Journal articles: 'Parenting – South Africa'

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Cluver, Lucie D., Jamie M. Lachman, Catherine L. Ward, Frances Gardner, Tshiamo Peterson, Judy M. Hutchings, Christopher Mikton, et al. "Development of a Parenting Support Program to Prevent Abuse of Adolescents in South Africa." Research on Social Work Practice 27, no. 7 (February 5, 2016): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731516628647.

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Purpose: Violence against children increases in adolescence, but there is a research and practice gap in research-supported child abuse prevention for the adolescent years. A pilot program for low-resource settings was developed in collaboration with nongovernmental organizations, government, and academics in South Africa, using research-supported principles. Method: This study used a pre-post design to test initial effects of a 10-session parenting program with 60 participants (30 caregiver–adolescent dyads) in high-poverty rural South Africa. Areas requiring further testing and adaptation were also identified. Results: Pre-post findings show medium to large program effects in reducing child abuse and adolescent problem behavior, as well as large effects in improvements of positive parenting, and perceived parent and adolescent social support. Discussion: There is potential to reduce child abuse, improve parenting, and reduce adolescent problem behavior in rural South Africa through parenting programs. Further development, testing and longer term follow-up are required to ascertain potential for scale-up.

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Kang’ethe, S. M., and Tatenda Manomano. "Available and Lost Opportunities for Effective Parenting in South Africa." Journal of Human Ecology 54, no. 2 (May 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2016.11906988.

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Roman, Nicolette Vanessa. "Maternal parenting in single and two-parent families in South Africa from a child's perspective." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 5 (June 30, 2011): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.5.577.

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Single mothers are often perceived and depicted as being ineffective parents in comparison to their married counterparts, but this may not always be the case. A sample consisting of 245 children (72% in married mother families and 28% in single mother families) between 10 and 12 years (M = 11) including 64% females and 36% males participated in the study. The aim in this study was to compare children's perceptions of their mothers' parenting within single and married families. The results indicate that mothers were perceived as using more autonomy-supportive than psychologically controlling parenting practices. There were no significant differences between children's perceptions of maternal parenting in single and married families.

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Kliewer, Wendy, Basil J. Pillay, Alicia Borre, Nikola Zaharakis, Tess Drazdowski, and Lena Jäggi. "Community violence exposure, family management practices, and substance use in youth: a cross-cultural study." South African Journal of Psychology 47, no. 2 (September 9, 2016): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246316667918.

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Associations between community violence exposure, family management practices, and substance use were compared in a sample of early adolescents in low-income communities from the United States ( N = 151; M age = 12.71 years, standard deviation = 0.65; 50.3% female) and South Africa ( N = 175; M age = 12.55 years, standard deviation = 0.85; 64.6% female) using home interviews with youth and their maternal caregivers. Past year victimization was associated with recent youth substance use. The moderating role of family management practices varied by type of practice (e.g., parental knowledge, control, solicitation, or child disclosure), reporter, and country. High parental knowledge reported by caregiver was protective against substance use only for South African youth. In youth reports, parental knowledge was protective across the United States and South Africa. Youth reports of their disclosure to parents were negatively associated with substance use in the United States but not South Africa. These data highlight the importance of considering both ecological context and reporter in the links between violence exposure, parenting, and substance use in youth.

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Lachman, Jamie M., Jane Kelly, Lucie Cluver, Catherine L. Ward, Judy Hutchings, and Frances Gardner. "Process Evaluation of a Parenting Program for Low-Income Families in South Africa." Research on Social Work Practice 28, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731516645665.

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Objective: This mixed-methods process evaluation examined the feasibility of a parenting program delivered by community facilitators to reduce the risk of child maltreatment in low-income families with children aged 3–8 years in Cape Town, South Africa ( N = 68). Method: Quantitative measures included attendance registers, fidelity checklists, satisfaction surveys, and engagement in home practice activities. Qualitative data included parent interviews, facilitator focus groups, and transcripts from parent groups and facilitator supervision sessions. Results: Quantitative results show high levels of participant involvement, implementation, and acceptability. Thematic analyses identified seven themes related to program feasibility: (a) supporting participant involvement, (b) engagement in collaborative learning, (c) strengthening facilitator competency, (d) delivering nonviolent discipline skills, (e) contextualizing content, (f) receptivity to existing practices, and (g) resistance to new skills. Discussion: Findings suggest that parenting programs derived from evidence-based principles may be feasible in South Africa when situated within a culturally relevant context.

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Kader, Zainab, and Nicolette V. Roman. "James House BEST Proactive Parenting Programme: experiences of South African parents." Argumentum 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18315/argumentum.v11i1.21853.

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The parent-child relationship often becomes challenging during the period of adolescence and it is community-based organisations, which take on the role of educating parents to improve the parent-adolescent relationship. The contribution of these interventions or programmes is not documented in South Africa. The James House BEST Proactive Parenting Programme prepares parents to manage the challenging behaviours of their adolescents. This was a qualitative study exploring the experiences of 24 parents living in at-risk resource-constrained communities who had attended the training workshops. Four themes emerged from the data (a) experiences of attending the proactive parenting workshops; (b) meaning of being a parent; (c) approaches to parenting and (d) the role of the father. In general, parents had a very positive experience and found that their relationships with their adolescents had improved. In particular, the results suggest that children require parental support, guidance, and parental involvement.

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Lachman, Jamie M., Lucie D. Cluver, Mark E. Boyes, Caroline Kuo, and Marisa Casale. "Positive parenting for positive parents: HIV/AIDS, poverty, caregiver depression, child behavior, and parenting in South Africa." AIDS Care 26, no. 3 (August 12, 2013): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.825368.

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Shenderovich, Yulia, Manuel Eisner, Lucie Cluver, Jenny Doubt, McKenzie Berezin, Sybil Majokweni, and Aja Louise Murray. "What Affects Attendance and Engagement in a Parenting Program in South Africa?" Prevention Science 19, no. 7 (August 18, 2018): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0941-2.

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Doubt, Jenny, Rachel Bray, Heidi Loening-Voysey, Lucie Cluver, Jasmina Byrne, Divane Nzima, Barnaby King, Yulia Shenderovich, Janina Steinert, and Sally Medley. "“It Has Changed”: Understanding Change in a Parenting Program in South Africa." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 5-6 (November 27, 2017): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.10.021.

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Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Matthew Tobiloba Obisesan, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, and Anthony Idowu Ajayi. "Unequal access and use of contraceptives among parenting adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health surveys." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e051583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051583.

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ObjectiveWe examined the divergent patterns, prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among parenting adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa using the Demographic and Health Survey datasets of 17 countries.DesignWe included a weighted sample of 9488 parenting adolescent girls in our analysis. Current contraceptive use was defined as the use of any methods to delay or avoid getting pregnant at the survey time. We reported the prevalence of any contraceptive use for all countries and used multilevel binary logistic regression analysis to examine the individual and contextual factors associated with contraceptive use.Outcome measuresContraceptive use.ResultsWe found an overall contraceptive prevalence of 27.12% (CI 27.23% to 28.03%) among parenting adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from 70.0% (CI 61.76% to 77.16%) in South Africa to only 5.10% (CI 3.04% to 8.45%) in Chad. The prevalence of contraceptive use was lowest in West andCentral Africa, with most countries having less than 20% prevalence. Increasing age (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.46, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.65), being married (aOR=1.63, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.87), having a secondary or higher level of education (aOR=2.72, 95% CI 2.25 to 2.3.27), and media exposure (aOR=1.21, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.36), were associated with higher odds of contraceptive use in the pooled data but preference for a higher number of children (more than five children) (aOR=0.61, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.72) was related to lower likelihood of use. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the country-level disaggregated results.ConclusionAfrican countries differ widely when it comes to contraceptive use among parenting adolescent girls, with only three countries having a relatively high prevalence of use. The governments of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those in West and Central Africa, should invest in expanding access to contraceptives for adolescent mothers to prevent repeat pregnancy and improve the overall well-being of parenting adolescent girls.

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Daniels, Verushka Zaskia, Eugene Lee Davids, and Nicolette Vanessa Roman. "The role of family structure and parenting in first year university adjustment." South African Journal of Psychology 49, no. 3 (October 10, 2018): 446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246318805267.

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The first year of university creates new experiences and challenges for first years and lays the foundation for the subsequent years of study. This first year has implications for academic development, mental health, and well-being of students and subsequently student retention. The majority of South African university students stay within their familial home unlike their international counterparts. The family may therefore play a contributory role in adjustment to university but this role is somewhat unclear. The current study therefore aimed to establish the associations between university adjustments of first year students, family structure, and parenting. The study employed a cross-sectional design, with a sample of 556 first year undergraduate students at a South African university. The data were collected using an electronic self-administered questionnaire on a secure online platform using the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale and the College Adaptation Questionnaire. Data analysis included hierarchical regression analyses and one-way analyses of variance to determine and compare the relationships between the variables. The results suggest that students from two-parent families were more adjusted than those from one-parent families. Autonomy-supportive parenting predicted positive university adjustment for the total sample, but only maternal autonomy-supportive parenting predicted good adjustment for students in two-parent families. This study highlights the potential role parents and families may play in the adjustment of first year students to university. This is particularly relevant in South Africa where many students are first-generation students, are challenged in transitioning to university, and this may have subsequent mental health–related challenges.

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Sherr, Lorraine, Kathryn J. Roberts, Helen Mebrahtu, Mark Tomlinson, Sarah Skeen, and Lucie D. Cluver. "The food of life: an evaluation of the impact of cash grant receipt and good parenting on child nutrition outcomes in South Africa and Malawi." Global Health Promotion 27, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975920957598.

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Social protection interventions (inclusive of cash grant receipt and care provision) have been found to be effective in response to some of the negative implications of the HIV epidemic on children and families. This study explores the impact of cash grant receipt and care provision (operationalised as good parenting) on child nutritional outcomes. In this cross-sectional study, 854 children and younger adolescents (5–15 years) and caregivers affected by HIV, attending community-based organisations in South Africa and Malawi, were interviewed. Interviews comprised inventories on socio-demographic information, family data, cash grant receipt and child nutrition. Parenting was measured using a composite scale. Logistic regression and marginal effects analyses were used to explore the associations between differing levels of social protection (none; either cash or good parenting; cash and good parenting) and child nutritional outcomes. One hundred and sixty children (20.3%) received neither cash nor good parenting; 501 (63.5%) received either cash or good parenting and 128 (16.2%) received both cash and good parenting. In comparison to no intervention, receipt of either cash or good parenting was significantly associated with child non-stunting, the child having sufficient food, and the child not looking thin. Three (3/7) nutritional outcomes showed increased improvement amongst children receiving both cash and good parenting care including child-reported non-hunger, child non-stunting and parental report of sufficient food. Marginal effects analyses further identified an additive effect of cash and good parenting on child nutritional outcomes. This study indicates that receipt of combined cash and good parenting, when compared to cash grant receipt alone, has positive effects on nutrition-related child outcomes.

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Christina Grové, Lucie, and Luzelle Naudé. "Identity status and perceived parenting style in adolescents living in central South Africa." Journal of Psychology in Africa 26, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2016.1172811.

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Roman, Nicolette Vanessa, Thembakazi Makwakwa, Marlies Lacante, and Natasha Tidwell. "Perceptions of parenting styles in South Africa: The effects of gender and ethnicity." Cogent Psychology 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 1153231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1153231.

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Shenderovich, Yulia, Manuel Eisner, Lucie Cluver, Jenny Doubt, McKenzie Berezin, Sybil Majokweni, and Aja Louise Murray. "Delivering a Parenting Program in South Africa: The Impact of Implementation on Outcomes." Journal of Child and Family Studies 28, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 1005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01319-y.

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Ferns, Use, and Dorothea P. Thorn. "Moral Development of Black and White South African Adolescents: Evidence against Cultural Universality in Kohlberg's Theory." South African Journal of Psychology 31, no. 4 (December 2001): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630103100405.

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To investigate the cultural universality of the developmental stages of moral judgment in Kohlberg's theory, moral development of white (Afrikaans- and English-speaking) and black (Sotho-, Xhosa- and Zulu-speaking) South African adolescents was studied cross-culturally. While the white adolescents showed a moral developmental pattern in line with Kohlberg's theory, the black adolescents showed a different pattern. The influence of Western and traditional norms and values, parenting styles and the possible effect of historical factors, such as the previous apartheid government system and the current democratic system on the moral development of the white and the black adolescents in South Africa are discussed. Greater consideration should, therefore, be given to the effect of the cultural, social and historical context on moral development.

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Sebola, Ephodia, Busisiwe Ntuli, and Sphiwe Madiba. "Maternal AIDS Orphans and the Burden of Parenting in Youth-headed Households; Implications for Food Security in Impoverished Areas of South Africa." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010144.

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The increasing number of AIDS orphans has led to an increase in child and youth headed households. Adjusting to the parenting role with no support from their extended family is a source of distress for orphans heading households. This study explored the parenting experiences of orphaned youth heading households in resource constraints environments. Methods: The participants were purposely selected from Youth-Headed Households (YHHs) located in informal settlements in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. The data analysis was inductive and followed the thematic approach. Results: Thirteen females and five males aged between 15-24 years were interviewed. The phenomenon of YHHs occured in impoverished informal settlements partly due to orphans being forcefully removed from their parents’ homes after the death of their mothers. The household heads felt morally obliged to care for their siblings, experienced parenting as burdensome, and the role adjustment from being a child to a parent difficult and demanding. The inability to provide adequate food to feed their siblings was a source of emotional stress. In an attempt to fulfil their parenting roles, they dropped out of school to find employment. Conclusion: Although the child support and foster grant are widely recognised for improving children's access to food, education, and basic services in South Africa, the lack thereof contributed to the economic hardships and vulnerability to food insecurity and hunger among orphans in YHHs. There is a need for multi-sectoral interventions to address food insecurity and, in so doing, improve the psychosocial wellbeing of orphans in YHHs.

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Cluver, Lucie D., Franziska Meinck, Janina I. Steinert, Yulia Shenderovich, Jenny Doubt, Rocio Herrero Romero, Carl J. Lombard, et al. "Parenting for Lifelong Health: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a non-commercialised parenting programme for adolescents and their families in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 1 (January 2018): e000539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000539.

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ObjectiveTo assess the impact of ‘Parenting for Lifelong Health: Sinovuyo Teen’, a parenting programme for adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries, on abuse and parenting practices.DesignPragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.Setting40 villages/urban sites (clusters) in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa.Participants552 families reporting conflict with their adolescents (aged 10–18).InterventionIntervention clusters (n=20) received a 14-session parent and adolescent programme delivered by trained community members. Control clusters (n=20) received a hygiene and hand-washing promotion programme.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes: abuse and parenting practices at 1 and 5–9 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes: caregiver and adolescent mental health and substance use, adolescent behavioural problems, social support, exposure to community violence and family financial well-being at 5–9 months postintervention. Blinding was not possible.ResultsAt 5–9 months postintervention, the intervention was associated with lower abuse (caregiver report incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.55 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.75, P<0.001); corporal punishment (caregiver report IRR=0.55 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.83, P=0.004)); improved positive parenting (caregiver report d=0.25 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.47, P=0.024)), involved parenting (caregiver report d=0.86 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.08, P<0.001); adolescent report d=0.28 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.48, P=0.006)) and less poor supervision (caregiver report d=−0.50 (95% CI −0.70 to −0.29, P<0.001); adolescent report d=−0.34 (95% CI −0.55 to −0.12, P=0.002)), but not decreased neglect (caregiver report IRR 0.31 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.08, P=0.066); adolescent report IRR 1.46 (95% CI 0.75 to 2.85, P=0.264)), inconsistent discipline (caregiver report d=−0.14 (95% CI −0.36 to 0.09, P=0.229); adolescent report d=0.03 (95% CI −0.20 to 0.26, P=0.804)), or adolescent report of abuse IRR=0.90 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.24, P=0.508) and corporal punishment IRR=1.05 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.57, P=0.819). Secondary outcomes showed reductions in caregiver corporal punishment endorsement, mental health problems, parenting stress, substance use and increased social support (all caregiver report). Intervention adolescents reported no differences in mental health, behaviour or community violence, but had lower substance use (all adolescent report). Intervention families had improved economic welfare, financial management and more violence avoidance planning (in caregiver and adolescent report). No adverse effects were detected.ConclusionsThis parenting programme shows promise for reducing violence, improving parenting and family functioning in low-resource settings.Trial registration numberPan-African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201507001119966.

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LeCroix, Rebecca Hill, Wing Yi Chan, Chris Henrich, Frances Palin, Jenelle Shanley, and Lisa Armistead. "Maternal HIV and Adolescent Functioning in South Africa: The Role of the Mother-Child Relationship." Journal of Early Adolescence 40, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824726.

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Black South Africans are disproportionately affected by HIV compared with White counterparts. In their unique social context, South African families affected by HIV are vulnerable to adverse psychosocial effects. U.S.-based and emerging South African research suggests mothers living with HIV may experience compromised parenting. In the United States, mother-child relationship quality has been associated with internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (delinquency, acting out) child behaviors. This study adds to South African research with emphasis on the role of the mother-child relationship among HIV-affected South Africans from multiple communities. Structural equation modeling examined relationships between maternal health and child adjustment, operating through mother-child relationship. The best-fitting model suggested maternal health influences youth externalizing behaviors through the mother-child relationship, but that maternal health is directly related to child internalizing problems. Findings support and extend previous results. Further research would benefit from investigating ways the unique South African context influences these variables and their interactions.

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Redfern, Alice, Lucie D. Cluver, Marisa Casale, and Janina I. Steinert. "Cost and cost-effectiveness of a parenting programme to prevent violence against adolescents in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 3 (May 2019): e001147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001147.

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IntroductionThis paper presents the costs and cost-effectiveness of ‘Parenting for Lifelong Health: Sinovuyo Teen’, a non-commercialised parenting programme aimed at preventing violence against adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsThe effectiveness of Sinovuyo Teen was evaluated with a cluster randomised controlled trial in 40 villages and peri-urban townships in the Eastern Cape of South Africa from 2015 to 2016. The costs of implementation were calculated retrospectively and models of costs at scale estimated, from the perspective of the programme provider. Cost-effectiveness analysis considers both the cost per incident of abuse averted, and cost per disability-adjusted life year averted. Potential economic benefits from the societal perspective were estimated by developing a framework of possible savings.ResultsThe total implementation cost for Sinovuyo Teen over the duration of the trial was US$135 954, or US$504 per family enrolled. Among the 270 families in the treatment group, an estimated 73 incidents of physical and emotional abuse were averted (95% CI 29 to 118 incidents averted). During the trial, the total cost per incident of physical or emotional abuse averted was US$1837, which is likely to decrease to approximately US$972 if implemented at scale. By comparison, the economic benefits of averting abuse in South Africa are large with an estimated lifetime saving of US$2724 minimum per case.ConclusionParenting programmes are a cost-effective intervention to prevent the abuse of adolescents by their caregivers in South Africa, when compared with existing violence prevention programmes and cost-effectiveness thresholds based on GDP per capita.

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Machaka, Ruvimbo, Ruth Barley, Laura Serrant, Penny Furness, and Margaret Dunham. "Parenting among Settled Migrants from Southern Africa: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis." Journal of Child and Family Studies 30, no. 9 (July 6, 2021): 2264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02013-2.

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AbstractThe Global North has over the years been a popular destination for migrants from the Global South. Most of the migrants are in their reproductive ages who go on to bear and raise children. The differences and subjectivity in the context of their experiences may have an impact on how they ensure that their children have the best possible health and well-being. This paper synthesises 14 qualitative research papers, conducted in 6 Global North countries. We gathered evidence on settled Southern African migrants experiences of bearing and raising children in Global North destination countries and how they conceptualise sustaining children’s health and well-being. Results of the review indicated a concerning need for support in sustaining children’s health and well-being. Cultural and religious beliefs underpin how the parents in these studies raise their children. More research is needed which engages with fathers and extended family.

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Herrero Romero, Rocio, James Hall, Lucie Cluver, and Franziska Meinck. "Can supportive parenting protect against school delay amongst violence-exposed adolescents in South Africa?" Child Abuse & Neglect 78 (April 2018): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.025.

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Moen, Melanie Carmen. "Characteristics for the Identification of Children Who Commit Family Murder in South Africa." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (June 29, 2017): 4796–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517717493.

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Children who commit family murder have been increasingly reported on in the South African media. Violence of this type has far-reaching consequences for families and communities. In this qualitative study, nine documented cases of children who committed family murder were analyzed to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that contribute to children murdering family members. The personal and systemic reasons for these types of murders guided the research. The Interpersonal Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory (IPARTheory) was used as theoretical framework. The researcher argues that the quality of the interaction between the parent and the child, as well as individual differences within a specific environment, is central to committing family member murder. A narrative summary of the general characteristics of children who kill a family member was compiled. In this study, the children were predominantly exposed to dysfunctional family environments characterized by problematic attachment to the caregiver/s, rejection, abuse, and extreme parenting styles. The parenting styles were often extremely authoritarian or in some cases permissive. The caregivers often expected the child to conform to their idea of the ideal child, and nonconformance resulted in punishment and rejection. These children presented with interpersonal relationship problems, anxiety, and aggression, and fantasized about escaping their challenging home environments. In some of the cases, the children abused alcohol and drugs. In only a few of the cases, signs of antisocial personality disorder were present. The family murders committed by children were predominantly committed by males. The weapons used in the murders were often everyday objects available in the environment. In this study, it was important to note that children who commit family murder have unique backgrounds and circumstances. Therefore, the characteristics discussed in this article only serve as a guideline to understanding these children.

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Ward, Catherine L., Inge M. Wessels, Jamie M. Lachman, Judy Hutchings, Lucie D. Cluver, Reshma Kassanjee, Raymond Nhapi, Francesca Little, and Frances Gardner. "Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children: a randomized controlled trial of a parenting program in South Africa to prevent harsh parenting and child conduct problems." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 61, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13129.

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Cluver, L., Y. Shenderovich, F. Meinck, M. N. Berezin, J. Doubt, C. L. Ward, J. Parra-Cardona, et al. "Parenting, mental health and economic pathways to prevention of violence against children in South Africa." Social Science & Medicine 262 (October 2020): 113194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113194.

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Rich, Edna G., and Nicolette V. Roman. "LEGISLATIVE POLICIES AND CULTURE ON PARENTING PRACTICES: improving the parent-child relationship in South Africa." Revista de Políticas Públicas 23, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v23n1p389-401.

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Os relacionamentos pai-filho são frequentemente descritos como vínculos únicos e duradouros que ocorrem entre um cuidador / pai e seu filho. Vários documentos de políticas legislativas sul-africanas foram implementados para orientar a prestação de serviços às famílias e fortalecer o relacionamento entre pais e filhos nas famílias. Este artigo visa examinar criticamente os quadros atuais e explorar o que é necessário na África do Sul, a fim de melhorar o relacionamento entre pais e filhos e os resultados gerais do desenvolvimento infantil. Utilizando uma perspectiva ecológica, os aspectos identificados como benéficos para melhorar o relacionamento entre pais e filhos na África do Sul são discutidos em nível micro, meso e macro. As influências culturais são consideradas e são fornecidas recomendações para melhorar o relacionamento entre pais e filhos em um contexto sul-africano.Palavras-chave: Relacionamento pai-filho. Desenvolvimento infantil. Desenvolvimento na primeira infância. Estilos parentais. Cultura. Teoria dos sistemas ecológicos.

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Kleyn, Lisa M., Miles Hewstone, Catherine L. Ward, and Ralf Wölfer. "Using Longitudinal Social Network Analysis to Evaluate a Community-Wide Parenting Intervention." Prevention Science 22, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01184-6.

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AbstractHarsh parenting attitudes and behaviors negatively impact children’s behavior and development, and are linked to heightened levels of violence in children. Parent training programs are effective preventive interventions, but only reach caregivers who attend them. In this study, programs were implemented alongside a community mobilization process, intended to use caregivers’ social networks to disseminate new parenting skills community wide. We used social network analysis to explore whether this intervention, first, increased positive parenting, second, changed social networks of female caregivers (selection), and, third, influenced parenting behavior via connections (socialization), while controlling for psychiatric morbidity, parenting stress, alcohol misuse, and child’s age. “Colored” Afrikaans-speaking female caregivers (N = 235; mean age 35.92 years) in a rural community in South Africa, with children between 1½ and 18 years old, were included in the study; two waves of data were collected (January–April 2016 and June–October 2017). We detected community-wide increases in positive parenting behavior (involvement, supervision, consistent discipline, and reduced corporal punishment). Attending at least one session of a parenting skills training program (n = 51; 21.7%) significantly predicted increases in network centrality (i.e., outdegree and indegree). Caregivers appeared to use similar parenting behavior to other caregivers they were connected to within the network, especially when those others attended a parenting skills training program. Overall, the results suggest that the information in the intervention was spread throughout the community through social interactions with program attendees and the community mobilization process. The results also illustrate the value of social network analysis for ascertaining the processes by which the intervention achieved its impact.

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Sherr, L., A. Macedo, L. D. Cluver, F. Meinck, S. Skeen, I. S. Hensels, L. T. S. Sherr, K. J. Roberts, and M. Tomlinson. "Parenting, the other oldest profession in the world – a cross-sectional study of parenting and child outcomes in South Africa and Malawi." Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 2017): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2016.1276459.

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Rochat, T. J., B. Houle, A. Stein, R. M. Pearson, M. L. Newell, and R. M. Bland. "Psychological morbidity and parenting stress in mothers of primary school children by timing of acquisition of HIV infection: a longitudinal cohort study in rural South Africa." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 9, no. 1 (September 13, 2017): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441700068x.

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Longitudinal maternal mental health data are needed from high HIV prevalence settings. The Siyakhula Cohort (SC) is a population-based cohort of HIV-positive and negative mothers (n=1506) with HIV-negative children (n=1536) from rural South Africa. SC includes 767 HIV-negative mothers; 465 HIV-positive in pregnancy; 272 HIV-positive since pregnancy (n=2 missing HIV status). A subgroup (n=890) participated in a non-randomized breastfeeding intervention [Vertical Transmission Study (VTS)]; the remaining (n=616) were resident in the same area and received antenatal care at the time of the VTS, but were not part of the VTS, instead receiving the standard of care Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme. In secondary analysis we investigated the prevalence of, and factors associated with, psychological morbidity amongst mothers who were still the primary caregiver of the child (1265 out of 1506) at follow-up (7–11 years post-birth). We measured maternal depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7) and parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index-36), using standardized cut-offs and algorithms. In total, 75 (5.9%) mothers met criteria for depression, 37 (2.9%) anxiety and 134 (10.6%) parenting stress. Using complete case logistic regression (n=1206 out of 1265 mothers) as compared to being HIV-negative, testing HIV-positive in pregnancy doubled odds of depression [adjusted odd ratios (aOR)=1.96 [1.0–3.7] P=0.039]. Parenting stress was positively associated with acquisition of HIV after pregnancy (aOR=3.11 [1.9–5.2] P<0.001) and exposure to household crime (aOR=2.02 [1.3–3.2] P=0.003); negatively associated with higher maternal education (aOR=0.29 [0.1–0.8] P=0.014), maternal employment (aOR=0.55 [0.3–0.9] P=0.024). Compared with the standard of care PMTCT, VTS mothers had reduced odds of parenting stress (aOR=0.61 [0.4–0.9] P=0.016). Integrating parental support into mostly bio-medical treatment programmes, during and beyond pregnancy, is important.

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Manomano, T., and S. E. E. Kumalo. "Discovering The Child’s Disability: Challenges with Parenting and Implications for Social Work Practice in South Africa." Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 7, no. 4 (October 2016): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09766634.2016.11885717.

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Lachman, Jamie M., Liora T. Sherr, Lucie Cluver, Catherine L. Ward, Judy Hutchings, and Frances Gardner. "Integrating Evidence and Context to Develop a Parenting Program for Low-Income Families in South Africa." Journal of Child and Family Studies 25, no. 7 (February 22, 2016): 2337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0389-6.

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Runhare, Tawanda, Eunice Kanaga-Majanga, and Rifumuni Nancy Mathebula. "Resilience of Pregnant and Parenting Learners to Pursue Educational Aspirations Within a Stigmatising School Setting in Rural South Africa." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0107.

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This study was premised on the increased demand for enrolment of pregnant and parenting learners (PPLs) at ordinary or conventional schools in South Africa due to the democratisation of access to education after the 1994 democratic dispensation. The study investigated how pregnant and parenting schoolgirls were resilient to continue with their educational aspirations at formal schools despite the social challenges that they faced in the school, family and community environments. A qualitative case study design was employed, and for confidentiality of the study participants, a face to face key-participant individual interview was the main data gathering instrument. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select a total of 8 PPLs, 4 learners from each of the two schools who were either pregnant or had given birth at the time of data gathering to express their coping strategies within a formal school setting. Study results revealed that setting new goals after pregnancy, desire to achieve self-efficacy, strategies against hate language and support from their significant others were key contributors to the resilience for the continued pursuit of the PPLs’ educational aspirations. The main recommendation from the study is for school management teams to help build a safe, child friendly and inclusive social environment among the school-based education duty bearers. Received: 4 March 2021 / Accepted: 6 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

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De Jong, M. "Suggested safeguards and limitations for effective and permissible parenting coordination (facilitation or case management) in South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 18, no. 2 (August 27, 2015): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v18i2.04.

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Lachman, Jamie M., Lucie Cluver, Catherine L. Ward, Judy Hutchings, Sindisiwe Mlotshwa, Inge Wessels, and Frances Gardner. "Randomized controlled trial of a parenting program to reduce the risk of child maltreatment in South Africa." Child Abuse & Neglect 72 (October 2017): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.014.

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Kuo, Caroline, Ashleigh LoVette, Dan J. Stein, Lucie D. Cluver, Larry K. Brown, Millicent Atujuna, Tracy R. G. Gladstone, Jacqueline Martin, and William Beardslee. "Building resilient families: Developing family interventions for preventing adolescent depression and HIV in low resource settings." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461518799510.

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Depression contributes significantly to the global burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries. In South Africa, individuals may be at elevated risk for depression due to HIV and AIDS, violence, and poverty. For adolescents, resilience-focused prevention strategies have the potential to reduce onset of depression. Involving families in promoting adolescent mental health is developmentally appropriate, but few existing interventions take a family approach to prevention of adolescent depression. We conducted a qualitative investigation from 2013–2015 to inform the development of a family intervention to prevent adolescent depression in South Africa among families infected or at risk for HIV. Using focus groups with adolescents and parents (eight groups, n = 57), and interviews (n = 25) with clinicians, researchers, and others providing mental health and related services, we identified context-specific factors related to risk for family depression, and explored family interactions around mental health more broadly as well as depression specifically. Findings indicate that HIV and poverty are important risk factors for depression. Future interventions must address linguistic complexities in describing and discussing depression, and engage with the social interpretations and meanings placed upon depression in the South African context, including bewitchment and deviations from prescribed social roles. Participants identified family meetings as a context-appropriate prevention strategy. Family meetings offer opportunities to practice family problem solving, involve other family members in communal parenting during periods of parental depression, and serve as forums for building Xhosa-specific interpretations of resilience. This study will guide the development of Our Family Our Future, a resilience-focused family intervention to prevent adolescent depression (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02432352).

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Meinck, Franziska, Lucie Dale Cluver, Frederick Mark Orkin, Caroline Kuo, Amogh Dhar Sharma, Imca Sifra Hensels, and Lorraine Sherr. "Pathways From Family Disadvantage via Abusive Parenting and Caregiver Mental Health to Adolescent Health Risks in South Africa." Journal of Adolescent Health 60, no. 1 (January 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.016.

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Adebiyi, Babatope O., Tessa Goldschmidt, Fatiema Benjamin, Inge K. Sonn, and Nicolette V. Roman. "Exploring the Perspectives of South African Parents and Primary Caregivers Living in Low-Income Communities on What Children Need to Thrive within the First 1000 Days of Life." Children 8, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8060483.

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The first 1000 days is recognised as a critical period for the development of children. What children need to thrive in this particular phase of development may be different from any other phase. In South Africa, parents’ perception of children’s needs within the first 1000 days of life could be considered as emerging. Therefore, this study aims to explore the perspectives of South African parents and primary caregivers on what children need to thrive within the first 1000 days. An exploratory qualitative study design was used to explore the parents’ understanding of what children need to thrive in the first 1000 days. A purposive sampling approach was employed to select parents and primary caregivers in low-income communities. In all, thirty respondents participated in the study. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. During the analysis, four themes emerged. The themes included (1) the importance of parenting, care and support; (2) children’s need for holistic development; (3) parental roles; and (4) sharing responsibilities. Parents and primary caregivers living in low-income communities understand what children need to thrive within the first thousand days of life. The study could assist policymakers and service providers to design appropriate interventions for parents within these communities.

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van den Berg, Wessel, Lynn Hendricks, Abigail Hatcher, Dean Peacock, Patrick Godana, and Shari Dworkin. "‘One Man Can’: shifts in fatherhood beliefs and parenting practices following a gender-transformative programme in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Gender & Development 21, no. 1 (March 2013): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2013.769775.

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Dolbin-MacNab, Megan L., and Loriena A. Yancura. "International Perspectives on Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Contextual Considerations for Advancing Global Discourse." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 86, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016689565.

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Globally, it is common for grandparents to serve as surrogate parents to their grandchildren, often in response to family crises and other challenges such as poverty, disease epidemics, and migration. Despite the global nature of this intergenerational caregiving arrangement, there have been few contextually focused examinations of how grandparents’ surrogate parenting roles are enacted across countries and cultures. This analytic review addresses this issue by exploring demographic and cultural contexts, needs and experiences, and formal and informal supports for grandparents raising grandchildren in four diverse countries: China, New Zealand, Romania, and South Africa. We conclude our analysis by discussing key contextual factors, and their associated interrelationships, from which future research may elucidate how cultural, historical, and sociopolitical factors uniquely shape grandparents’ experiences. We also make recommendations for contextually informed policies and practice.

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Allen, Alexandra Boeving, Michelle Finestone, Irma Eloff, Heather Sipsma, Jennifer Makin, Kelli Triplett, Liesel Ebersöhn, et al. "The Role of Parenting in Affecting the Behavior and Adaptive Functioning of Young Children of HIV-Infected Mothers in South Africa." AIDS and Behavior 18, no. 3 (July 28, 2013): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0544-7.

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Cluver, Lucie D., William E. Rudgard, Elona Toska, Siyanai Zhou, Laurence Campeau, Yulia Shenderovich, Mark Orkin, et al. "Violence prevention accelerators for children and adolescents in South Africa: A path analysis using two pooled cohorts." PLOS Medicine 17, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e1003383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003383.

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Background The INSPIRE framework was developed by 10 global agencies as the first global package for preventing and responding to violence against children. The framework includes seven complementary strategies. Delivering all seven strategies is a challenge in resource-limited contexts. Consequently, governments are requesting additional evidence to inform which ‘accelerator’ provisions can simultaneously reduce multiple types of violence against children. Methods and findings We pooled data from two prospective South African adolescent cohorts including Young Carers (2010–2012) and Mzantsi Wakho (2014–2017). The combined sample size was 5,034 adolescents. Each cohort measured six self-reported violence outcomes (sexual abuse, transactional sexual exploitation, physical abuse, emotional abuse, community violence victimisation, and youth lawbreaking) and seven self-reported INSPIRE-aligned protective factors (positive parenting, parental monitoring and supervision, food security at home, basic economic security at home, free schooling, free school meals, and abuse response services). Associations between hypothesised protective factors and violence outcomes were estimated jointly in a sex-stratified multivariate path model, controlling for baseline outcomes and socio-demographics and correcting for multiple-hypothesis testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. We calculated adjusted probability estimates conditional on the presence of no, one, or all protective factors significantly associated with reduced odds of at least three forms of violence in the path model. Adjusted risk differences (ARDs) and adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also calculated. The sample mean age was 13.54 years, and 56.62% were female. There was 4% loss to follow-up. Positive parenting, parental monitoring and supervision, and food security at home were each associated with lower odds of three or more violence outcomes (p < 0.05). For girls, the adjusted probability of violence outcomes was estimated to be lower if all three of these factors were present, as compared to none of them: sexual abuse, 5.38% and 1.64% (ARD: −3.74% points, 95% CI −5.31 to −2.16, p < 0.001); transactional sexual exploitation, 10.07% and 4.84% (ARD: −5.23% points, 95% CI −7.26 to −3.20, p < 0.001); physical abuse, 38.58% and 23.85% (ARD: −14.72% points, 95% CI −19.11 to −10.33, p < 0.001); emotional abuse, 25.39% and 12.98% (ARD: −12.41% points, 95% CI −16.00 to −8.83, p < 0.001); community violence victimisation, 36.25% and 28.37% (ARD: −7.87% points, 95% CI −11.98 to −3.76, p < 0.001); and youth lawbreaking, 18.90% and 11.61% (ARD: −7.30% points, 95% CI −10.50 to −4.09, p < 0.001). For boys, the adjusted probability of violence outcomes was also estimated to be lower if all three factors were present, as compared to none of them: sexual abuse, 2.39% to 1.80% (ARD: −0.59% points, 95% CI −2.24 to 1.05, p = 0.482); transactional sexual exploitation, 6.97% to 4.55% (ARD: −2.42% points, 95% CI −4.77 to −0.08, p = 0.043); physical abuse from 37.19% to 25.44% (ARD: −11.74% points, 95% CI −16.91 to −6.58, p < 0.001); emotional abuse from 23.72% to 10.72% (ARD: −13.00% points, 95% CI −17.04 to −8.95, p < 0.001); community violence victimisation from 41.28% to 35.41% (ARD: −5.87% points, 95% CI −10.98 to −0.75, p = 0.025); and youth lawbreaking from 22.44% to 14.98% (ARD −7.46% points, 95% CI −11.57 to −3.35, p < 0.001). Key limitations were risk of residual confounding and not having information on protective factors related to all seven INSPIRE strategies. Conclusion In this cohort study, we found that positive and supervisory caregiving and food security at home are associated with reduced risk of multiple forms of violence against children. The presence of all three of these factors may be linked to greater risk reduction as compared to the presence of one or none of these factors. Policies promoting action on positive and supervisory caregiving and food security at home are likely to support further efficiencies in the delivery of INSPIRE.

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Suchman, Nancy, Astrid Berg, Lameze Abrahams, Toni Abrahams, Amy Adams, Brenda Cowley, Cindy Decoste, et al. "Mothering from the Inside Out: Adapting an evidence-based intervention for high-risk mothers in the Western Cape of South Africa." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001451.

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AbstractDuring South Africa's first two decades as a democracy, the Western Cape Province has undergone radical changes to its healthcare system in an effort to address the extensive socioeconomic inequities that remain in the aftermath of the apartheid era. Although progress has been made, there is a clear need for interventions that support parents and children receiving health services in the public sector who are vulnerable to multiple psychosocial risks associated with extreme poverty. In this mixed-method study, we examined the feasibility and acceptability of adapting an evidence-based parenting intervention called Mothering from the Inside Out that was developed for mothers who are vulnerable to similar risks in the United States. Using qualitative methods, we documented the collaborative process that was guided by principles of community-based participatory research and examined themes in the Western Cape collaborators’ perspectives about the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Using quantitative methods, we tested the preliminary efficacy of the adapted version of Mothering from the Inside Out for improving maternal reflective functioning and mother–child interactions. Although findings from both study components indicated preliminary promise, a number of obstacles and challenges at multiple levels underscore the need for (a) flexibility and contextual support for intervention research conducted in under-resourced communities, (b) clinical sensitivity to the unique experiences of parents rearing children in highly stressful, under-resourced environments, and (c) equal partnerships that allow the expertise of local providers to inform the design proposals of consulting investigators.

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Davids, Olivia, Marcel Londt, and Lizane Wilson. "Imprisoned Sex Offenders’ Chronic Denial and their Childhood Family Environment." Open Family Studies Journal 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401507010042.

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Statistics in South Africa shows that sex offences are among the crimes that invoke the most public concern as anywhere else in the world. The number of sentenced sex offenders is increasing and denial by the sex offender is regarded as a risk factor for re-offending. Sex offenders who chronically deny their offenses are not only perceived as having a greater likelihood of recidivism, but additional questions about their childhood experiences and their experiences in their families of origin are also raised. This study described the family environment of non-admitting sex offenders and explored whether any family characteristics influenced their denial of the sexual offence. Qualitative research was applied and ten (10) incarcerated, non-admitting sex offenders were purposively selected from a Correctional Facility in the Western Cape. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants and Social Learning Theory was used as a lens to understand the dynamics. The findings of this study highlighted that most participants were raised in single-parent households with absent father figures, which had implications for their masculine identities and roles. These families were characterized by challenges such as domestic violence, substance abuse, unsatisfactory support and compromised parenting styles.

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Tomlinson, M., M. J. Rotheram-Borus, A. Scheffler, and I. le Roux. "Antenatal depressed mood and child cognitive and physical growth at 18-months in South Africa: a cluster randomised controlled trial of home visiting by community health workers." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 6 (June 13, 2017): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000257.

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Aim.To examine the child outcomes at 18-months post-birth of a population cohort of women with antenatal depressed mood, half of whom were randomly chosen to receive perinatal home visits from community health workers during pregnancy.Method.Pregnant women in 24 neighbourhoods (98% participation) were randomised by neighbourhood to: (1) standard clinic care (SC; 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594) or (2) the Philani Intervention Program, a home visiting intervention plus standard care (12 neighbourhoods; n = 644). The physical and cognitive outcomes of children of mothers with antenatally depressed mood (Edinburg Perinatal Depression Scale >13) in the intervention condition were compared at 18-months post-birth to children of mothers without depressed mood in pregnancy in both conditions.Results.More than a third of mothers had heightened levels of antenatal depressed mood (35%), similar across conditions. Antenatal depressed mood was significantly associated with being a mother living with HIV, using alcohol and food insecurity. At 18-months, the overall cognitive and motor scale scores on the Bayley Scales of Development were similar. However, 10.3% fewer children of mothers with antenatal depressed mood in the intervention condition had cognitive scores on the Bayley Scales that were less than 85 (i.e., s.d. = 2 lower than normal) compared with children of mothers with antenatal depressed mood in the SC condition. Intervention children of mothers with antenatal depressed mood were also significantly less likely to be undernourished (Weight-for-Age Z-scores < −2).Conclusion.Cognitive development and child growth among children born to mothers with antenatal depressed mood can be improved by mentor mother home visitors, probably resulting from better parenting and care received early in life.

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Pillay, Anthony L. "Factors Precipitating Parasuicide among Young South African Indians." Psychological Reports 61, no. 2 (October 1987): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.545.

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This was a retrospective study of factors precipitating parasuicide among Indian (South African) adolescents and young adults. Two-thirds of the sample of 55 cited overly restrictive parenting as primary precipitating factors.

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Goodrum, Nada M., Rosa Felix, Shannon Self-Brown, Natasha De Veauuse-Brown, and Lisa P. Armistead. "Violence Victimization and Parenting among Black South African Mothers." Journal of Family Violence 34, no. 2 (November 22, 2018): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-018-0022-0.

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Sundarlall, Ravindra, Debbie Van der Westhuizen, and Lizelle Fletcher. "The functioning and behaviour of biological parents of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, attending the outpatient department at Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria." South African Journal of Psychiatry 22, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.836.

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Background: ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is gradually being acknowledged as a functionally impairing disorder across the lifespan, underscored by heritability. Nonetheless, lack of ADHD (adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) data from South Africa is alarming which could be due to either the unawareness of ADHD symptoms or underutilization of available screening measures. Undiagnosed ADHD may influence family- and working lives unpleasantly. Parenting a child with ADHD may intensify parental stress through functional impairment notwithstanding the diagnosis of ADHD.Methods: Eighty-one biological parents of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder were screened using self-reporting measurements. ADHD self-report scale (ASRS-V 1.1) identified either positive or negative subgroups; the Weiss functional impairment rating scale (WFIR-S) for functional impairment and the Jerome driving questionnaire (JDQ) for risk-taking behaviour specifically driving. Results: Of the 39 (48%) parents who experienced impairment in all seven areas of functioning, 23 (59%) screened negative for ADHD, while 16 (41%) screened positive. A significant association was found between parents who screened either positive or negative for ADHD and functional impairment across five of the seven individual categories namely family, work, self-concept, life-skills and social functioning.Conclusion: This study emphasized the high incidence of functional impairment in parents of ADHD children. Although a substantial number of parents screened negative for ADHD, they still reported impairment in functioning; probably due to undiagnosed ADHD with comorbid psychiatric disorders, and/or parental stress due to the complex behaviour of the child. Parents of children diagnosed with ADHD should be screened for functional impairment followed by referral for psychiatric assessment and parent management training to achieve better clinical outcomes.

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Colbert, A. M., D. Bauer, P. Arroyave, S. Hernández, M. A. Martínez, M. M. Lamb, A. Paniagua-Avila, et al. "Performance of Young Children in Rural Guatemala on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.13.

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Abstract Objective The literature supports using tests developed in high-income countries to assess children in low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) when carefully translated, adapted, and applied (Holding et al., 2018; Mitchell et al., 2017). Research has shown the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) to have adequate validity and sensitivity when used in LMICs (Bangirana et al., 2014; Koura et al., 2013), as well as equivalency to the American normative sample in lower risk populations (Bornman et al., 2010). Here, we describe the pattern of MSEL results in rural Guatemala. Participants and Method Children (n = 842; M enrollment age = 15.9 months; range 0-5 years) enrolled in an observational study of postnatal Zika exposure in rural Guatemala were administered an adapted and translated version of the MSEL (Connery et al., in press). To date, 352 children completed one, 393 children completed two, and 97 children completed three MSELs, for a total of 1,429 administrations. Results MSEL composite scores were similar to the American normative sample in children <12 months (M = 93.3, SD = 11.1), but lower for children ages 1-5 years (mean = 71.1, SD = 15.1, p < 0.0001). Moreover, lower scores were observed in children ages 1-5 years for all MSEL subscales, with the largest differences observed in receptive language (<12 years: mean = 47.8, SD = 7.1; 1-5 years: mean = 35.1, SD = 10.0, p < 0.0001). Conclusions Results are consistent with research that demonstrates a widening gap in test performance over time between children from higher and lower risk communities (Fernald et al., 2011; Paxson et al., 2005; Schady et al., 2015). Although findings are not meant to diagnose individual children, they highlight population changes in neurodevelopmental skills and the need for a better understanding of developmental patterns in LMICs. Future analyses will evaluate the impact of developmental risk factors over time and the performance of the MSEL in this population. References Bangirana, P., Opoka, R. O., Boivin, M. J., Idro, R., Hodges, J. S., Romero, R. A., … John, C. C. (2014). Severe Malarial Anemia is Associated With Long-term Neurocognitive Impairment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu293. Bornman, J., Sevcik, R. A., Romski, M., & Pae, H. K. (2010). Successfully Translating Language and Culture when Adapting Assessment Measures, ppi_254 111.118. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2010.00254.x. Fernald, L. C. H., Weber, A., Galasso, E., & Ratsifandrihamanana, L. (2011). Socioeconomic gradients and child development in a very low income population: Evidence from Madagascar. Developmental Science, 14(4), 832–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01032.x. Holding, P., Anum, A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Vokhiwa, M., Bugase, N., Hossen, T., … Gomes, M. (2018). Can we measure cognitive constructs consistently within and across cultures? Evidence from a test battery in Bangladesh, Ghana, and Tanzania. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 7(1), 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2016.1206823. Koura, K. G., Boivin, M. J., Davidson, L. L., Ouédraogo, S., Zoumenou, R., Alao, M. J., … Bodeau-Livinec, F. (2013). Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP, 34(7), 486–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829d211c. Mitchell, J. M., Tomlinson, M., Bland, R. M., Houle, B., Stein, A., & Rochat, T. J. (2017). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Kaufman assessment battery in a sample of primary school-aged children in rural South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246317741822. Paxson, C., Schady, N., Izquierdo, S., León, M., Lucio, R., Ponce, J., … Hall, W. (2005). Cognitive Development among Young Children in Ecuador The Roles of Wealth, Health, and Parenting. Retrieved from http://econ.worldbank.org. Schady, N., Behrman, J., Araujo, M. C., Azuero, R., Bernal, R., Bravo, D., … Vakis, R. (2015). Wealth gradients in early childhood cognitive development in five Latin American countries. The Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 446–463. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25983344.

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Xie, Hui, Elizabeth H. Weybright, Linda L. Caldwell, Lisa Wegner, and Edward A. Smith. "Parenting practice, leisure experience, and substance use among South African adolescents." Journal of Leisure Research 51, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1620144.

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Bogart, Laura M., Donald Skinner, Idia B. Thurston, Yoesrie Toefy, David J. Klein, Caroline H. Hu, and Mark A. Schuster. "Let's Talk!, A South African Worksite-Based HIV Prevention Parenting Program." Journal of Adolescent Health 53, no. 5 (November 2013): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Parenting – South Africa'

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