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Journal articles on the topic 'Parenting Sex role in advertising'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Wee, Chow‐Hou, Mei‐Lan Choong, and Siok‐Kuan Tambyah. "Sex role portrayal in television advertising." International Marketing Review 12, no. 1 (February 1995): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339510080098.

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2

Milner, Laura M. "Sex-Role Portrayals in African Television Advertising." Journal of International Consumer Marketing 17, no. 2-3 (June 7, 2005): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j046v17n02_05.

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3

Lin, Yi-Ching, and Robert E. Billingham. "Relationship between Parenting Styles and Gender Role Identity in College Students." Psychological Reports 114, no. 1 (February 2014): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/21.09.pr0.114k13w4.

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The relationship between perceived parenting styles and gender role identity was examined in college students. 230 undergraduate students (48 men, 182 women; 18–23 years old) responded to the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). The hypothesis was that parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive for both fathers and mothers) would be significantly associated with gender role identity (undifferentiated, feminine, masculine, and androgynous) of college students, specifically whether authoritative parenting styles associated with androgyny. To account for differences in sex on gender role identity or parenting styles, sex was included as a factor. The pattern of the difference in identity groups was similar for males and females. There were significant differences in parenting styles between gender role groups. Maternal and paternal authoritativeness correlated with participants' femininity, and for both parents, the relationship was observed to be stronger in males than females; paternal authoritativeness was significantly associated with androgyny. Future research based on these results should investigate how the findings relate to children's psychological well-being and behavioral outcomes.
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4

Gilly, Mary C. "Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico, and the United States." Journal of Marketing 52, no. 2 (April 1988): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200206.

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In the past, research has found that the portrayal of sex roles in advertising has not reflected equality or reality. Further, studies typically have examined only U.S. advertising, leaving open the question of cultural influence on advertising's sex role portrayals. The author offers a new analysis of sex roles in advertising and compares content analysis findings for U.S., Australian, and Mexican television advertisements. Results reveal differences in the portrayal of the sexes in U.S. advertisements. Australian advertisements show somewhat fewer sex role differences and Mexican advertisements show slightly more sex role differences than U.S. advertisements. Stereotypes are found in the advertising of all three countries, but are manifested in different ways.
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5

Wyckham, Robert G. "Self-regulation of sex-role stereotyping: Educating the advertising industry." Journal of Consumer Policy 16, no. 2 (June 1993): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01418378.

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6

Kugbey, Nuworza, and Jeremiah Acharibasam. "The Role of Parenting Styles and Sex Differences in Adolescents’ Depression." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 17, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2016/25032.

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7

Wyckham, Robert G. "Self-Regulation of Sex-Role Stereotyping in Advertising: The Canadian Experience." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 6, no. 1 (January 1987): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568700600106.

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The advertising industry in Canada began self-regulation of sex role stereotyping in 1981. This action was undertaken in response to public pressure and the threat of government regulation. The experiment has been a qualified success. The current self-regulatory system needs to be well advertised and equipped with a compulsion mechanism to be fully responsive to the public's concern about sex role portrayal.
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8

Dahl, Darren W., Jaideep Sengupta, and Kathleen D. Vohs. "Sex in Advertising: Gender Differences and the Role of Relationship Commitment." Journal of Consumer Research 36, no. 2 (August 2009): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597158.

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9

Sari, Evin Noviana. "The Differences Of Parents Patterns Permisive and Authorities Towards Free Sex Events." COLOSTRUM : Jurnal Kebidanan 2, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/colostrum.v2i1.785.

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Background: Permissive parenting is a parenting style in which parents are not involved in their child's life, especially lack of self-control. Usually permissive parenting does not guide children to social behavior patterns and does not use punishment, while authoritarian parenting is one in which parents are central in speech. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in permissive and oratory parenting patterns on the incidence of free sex in adolescents.Methods: Sampling using a minimum sample, when the study was conducted on June 21, 2020 at SMA Unggul Dharmasraya Regency. The design in this study is an independent sample T Test, the sample taken in this study was 20 people divided into two groups, namely the permissive parenting group and authoritarian parenting. In the bivariate analysis, the normality test uses the Shapiro Wilk, if the data is normally distributed, the bivariate test using the independent test uses the independent T test sample, but the data is not normally distributed, using the Mann Whitney U Test bivariate test using theprogram SPSS.Results of the study / discussion: From the results of the analysis of permissive parenting styles, 8 (80%) respondents were cared for with permissive parenting and authoritarian parenting 6 (60%) of respondents who were cared for by authoritarian parenting, to the incidence of free sex12 (60%) respondents who occur free sex, and the results of differences in permissive parenting and authoritarian parenting on the incidence of free sex, which shows a sig or p-value of 0.144> 0.05, meaning that there is no difference in permissive parenting and authoritarian parenting on the incidence of free sex. Conclusion: So the role of parents for children is to guide and teach children on good things, in accordance with the values ??and norms that apply in society
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10

Ferguson, Jill Hicks, Peggy J. Kreshel, and Spencer F. Tinkham. "In the Pages of Ms.: Sex Role Portrayals of Women in Advertising." Journal of Advertising 19, no. 1 (March 1990): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1990.10673179.

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11

Michos, Konstantinos. "Technology selling sex versus sex selling technology." Digital Age in Semiotics & Communication 2 (November 6, 2019): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/dasc.19.2.4.

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The object of this study is to conduct a semiotic analysis of two different websites’ advertising techniques: one that promotes sex toys by emphasizing their technological superiority, and another promoting technology products by employing content of a sexual nature to increase their appeal. By studying and comparing these approaches, useful conclusions can be drawn about the way digital tools utilize the concepts of sex and technology. Digital communication makes use of many different modes, and it is interesting to see both how these are employed to represent sex and technology in digital media. Results show that interactivity plays an important role in the experience and messages delivered by the websites, while sex and technology are presented as opposites and used in balance.
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12

Cantón Cortés, David, Mª Aurelia Ramírez Castillo, and José Cantón Duarte. "PAPEL MODERADOR DEL SEXO EN LAS PRÁCTICAS DE CRIANZA / MODERATOR ROLE OF SEX IN REARING PRACTICES." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2016): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v1.373.

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Abstract:The objective of the study was to analyze possible differences with regard to different rearing behaviors expressed by fathers and mothers on the socialization of sons and daughters during late adolescence and young adulthood. Participants were 193 students from the University of Granada, 149 of them being women and 44 men. They completed the Questionnaire on Rearing Practices (Supple, Peterson & Bush, 2004), which assesses six dimensions of parenting, regarding the father and the mother: Support, Positive Induction, Monitoring (Behavioral Control), Autonomy Granting, Punitiveness and Love Withdrawal. Results indicate that sons and daughters perceived a different parenting style by the father, but only in two of the dimensions evaluated (Positive Induction and Punitiveness). However, they did not perceived in a different way maternal parenting (only Love withdrawal approached the significance). With regard to the possible differences in parenting behaviors by foster parents, mothers performed higher levels of Induction, Monitoring and Support with both sons and daughters. The only dimension of parenting behavior in which father scores were higher than mother’s was Autonomy Granting with male children, but without reaching the statistical significance. Finally, regarding to the use of inappropriate methods of discipline, mothers showed a greater level of Punitiveness with daughters than fathers, while in the case of the male children mothers also scored significantly higher than parents on Love withdrawal.Keywords: Fathers, mothers, parenting practices, sexual differences.Resumen:El objetivo del estudio fue analizar posibles diferencias en diversas conductas de crianza manifestadas por los padres y las madres en la socialización de hijos e hijas durante la adolescencia tardía y la adultez joven. Los participantes fueron 193 estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada, de los que 149 eran mujeres y 44 varones. Cumplimentaron el Cuestionario de Prácticas de Crianza (Supple et al., 2004), que evalúa seis dimensiones de la crianza, tanto del padre como de la madre: Apoyo, Inducción, Monitorización, Garantizar la Autonomía, Punitividad y Retirada del Afecto. Los resultados indican que hijos e hijas percibían una crianza diferencial por parte del padre, aunque sólo en dos de las dimensiones evaluadas (Inducción, Punitividad). Sin embargo, no percibían de modo diferente la crianza materna (únicamente se aproximaba a la significación la Retirada del afecto). En cuanto a las posibles diferencias en conductas de crianza por ambos progenitores, las madres prestaban unos mayores niveles de Apoyo, Inducción y Monitorización tanto con los hijos como con las hijas. La única dimensión de las conductas de crianza en la que las puntuaciones del padre superaban a las de la madre era en la Estimulación de la Autonomía con los hijos varones, aunque sin llegar al nivel de significación estadística. Finalmente, en lo que se refiere al uso de métodos de disciplina inadecuados, las madres mostraban una mayor Punitividad que los padres con las hijas, mientras que en el caso de los hijos las madres también puntuaban significativamente más que los padres en Retirada del Afecto.Palabras clave: Padres, madres, prácticas de crianza, diferencias sexuales.
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13

Milner, Laura M., and Bronwyn Higgs. "Gender Sex-Role Portrayals in International Television Advertising over Time: The Australian Experience." Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 26, no. 2 (September 2004): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2004.10505166.

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14

Bukhalenkova, Daria, Aleksander Veraksa, Margarita Gavrilova, and Natalia Kartushina. "The Role of Russian Parents' Education in Developing Intuitive Theories of Parenting." Education & Self Development 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/esd16.1.07.

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Previous research in English-speaking countries has shown that parental education predicts significantly parental attitudes and theories about parenting which, in turn, guide parental interaction with their child and might impact the child’s mental development. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no research aimed at studying the role of parental education in shaping the views of Russian parents on their children’s education and development. The current study aimed to analyze the role of Russian parents’ education in their intuitive theories of parenting, by controlling for the region where the families live, and taking into account the age and sex of their child. Intuitive theories of parenting were studied using the Early Parental Attitudes Questionnaire (EPAQ). The sample consisted of 995 parents who have children aged 1 to 7 and live in Moscow, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Republic North Ossetia in Russian Federation. Two profiles of intuitive theories of parenting were identified. Differences and similarities in intuitive theories of parenting between regions, when controlling for parents' level of education were also identified. The results characterize modern parenthood in three geographically distant Russian regions and can be useful in understanding the profile of a modern parent, as well as for developing educational programmes aimed at self-development and increasing parental competence in Russian parents.
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15

Pascual-Sagastizabal, Eider, Nora del Puerto-Golzarri, and Aitziber Azurmendi. "Differential Susceptibility or Diathesis-Stress: Testing the Moderating Role of Temperament and Cortisol Levels between Fathers’ Parenting and Children’s Aggressive Behavior." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081088.

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Aggression is a multidimensional behavior that could be caused by different biopsychosocial variables. The aim of this study was to explore whether temperament, cortisol and sex moderate the relation between fathers’ parenting style and aggressive behavior in school-aged children, and whether this corresponds to differential susceptibility or diathesis-stress. Participants were 158 children (88 boys and 70 girls) aged 8 years. Aggressive behavior was measured using the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale and fathers informed about their child’s temperament and their own parenting style through the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (respectively). Children’s’ baseline saliva cortisol levels were analyzed through an enzyme immunoassay technique. The results revealed that high cortisol levels moderated the relation between fathers’ low levels of authoritative parenting and boys’ aggression. Moreover, high negative emotionality moderated the relation between permissive paternal parenting and girls’ aggressive behavior, with both these relations being consistent with the diathesis-stress theory.
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16

Retaminingrum, Amalia Novita. "PERAN PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP PADA ORIENTASI SEKSUAL GAY." Taman Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Ke-SD-an 1, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/tc.v1i1.1578.

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This research is conducted to see the role of parent child relationship in gay. Parent child relationship is an interaction between parent and a child which is included three main aspects namely, parenting, attachment, and social learning. Every individual has sexual orientation or has interested to other, it could be the same sex or to the other opposite sex. The person who is interested to the same sex, called Homosexual. Homosexual could be divided by two, which is lesbian and gay. This research is conducted on gay or individual male who is interested to the same sex. This research uses qualitative approach with in-depth interview to six persons who is 20 up to 40 years old who has gay sexual orientation. The result of this research shown that three aspects in parent child relationship has a role to six gay. On the first aspect, it is found that abusive in parenting has a big influence in sexual orientation, as well as the second aspect, attachment, which has a role to sexual preference in gay. On the third aspect namely social learning has a role in a learning process with environment that has the same sexual orientation; in this case, it is strengthen the individual sexual orientation.
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17

Debevec, Kathleen, and Easwar Iyer. "Self-referencing as a mediator of the effectiveness of sex-role portrayals in advertising." Psychology and Marketing 5, no. 1 (1988): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220050106.

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18

Jaffe, Lynn J. "The unique predictive ability of sex-role identity in explaining women's response to advertising." Psychology and Marketing 11, no. 5 (September 1994): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220110504.

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19

Whiffen, Valerie E., and Teresa M. Sasseville. "Dependency, Self-Criticism, and Recollections of Parenting: Sex Differences and the Role of Depressive Affect." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 10, no. 2 (June 1991): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1991.10.2.121.

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20

van Anders, Sari M., Zach C. Schudson, Emma C. Abed, William J. Beischel, Emily R. Dibble, Olivia D. Gunther, Val J. Kutchko, and Elisabeth R. Silver. "Biological Sex, Gender, and Public Policy." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732217720700.

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Policy debates have focused on who can participate in or access single-sex activities or services. This article describes how science of the biology of sex is relevant to three major policy areas: parenting (including leaves), sports, and public spaces. We focus on what scientists know about sex and gender (and gender/sex, where gender and sex are intertwined), and the role of various biological factors, including hormones such as testosterone and estradiol as well as genetics, gonads, genitals, and more. The policies under debate often use “biological sex,” but this fails to account for scientific understandings of sex and gender, misrepresents sex as single-faceted and binary, and overlooks scientific consensus about the importance of gender and identity.
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21

Welstead, Mary. "THE BRAVE NEW TERRITORY OF GAY PARENTING." Denning Law Journal 25, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v25i1.745.

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Many couples in same-sex relationships are as enthusiastic in their desire to become parents as those who are in heterosexual relationships. Adoption, surrogacy, sperm donation, have all enabled same-sex couples to achieve their parental ambitions and create families. For the most part, they have done so without any interference by, or involvement with, the biological parents after the birth of their children.Whilst the majority of lesbian parents tend to use sperm which has been obtained from an anonymous donor, some women have shown a preference to use a sperm donor who is known to them to become the biological father of their children.This may be because they want to know the background, personality and medical history of a potential father before embarking on the procreative process. In some cases, it may also be because some women want their children to have a male role model in their life. Using a known sperm donor can, however, involve risks for would-be-mothers if, contrary to the father’s wishes, they do not want him to play a significant role in the child’s life. Their dreams of creating an autonomous nuclear family may be destroyed and replaced with a new form of extended family, consisting of three or even four parents if the biological father has a partner. The tale recounted in the Appeal Court judgment in A v B and C (Lesbian co-parents: role of father) (2012) is a cautionary one for lesbian would-be-parents and one of hope for potential biological fathers who are known to them. The Court of Appeal emphasised the paramountcy of the welfare principle, contained in s1(1) of the Children Act 1989 in resolving all child contact disputes. It declined to elicit any further principles in these difficult fact specific cases and stated that the sexual orientation of the parents and their pre-conceptual agreements, or understandings, spoken or unspoken are either irrelevant (per Thorpe LJ) or relevant but not determinative (per Black LJ).* Dr Mary Welstead, CAP Fellow, Harvard Law School, Visiting Professor of Family Law, University of Buckingham.[1] Re G; Re Z (Children: Sperm Donors: Leave to Apply for Children Act Orders) [2013] 1 FLR 1334.
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22

Ford, John B., Michael S. LaTour, Earl D. Honeycutt, and Jr. "An examination of the cross‐cultural female response to offensive sex role portrayals in advertising." International Marketing Review 14, no. 6 (December 1997): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339710192966.

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23

Kugbey, Nuworza, Elorm Mawulikem, and Ethel Atefoe. "Adolescents’ Self-esteem and Academic Achievement in Ghana: The Role of Parenting Styles and Sex Differences." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 7, no. 3 (January 10, 2015): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2015/13566.

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24

Zvara, B. J., R. Mills-Koonce, and M. Cox. "Maternal Childhood Sexual Trauma, Child Directed Aggression, Parenting Behavior, and the Moderating Role of Child Sex." Journal of Family Violence 32, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9839-6.

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25

Pradhan, Devaleena S., Madelyne C. Willis, Tessa K. Solomon-Lane, Kevin Thonkulpitak, and Matthew S. Grober. "Simultaneous courtship and parenting in males and sex role reversal in females of the haremic bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus dalli." Behaviour 152, no. 7-8 (2015): 917–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003262.

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While males typically compete for females, species with female biased sex ratios and/or large male investment in offspring care often exhibit reversed sex roles. Here we investigated, in a haremic fish species, the bluebanded goby,Lythrypnus dalli, the impact of male and female courtship behaviour on male reproductive success, measured as the total number of eggs in the nest and total number of developed eggs. Reproductive success was not associated with rates of male behaviour, such as parenting, approaching and courtship, but was associated with rates of female courtship. Consistent with predictions for a role-reversed reproductive strategy, only males demonstrated nest care and females exhibited high rates of courtship and intrasexual competition, such that alpha females interrupted courtship solicitations by beta females. Overall, these data are consistent with sex role reversal inL. dalliand show that the expression of male courtship behaviour does not interfere with paternal care.
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Carretero-Trigo, Miryam, Rodrigo J. Carcedo, and Noelia Fernández-Rouco. "Correlates of a Positive Parenting Experience in Prison." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020626.

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The two goals of this study were: (1) to explore the relationship of a parent’s experience in prison in combination with a range of characteristics relating to the parent in prison, to the children, and to the caregiver, and (2) to explore the role of sex and nationality in this relationship. A total of 202 parents in prison (99 men and 103 women; 106 Spanish and 96 foreigners) participated in this study. To maximize the understanding of the questions, in-person interviews were conducted to collect answers to the questionnaire. The findings particularly highlight the importance of the role of the primary caregiver in ensuring that the parent in prison has a positive parenting experience during incarceration. More specifically, the parent in prison reports a better parenting experience when they perceive the primary caregiver as a link between themselves and their children in a positive way. This finding points to the importance of intervention and research on this relationship in order to enhance parental satisfaction and the relationship between the imprisoned parent and their children, as well as the family’s resilience during parental imprisonment.
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Fajar, Nur Alam, Fenny Etrawati, and Widya Lionita. "Determinant of Parents Role in Adolescent Premarital Sex Behavior: An Applicative Model." Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v15i2.5944.

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Premarital sex behavior had become a serious issue. Preliminary studies show 12 of 30 teenagers who religious, well-educated, and has good family background, were already experienced sexual intercourse. The objective of this study is explaining parents’ role through their knowledge, attitude, perception, facilities given to children, and behavior. This research was conducted at 2017, and using a cross-sectional design. Quantitative data were obtained by 526 population study and interviewing 150 students’ parent from six high schools in Palembang which are selected using multistage random sampling. Multivariate data analysis is processed by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Test in statistical application program named Partial Least Square (PLS). This research found that fifty percent of respondent have good knowledge and supportive attitude towards preventive action of premarital sex behavior. There are 62.7% having good perception about the importance of parents’ role. However, 41.3% just perform negatively on preventive sexual behavior in early ages. They usually provide some facilities such as money, motorbike or car, handphone, laptop, and internet at home that can be used to access pornography content. Model analysis proved that knowledge, attitude, perception, and facilities influence 29 percent of adolescent premarital sex behavior caused by improper parenting role
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Gómez-Ortiz, Olga, Eva Romera, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, and Rosario Del Rey. "Parenting Practices as Risk or Preventive Factors for Adolescent Involvement in Cyberbullying: Contribution of Children and Parent Gender." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664.

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Literature points out the role of parenting on adolescent cyberbullying involvement. However, it is necessary to clarify how gender affects this relationship. The aim of this study has been to examine the relation between the adolescents’ perception about parenting practices, and their involvement in cyberbullying, bearing in mind both girls’ and boys’ gender and progenitors’ gender. The sample comprised 2060 Spanish secondary school students (47.9% girls; Mage = 14.34). Two-way ANOVA and binary logistic regression analyses were carried out. An effect of the interaction between sex and cyberbullying roles in maternal affection and communication, inductive discipline, and psychological control, as well as paternal promotion of autonomy and psychological control, was found. In general, it can be observed that the more negative results were found in cyber-aggressors, especially when this role is assumed by girls. The results of logistic regression analysis suggest that parenting practices explain better cyberbullying involvement in girls compared to boys, finding some important differences between both sexes regarding protective and risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of parenting practices to explain cyberbullying involvement, which supports the necessity of including family among the addresses of intervention programs.
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Sobrebiga, Pamela Joie T., and Sharon Rose G. Medez. "Parenting Styles and Self-Help Skills of Kindergarten Learners." Philippine Social Science Journal 3, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.257.

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Parenting style has influenced children's development, particularly on behavior development and school readiness among kindergarten learners. It is a strong predictor not only of the cognitive but also of the social-emotional developmental success in children. Quality care for children during the early years of development has been emphasized. To achieve developmental outcomes, children should develop independence by acquiring self-help skills or self-care skills, which enable them to look after themselves and socialize daily. Studies have associated parenting styles with the academic performance and social-emotional behavior of children; however, the literature on parents' role, particularly on children's self-help skills, is very limited. This study assessed the dominant parenting styles of a district in Negros Occidental during the school year 2018-2019 and the learners' level of self-help skill. It determined the differences in the learners' self-help skills regarding the parents' sex, family monthly income, employment status, marital status, and the relationship between parenting styles and self-help skills.
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Dominiak-Kochanek, Monika, Karolina Konopka, Mary Bower-Russa, and Adam Frączek. "Harsh discipline and readiness for interpersonal aggression in Poland and the USA: the mediating role of sensitivity to provocations and frustrations." Polish Psychological Bulletin 46, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2015-0061.

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Abstract This study examined the effect of history of harsh parenting on readiness for aggression in young adults testing the mediating effect of emotional reaction to frustration and provocation that is assumed to arise in the context of a history of physical punishment and psychological aggression. Data were collected from 402 participants including 187 Poles (Mage = 9.5; SD = 1.2) and 215 Americans (Mage = 19.16, SD = 1.15). Participants reported retrospectively on corporal punishment and psychological aggression experienced during childhood. Based on self-report instruments, sensitivity to provocation and frustration and three patterns of readiness for aggression in adulthood were assessed. Contrary to the US sample, sensitivity to provocation and frustration were mediators in the Polish sample alone. The important role of contextual factors that define harsh parenting circumstances, such as cultural context and sex of the parent, are discussed.
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Sugiarto, Catur, and Virginie de Barnier. "Are religious customers skeptical toward sexually appealing advertising?" Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 22, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-09-2018-0111.

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Purpose This paper aims to shed new light on the consumer response toward sex appeal in advertising and investigates ad skepticism in a culturally diverse context. Design/methodology/approach By using the qualitative research methodology, the following study draws upon informant opinions regarding the extent of graphic nudity in print advertising is needed to avoid undesirable reactions from potential consumers and how religiosity influences their attitudes toward sexually appealing advertisements. The information was obtained through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 22 interviewees from four groups, namely, academia, advertising practitioners, religious figures and general consumers. Findings The remarkable findings to emerge from the interviews relate to the following: the role of religiosity vis-à-vis nudity and the “lowering of the gaze” concept in Islam, the objectification and stereotypical portrayals of women, the irrational depiction of sexuality and intimacy and factors that lead to contextual interpretation. Research limitations/implications The result provides further evidence that skepticism does not only exist on a cognitive basis but also on an emotional level as a response to the exaggeration, unrealistic and irritating claims made in some adverts. Practical implications This study suggests that advertisers should advance their cultural comprehension by taking into account the moral and social differences. Originality/value This has been the first study to investigate the skepticism toward sex appeal in advertising and integrate both cognitive and affective context of skepticism.
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Alfatih, Andy, and Muhammad Rio Septian. "Psychological Aspects of the Role of Product Advertising Against Consumer Purchase Interest: Study of Gain Mass Milk Advertising at Gymnastic." Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijss.v1i2.10.

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Abstract Introduction.The main purpose of advertising certain products or services is to attract customer attention and analyze the impact of advertising on customer behavior. Various studies show that there are significant links between cognitive and psychological aspects. The cognitive effect of an advertisement begins with the influence of the visual aspects of the advertisement. This research was aimed to explore the role of product advertising on consumer buying interest by studying aspects of psychology. Methods. The study design was observational analytic study that seek to see the relationship between exposure to milk mass forming muscle mass and consumer buying interest. The exploration dimensions for advertising exposure are ad frequency, ad duration and ad intensity using questionnaire. Total samples in this study were 60 people, age ranges from 18-35 years and male sex. Results. This study found as many as 70% of respondents understood the message delivered by the milk advertisement. As many as 56.7% of respondents expressed an interest in buying these muscle-building milk products. Around 58% of respondents stated their willingness to promote the product to others. Conclusion. This research shows the role of advertising in shaping consumer behavior and buying interest. The more attractive and the more often the ad is displayed it will trigger aspects of attractiveness and confidence in the product. Along with the need, further reinforce the behavior to buy products.
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Mahyudin, Mahyudin, and Nurbaiti Nurbaiti. "Pola Asuh Anak Perempuan Gayo Dalam Perspektif Gender." Hikmah: Journal of Islamic Studies 14, no. 1 (May 20, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47466/hikmah.v14i1.102.

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Family is the first social environment where children can interact. It is in this primary institution that a child experiences parenting. Prolonged parenting will form a habit in children. Teaching good habits is very important to do since the beginning of a child’s life and education through habituation can be done by giving parenting to children or students. Parenting between families with one another are different. Many factors can influence parenting by the family. One of the factors that determine the shape of parenting is culture, so that among tribes and others have different forms of parenting. In providing parenting, the Gayo tribe is strongly influenced by the traditions and culture which they have. They follow to the patrilineal kinship system, which is a fatherly manner, and in principle, this system is a kinship system that draws the lineage of the father or male ancestors. Boys have a very important role in the kinship system of the Gayo tribe, boys are given an important place, because boys are successors and nobility. This such parenting is known as gender bias, because boys and girls get different status and roles based on sex (sex) and not based on their abilities. Keywords: Parenting, Parents, Child, Gender Bias, Gayo Tribe Keluarga merupakan lingkungan sosial pertama tempat anak dapat berinteraksi. Pada institusi primer inilah seorang anak mengalami pengasuhan. Pola asuh yang berkepanjangan akan membentuk sebuah pembiasaan pada anak. Penanaman pembiasaan yang baik, sangat penting dilakukan sejak awal kehidupan anak dan pendidikan melalui pembiasaan dapat dilakukan dengan cara memberikan pola asuh pada anak/siswa. Pola asuh anak antara keluarga satu dengan keluarga lainnya berbeda-beda. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi pola asuh yang dilakukan keluarga. Salah satu faktor yang turut menentukan bentuk pola asuh orang tua adalah budaya, sehingga antara suku satu dengan lainnya mempunyai bentuk pola asuh berbeda. Dalam memberikan pola asuh, suku gayo sangat dipengaruhi oleh tradisi dan budaya yang mereka miliki. Mereka menganut sistem kekerabatan patrilineal yaitu bersifat kebapaan, dan pada prinsipnya, sistem ini merupakan sistem kekerabatan yang menarik garis keturunan ayah atau garis keturunan nenek moyang laki-laki. Anak lelaki peranannya sangat penting dalam sistem kekerabatan suku gayo, anak lelaki diberikan tempat yang penting, karena anak lelaki merupakan penerus keturunan dan gelar kebangsawan . Pola asuh seperti itulah yang kemudian dikenal dengan pola asuh bias gender, karena anak laki-laki dan anak perempuan mendapatkan status dan peranan berbeda berdasarkan jenis kelamin (sex) dan bukan berdasarkan kemampuan yang dimiliki. Kata Kunci: Pola asuh, orang tua, anak, bias gender, suku gayo.
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Snyder, James J., Lynn P. Schrepferman, Lisha Bullard, Amber D. McEachern, and Gerald R. Patterson. "Covert antisocial behavior, peer deviancy training, parenting processes, and sex differences in the development of antisocial behavior during childhood." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 3 (July 11, 2012): 1117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000570.

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AbstractTwo longitudinal studies were used to examine the occurrence and consequences of peer deviancy training during childhood and the relative role of early covert antisocial behavior in risk for antisocial behavior in early adolescence. Peer deviancy training was apparent in a sample of at-risk first grade children, and it showed persistence and increased prevalence across the school year. Peer deviancy training, peer rejection, and unskilled parenting made additive contributions to the development of antisocial behavior during kindergarten and first grade and to antisocial behavior in fourth grade. Skilled parenting partially mitigated the association of peer deviancy training with antisocial behavior for boys. The appearance and growth of covert antisocial behavior was a predictor of fourth grade antisocial for boys and girls, more so than aggressive and overt antisocial behavior. Peer deviancy training and early covert antisocial behavior were key pathways to girls' antisocial behavior in fourth grade, and they complemented the roles of peer rejection and overt antisocial behavior for boys. The relationships of parenting and peer processes to trajectories of antisocial behavior were similar for boys and girls; but boys showed higher levels of antisocial behavior, were more involved in peer deviancy training, and were more likely to experience peer rejection.
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Blichfeldt, Bodil Stilling, and Karina M. Smed. "‘Do it Forever’: Discursive representations of older adults and sexualities in vacation marketing." Journal of Vacation Marketing 25, no. 2 (April 22, 2018): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766718771421.

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In advertising, sex has been ascribed a major role, but mostly in a one-dimensional, uniform, and ageist manner framing sexuality as the privilege of younger people. This has traditionally strengthened stereotyping discourses of older adults as ‘asexual’. However, in recent years, counter narratives emphasizing sex as an integral part of active, healthy, and successful aging have gained momentum. Using the promotional video ‘Do it Forever’ as a relevant case, this article analyzes representations of older adults’ sexualities in vacation marketing and points to how advertising is not ‘innocent’, but discursively positions older adults’ sexualities within an antiaging culture which positions older adults as ‘sexy olders’ in sharp opposition to the discourse of ‘asexsual old age’, potentially leaving older adults with little room to construct (a)sexual identities in-between the two strong and oppositional discourses.
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Pereira, Francisco Costa, Jorge Verissimo, Ana Castillo Diaz, and Rosário Correia. "Gender Stereotyping, Sex and Violence in Portuguese and Spanish Advertisement." Comunicação e Sociedade 23 (November 25, 2013): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.23(2013).1626.

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This study analyses the gender stereotypes, sex and violence in advertisements in all media except radio, from Portugal and Spain. We have conducted this study after ascertaining that gender stereotypes, as well as sexual and violent scenes, are embedded in advertisement as a formula to increase the possibility of remembering them. This advertisement analysis explores gender stereotyping, sex and violence, both for the Portuguese and Spanish advertisement market. We used a sample of 245 messages from Portuguese and Spanish advertising and a specific grid for this analysis from. We used all media, except radio, between July and November of 2008. The messages were selected from the following categories of products: foods and non-alcoholic beverages, cars and accessories, restaurants and commercial spaces, financial services and insurance, household products, electronic devices and communications, clothes and alcoholic beverages. These ads messages were select with a criterion of the characters. All messages must have at least one character, male or female. The messages were selected from the following categories of products: foods and non-alcoholic beverages, cars and accessories, restaurants and commercial spaces, financial services and insurance, household products, electronic devices and communications, clothes and alcoholic beverages. These ads messages were select with a criterion of the characters. All messages must have at least one character, male or female.The results in Portugal and Spain about gender stereotypes are in line with previous advertising studies from different countries across the years, showing that it prevails despite the change in women´s role in the world. However, there were practically no situations of discrimination of women or placing them in subordinate roles to men. The results also show us that sex and violence are in a lower level in the advertising of Portugal and Spain. advertising messages from (all) media – Television 83 – Press – 149 – Outdoor 9 – Internet 4. The TV ads were found from 200 hours watched in prime time, (between July and November of 2008 in all broadcast in open signal in Portugal, and Spain, the press ads were found from 300 titles consulted, between July and November of 2008, 22 mensal review, 5 weekly review like, and diary and weekly press, the Internet ads were found from 90 visits to the sites with more visits in Portugal and Spain, between July 2008 and November 2008. Finally the messages from Outdoor came from 50 visits to locations where they were placed between July 2008 and November 2008 in Lisbon and Badajoz.
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Nusantara, Aji Cahya, and Budhi Haryanto. "The Influence of Sex Appeal on Consumers Attitude toward the Ads Moderated by Product Factors." Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen 9, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jdm.v9i2.15938.

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This study wants to examine the relationship between sex appeal and attitude towards the ads, and more than, this study also wants to examine the role of product factors in moderating the relationship of this two variables. Experimental design is done to control the relation among the variables observed in this study. The participants consist of 100 males’ undergraduate students of Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta-Indonesia, who are divided into 4 groups. Generalized Auto Regression Conditional Hetero-regressive (GARCH) is statistical method chosen to analysis the data. The results showed that sex appeal is an effective stimulus affects the individual positive attitude toward an advertisement. As well as product factor is another stimulus, which effectively influence positive attitudes toward advertising. But in this study also found that the product factor is not moderate the relationship between sex appeal and positive attitude toward advertising. In addition to this study also discusses the implications of both theoretical and practical, as well as the limitations of the study.
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Matejevic, Marina, and Milica Petkovic. "Sexual Education of Young Adolescents in the Context of a Parental Style." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 55 (July 2015): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.55.62.

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The research was organized with an aim to determine whether there is a correlation between sexual education in a family and parenting styles. Understanding a parenting style, we started from the theoretical concept of D. Baumrind. The research used the following instruments: The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) Robinson, CC, Mandleco, B., Olsen, SF, & Hart, CH (2001), Parent / Adolescent Communication (PAC-J / M) James Jaccard, Patricia J. Dittus and Vivian V. Gordon (2000) & Miller (1998). Factor analysis showed that a dominant feeling among adolescents was shame to talk with parents about sex and contraception. We found statistically significant positive correlation between adolescent embarrassment and authoritarian parental style from a mother 0.546, and authoritarian parental style from a father 0.276, both significant at the level of 0.01, which confirms the hypothesis that the authoritarian style is associated with inadequate sexual education. The research results indicate the need for awareness of parents about the importance of sexual education because inadequate sexual education in family is a predictor for future risky sexual behavior. The results also point to the role of schools in educating parents in the context of a parenting style and sexual education.
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Sharabany, Ruth, Yohanan Eshel, and Caesar Hakim. "Boyfriend, girlfriend in a traditional society: Parenting styles and development of intimate friendships among Arabs in school." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407084053.

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The development of intimate same- and other-sex friendships in Arab children and adolescents in Israel was investigated in relation to their perceived parenting styles. It was hypothesized that girls would show higher levels of intimacy than boys, and that cross-sex intimacy in both groups would increase with age, whereas same-sex intimate friendship maintains rather stable over the school years. We hypothesized further that intimate friendship would be contingent more readily on perceived parental authoritative style rather than on either permissive or authoritarian styles. Participants were 723 Arab students drawn from four schools, and from the 5th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades. The Parental Authority Questionnaire and Intimate Friendship Scale were employed as measures. Findings indicated that girls were more intimate with their female friends than boys were with their male friends, especially in the higher grades, replicating previous studies. However, boys tended to score higher than girls on intimacy with the other gender. Girls equaled their level of intimacy only at the 11th grade. These findings suggest that traditional societies may foster specific characteristics of intimate friendship. A novel finding is the central role of the authoritative parenting style in determining intimate friendships. Results are discussed in terms of universal aspects of friendship and of their expression in the investigated cultural setting.
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백지희. "Self-regulation in early childhood: The role of sex, age, siblings and mother’s domain-specific self-efficacy in parenting." Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education 37, no. 5 (October 2017): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2017.37.5.017.

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Kouros, Chrystyna D., Megan M. Pruitt, Naomi V. Ekas, Romilyn Kiriaki, and Megan Sunderland. "Helicopter Parenting, Autonomy Support, and College Students’ Mental Health and Well-being: The Moderating Role of Sex and Ethnicity." Journal of Child and Family Studies 26, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0614-3.

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Harari, Ally R., and Hadass Steinitz. "The evolution of female sex pheromones." Current Zoology 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.569.

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Abstract The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted by scholars. However, the significance of sex pheromones in shaping mate choice (sexual selection) and in competition over breeding resources (social selection) has been largely ignored. The effect of sexual selection on sex pheromones as a sexually dimorphic signaling trait has been discounted because the amount of pheromone released by females is typically minute, while the role of sex pheromones in competition over breeding resources (other than mates) has not yet been considered. As a result of natural selection, variation in sex pheromones among females is expected to be low, and males are not expected to choose their mates among phero-mone-releasing conspecific females. Sexual selection, on the other hand, should drive the increase in pheromone variance among females, and males are expected to choose females based on this variation. Moreover, social selection resulting from more general social interactions, for example competition among females for breeding sites and food, should also promote variance among female sex pheromones. Here, we review the current evidence for each of the three selection processes acting on sex pheromones of female moths as an advertising trait. We suggest that the three selection types are not mutually exclusive but rather act together to promote different fitness components in diverse ecological situations.
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BARNETT, ROSALIND C., ROBERT T. BRENNAN, and NANCY L. MARSHALL. "Gender and the Relationship between Parent Role Quality and Psychological Distress." Journal of Family Issues 15, no. 2 (June 1994): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x94015002005.

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The association between parent role quality and psychological distress is examined in a sample of 180 full-time employed dual-earner couples, controlling for such individual-level variables as age, education, occupational prestige, and marital quality and for such couple-level variables as length of marriage, household income, and number, ages, and sex of children. The magnitude of this effect is compared for men and for women. Results indicate that parent role quality is significantly negatively associated with psychological distress for men as well as for women and that the magnitude of the effect depends little, if at all, on gender, casting doubt on the widely held view that parenting experiences more significantly influence women's mental health states than men's. The results are discussed in the context of the converging roles played by men and women in dual-earner couples.
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Lorenzi-Cioldi, Fabio, Fabrice Buschini, Elodie Baerlocher, and Florence Gross. "Individuation in job offers as a function of the status of the occupation." Social Science Information 49, no. 2 (May 20, 2010): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409359737.

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A sample of job offers (n = 4727) from French-language daily newspapers were content analyzed for their gender stereotypicality. It was first predicted that role names, as well as descriptions of the job and the applicant, would be predominantly non-sex-typed (Hypothesis 1). Hypothesis 2 predicted that generic role names would contain more masculine than feminine stereotypes compared to gender-fair role names. It was further predicted that the sex-typing of the role names would decrease as a function of the status of the job (Hypothesis 3) and that the amount of individuating information provided about the occupation and the applicant would increase as a function of status (Hypothesis 4). The findings provided overall support for the hypotheses, showing that gender stereotypes still pervade job advertising, but mostly at the lower levels of the occupational hierarchy.
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Sharma, Rajesh. "Understanding Indian Consumer Attitudes towards Celebrity Based Television Advertising (CBTA)." Management and Labour Studies 34, no. 2 (May 2009): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x0903400201.

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Despite the obvious economic advantage of using relatively unknown personalities as endorsers in advertising campaigns, the choice of celebrities to fulfill that role has become common practice for companies competing in today's cluttered media environment During the past decades, celebrities have had a growing influence on consumers through mass media such as television. The proliferation of entertainment media worldwide has increased the exposure of celebrities to consumers and given them i.e., celebrities, an iconic status. In this article, we explore few important research questions. First, we seek to determine how attractive is celebrity based television advertising (CBTA) to the Indian consumer and what is the effect of CBTA on consumers' brand choice behavior? Next, we seek to explain how important is the celebrity-product match up? Lastly we seek to explain whether consumer attitudes towards CBTA, with respect to brand-choice behavior, vary by demographic variables such as sex and income. These research objectives were pursued through the empirical study of respondents in New Delhi. The data was analyzed primarily by One Sample t-test and One Way ANOVA. The main findings showed that the Indian consumers were interested in celebrity endorsements in advertising and found it attractive. Further, CBTA was found to positively influence consumers' brand choice behaviour. The study also found that celebrity-product match up was important for customers and that consumers' brand-choice is influenced by CBTA, due to demographic characteristics such as sex and income.
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Waghmare, Vaishali, and Hema Hema. "PRECONCEPTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES ACT 1994 AND ITS MAIN ROLE TO CURB SEX DETERMINATION AND SEX SELECTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2595.

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India has a male dominated culture where women are treated like a commodity and slave. Our Indian society gives preference only to the Son not to female because of which girls' child is not heartily welcomed and discrimination against girl child still prevails. Sex selective abortion is one of major issue in recent era in relation to violence against women under which the Ultrasonography machine plays an important role of sex detection. Main cause for sex selection are Patriarchal system, Dowry system, only son who can performs the last rites, lineage and inheritance runs through the male line, the Small family norms , PARAYADHAN, easy access to the Medical facilities and Technology for Sex Selective Abortion. Low literacy rate, low socio-economic condition of women etc. Sex selection and sex determination causes violence, impact on equilibrium of nature, Polyandry, Imbalance between Male-Female populations etc Maharashtra was first State to enact Maharashtra regulation of use of PNDT Act in 1987. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 Hon. Supreme Court passed an Interim judgment in 2001 for more strict implementation of Act based on PIL filed by CEHAT, MASUM and AdvSabu George PNDT Act amended in 2003 to Pre conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Technique Act (PC-PNDT) Applicable to all Govt/NGO/Private/corporate establishments . Main purpose of Act is to ban the use of sex selection techniques before and after conception and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex selective abortion. Every offence under this Act is cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable (Sec 27). Act has made it mandatory to maintain records of every scan done. (Section 29 and Rule 9) Section 5 and Rule 10 (1A).Implementing Authority under the Act is Appropriate Authority (Section 17) has power to search, seize and seal clinics (Section 30). The Act prohibited communication of sex of the foetus by words, signs or in any other manner (Section 5) , advertising sex determination test in any form are liable for punishment (Section 22) .Offence under this Act punishable with imprisonment of years which extend to 5 years and fine up to 10,000 which extend up to 50,000.
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Carvalho, Catarina Peixoto, and Antonio Azevedo. "Do glamour, self-sexualisation and scopophilia influence celebrity endorsement?" EuroMed Journal of Business 13, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influence of glamour, scopophilia and self-sexualisation in luxury celebrity endorsement. Design/methodology/approach In step 1, an experimental study was conducted with 100 respondents assessing the response towards manipulated print ad stimuli operationalizing the influence (in general terms) of lay out, endorser’s beauty pattern, body language (cool, smile appeal, sex appeal and disruptive), gazing and landscape. In step 2, respondents evaluated their response towards five perfume print ads retrieved from real advertising campaigns with different brand personalities (DKNY, Moschino, Chanel, Gucci and Boss). Findings The ideal copy strategy is: a couple of brunette Caucasian endorsers; “close-up” photo; sexy body language; indirect smiling gaze; and urban landscape. Multiple regression models were built for each ad/brand (personality) in order to predict the willingness to pay for a bottle of perfume. Research limitations/implications The paper suggests a holistic theoretical framework describing the influence of celebrity characteristics, advertising copy strategy, social-cultural trends and brand variables in the advertising processing. Practical implications Advertising copywriters and brand managers must control the role of glamour and the self-consciousness of women seduction power in branding advertising. Social implications Glamour, scopophilia or self-sexualisation are three different concepts which have a lot of sociological implications because they influence the way as the society perceive the role of women as endorsers in advertising, but also in other life dimensions. Originality/value This paper fills a gap in the literature, since this paper make an innovative analysis of the influence of these recent post-modernist socio-cultural trends.
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Cuneen, Jacquelyn, and M. Joy Sidwell. "Gender Portrayals in Sports Illustrated for Kids Advertisements: A Content Analysis of Prominent and Supporting Models." Journal of Sport Management 12, no. 1 (January 1998): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.1.39.

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Gender portrayals in sport-related advertising generally reinforce institutionalized sexism and culturally defined sex-role behaviors. Gender-defining messages in advertising photographs may have an especially profound impact on children because children understand meanings in pictures before they understand meanings in text. The purpose of this study was to analyze gender portrayals contained in advertisements appearing inSports Illustrated for Kids (SIK)over a 6-year period. Advertisements were coded to determine (a) the total number of advertisements featuring females and males, (b) genders represented as prominent or supporting in advertising portrayals, and (c) gender portrayals in advertisement activities and product types. Content analysis revealed that girls and women were drastically underrepresented as models inSIKadvertising and that distinct gender roles were sustained by depicting males in nearly all types of activities and products. Conventional stereotypical relationships between sport and gender were represented in the majority ofSIKadvertisements.
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Vecho, Olivier, Martine Gross, Emmanuel Gratton, Salvatore D’Amore, and Robert-Jay Green. "Attitudes toward Same-Sex Marriage and Parenting, Ideologies, and Social Contacts: the Mediation Role of Sexual Prejudice Moderated by Gender." Sexuality Research and Social Policy 16, no. 1 (May 2, 2018): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0331-3.

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Mihic-Lisul, Ivana, and Petronila Kapor-Stanulovic. "Cultural influence on aims of inclusion of mothers in pre-school children's play." Psihologija 35, no. 1-2 (2002): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0201049l.

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Child is introduced with the contents of culture at first through numerous influences culture has on family life, especially on defining parenting roles. Patriarchal culture, still strong in Yugoslavia, is full of norms that clearly define roles of elders and men, and excellently demarcates differences between father's and mother's role in bringing up their children, defined by the level of responsibility attached to parents in upbringing and educating a child. Research conducted in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia in January 2002, with the primary aim of diagnosing differences in frequency and quality of parent-pre-school children play concerning many relevant correlates, most important of which is the sex of the parent. Data show high distinctive quality difference in types and approaches to play in regard of the parent in question. Differences show that patriarchal culture's influence is still very strong. The results show that mothers are burdened with the higher level of responsibility, inevitably leading to higher parenting stress. The level of parenting stress can then influence the quality of meeting the requests put to parents, as well as raising level of general anxiety in all the activities concerning the child, therefore the play itself as well.
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