Academic literature on the topic 'Pari mutuel urbain – France'

RÉSUMÉ Fondée en France à la n du 17e siècle pour l’instruction des garçons des classes laborieuses vivant en milieu urbain, la communauté des Frères des écoles s’implante au Québec à l’automne 1837 avec l’ouverture d’une première école. Héritière d’une longue tradition pédagogique, elle implante ici l’usage de l’enseignement simultané auquel elle joint quelques pratiques de l’enseignement mutuel déjà pratiqué au Québec. Pour contrer l’absence de toute école normale, elle commence par former ses propres recrues pour ensuite offrir le même service aux professeurs laïcs de même qu’à des communautés de sœurs enseignantes sans tradition dans l’enseignement. À partir du début de la décennie 1920, la communauté adopte les programmes des écoles normales gérées par le Département de l’instruction permettant ainsi aux religieux de se munir des mêmes diplômes d’enseignement que les instituteurs laïcs. En n, les frères se perfectionnent dans les rares structures universitaires dispensant des cours de pédagogie avant de fonder leur propre institut universitaire, l’Institut pédagogique Saint-Georges. Cette étude aborde, dans un premier temps, les structures dans lesquelles s’est enseignée la pédagogie chez les frères des écoles chrétiennes du Québec. La description du cadre dans lequel elle s’est enseignée devrait servir de préliminaire à une analyse du discours sur la pédagogie tel qu’exprimé dans les écrits de la communauté. ABSTRACT Founded in France at the end of the seventeenth century for the education of boys from the urban working-class, the Brothers of the Christian Schools—les frères des écoles chrétiennes—opened their rst school in Québec in the autumn of 1837. Drawing on a long teaching tradition, the order was responsible for introducing the use of simultaneous instruction, which they blended with certain techniques of mutual instruction already being employed in Québec. To make up for the absence of a normal school, the Brothers trained their own instructors; they would later offer the same service to lay educators and those orders of teaching sisters without a tradition of teacher instruction. Beginning in the early 1920s, the order adopted the curriculum used in the normal schools run by the Department of Education, thereby permitting religious educators to obtain the same teaching diplomas as lay instructors. Finally, after studying at the few university institutions that offered courses in pedagogy, the Brothers founded their own, l’Institut pédagogique Saint-Georges. This study examines, first of all, the structures within which the Brothers of the Christian Schools taught educational methods. A description of this organizational framework should serve as an introduction to the discourse on pedagogy as expressed in the writings of the community.

Les jeux et paris ont toujours constitué une activité controversée. Attrayante et ludique pour les uns, elle est dangereuse et déviante pour les autres. Ce paradoxe a conduit l’État à encadrer cette activité. Pour cela, il a instauré un système d’autorisations administratives conférant des droits exclusifs aux trois piliers du secteur : le Pari Mutuel Urbain, la Française des Jeux et les casinos. Ce système a contribué à faire de la France un pays monopoliste en matière de jeux. Considérant les jeux et paris comme une activité spécifique, le Gouvernement a fait le choix de limiter les actions en justice qui s’y rapportent par un droit civil restreint et de réprimer sévèrement les infractions instituées par un droit pénal contraignant. Conscient de l’évolution des jeux, notamment par l’émergence d’Internet, et étant confronté à la pression de la Commission européenne, le législateur est intervenu afin de renouveler la matière. Soucieux aussi de mettre un terme à l’illégalité des sites de jeux et de paris pullulant sur Internet, il a ouvert le marché des jeux et paris à la concurrence et ainsi, tranché avec son antique politique des jeux. La loi n°2010-476 du 12 mai 2010 est venue rénover un droit ancien composé de règles inadaptées aux temps modernes. Prenant en compte à la fois les souhaits des joueurs et les intérêts de l’État, cette loi a un double objectif : promouvoir une offre légale diversifiée mais sécurisée et lutter contre l’offre illégale d’opérateurs hors la loi. Si la loi n°2010-476 du 12 mai 2010 relative à l’ouverture à la concurrence et à la régulation du secteur des jeux d’argent et de hasard en ligne semble allier nouveautés et respect des acquis, elle nous donne l’occasion, deux ans après sa mise en application, d’analyser ce secteur aussi bien dans sa situation initiale que dans celle postérieure à cette loi afin d’en relever les apports et d’en critiquer les limites
Gambling has always been a controversial activity. Some consider it fun and attractive other find it devious and dangerous. This activity has been regulated by the Government because of this paradox. Therefore a system based on administrative authorizations was implemented giving exclusive rights to the three main actors of the sector : the ‘Pari mutual urbain’, the ‘Française des Jeux’ and casinos. As a result, the French gambling system is a monopolistic one. Because it is considered as a specific activity, the Government chose to limit legal actions by restricted civil right and to severely condemn infractions by a binding penal right. The recent evolution of gambling, mainly driven by the Internet usage, added to the European commission pressure, forced the legislator to intervene. In order to limit the proliferation of illegal gambling websites, he moved away from its initial politic and opened the gambling market to competition. The n°2010-476 law from the 12 of may 2010 appeared as a renewal of ancient rights whose rules were not adapted to modern times. Taking into consideration both players’ wishes and government’s interest, this law has a double ambition : to promote a secure and diversified market and to fight against illegal market players’ offer. If the law n°2010-476 from the 12 of may, relating to the gambling market opening to competition and its regulation, appears to mix new and past decisions, it is also giving us an opportunity, two yeas after its implementation, to analyze this sector before and after this law in order to appraise its benefits and its limits

En France, l'offre des jeux d'argent et de hasard s'est considérablement diversifiée depuis le milieu des années soixante-dix. Ainsi, le secteur des jeux qui représente un secteur à part entière de l'économie française contribue directement ou indirectement aux finances publiques. En effet, ce marché qui se chiffre en milliards d'euros n'échappe pas aux prélèvements publics constitués par les prélèvements fiscaux, sociaux ou affectés à des fonds. La Française des Jeux a contribué en 2004 pour 2,33 milliards d'euros aux finances publiques à travers les prélèvements opérés au profit de l'État, du sport, ou des finances sociales alors que le PMU et les casinos ont redistribué à l'État et plus généralement à la sphère publique plus d'un milliard d'euros la même année. Aussi, ces prélèvements se trouvent liés à la politique de la puissance publique concernant le jeu
Since the middle of the Seventies, the gambling games offer was considerably diversified in France. In this way, the gambling sector, wich represents a fully-fledged sector of French economy, directly or indirectly contributes to the public finance. Actually, this market, wich can be estimated in billions of euros, doesn't escape the tax and social security contributions. In 2004, « La Française des Jeux » contributed to the public finance wich 2. 33 billion euros for the state, sport and social finances whereas the « PMU » and casinos redistributed over 1 billion euros to the State, and more generally to the public sphere on the same year. Therefore, these contributions are linked to the public power policy concerning gambling

Les jeux d’argent sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un débat de société. L’inquiétude qu’ils suscitent et la dangerosité qu’on leur confère se traduisent par la diffusion croissante dans les médias de discours relatifs à l’addiction. Progressivement reconnue depuis les années 80, celle-ci est significative : elle prouve que le jeu d’argent peut présenter de réelles menaces pour l’individu lorsqu’il est pratiqué avec excès. Cette dénonciation renoue avec les discours relatifs à ces pratiques sous l’Ancien Régime. Cependant, à cette époque, le jeu est essentiellement rejeté pour des raisons sociales et morales : outre de représenter un danger pour les familles, il pousse à négliger le travail et remet en cause l’ordre social établi. Entre cet « Ancien Régime » des jeux et la situation actuelle, un système transitoire a existé. En effet, entre 1836, date à laquelle une loi interdit formellement toutes les loteries, jusqu’en 1954, année de création du Tiercé, l’Etat ne cesse d’intervenir, légiférant en faveur du jeu d’argent. Cette période, qui correspond à une officialisation et à une banalisation des pratiques ludiques, est au cœur de ce travail. Il s’agit d’étudier les mutations réglementaires des jeux d’argent et les motivations qui y sont affiliées, et d’analyser les usages sociaux du temps consacré aux jeux à travers l’étude de leurs pratiques
Money games are today the center of the attention through a burning public debate. They are usually depicted as the origin of many vices and therefore stimulate a lot of worrying from society, thus the increasing broadcasting in the major medias of their incriminated connection to addiction diseases.Addiction has been growingly associated to gambling since the 1980’s : the money games are indeed more and more denunciated for being a real threat to the individuals who excessively enjoy this special hobby.This point of view is not new and is closely connected to the Old Regime’s widely spread opinions. Nevertheless, at this specific time period, money games were mainly rejected for their social and moral downsides : not only they stood for family issues but they were also incriminated as inviting the players to neglect valuable work and/or the established society rules and habits. There has been an in-between situation between the today’s widely spread gambling activities and the prosecution from the Old Regime. Indeed the government has repeatedly issued regulations to widen the gambling activities from 1836 when there was a law against money games till 1954 when the Tiercé was offcially created. This thesis work focuses on analysing the money games activities between these 2 milestones. The main point is to study the regulations variations about the money games and the reasons behind them. An other important aspect is to analyse the social usages of the time spent on money games through their various shapes and identities

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.