary Psychology 46, no. 6 (December 2001): 620–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/002386.

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13

Błażek, Magdalena. "Parental attitudes and parentification of children in families with limited parental care competencies." Polish Journal of Applied Psychology 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0064.

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Summary Parentification describes the taking on of an adult role by a child or adolescent before they are emotionally and developmentally ready to face the tasks and challenges that come with it (Boszormenyi–Nagy & Spark, 1973). I It is viewed in the literature from the perspective of the functioning of the family system in the context of development, and as a pathology of parental functioning (Schier, 2014). The consequences of parentification on the functioning of a child can be particularly seen in the emotional sphere and in the area of mental disorders (Hooper et al., 2011). The research presented in the article involves 272 families facing the limitation or termination of parental rights. Analyses focused on the sociodemographic features of the family, such as the parents’ addictions and psychological problems and their psychological functioning in terms of parental attitudes which resulted in the parentification of the children. The results show that there is a connection between pathological functioning of parents, characteristics of their parental attitudes and the parentification of the first child.

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14

Hooper, Lisa. "Expanding the Discussion Regarding Parentification and Its Varied Outcomes: Implications for Mental Health Research and Practice." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 29, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.29.4.48511m0tk22054j5.

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Studies have demonstrated that parentification, a potential form of child maltreatment, is a ubiquitous phenomenon that most community counselors as well as other mental health care providers (e.g., school and family counselors, social workers) face. Although these studies have pointed to a relationship between parentification and later psychopathology, the potential for divergent outcomes is rarely discussed. This article advances an often-absent balanced discussion of the extent to which varied outcomes are evidenced in adulthood after one has been parentified in childhood. For example, varied outcomes such as psychopathology and posttraumatic growth may be feasible in adulthood after parentification in childhood. Suggestions related to research and practice efforts are put forth for mental health counselors.

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15

Láng, András. "Perceived childhood emotional parentification is associated with Machiavellianism in men but not in women." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0015.

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Abstract Recent research has revealed several developmental aspects of Machiavellianism. In this study, we explored the potential relationship between perceived parentification in the family of origin and Machiavellianism in adulthood. Three hundred and ninety five Hungarian adults (282 women) completed self-report measures of parentification and Machiavellianism. Results showed that emotional parentification and children’s unacknowledged efforts to contribute to the well-being of their families were associated with Machiavellianism - but only in men. Machiavellian tactics and worldview are proposed as possible coping mechanisms with the neglectful and unpredictable family environment. Gender differences in the results are explained in terms of gender role socialization and men’s and women’s different susceptibility for different forms of psychopathology.

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16

Krawczyk, Renata. "“I will sacrifice myself for you.” About the phenomenon of parentification in the family." Praca Socjalna 35, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4429.

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The article deals with the issue of parentification, which involves reversing roles in a family in which the child acts as a guardian, partner, confidant to his/ parent or siblings. Requirements and burdens resulting from the role of an adult are usually inadequate to the child’s level of development and emotional abilities. The phenomenon of parentification has been characterized and its main aspects are presented based on clinical material from psychotherapy sessions of 20 people.

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17

Teng, Jaena Clarice C., Angela Dionne F. Hilario, Lauren Marie A. Sauler, Ma Cristina M. De Los Reyes, and Myla Arcinas. "Parentification Experiences of Filipino Young Professional Daughters During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 4 (April 25, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.4.3.

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Parentification refers to parent-child role reversal wherein the child adopts the parent's role instrumentally or emotionally. This role reversal practice between the parent and the child is not uncommon in certain cultures. The cultural dynamics and familial obligations at play have positive and negative outlooks with varying effects. This study focused on the effects of instrumental parentification experiences on psychological resilience and interpersonal relationships among selected Filipino young professional daughters during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using purposive sampling, 19 Filipino young professional daughters from Metro Manila, Philippines, were selected for the study. Online interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was employed to process the data. Findings showed that most of the daughters, with “utang na loob” (indebtedness) value system, wholeheartedly accepted instrumental parentification. Thus, more tasks and responsibilities were shouldered by them due to the COVID-19 lockdown wherein older parents need to stay at home due to the fear of contracting the disease. Almost all shared that the COVID-19 pandemic tested their parent-child relationship. A few expressed that it made them let go of personal growth opportunities and experienced problems with their parents' relationship, given the uncertainties brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, they shared that they could not leave their ageing parents in this time of COVID-19 pandemic and that with proper balancing of tasks and responsibilities at home and at work, parentification made them to become more self-reliant, mature faster, and responsible daughters.

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18

Haxhe, Stéphanie. "La parentification : étude d'un processus." Thérapie Familiale 29, no. 1 (2008): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/tf.081.0175.

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Barabas, Magdalena. "Parentification in Families Experiencing Violence." Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny 40, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lrp.2021.40.3.219-233.

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The polymotivational nature of violence makes it impossible to clearly determine its cause in a given family. Also, the multitude and extent of consequences for people involved in it are very high. Parentification can be observed in families experiencing violence, which is often not only a result of being subjected to acts of violence but can also be seen as a violent behaviour exhibited by adults towards children.

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20

Seok, Mijeong. "Research trends of parentification in Korea(from 2003 to 2015)." Journal of Family Relations 21, no. 2 (July 31, 2016): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21321/jfr.21.2.53.

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21

Harrison, Deborah, and Patrizia Albanese. "The “Parentification” Phenomenon as Applied to Adolescents Living Through Parental Military Deployments." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy16516.

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Many children and adolescents care for their family members in some form during their childhoods, but some take on adult roles and responsibilities beyond what is considered to be developmentally appropriate – a situation known in academic and clinical literature as parentification. Much of the literature on parentification comes from the disciplines of psychology and social work, and focuses on what are perceived to be “normal” or “abnormal” child development trajectories. The psychological literature mostly stresses the negative developmental processes that result from youth being prematurely and/or inappropriately exposed to adult roles and responsibilities. In this paper, we consider the impact of parental deployments on the lives of adolescents growing up in military families on/near a large army base in Canada. We use data from 61 semi-structured interviews conducted in 2009/10—part of a larger mixed methods research project—to assess the adolescents’ experiences of parental deployments in light of the concept of parentification. We depart from previous literature by taking a sociological approach, which shows that while adolescents take on more adult roles during parental deployments, the impact of this situation upon them varies according to their gender, their relationship with their undeployed parent, and their perception of the support they receive from their school. For the most part, adolescents whose parents are deployed experience significant quality of life losses. However, this is not true for every adolescent, and the impact of each loss depends upon the social context in which it occurs.

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김유정. "Parentification Experience of North Korean Women Refugees." Journal of Social Science 40, no. 2 (August 2014): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15820/khjss.2014.40.2.004.

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Le Goff, Jean-François. "Thérapeutique de la parentification : une vue d'ensemble." Thérapie Familiale 26, no. 3 (2005): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/tf.053.0259.

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Borchet, Judyta, Aleksandra Lewandowska-Walter, Piotr Połomski, and Aleksandra Peplińska. "Construction of a Parentification Questionnaire for Youth." Health Psychology Report 8, no. 2 (2020): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2019.89492.

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25

Hooper, Lisa M., Sara Tomek, Justin M. Bond, and Meagan S. Reif. "Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Parentification, and Psychological Functioning." Family Journal 23, no. 1 (August 21, 2014): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480714547187.

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26

Madden, Amber R., and Anne Shaffer. "The Relation Between Parentification and Dating Communication." Family Journal 24, no. 3 (May 6, 2016): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480716648682.

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27

Jones, Rebecca A., and Marolyn Wells. "An empirical study of parentification and personality." American Journal of Family Therapy 24, no. 2 (June 1996): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189608251027.

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28

Leon, Kim, and Duane Rudy. "Family Processes and Children's Representations of Parentification." Journal of Emotional Abuse 5, no. 2-3 (October 12, 2005): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j135v05n02_06.

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29

Fortin, Andrée, Martin Doucet, and Dominique Damant. "Children’s Appraisals as Mediators of the Relationship Between Domestic Violence and Child Adjustment." Violence and Victims 26, no. 3 (2011): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.3.377.

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This study examines the relationships among variables that were likely to mediate the effects of exposure to domestic violence on children’s internalizing problems (i.e., children’s appraisals of domestic violence and their perceptions of family relationships). The study was conducted with 79 children exposed to domestic violence, including 41 boys and 38 girls, aged between 9 and 12 years old. Indicators used for children’s appraisals of violence were attribution of blame and perceived threat. Children’s perceptions of family relationships were based on their levels of parentification and the degree of their loyalty conflicts. A path analysis was used to verify the predictive model’s pathways and to test the multiple mediator effects. Findings confirm the contribution of mediating variables and also reflect the association between self-blame and children’s parentification. The results stress the relevance of evaluating the combined role of different potential mediators to provide a better understanding of the impact of domestic violence on children.

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Wang, Meiping, Siwei Liu, and Jay Belsky. "Triangulation processes experienced by children in contemporary China." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 6 (August 10, 2016): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416662345.

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Most family-system research on triangulation processes has been undertaken in the West, with little known about this family dynamic in the East. The present cross-sectional study analysed 1,073 Chinese 3rd–12th-graders’ self-reported exposure to three kinds of triangulation—cross-generation coalition, scapegoating, and parentification—in relation to family and child factors and with respect to children’s school and social adjustment. Age-related analyses generally indicated that older children were less frequently exposed to all three dimensions of triangulation than younger ones. Children residing with only their parents experienced more scapegoating than those living in extended families; and boys were exposed to cross-generation coalition and scapegoating more than were girls. Higher levels of coalition and scapegoating exposure were related to poorer school adjustment and greater depression of children. Higher levels of parentification exposure, however, were associated with better school adjustment and social functioning. Findings are discussed in terms of theory and research on parent–child triangulation and cultural differences between East and West.

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Hooper, Lisa M. "Assessing Parentification in South American College Students: A Factor Analytic Study of a Spanish Version of the Parentification Inventory." Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 42, no. 2 (April 2014): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2014.00047.x.

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32

Won-Hee Kang, 윤경미, and Soonhwa Yoo. "Relationship between Parentification and Psychological Maladjustment of Adolescents." SECONDARY EDUCATION RESEARCH 58, no. 3 (December 2010): 357–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25152/ser.2010.58.3.357.

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구경호 and Soonhwa Yoo. "Relationship between Parentification and ‘Self-Differentiation’ of Adolescents." Korea Journal of Counseling 13, no. 6 (December 2012): 2763–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15703/kjc.13.6.201212.2763.

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34

Khafi, Tamar Y., Tuppett M. Yates, and Suniya S. Luthar. "Ethnic Differences in the Developmental Significance of Parentification." Family Process 53, no. 2 (March 31, 2014): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/famp.12072.

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35

Blacioti, Elena. "La parentification, un processus intrapsychique, intersubjectif et transubjectif." Le Divan familial N°42, no. 1 (2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/difa.042.0179.

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36

Wells, Marolyn, and Rebecca Jones. "Childhood Parentification and Shame-Proneness: A Preliminary Study." American Journal of Family Therapy 28, no. 1 (January 2000): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019261800261789.

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37

CASTRO, DENISE M., REBECCA A. JONES, and HAMID MIRSALIMI. "Parentification and the Impostor Phenomenon: An Empirical Investigation." American Journal of Family Therapy 32, no. 3 (May 2004): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926180490425676.

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38

Hooper, Lisa, Kirsten Doehler, Scyatta Wallace, and Natalie Hannah. "The Parentification Inventory: Development, Validation, and Cross-Validation." American Journal of Family Therapy 39, no. 3 (May 2011): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2010.531652.

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39

Róg-Mazurek, Jakub. "Przywiązanie, parentyfikacja i trauma relacyjna a status tożsamości w okresie wyłaniającej się dorosłości." Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 19, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2021.19.15.

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Nowadays, it is young adults, not adolescents, who face the challenge of determining their own identity. This process, compared to previous generations, takes place in qualitatively different conditions. Moreover, the current attributes of an adult have become obsolete. For this reason, making the vision of oneself reality may be associated with various difficulties. The root of the failure to clarify identity is to be found in the original bond with the guardian and in all experiences that disrupt attachment. Among these types of experiences, relational trauma and parentification are worth mentioning. Relational trauma can be said to be when a child experiences repeated neglect in the context of a close relationship. A similar phenomenon is parentification.The aim of the research is to check 1) whether there are significant differences between the identified identity statuses and 2) whether the variables (attachment style, experience of parentification and relational trauma) differentiate the identity status in the period of emergingadulthood. Three identity statuses are distinguished: Identity of anxiety type (N = 23), identity of diffuse type (N = 30) and identity of type achieved (N = 43). Each type differs in terms of both the experiences and the severity of the identity dimensions.

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Soonhwa Yoo. "Relationship between Parentification and Perceived Family Strengths of Adolescents." Teacher Education Research 51, no. 3 (December 2012): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15812/ter.51.3.201212.507.

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Fortin, Andrée, and Lise Lachance. "La parentification chez l'enfant exposé à la violence conjugale." La revue internationale de l'éducation familiale 29, no. 1 (2011): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rief.029.0063.

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Shin, Malsook, and Shim Haewon. "Literature Review of Parentification : Focused on Implication in Counseling." KOREAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY : GENERAL 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2017.03.36.1.061.

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강선모. "Empathy as a Mediator Between Parentification and Interpersonal relationship." Korea Journal of Counseling 16, no. 1 (February 2015): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15703/kjc.16.1.201502.265.

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Loch, Ulrike. "Emotionale Parentifizierung und Kinderschutz/ Emotional parentification and child protection." Kontext 45, no. 3 (August 2014): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kont.2014.45.3.279.

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Chase, Nancy D., Mary P. Deming, and Marolyn C. Wells. "Parentification, parental alcoholism, and academic status among young adults." American Journal of Family Therapy 26, no. 2 (January 1998): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189808251091.

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Wells, Marolyn, and Rebecca Jones. "Relationship among childhood parentification, splitting, and dissociation: Preliminary findings." American Journal of Family Therapy 26, no. 4 (January 1998): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926189808251111.

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Jurkovic, Gregory J., Alison Thirkield, and Richard Morrell. "Parentification of Adult Children of Divorce: A Multidimensional Analysis." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010349925974.

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Hooper, Lisa M., and Scyatta A. Wallace. "Evaluating the Parentification Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Psychopathology Correlates." Contemporary Family Therapy 32, no. 1 (November 10, 2009): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9103-9.

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DiCaccavo, Antonietta. "Working with parentification: Implications for clients and counselling psychologists." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 79, no. 3 (September 2006): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/147608305x57978.

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Burnett, Genie, Rebecca A. Jones, Nancy G. Bliwise, and Lisa Thomson Ross. "Family Unpredictability, Parental Alcoholism, and the Development of Parentification." American Journal of Family Therapy 34, no. 3 (July 2006): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926180600550437.

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