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Journal articles on the topic 'Parents of narcotic addicts'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Bailey, Richard C., Yih-Ing Hser, Shih-Chao Hsieh, and M. Douglas Anglin. "Influences Affecting Maintenance and Cessation of Narcotics Addiction." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 2 (April 1994): 249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400204.

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A sample of 354 narcotics addicts remanded to the California Civil Addict Program (CAP) in 1962–64 was followed for over twenty-four years. Self-report data collected at initial treatment admission and in two follow-up interviews (1974–75 and 1985–86) included information on family history, patterns of drug use and criminal involvement, and other behaviors. The sample was classified into four exclusive groups: Winners (N=59), who had been abstinent from narcotics and other serious drug use and had not been involved in criminal activity during the thirty-six-month period prior to interview; Striving addicts ( N=46), who had been abstinent from narcotics use, but not necessarily other drugs, and had no incarceration for a period of twelve months prior to interview; Enduring addicts ( N=146), who had used narcotics and typically other drugs within the prior 12-month period, but had avoided incarceration; and Incarcerated addicts ( N=103), incarcerated at some time during the twelve-month period, and whose drug use was varied. Winners had generally negative familial experiences including little encouragement from parents, who in the main had adverse relationships, higher rates of sexual molestation, and were least happy in childhood. Despite this environment Winners evidenced early independence and self-confidence. Striving addicts were characterized by usually non-substance-using, church-going parents. Most had ceased narcotics use, but remained heavily involved with alcohol and marijuana. Enduring addicts, mostly from lower socioeconomic status families that exhibited extensive substance use and physical arguments, commonly accessed methadone treatment and avoided incarceration while persisting in narcotic addiction and crime. Incarcerated addicts, typically raised in dysfunctional, substance-using families, received the most parental caring along with the most severe punishment. They exhibited persistent involvement in crime, violence, and drug use.

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2

Nurco, David N., and Monroe Lerner. "Vulnerability to Narcotic Addiction: Family Structure and Functioning." Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 1007–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269602600415.

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This retrospective case-control study of male narcotic addicts was aimed at determining whether family structure and functioning factors, self-reported retrospectively as occurring during early teen age, were associated with subsequent addiction. It contrasted a reference group of addicts with two matched control groups: their teenage associates at age 11 (peer controls), and age-peers residing in their community but not close associates (community controls). The study population was equally divided between white and black subjects. Study results showed that during early teenage intact family structure (defined here as residence in a household consisting of both natural parents) was negatively associated at statistically significant levels with addiction. Family functioning factors negatively associated with later addiction, independently of family structure, included: strong attachment to father or father figure, positive home atmosphere, strong parental adherence to traditional norms, and expected weak parental disapproval of (hypothetical) misbehaviors by subjects if these had in fact occurred. Attachment to mother or mother figure was almost equally very high among reference and control subjects and, hence, was not associated with later addiction.

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3

Липатов, Вячеслав Александрович, Артём Александрович Денисов, and Алина Алексеевна Сосновская. "МОНИТОРИНГ МНЕНИЯ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ О ПРОБЛЕМЕ НЕЗАКОННОГО ОБОРОТА НАРКОТИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РЕГИОНА (РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОПРОСА)." Innova 22, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21626/innova/2021.1/02.

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The article presents the results of studies to study public opinion on the problem of independent drug trafficking in the Kursk region. Kurians, regardless of income level and social status, believe that the level of drug addiction in the region is not high. Most of the respondents believe that the work of regional structures in the prevention of the spread of narcotic substances is not effective enough. Among the most effective measures to prevent drug addiction, the respondents consider preventive conversations with the participation of former drug addicts. Residents of the Kursk region believe that the prevention of drug addiction among young people should be dealt with by parents, educational and medical organizations.

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4

Saefulloh, Ahmad. "Rehabilitasi Eks-Pecandu Narkoba Melalui Pendekatan Agama Islam." Islamic Counseling: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam 2, no. 1 (July 21, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jbk.v2i1.377.

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This effort can not be fully burdened to the government only, there needs to be synergy between government, society, parents, and related institutions in their field. This effort is one form of mutual concern that has been listed in the Narcotics Act, and the cultivation of values of Islamic Religious Education as a preventive effort that is being done. The existence of rehabilitation efforts through the Islamic approach is one alternative to prevent the return of ex-drug addicts in harmful environments. The purpose of this research is to explain how the rehabilitation of drug addicts through Islamic approach. The research method used qualitative method, then the research data was collected through interview and document analysis, and then processed by using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results show that there are three approaches of Islam by planting Religious education values that can be applied such as: (1) The Cultivation of the Aqidah Educational Values; (2) Planting the values of religious education; (3) The cultivation of moral values.

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5

Daeng, M. Yusuf, and Muhammad Fadly Daeng Yusuf. "Legal Protection for Children Victims of Narcotics Abuse in Riau Province." International Journal of Law and Public Policy 3, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0302.265.

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Narcotics abuse can be categorized as a criminal act as regulated in Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. The method used in this research is socio-legal research. In Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, there is no distinction between the abuse committed by children who are already drug addicts and children who are victims of narcotics abuse and are taking narcotics for the first time, so that these children are combined at the time of the crime. It is hoped that there will be political will from the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to revise Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics in order to provide legal protection for children who are victims of narcotics abuse. One of the obstacles faced by the Riau Regional Police in eradicating narcotics abuse by children is the minimal role of parents who are willing to report their children. Therefore, the Riau Regional Police should cooperate with religious leaders from MUI, traditional leaders from LAM Riau, as well as community leaders in order to provide enlightenment to the public about the dangers of narcotics abuse for the future of children.

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6

Soelton, Mochamad, Tati Nugrahati, Yanto Ramli, Dudi Permana, and Deden Kurniawan. "TOWARD THE BEST STRATEGY IN MINIMIZING THE SPREAD OF DRUG USERS." ICCD 1, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol1.iss1.27.

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This theme aimed to minimize the spread of Narcotics users at the student level, in the data of the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), cases of drug use by the drug users up to March 2018 amounted to 6.4 Million. The data is alarming because along with the increase in drug cases (especially among the young people and the children). The spread of drugs is easy because the elementary school children have also started trying to smoke cigarettes. Although the government in the Child Protection Act number 23 of 2002 in article 20, it has been stated that the State, the government, the community, the family, and the parents are obliged and responsible for the implementation of child protection (see more fully in the Child Protection Act). However, the child protection from drugs is still far from expectations. A lot of elementary school and junior high school age of children are also trapped in drugs; the drug addicts are generally between the ages of 11 and 24. At the productive age or student age, the students who take drugs usually begin with their introduction to cigarettes. From this habit, their association continues to increase, especially when the students join with the people who have become the drug addicts. At the beginning they only try to use the drugs, but then they will depend on them.

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7

Saefulloh, Ahmad. "Muhasabah Sebagai Upaya Rehabilitasi Eks-Pecandu Narkoba Di Yayasan Suci Hati Padang." Nidhomul Haq : Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam 3, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/ndh.v3i1.38.

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This paper aims to provide educational steps to institutions and agencies that implement rehabilitation programs of active or passive addicts of narcotics users. Institutions that make efforts to cure victims of drug abusers tend to pay less attention to the precise step that is the right step to do before the provision of materials or other religious approach programs. Drug Abuse has dangerous consequences, so the problem of drugs is classified into extra ordinary problems, ie problems that have no end. Various efforts have been made by the Government from preventive to rehabilitative. However, the problem has not yet been resolved, it increases in the next year. This mitigation effort can not be fully burdened to the government only, there needs to be synergy between government, society, parents, and related institutions in their field. This effort is one form of mutual concern that has been listed in the Narcotics Act, and planting aqidah through this muhasabah program as a preventive effort that can be done by institutions and NGOs in charge of rehabilitation of addicts. Research that the authors do is a qualitative type with qualitative descriptive analysis approach. The data of this study were collected through interviews and document analysis. The results show that there is a significant change of conscious attitude in receiving materials, direction, and other debriefing during rehabilitation process.

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8

Saefulloh, Ahmad. "Muhasabah Sebagai Upaya Rehabilitasi Eks-Pecandu Narkoba Di Yayasan Suci Hati Padang." Nidhomul Haq: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam 3, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/nidhomulhaq.v3i1.101.

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This paper aims to provide educational steps to institutions and agencies that implement rehabilitation programs of active or passive addicts of narcotics users. Institutions that make efforts to cure victims of drug abusers tend to pay less attention to the precise step that is the right step to do before the provision of materials or other religious approach programs. Drug Abuse has dangerous consequences, so the problem of drugs is classified into extra ordinary problems, ie problems that have no end. Various efforts have been made by the Government from preventive to rehabilitative. However, the problem has not yet been resolved, it increases in the next year. This mitigation effort can not be fully burdened to the government only, there needs to be synergy between government, society, parents, and related institutions in their field. This effort is one form of mutual concern that has been listed in the Narcotics Act, and planting aqidah through this muhasabah program as a preventive effort that can be done by institutions and NGOs in charge of rehabilitation of addicts. Research that the authors do is a qualitative type with qualitative descriptive analysis approach. The data of this study were collected through interviews and document analysis. The results show that there is a significant change of conscious attitude in receiving materials, direction, and other debriefing during rehabilitation process.

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9

Dubey, Charu, and Priti Bakhshi. "Substance Abuse: Trends, Primary Care and Sustainable Transformation." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 4 (December 2019): 582–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063419884398.

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The increased consumption of drugs in India is alarming and literature reveals that there are many studies on substance abuse and on the current trends and factors responsible for its consumption across the globe but very few in the Indian context. Through this article, we intend to highlight the statistics of substance use in India in context of problem, causes, consequences, impact, intensity, solutions, measures taken and way forward. The study is useful to policy makers, common man and drug addicts. The study is based on compilation and analysis of secondary data collected from authentic sources. Through this study, we have made an attempt to cover A to Z of Substance abuse in India. Through this study, we found that the increased trend of Substance abuse is alarming and there is a severe need of interventions. The Narcotics department is seizing the drugs as and when they are getting the information but somehow the situation cannot be controlled only with the efforts of Narcotics department and the contribution of policy makers, parents, teachers, doctors, that is, of each and every one of us, is equally important to eradicate this evil from society and nation as a whole.

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10

NURCO, DAVID N., JOHN C. BALL, JOHN W. SHAFFER, and THOMAS E. HANLON. "The Criminality of Narcotic Addicts." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173, no. 2 (February 1985): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198502000-00006.

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11

Nurco, David N., Mitchell B. Balter, and Timothy Kinlock. "Vulnerability to Narcotic Addiction: Preliminary Findings." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 2 (April 1994): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400206.

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This is a report of fieldwork methodology and preliminary findings from a controlled retrospective study of vulnerability to narcotic addiction comparing three groups of males closely matched by neighborhood, age, and race: a community-wide sample of narcotic addicts; a nonaddicted control sample of age-eleven peer associates of the addicts; and a nonaddicted community control sample of age-eleven peers who did not associate with the addicts. Fieldwork experience and preliminary findings suggest a strong selective association between friendship and deviance among narcotic addicts and their age-eleven associates — a relationship that is much less common in the two control groups, particularly community controls. Association with older deviants was also more characteristic of addicts than for the peer or community controls. Experience in the study also attests to the feasibility and merit of capturing historical data via retrospective, reconstructive sampling methods.

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12

Bernardi, Elsa, Michael Jones, and Chris Tennant. "Quality of Parenting in Alcoholics and Narcotic Addicts." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 5 (May 1989): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.5.677.

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Alcoholics and heroin addicts were compared with a normal control group to determine whether there were differences in quality of parenting during childhood, assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Maternal and paternal overprotection were reported more commonly by narcotic addicts. Maternal overprotection alone was implicated in alcoholics. Narcotic addicts seem to have more disturbed parenting than alcoholics, especially paternal parenting.

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13

Shaffer, John W., David N. Nurco, John C. Ball, and Timothy W. Kinlock. "Patterns of Non-Narcotic Drug Use among Male Narcotic Addicts." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 3 (July 1986): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600309.

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In the course of lengthy, confidential interviews conducted with 354 male narcotic addicts (195 Black, 159 White) living in the Baltimore metropolitan area, detailed information was obtained concerning their use of non-narcotic drugs during periods of active addiction to narcotics (principally heroin) as well as during periods of non-addiction to narcotics. A wide variety of non-narcotic substances were found to have a nonzero incidence of use; however, both the types and amounts of non-narcotic drugs used, as well as the combinations (patterns) in which they were used, were found to be a joint function of race (Black/White) and narcotic addiction status (actively addicted/not addicted to narcotics). Factor analysis revealed three major patterns among Blacks during periods of active narcotic addiction, and a different three patterns during periods of nonaddiction. Among Whites, four major patterns were identified during periods of active narcotic addiction, and five during periods of nonaddiction. Subsequent applications of cluster analysis revealed several different types of addicts based on patterns of non-narcotic drug use.

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14

LEWIS, COLLINS E., JAMES A. HALIKAS, CAROLYN MORSE, and JOHN D. RIMMER. "Alcoholism in Narcotic Addicts with Antisocial Personality." Addiction 82, no. 3 (March 1987): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01484.x.

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15

TENNANT, CHRIS, and ELSA BERNARDI. "Childhood Loss in Alcoholics and Narcotic Addicts." Addiction 83, no. 6 (June 1988): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02600.x.

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16

Khantzian, Edward John. "DSM-III Psychiatric Diagnosis of Narcotic Addicts." Archives of General Psychiatry 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790340045007.

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17

Arianto, Satriyo Bagus. "Kewenangan BNN dalam Pemberian Rehabilitasi Pada Pecandu Narkotika." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i5.29832.

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AbstractThis research entitled “BNN authority in giving rehabilitation to narcotic addicts”, This study employs doctrinal method by using statute approach and conseptual approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze research question in this study. There are two research questions in this study, they are: (1) Does BNN have the authority to give rehabilitation to narcotic addicts?, (2) what’s the basic consideration for BNN in giving rehabilitation to narcotic addicts?. This study concludes that BNN authority to give rehabilitation has derived a concept of authority to BNN based on special classification on rehabilitation. There are two category of special classification on rehabilitation. It consists of voluntary (narcotic addicts voluntarily reports themselves) and compulsory (narcotic addicts being caught by investigator). The compulsory category is divided into three parts which include rehabilitation given during court process, rehabilitation given outside court process and rehabilitation given after court decision or court injunction where investigator usually give rehabilitation after court decision or court injuction. Keywords: BNN Authority; Rehabilitation; Narcotic Addicts.AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul “Kewenangan BNN Dalam Pemberian Rehabilitasi Pada Pecandu Narkotika”. Dalam penelitian yang menggunakan metode doktrinal dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach) dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis rumusan masalah penelitian ini. Terdapat dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini, yaitu (1) Apakah BNN mempunyai kewenangan untuk memberikan rehabilitasi pada pecandu narkotika?; (2) Apa yang menjadi dasar pertimbangan BNN dalam pemberian rehabilitasi pada pecandu narkotika?. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kewenangan BNN untuk memberikan rehabilitasi menghasilkan suatu konsep kewenangan BNN berdasarkan klasifikasi rehabilitasi secara khusus. Terdapat dua klasifikasi rehabilitasi secara khusus yaitu secara voluntary (pecandu melaporkan diri) dan compulsory (pecandu tertangkap tangan oleh penyidik) dimana pada kategori compulsory dibagi menjadi tiga jenis yaitu, 1. Rehabilitasi yang diberikan selama proses peradilan (penyidikan, penuntutan dan persidangan di pengadilan); 2. Rehabilitasi diluar proses peradilan; 3. Rehabilitasi yang diberikan setelah putusan atau penetapan pengadilan dimana penyidik biasa memberikan rehabilitasi setelah adanya putusan atau penetapan pengadilan. Kata Kunci: Kewenangan BNN; Rehabilitasi; Pecandu Narkotika.

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18

Horn, E. H., H. R. Henderson, and J. A. H. Forrest. "Admissions of Drug Addicts to a General Hospital: A Retrospective Study in the Northern District of Glasgow." Scottish Medical Journal 32, no. 2 (April 1987): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308703200205.

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Medical and surgical admissions of drug addicts to Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow in the period 1980–1984 were reviewed. Admission numbers, which totalled 123, rose markedly over the period of the study, particularly in the final year. The mean age of addicts was 21 years. Ninety-two per cent abused heroin but many abused combinations of drugs. Inadvertent narcotic overdosage was the commonest diagnosis amongst medical admissions followed by deep venous thrombosis. A small number of cases of staphylococcal endocarditis presented particular problems in diagnosis and management. The commonest reason for surgical admission was abscess formation. Whilst 85% of addicts showed markers of past infection with hepatitis B, chronic carriage of surface antigen occurred in only 10%. Few addicts had withdrawal symptoms although the practice of narcotic and/or tranquilliser prescribing varied. Many admissions were of short duration with 36% ending in patients taking their own discharge. Only 16% of addicts were notified to the Home Office.

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Girsang, Junimart, and Beny Kaissar Simanjuntak. "Analisis Kebijakan Rehabilitasi Narkotika Terhadap Pecandu dan Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di Batam." Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 5, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v5i1.614.

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In the year 2017, Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR) found in the Surabaya District Court, the majority of the pleas of the Public Prosecutor for the accused as addicts and victims of narcotics abuse for convicting prison were 90% (ninety percent) and 10% (ten percent) are terminated by the imposition of narcotics rehabilitation as an attempted conviction. Therefore, this research was conducted in Batam city as one of the regions with high levels of narcotics illicit trafficking. The purpose of this study is to find out the procedures for implementing narcotic rehabilitation, to analyze the effectiveness of the law in the application of narcotic rehabilitation for addicts and victims of narcotics abuses in Batam City, and to measure the level of justice in providing penalization for addicts and victims of narcotics abusers processed through court verdicts. This research was carried out by conducting empirical legal research at the Riau Islands Police Narcotics Directorate, BNN Riau Islands Province, Batam District Court, and Batam BNN Rehabilitation Atelier. The results of this study state that in applying narcotic rehabilitation to addicts and victims of narcotics abuse can be made through voluntary and through legal processes (compulsory). The implementation of narcotics rehabilitation for narcotics addicts and victims of narcotics abuses in Batam City is not effective and the level of justice in providing criminal sentences for addicts and victims of narcotics abusers who through the legal process is felt to be unfair.

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20

Lindblad, Richard. "Civil Commitment under the Federal Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act." Journal of Drug Issues 18, no. 4 (October 1988): 595–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800407.

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The Federal Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA) provided for compulsory treatment and supervised aftercare of narcotic addicts. The law was passed amid controversy as to whether addiction should be controlled by enforcement efforts or through treatment and prevention. Through NARA, treatment was permitted for offenders as a pre-trial civil commitment instead of prosecution for addicts convicted of specific crimes and for voluntary applicants. The law was complex in its implementation because each treatment category had burdensome legal and logistical particularities. Numerous “gatekeepers” screened and selected clients for admission resulting in frequent disagreement about clients' eligibility. Because capacity was limited during preliminary program development, many potential clients were rejected from the program. The program suffered criticism because of its high rejection rate and because of perceived high program costs. NARA was a relatively short-lived program superseded by other legislation Still, much was learned from the program and a national network of treatment providers resulted. Civil commitment proved to be an effective way of bringing narcotic addicts into treatment, and evaluations of those admitted show they did as well as or better than those treated in other settings.

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Nurco, D. "Crime as a source of income for narcotic addicts." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2, no. 2 (1985): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(85)90035-2.

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NURCO, DAVID N., THOMAS E. HANLON, TIMOTHY W. KINLOCK, and KAREN R. DUSZYNSKI. "DIFFERENTIAL CRIMINAL PATTERNS OF NARCOTIC ADDICTS OVER AN ADDICTION CAREER*." Criminology 26, no. 3 (August 1988): 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00848.x.

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Sitorus, Rico Januar, and Merry Natalia. "Perilaku Seksual Berisiko Pengguna Narkotika." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 9, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.748.

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AbstrakPenyalahgunaan narkotika yang melakukan hubungan seksual sebelummenikah, dan berganti-ganti mitra seksual merupakan perilaku berisiko.Masalah yang diakibatkan penyalahgunaan narkotika sangat kompleks,seperti masalah sosial dan kesehatan. Kecenderungan pengguna narkotika melakukan perilaku seksual dini dan tidak aman semakin memperparah kondisi kualitas hidup pecandu dan tentunya berdampak besar pada kelangsungan hidup di masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui determinan perilaku seksual berisiko di kalangan pengguna narkotika. Metode penelitian adalah potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder kajian rekam medis di instalasi Medical Psikiatric Evaluation di rumah sakit ketergantungan obat (RSKO) Jakarta tahun 2013. Populasi penelitian adalah pasien ketergantungan narkotika yang dirawat inap di RSKO Cibubur selama tahun 2013. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien yang dirawat inap berjumlah 74 responden. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa mayoritas responden telah melakukan perilaku seksual berisiko, yaitu sebesar 82,4% dengan usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual ≤ 17 tahun sebesar 78,4%. Usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual ≤ 17 tahun merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perilaku seksual berisiko di kalangan pecandu narkotika. Model akhir analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa pengguna narkotika yang telah melakukan hubungan seksual ≤ 17 tahun berpeluang 6,74 kali (CI = 1,84 – 24,73) untuk melakukan perilaku seksual berisiko dibandingkan dengan pengguna narkotika > 17 tahun.AbstractNarcotic abuse having premarital sexual intercourse and multiple sexualpartners is risky behavior. Problems caused by narcotic abuse are verycomplex, such as social and health problems. Tendency of narcotic userscommitting early and unsafe sexual intercourse worsen condition of the addict’s quality of life and definitely has a big impact on life survival in the future. This study aimed to determine determinants of risky sexual behavior among narcotic users. The method was cross sectional study using secondary data of medical record assessment at Medical PsikiatricEvaluation installation in Jakarta hospital for drug addicts in 2013. The study population was narcotic-addicted patients hospitalized at Cibubur Hospital for Drug Addicts within 2013. Sample of this study was all hospitalized patients amounted to 74 respondents. Data analysis used was univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results proved that most respondents had committed risky sexual behaviors worth 82.4% in which the age of first intercourse ≤ 17 years old worth 78.4%. The age of first intercourse ≤ 17 years old was the most influential variable to risky sexual behavior among narcotic addicts. The final model of multivariate analysis showed that narcotic users who committed sexual intercourse ≤ 17 years had 6.74 times opportunity (CI = 1.84 – 24.73) to commit risky sexual behavior than > 17 yearold narcotic users.

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Nurco, David N., Robert J. Blatchley, Thomas E. Hanlon, Kevin E. O'Grady, and Maureen McCarren. "The Family Experiences of Narcotic Addicts and Their Subsequent Parenting Practices." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 24, no. 1 (January 1998): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952999809001698.

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25

Nurco, David N., John W. Shaffer, Thomas E. Hanlon, Timothy W. Kinlock, Karen R. Duszynski, and Philip Stephenson. "Relationships between client/counselor congruence and treatment outcome among narcotic addicts." Comprehensive Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(88)90037-5.

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26

Muslimah, Muslimah. "Terapi Mandi Terhadap Pecandu Narkotika Di Pondok Pesantren Al-Qodir Cangkringan Sleman Yogyakarta." Coution : journal of counseling and education 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47453/coution.v1i2.114.

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This study aims to determine how the process and benefits of bath therapy for narcotic addicts at Al-Qodir Islamic Boarding School, Cangkringan, Sleman Yogyakarta. This research is a qualitative research with two clients who undergo healing due to narcotics addiction. Methods of data collection by interview, observation, documentation. The method of checking the validity of the data used the "triangulation" technique. Data analysis using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study describe that the process of bathing therapy carried out by narcotic addicts at the Al-Qodir Islamic boarding school goes through several stages. The first is the preparation stage, namely the therapist preparing the facilities, waking the narcotic addicts santri, and reading prayers into the bathroom. The second stage of implementation is the intention to bathe, perform ablution, and pour water all over the body. The third stage of closing is reading the prayer out of the bathroom, and giving suggestions from the therapist. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses dan manfaat terapi mandi terhadap pecandu narkotika di Pondok Pesantren Al-Qodir Cangkringan Sleman Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian dua orang klien yang menjalani penyembuhan akibat pecandu narkotika. Metode pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi. Metode pemeriksaan keabsahan data dengan tehnik “triangulasi”. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini mendeskripsikan bahwa proses terapi mandi yang dilakukan oleh para santri pecandu narkotika di pondok pesantren Al-Qodir ini melalui beberapa tahapan. Pertama tahap persiapan yaitu terapis menyiapkan sarana, membangunkan para santri pecandu narkotika, dan membaca do’a masuk kamar mandi. Tahap kedua pelaksanaan yaitu niat mandi, berwudhu, menyiramkan air ke seluruh tubuh. Tahap ketiga penutupan yaitu membaca do’a keluar kamar mandi, dan memberikan sugesti dari terapis.

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27

Mason, A. B., S. E. Pugh, and D. W. Holt. "Cardiac Glycoside Toxicity Resulting from Cough Linctus Abuse." Human Toxicology 6, no. 3 (May 1987): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600315.

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Proprietry cough medicines are often abused by drug addicts as they are freely available and, in many instances, contain narcotic substances. A variety of other compounds are present in these products, including compounds structurally related to the commonly prescribed cardiac glycosides. We report a case in which severe cardiac glycoside toxicity resulted from the abuse of such a preparation.

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28

Girardin, F. "Pharmacokinetics of high doses of intramuscular and oral heroin in narcotic addicts." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 74, no. 4 (October 2003): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9236(03)00199-1.

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29

Shaffer, John W., David N. Nurco, Thomas E. Hanlon, Timothy W. Kinlock, Karen R. Duszynski, and Philip Stephenson. "MMPI-168 profiles of male narcotic addicts by ethnic group and city." Journal of Clinical Psychology 44, no. 2 (March 1988): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198803)44:2<292::aid-jclp2270440234>3.0.co;2-9.

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30

Nurco, David N., Robert J. Blatchley, Thomas E. Hanlon, and Kevin E. O'Grady. "Early Deviance and Related Risk Factors in the Children of Narcotic Addicts." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 25, no. 1 (January 1999): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ada-100101844.

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31

Maurer, U., R. Jarisch, A. Pollesbck, W. Hemmer, F. Wantke, and B. Spitzer. "Risk of Anaphylaxis in Narcotic Drug Addicts Being Treated for Drug Rehabilitation." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129, no. 2 (February 2012): AB181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.243.

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32

Babayan, E. A. "Medico-legal aspects of treatment and prophylactic care of narcotic drug addicts." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 25, no. 2 (April 1990): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(90)90066-n.

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33

Navaratnam, Vis, Aliene Jamaludin, Narayanasamy Raman, Musa Mohamed, and Sharif M. Mansor. "Determination of naltrexone dosage for narcotic agonist blockade in detoxified Asian addicts." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 34, no. 3 (February 1994): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)90161-9.

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34

Fattinger, K. "Pharmacokinetics of high doses of intramuscular and oral heroin in narcotic addicts." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 75, no. 2 (February 2004): P22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.083.

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35

Sarman, Pankaj L., Partha Choudhury, Chittaranjan Andrade, and S. M. Channabasavanna. "Dyadic Adjustment in Parents of Narcotic Dependant Males." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1994): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156419940103.

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36

Andrade, Chitharanjan, Partha Choudhury, Pankaj L. Sarmah, and S. M. Channabasavanna. "Marital Perceptions of Parents of Narcotic Dependant Males." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (July 1996): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156419960204.

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37

Mykhaylyshyn, Ulyana В. "PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MOTIVATIONAL SPHERE OF DRUG ADDICTS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 2 (2019): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201902103.

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Introduction: The article considers the psychological features of motivational sphere of drug addicts. The article presents the results of the empirical study of the specifics of motivational sphere of drug addicts with the subsequent statistical analysis. The aim of this study is to identify psychological characteristics of motivational sphere of drug addicts. Materials and methods: The research has been conducted at Transcarpathian Oblast Narcological Dispensary (Uzhhorod, Ukraine). The experiment involved 30 drug addicts of different age and sexes. In order to diagnose the motivational sphere of drug addicts, the following methods have been used: Diagnostics of motivation to avoid failure by T. Ehlers; Measuring the motivation to success by T. Ehlers; Diagnostics of risk attitude by G. Schubert. Results: It has been found that the determining factors of motivation for drug abuse are: social and psychological conditions of life, factors of group influence, direct psychophysiological influence of drugs, daring illusory satisfaction. It has been determined that young people with unstable spiritual needs and lack of stable positive interests are the category who is the most inclined to drug abuse. Conclusions: The data of statistical, quantitative and qualitative analysis has been obtained allowing concluding that the development of destructive motivation affects the inclination to using the narcotic substances.

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38

Duffy, John, David Courtwright, Herman Joseph, and Don Des Jarlais. "Addicts who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965." Journal of American History 77, no. 1 (June 1990): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078745.

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39

Morgan, H. Wayne, David Courtwright, Herman Joseph, Don Des Jarlais, and Claude Brown. "Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923- 1965." Journal of Southern History 56, no. 4 (November 1990): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210976.

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40

Shilov, V. V., G. E. Guseynov, U. S. Yaburova, and D. A. Shalygin. "ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCE OF USAGE NARCOTIC ANALGESICS IN SUBSTITUTION THERAPY FOR DRUG ADDICTS." EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE 19, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/2072-6716-2018-19-4-31-37.

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The article analyzes and compares the risks associated with the usage of methadone and buprenorphine in substitution therapy. The main causes of death and statistical information on mortality from both drugs, as well as methods for the prevention and treatment of poisoning are indicated are pointed.

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41

Nurco, David N., Thomas E. Hanlon, Mitchell B. Balter, Timothy W. Kinlock, and Evelyn Slaght. "A Classification of Narcotic Addicts Based on Type, Amount and Severity of Crime." Journal of Drug Issues 21, no. 2 (April 1991): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269102100211.

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42

Goodwin, Donald W. "Addicts Who Survive: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 22 (December 8, 1989): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430220143050.

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43

Harvey, William M. "Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923–1965." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 22, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1990.10472565.

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44

Emboden, William. "Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923–1965." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 22, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1990.10472566.

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45

Michels, Ingo Ilja. "Heroin-Based Treatment." Journal of Drug Issues 32, no. 2 (April 2002): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260203200212.

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This article describes the history of the heated legal controversy in Germany about prescribing medicinal narcotics. The professional corporations of medical doctors have claimed a right to govern the interpretation and definition of legal terms and for a long time resisted the clinical insights and practical experience about maintenance treatment that had been gathered from abroad. The next logical step was to prescribe heroin – also formerly a licensed medication – in cases where methadone was not accepted or physically tolerated by patients. Slowly the social and political taboos against providing narcotic maintenance to addicts have been removed. The author addresses the question of whether prescribing heroin to addicts can reduce health and social problems and improve the client's quality of life.

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46

Becker, Daniel M. "The Addicts on Main Street." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 3 (2018): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518804211.

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Mortality rates for middle-aged whites in the U.S. are rising due to drugs, alcohol, and depression. Unique to our country, these “deaths of despair” disproportionately occur among the under-educated, who are at particular risk for dying young. At one time, less-educated persons aspired to work in the same factory as their parents, at union wages, with benefits. Those jobs, and the sense of community and prosperity and security they allowed, are evaporating. Many former workers suffer from chronic pain, which underlies America's ongoing opioid overdose epidemic. The pain is not only physical. It is psychic, spiritual, and economic.

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47

Hamitov, R. F., I. G. Mustafin, and O. L. Chernova. "Clinical and immunological parallels in patients with drug addiction." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 5 (October 15, 2012): 796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1713.

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Drug addiction is a current serious medical and social problem. The continuing all over the world during the last several decades tendency of narcotic drug use growth has leaded to significant increase in the number of patients with drug abuse and number of associated internal diseases. A huge number of diseases have the particular features of clinical course in drug addicts with chronic drug intoxication compared to patients without it, which is related primarily to serious disorders of drug addicts’ immune system, i.e. with marked immunodeficiency. Immunotropic drug effects were and still are closely studied, a lot of data concerning various cellular and humoral immunity impairments in patients with substance abuse were gained, but most of them are controversial, scattered and not systemic. Because of immunity reconstitution developing in patients with drug abuse, different infections including viral hepatites, HIV-infection, pneumonias, tuberculosis, infective endocarditis and septicemia are characteristic for this patient subgroup. Further research on etiology, immunopathogenesis and clinical features of those diseases in drug addicts are still actual.

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48

Sarmah, P. L., Chittaranjan Andrade, and S. M. Channabasavanna. "Personality Characteristics of Parents of Male Narcotic Dependant Patients: A Preliminary Investigation of the Narcotic Family." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156419890104.

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Rosenthal, Michael P. "The Constitutionality of Involuntary Civil Commitment of Opiate Addicts." Journal of Drug Issues 18, no. 4 (October 1988): 641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800409.

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This paper deals with the constitutionality of involuntary treatment of opiate addicts. Although the first laws permitting involuntary treatment of opiate addicts were enacted in the second half of the nineteenth century, addicts were not committed in large numbers until California and New York enacted new civil commitment legislation in the 1960s. Inevitably, the courts were called upon to decide if involuntary treatment was constitutional. Both the California and New York courts decided that it was. These decisions were heavily influenced by statements made by the United States Supreme Court in Robinson v. California. The Robinson case did not actually involve the constitutionality of involuntary treatment; it involved the question of whether it was constitutional for a state to make addiction a crime. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court declared (in a dictum) that a state might establish a program of compulsory treatment for opiate addicts either to discourage violation of its criminal laws against narcotic trafficking or to safeguard the general health or welfare of its inhabitants. Presumably because the Robinson case did not involve the constitutionality of involuntary treatment of opiate addicts, the Supreme Court did not go into that question as deeply as it might have. The California and New York courts, in turn, relied too much on this dictum and did not delve deeply into the question. The New York courts did a better job than the California courts, but their work too was not as good as it should have been.

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NURCO, DAVID N., JOHN W. SHAFFER, JOHN C. BALL, TIMOTHY W. KINLOCK, and JOHN LANGROD. "A Comparison by Ethnic Group and City of the Criminal Activities of Narcotic Addicts." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174, no. 2 (February 1986): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198602000-00007.

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