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Journal articles on the topic 'Paris Classification'

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Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 13 July 2025

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1

Alj, A., R. Djinbachian, M. Pioche, et al. "A122 INTEROBSERVER AGREEMENT FOR THE PARIS CLASSIFICATION OF COLORECTAL POLYPS AMONGST SURGEONS, GASTROENTEROLOGISTS, TRAINEES AND EXPERTS: A VIDEO-BASED STUDY." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 7, Supplement_1 (2024): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwad061.122.

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Abstract Background Colonic polyps are described based on their macroscopic shape, according to the Paris classification. This represents a useful tool to communicate polyp morphology between endoscopists, however, the agreement between endoscopists on polyp morphology evaluation has not been demonstrated in the literature. We were interested in evaluating endoscopist agreement using the Paris classification. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate endoscopist agreement using the Paris classification. Methods We conducted a prospective video-based study evaluating endoscopist assessment of polyp morphology. An international group of endoscopists including surgeons, gastroenterologists, experts and trainees were included. Primary outcome was overall inter-observer agreement for the Paris classification. Secondary outcomes were inter-observer agreement stratified by endoscopist characteristics. Results 11 endoscopists were included in the analysis with 1320 morphologic assessments of 120 individual polyps. There was low overall inter-observer agreement for the Paris classification with an overall Light’s Kappa of 0.19. Agreement remained low for men (Κ=0.25), women (Κ=0.25), gastroenterologists (K=0.23), surgeons (K=0.11), trainees (K=0.33), and experts (K=0.29). Endoscopists who have received training on lesion evaluation in Asia had higher inter-observer agreement when using the Paris classification compared to endoscopists in the west (K= 0.50 vs 0.26). Conclusions Agreement when using the Paris classification was low amongst a varied international group of surgeons, gastroenterologists, trainees and experts. Training in the east where higher emphasis is placed on lesion characterization was associated with the highest inter-observer agreement. Funding Agencies None
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Cocomazzi, Francesco, Marco Gentile, Francesco Perri, et al. "Interobserver agreement of the Paris and simplified classifications of superficial colonic lesions: a Western study." Endoscopy International Open 09, no. 03 (2021): E388—E394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1352-3437.

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Abstract Background and study aims The Paris classification of superficial colonic lesions has been widely adopted, but a simplified description that subgroups the shape into pedunculated, sessile/flat and depressed lesions has been proposed recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and inter-rater agreement among 13 Western endoscopists for the two classification systems. Methods Seventy video clips of superficial colonic lesions were classified according to the two classifications, and their size estimated. The interobserver agreement for each classification was assessed using both Cohen k and AC1 statistics. Accuracy was taken as the concordance between the standard morphology definition and that made by participants. Sensitivity analyses investigated agreement between trainees (T) and staff members (SM), simple or mixed lesions, distinct lesion phenotypes, and for laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). Results Overall, the interobserver agreement for the Paris classification was substantial (κ = 0.61; AC1 = 0.66), with 79.3 % accuracy. Between SM and T, the values were superimposable. For size estimation, the agreement was 0.48 by the κ-value, and 0.50 by AC1. For single or mixed lesions, κ-values were 0.60 and 0.43, respectively; corresponding AC1 values were 0.68 and 0.57. Evaluating the several different polyp subtypes separately, agreement differed significantly when analyzed by the k-statistics (0.08–0.12) or the AC1 statistics (0.59–0.71). Analyses of LSTs provided a κ-value of 0.50 and an AC1 score of 0.62, with 77.6 % accuracy. The simplified classification outperformed the Paris classification: κ = 0.68, AC1 = 0.82, accuracy = 91.6 %. Conclusions Agreement is often measured with Cohen’s κ, but we documented higher levels of agreement when analyzed with the AC1 statistic. The level of agreement was substantial for the Paris classification, and almost perfect for the simplified system.
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Cours, Isabelle de. "Choosing a classification scheme for the Inha library in Paris." Art Libraries Journal 27, no. 1 (2002): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200019945.

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The library of the Institut national d’histoire de l’art in Paris has recently conducted detailed research into the classification which will be used for the large amount of stock which will be on open access to its users. A working group was established which, after rejecting the idea of a specially created scheme, looked at what other systems were available, comparing those currently in use in the largest art and archaeology libraries in France and abroad. They also studied the two encyclopaedic classifications – Dewey and UDC. The final recommendation was adoption of the Library of Congress Classification and work to implement this decision is now under way.
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ZHANG, Xin, Yang SUN, Ying CHENG, et al. "Biopharmaceutics classification evaluation for paris saponin VII." Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 18, no. 9 (2020): 714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60010-3.

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Prieto, Jose Manuel, Victor Amor, Ignacio Turias, David Almorza, and Francisco Piniella. "Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach." Mathematics 9, no. 17 (2021): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172092.

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Port state control inspections implemented under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have become known as one of the best instruments for maritime administrations in European Union (EU) Member States to ensure that the ships docked in their ports comply with all maritime safety requirements. This paper focuses on the analysis of all inspections made between 2013 and 2018 in the top ten EU ports incorporated in the Paris MoU (17,880 inspections). The methodology consists of a multivariate statistical information system (STATIS) analysis using the inspected ship’s characteristics as explanatory variables. The variables used describe both the inspected ships (classification society, flag, age and gross tonnage) and the inspection (type of inspection and number of deficiencies), yielding a dataset with more than 600,000 elements in the data matrix. The most important results are that the classifications obtained match the performance lists published annually by the Paris MoU and the classification societies. Therefore, the approach is a potentially valid classification method and would then be useful to maritime authorities as an additional indicator of a ship’s risk profile to decide inspection priorities and as a tool to measure the evolution in the risk profile of the flag over time.
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Gupta, S., S. Seleq, N. Gimpaya, R. Khan, M. Scaffidi, and S. Grover. "A140 INTEROBSERVER RELIABILITY OF THE PARIS CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPERFICIAL GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT NEOPLASMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 5, Supplement_1 (2022): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab049.139.

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Abstract Background The Paris classification is an international classification system that characterizes the morphology of superficial gastrointestinal tract neoplasms. Given its ability to predict the risk of submucosal invasion, this tool plays an important role in the preliminary endoscopic assessment of early gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions. Despite its international prevalence, there are no pooled reliability analyses to assess agreement amongst endoscopists using this classification system. Aims To systematically review and meta-analyze the interobserver reliability (IOR) of the Paris classification system. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the PRISMA recommendations. A comprehensive literature query was conducted on biomedical databases through December 2020. Studies were included if they quantitively evaluated the IOR of the Paris classification with at least 5 endoscopists participating in the study cohort. Two authors independently screened studies and abstracted data using an a priori designed data collection form. We pooled the results of studies which provided IOR with kappa statistics and confidence intervals using DerSimonian and Laird random effects models. Risk of bias was independently assessed by two study authors using the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) tool. Results From an initial 1541 studies, 5 were included in the qualitative review and 3 reported data that allowed for a quantitative analysis of the primary outcome, representing a total of 28 endoscopists. All three of these studies were high quality. The IOR for the Paris classification amongst all endoscopists was 0.541 (95% CI, 0.466–0.617). There was no significant improvement (p=0.551) in the IOR of the Paris classification system following an educational training intervention (pre-education pooled kappa, 0.498; 95% CI, 0.429–0.567 compared to post-education pooled kappa, 0.530; 95% CI, 0.451–0.608). Conclusions Interobserver reliability of the Paris classification is moderate with no significant improvement following educational intervention. Funding Agencies None
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Lambert, René. "Pourquoi faut-il utiliser la classification de Paris ?" Acta Endoscopica 34, no. 2 (2004): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03009028.

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Yang, Hua, Ben Hua Xin, Kai Tong, and Meng Liang Tian. "Medicinal Material Quality Analysis and Evaluation of Paris Plant." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1152.

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Purpose: Determine the changes of saponin content in Paris polyphylla and analyze the correlation among them to provide theoretical basis for determining the best harvest scheme and clinical Paris polyphylla research; determine the similarity between wild Paris polyphylla and statutory Paris polyphylla, and explore expanding base sources of Paris polyphylla. Method: Adopt HPLC technology, build fingerprint of Paris polyphylla, and determine the content of all polyphyllin. Results: The contents of polyphyllin in different growing years have obvious difference, and the correlation among the compositions in the classification of dioscin is significant, while the correlation among the compositions in the classification of pennogenin is not obvious; the fingerprint of Paris delavayi Franchet and Paris mairei Leveille and the similarity of statutory Paris polyphylla are basically identical. Conclusion: The content of polyphyllin is not the single accumulation of time, it also closely connected with temperature, illumination, humidity and other environment in the growth cycle; the evaluation of the quality of Paris polyphylla should build standard colour spectra and fingerprint, and combine the changes of contents of main index components, thus, the quality of Paris polyphylla can be controlled effectively.
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Laigneli B., Quesnel, and R. Meyer. "Classification and origin of the Clay-with-flints of the Western Paris Basin (France)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 46, no. 1 (2002): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/46/2002/69.

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Eszter Müller, Katalin, Peter Laszlo Lakatos, Maria Papp, and Gabor Veres. "Incidence and Paris Classification of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/904307.

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New epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. As a result the burden of disease accounts for more strains to the health care system. The clinical variability queries whether disease characteristics are related to clinical outcome. Our aim was to delineate the latest results of incidence trends in pediatric IBD and to compare the first experiences with Paris Classification. Incidence of pediatric IBD has been increasing in Western Europe and in Eastern Europe. To better characterize IBD, Paris Classification was introduced and validated recently. Ileocolonic involvement is the most characteristic disease location in Crohn’s disease (CD) based on applying Paris Classification. The rate of perianal disease and complicated behaviour in CD was similar. It is of interest that CD patients with colonic involvement were less likely to have stricturing disease compared with patients with ileal involvement. In addition, pancolitis dominated in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, most countries lack prospective, nationwide epidemiological studies to estimate incidence trends. This review emphasizes the importance of nationwide registries that enroll all pediatric IBD cases serving reliable data for “everyday practice.” These first reports have shown that Paris Classification is a useful tool to determine the pediatric IBD phenotype.
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Caillol, Fabrice, Bernard Filoche, Monica Gaidhane, and Michel Kahaleh. "Refined Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Classification for Biliary Strictures: The Paris Classification." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 58, no. 6 (2013): 1784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2533-5.

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Almorza, David, Jose Manuel Prieto, Víctor Amor-Esteban, and Francisco Piniella. "Port State Control Inspections under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding and Their Contribution to Maritime Safety: Additional Risk Classifications and Indicators Using Multivariate Techniques." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 4 (2024): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040533.

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Port State Control (PSC) inspections conducted under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) agreement have become a crucial tool for maritime administrations in European Union countries to ensure compliance with international maritime safety standards by ships entering their ports. This paper analyses all PSC inspections conducted in 10 major European ports belonging to the Paris MoU between 2012 and 2019. For its study, a multivariate HJ-Biplot statistical analysis is carried out, which facilitates the interpretation and understanding of the underlying relationships in a multivariate data set by representing a synthesis of the data on a factorial plane, with an interpretation that is very intuitive and accessible for readers from various fields. Applying this method with ship characteristics as explanatory variables, several classifications were derived. These classifications align with the annual performance lists published by the Paris MoU and the International Association of Classification Societies list, suggesting that this method could serve as a reliable classification approach. It provides maritime authorities with an additional indicator of a ship’s risk profile, aiding in the prioritising of inspections. The method also effectively categorises ports and types of ships used for cargo transport, offering insights into the specific maritime traffic each port experiences. Furthermore, this study identifies characteristics associated with substandard ships, which is a primary objective of PSC inspections. Beyond revealing these traits, this research underscores the existence of several readily applicable techniques to enhance maritime safety and reduce the risk of ocean pollution.
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Jung, M. "La nouvelle classification de Paris des lésions néoplasiques superficielles." Acta Endoscopica 38, no. 2 (2008): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02961953.

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Vinsard, Daniela Guerrero, Laura H. Raffals, David H. Bruining, et al. "INTEROBSERVER AGREEMENT OF PARIS CLASSIFICATION AND MODIFIED PARIS CLASSIFICATION OF COLORECTAL LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. A MULTICENTER INTERNATIONAL STUDY." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 95, no. 6 (2022): AB196—AB197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2022.04.503.

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Ribeiro, Helena, Diogo Libânio, Rui Castro, et al. "Reliability of Paris Classification for superficial neoplastic gastric lesions improves with training and narrow band imaging." Endoscopy International Open 07, no. 05 (2019): E633—E640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0828-7541.

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Abstract Background and study aims Paris Classification is used to classify gastrointestinal superficial neoplastic lesions and to predict presence of submucosal invasion. We aimed to evaluate interobserver reliability and agreement for this classification among Western endoscopists. Methods A total of 54 superficial gastric lesions were independently classified according to Paris classification by eight endoscopists (4 experts and 4 non-experts). Observers were asked to classify two sets of images – first, obtained with high-resolution white light (HR-WL) endoscopy and secondly, with the same HR-WL images paired with images obtained with high-resolution Narrow Band Imaging (HR-NBI) – HR-WL + NBI image group. Results Overall interobserver reliability when asked to classify in I, II or III was good both using HR-WL images and HR-WL + NBI images (wK of 0.65 and 0.70, respectively). The proportion of agreement for type III lesions was 0.48 for HR-WL images increasing to 0.74 in the HR-WL + NBI group. Interobserver reliability for identification of a IIc component was only moderate (wK 0,47). NBI improves both sensitivity and interobserver reliability among trainees (from wK 0.19 to 0.47). Specificity was higher than sensitivity in predicting submucosal invasion. Conclusion Overall, the reliability of Paris classification is moderate to good. Training on this classification or its revision and use of technology such as NBI may improve not only reliability and agreement but also accuracy.
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Savostikova, M. V., A. G. Kudaybergenova, and E. S. Fedoseeva. "The cytomorphologic classification of urinary pathology. The Paris System, 2016." Cancer Urology 12, no. 4 (2016): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9776-2016-12-4-110-118.

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Aubry, Marie-Perre, Medard Thiry, Christian Dupuis, and William A. Berggren. "The Sparnacian deposits of the Paris Basin: A lithostratigraphic classification." Stratigraphy 2, no. 1 (2005): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.02.1.04.

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As the result of a study integrating lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Paleocene (Thanetian) and Lower Eocene (Sparnacian-Ypresian) of the Paris Basin, a new lithostratigraphic unit, the Mont Bernon Group, can be formally recognized. The group includes four formational units: the Mortemer (Mortemer Limestone), the Vaugirard (Plastic Clay), the Soissonnais (Lignitic Clay of Soissons) and Epernay (Lignitic Clay of Epernay) formations and associated members. An integration of charophyte, dinoflagellate cyst and, to a lesser extent, calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy allows us to place the succession in an approximate, integrated biostratigraphic framework. Our introduction of a formal lithostratigraphic framework for the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene succession in the Paris Basin contributes to emphasize the distinctiveness of the Sparnacian deposits as an independent stratigraphic unit.
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Gergaud, Olivier, Linett Montano Guzman, and Vincenzo Verardi. "Stardust over Paris Gastronomic Restaurants." Journal of Wine Economics 2, no. 1 (2007): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000274.

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AbstractIn this paper, we study if the leading French gastronomic guidebook, the “Guide Rouge Michelin,” only rates the quality of food, as it claims, or if it also considers environmental variables when attributing stars. We then check how Michelin ratings affect the market, and more specifically, the price charged by restaurants. Using some simple econometric techniques, we find that a small improvement in environment boosts the probability of receiving Michelin stars. Since we also find that a Michelin star is associated to a high price premium stuck (independently of the quality of food), we conclude that expertise induces distortions in the market (JEL classification: D4, L15, L66).
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Almneni, A., J. Lisondra, N. Gimpaya, et al. "A114 INTERRATER RELIABILITY BETWEEN ENDOSCOPISTS USING LOW-COST SIMULATED POLYPS." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 8, Supplement_1 (2025): i44—i45. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwae059.114.

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Abstract Background The identification and removal of polyps are essential skills as they remove premalignant lesions found ad hoc during colonoscopy. Simulation training helps with trainee learning curves and help train novices in polyp identification and polypectomy skills acquisition. The cost of simulators, however, limits trainee access to simulation-based training. Aims To determine the interrater reliability between endoscopists in identifying the Paris Classification of low-cost simulated polyps. Methods Using the Paris classification, novel simulated polyps with various morphologies were developed. 5 endoscopists of varying experience levels (1 expert (>1000 endoscopies), 2 intermediates (500-1000 endoscopies), and 2 novices (<500 endoscopies)) completed a knowledge test. The knowledge test showed images of simulated polyps and the endoscopists identified the Paris classification (Figure 1). The primary outcome measure was the interrater reliability between endoscopists during the knowledge test. A two-way random effects intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with absolute agreement between the raters was used to estimate the interrater reliability. Another outcome measure was content validity which was assessed via survey completed by 3 experts and 21 novice endoscopists during a previous simulation course. Results The raters correctly identified all 1p polyps. The Average Measures ICC between all 5 raters was 0.961 (95% CI: 0.93-0.98) indicating excellent reliability. One rater correctly identified all 1s polyp and was removed from ICC analysis due to lack of variance. The Average Measures ICC for 1s polyps was 0.524 (95%CI: 0.15-0.76) indicating moderate reliability. All errors were misidentification of 1s for 2a polyps. The survey showed content validity in terms of setup, usefulness in trainee programs, realism, and perceived trainee improvement. Conclusions Excellent reliability for 1p polyps suggests its usefulness for training polypectomy. Further work is needed to differentiate 1s polyps from 2a polyps. A limitation to interrater reliability is the use of images instead of videos in the knowledge test. The content validity of the polyps suggests practicality for low-cost training to achieve trainee improvement. Further studies are needed to assess other polyp classifications and correlate endoscopist experience level with ability to identify the simulated polyps. Knowledge Test Scores of 5 Endoscopists ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient. (*)excluded from ICC analysis due to lack of variance. Figure 1. Simulated gel polyps based on Paris classification A-B) 1p, C-D) 1s. Funding Agencies None
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Fernandes, Melissa A., Sofia G. Verstraete, Elizabeth A. Garnett, and Melvin B. Heyman. "Addition of Histology to the Paris Classification of Pediatric Crohn Disease Alters Classification of Disease Location." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 62, no. 2 (2016): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000000967.

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JI, YUNHENG, PETER W. FRITSCH, HENG LI, TIAOJIANG XIAO, and ZHEKUN ZHOU. "Phylogeny and Classification of Paris (Melanthiaceae) Inferred from DNA Sequence Data." Annals of Botany 98, no. 1 (2006): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl095.

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Müller, Katalin Eszter, Peter Laszlo Lakatos, Maria Papp, and Gabor Veres. "Corrigendum to “Incidence and Paris Classification of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease”." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/804318.

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Wang, Lian, and Dong-Hong Xiong. "Lipschitz classification of self-similar sets with overlaps." Monatshefte für Mathematik 195, no. 2 (2021): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00605-021-01542-8.

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AbstractIn Rao et al. (Comptes Rendus Acad Sci Paris Ser I(342):191–196, 2006), Rao–Ruan–Xi solved an open question posed by David and Semmes and gave a complete Lipschitz classification of self-similar sets on $$\mathbb R$$ R with touching structure. In this short note, by applying a matrix rearrangeable condition introduced in Luo (J Lond Math Soc 99(2):428–446, 2019), we generalize their result onto the self-similar sets with overlapping structure.
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Bonniaud, Paul, Jérémie Jacques, Thomas Lambin, et al. "Endoscopic characterization of colorectal neoplasia with different published classifications: comparative study involving CONECCT classification." Endoscopy International Open 10, no. 01 (2022): E145—E153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1613-5328.

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Abstract Background and study aims The aim of this study was to validate the COlorectal NEoplasia Classification to Choose the Treatment (CONECCT) classification that groups all published criteria (including covert signs of carcinoma) in a single table. Patients and methods For this multicenter comparative study an expert endoscopist created an image library (n = 206 lesions; from hyperplastic to deep invasive cancers) with at least white light Imaging and chromoendoscopy images (virtual ± dye based). Lesions were resected/biopsied to assess histology. Participants characterized lesions using the Paris, Laterally Spreading Tumours, Kudo, Sano, NBI International Colorectal Endoscopic Classification (NICE), Workgroup serrAted polypS and Polyposis (WASP), and CONECCT classifications, and assessed the quality of images on a web-based platform. Krippendorff alpha and Cohen’s Kappa were used to assess interobserver and intra-observer agreement, respectively. Answers were cross-referenced with histology. Results Eleven experts, 19 non-experts, and 10 gastroenterology fellows participated. The CONECCT classification had a higher interobserver agreement (Krippendorff alpha = 0.738) than for all the other classifications and increased with expertise and with quality of pictures. CONECCT classification had a higher intra-observer agreement than all other existing classifications except WASP (only describing Sessile Serrated Adenoma Polyp). Specificity of CONECCT IIA (89.2, 95 % CI [80.4;94.9]) to diagnose adenomas was higher than the NICE2 category (71.1, 95 % CI [60.1;80.5]). The sensitivity of Kudo Vi, Sano IIIa, NICE 2 and CONECCT IIC to detect adenocarcinoma were statistically different (P < 0.001): the highest sensitivities were for NICE 2 (84.2 %) and CONECCT IIC (78.9 %), and the lowest for Kudo Vi (31.6 %). Conclusions The CONECCT classification currently offers the best interobserver and intra-observer agreement, including between experts and non-experts. CONECCT IIA is the best classification for excluding presence of adenocarcinoma in a colorectal lesion and CONECCT IIC offers the better compromise for diagnosing superficial adenocarcinoma.
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Scaffidi, M., and R. Bechara. "A157 ASSOCIATION OF SUBMUCOSAL INVASION WITH THE PARIS CLASSIFICATION OF POLYPS IN THE LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 7, Supplement_1 (2024): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwad061.157.

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Abstract Background Endoscopic evaluation of the colorectum allows for diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and advanced polyps. In particular, polyps can be described in terms of gross morphology using the Paris classification. Previous work has demonstrated that submucosally invasive (SMI) cancer may correlate with the Paris classification subtypes. Aims To determine whether the Paris classification is associated with SMI in a Canadian setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective single-centre study using data from 2016 to 2023 of patients with colorectal lesions that were referred for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Using the Paris classification, we classified polyps as either protruding type (0-I) or flat type (0-IIa, 0-IIb, 0-IIc, 0-III) lesions. Protruding type lesions were further classified as sessile (0-Is), pedunculated (0-Ip) and pseudo-pedunculated (0-Isp) subtypes. Mixed lesions, with two concomitant subtypes, were categorized using the higher classification subtype. We categorized polyps as: protruded lesions, including any mixed lesions with a flat lesion; isolated flat elevated lesions; and flat lesions, both mixed and isolated lesions. We also recorded polyp location, prior endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), previous biopsy, and polyp diameter (in cm), age, sex, and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class. The primary outcome was SMI as identifed on histopathology. We used logistic regression with backward stepwise entry, Fisher exact test with relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and independent samples t-test. Statistical tests were two-tailed and significant at Pampersand:003C0.05. Results In our sample of 130 patients, the mean age was 69.2 years (standard deviation [SD] 10.4), most were male (n=78, 60%), and typically had an ASA score of 3 (n=77, 59.2%). Most polyps occured in the rectum (n=65, 50%) with a mean length was 4.5 cm (SD 2.2 cm). The most common subtype was IIa (n=59, 45.4%). Starting with the covariates of age, sex, ASA, prior EMR, prior biopsy at the same, and length of polyp, the logistic regression model reduced them to three: prior EMR, prior biopsy at the same site, and length. Univariate analysis of these three variables found that there was no significant difference with polyp length and SMI (P=0.147) and no significant association with prior EMR on SMI (RR=0.8 [95% CI 0.3 to 1.9]. The presence of prior biopsies at the same site of the lesions was significantly associated with SMI (RR=2.4 [95% CI 1.2 to 4.7]) Conclusions We did not find that the Paris classification for type of polyp lesion did not correlate with the presence of submucosal invasion, nor did prior EMR, age, sex, or length of polyp. The presence of a prior biopsy, however, did in fact tend to predict submucosal invasion. Future work should aim to incorporate mortality data and response to treatment into the above analysis. Funding Agencies None
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Long, Theresa, Lester J. Layfield, Magda Esebua, Shellaine R. Frazier, D. Tamar Giorgadze, and Robert L. Schmidt. "Interobserver reproducibility of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology." CytoJournal 14 (July 24, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/cytojournal.cytojournal_12_17.

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Background: The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology represents a significant improvement in classification of urinary specimens. The system acknowledges the difficulty in cytologically diagnosing low-grade urothelial carcinomas and has developed categories to deal with this issue. The system uses six categories: unsatisfactory, negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC), atypical urothelial cells, suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma, high-grade urothelial carcinoma, other malignancies and a seventh subcategory (low-grade urothelial neoplasm). Methods: Three hundred and fifty-seven urine specimens were independently reviewed by four cytopathologists unaware of the previous diagnoses. Each cytopathologist rendered a diagnosis according to the Paris System categories. Agreement was assessed using absolute agreement and weighted chance-corrected agreement (kappa). Disagreements were classified as low impact and high impact based on the potential impact of a misclassification on clinical management. Results: The average absolute agreement was 65% with an average expected agreement of 44%. The average chance-corrected agreement (kappa) was 0.32. Nine hundred and ninety-nine of 1902 comparisons between rater pairs were in agreement, but 12% of comparisons differed by two or more categories for the category NHGUC. Approximately 15% of the disagreements were classified as high clinical impact. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the scheme recommended by the Paris System shows adequate precision for the category NHGUC, but the other categories demonstrated unacceptable interobserver variability. This low level of diagnostic precision may negatively impact the applicability of the Paris System for widespread clinical application.
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Qin, Geng, and Hanzhi Yu. "Rescuing the Paris Agreement: Improving the Global Experimentalist Governance by Reclassifying Countries." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (2023): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043207.

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The Paris Agreement design follows the Global Experimental Governance mode, which once achieved success in ozone protection. However, the implementation of the Paris Agreement encountered difficulties, as it inherited the traditional dichotomy country classification established at the 1992 Rio Summit. Still, over time, the capability and motivation in Annex I and non-Annex I countries developed so differently that incentive and constraint policies do not encourage more ambitious mitigation commitments using the previous classification. For this reason, according to a country’s capability and motivation, this research divided these countries into four categories: Leader, Reserve Force, Waverer, and Obscurity, and proposed a potential climate action roadmap for different types of countries to mobilize their internal forces by dynamically classifying a country’s character and to improve overall global climate governance.
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Faubert, Michelle. "CURE, CLASSIFICATION, AND JOHN CLARE." Victorian Literature and Culture 33, no. 1 (2005): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150305000847.

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THE NINETEENTH CENTURYis an important period in the history of psychiatry. According to the accepted narrative about the development of psychiatry as a field, in October of 1793, Philippe Pinel freed the patients at Bicêtre, the hospital for the insane in Paris. This act “heralded a new attitude to the insane,” as Pinel “abolished brutal repression” and “replaced it by a humanitarian medical approach” (Hunter 603). The French physician's approach to madness was officially brought to English soil when his text,A Treatise on Insanity, was translated into English in 1806 by D. D. Davis. His methods then began to appear in English practice and positively bloomed by mid century, particularly in the form of moral management, which advocated freeing patients of physical restraints and emphasizing their abilities to monitor their own behavior, while re-educating them about social mores and expectations (Showalter 27). The period from 1790 to 1850 has been called “the birth of psychiatry” (Donnelly viii).
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Yang, Yuangui, Fan Li, Hongbo Xu, Zhishu Tang, and Yuanzhong Wang. "Discrimination and Evaluation of Wild Paris Using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and FT-IR Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariable Analysis." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2023 (May 12, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8425016.

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Genus Paris has numerous bioactive constituents such as steroid saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharose which are responsible for antitumor, hemostatic, and anthelmintic, etc. In this study, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariable analysis were employed to discriminate the different species of Paris including P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPY), P. polyphylla var. alba, P. mairei (PM), P. vietnamensis, and P. polyphylla var. stenophylla. Partial least square discriminate analysis based on UHPLC, FT-IR, and midlevel data fusion was used to distinguish 43 batches of Paris. Chemical constituents of different species Paris were determined by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The result indicated that midlevel data fusion had a good performance in the classification compared to a single analytical technology. A total of 47 compounds were identified in different species Paris. The similar results indicated that PM could be treated as a proposal substitute of PPY.
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30

Czajkowska, Aleksandra, Katarzyna Guzinska-Ustymowicz, Anna Pryczynicz, Dariusz Lebensztejn, and Urszula Daniluk. "Are Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Useful as Markers in Diagnostic Management of Children with Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9 (2022): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092655.

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Matrix Metaloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Tissue Inhibitor of Metaloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), enzymes involved in tissue remodelling, have been previously reported to be overexpressed in the colonic mucosa of patients with Ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to determine the relation of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 with UC phenotypes, the disease activity index and routinely tested inflammatory markers in newly diagnosed paediatric patients. The study group comprised 35 children diagnosed with UC and 20 control groups. Serum and faecal concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were estimated using enzyme-like immunosorbent assay kits and correlated to the disease activity index (Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index, PUCAI), UC phenotype (Paris Classification), inflammatory markers and endoscopic score (Mayo score). Children with UC presented with significantly higher serum and faecal concentrations of studied markers compared to the control group. Both serums, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, were higher in children with more extended and severe lesions in the colon. Furthermore, serum MMP-9 correlated with the Mayo score, Paris classification and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Serum TIMP-1 showed correlation with PUCAI, Paris Classification, CRP levels and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Serum and faecal levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 are useful in discriminating UC patients and non-invasive assessments of disease phenotypes. It seemed that simultaneous measurement of these proteins in combination with other common markers of inflammation could be applied in clinical practice.
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31

van Doorn, Sascha C., Y. Hazewinkel, James E. East, et al. "Polyp Morphology: An Interobserver Evaluation for the Paris Classification Among International Experts." American Journal of Gastroenterology 110, no. 1 (2015): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.326.

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32

Participants in the Paris Workshop. "The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 58, no. 6 (2003): S3—S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02159-x.

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33

Sherlock, Mary E., Meta van den Heuvel, Thomas D. Walters, et al. "Phenotypic Evolution of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using the New Paris Classification." Gastroenterology 140, no. 5 (2011): S—90—S—91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(11)60370-3.

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34

Ioele, G., G. Ragno, G. P. Husson, et al. "Analyse de clusters et classification chimiométrique des eaux au sud de Paris." European journal of water quality 37, no. 2 (2006): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/wqual/2006005.

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35

Gotink, Annieke W., Fiebo Ten Kate, Michael Doukas, et al. "Tu1168 Inter-Observer Agreement of the Paris Classification in Pt1B Esophageal Adenocarcinoma." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 85, no. 5 (2017): AB565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2017.03.1305.

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36

Cidale, L., J. Zorec, and N. Morrell. "BCD Classification of Stars with the B[e] Phenomenon." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 175 (2000): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100055664.

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AbstractStars in different evolutionary stages and/or environments can show the B[e] phenomenon. In order to establish possible relations between the stellar evolutionary stage and the presence of this phenomenon, the fundamental parameters of these stars need to be determined, as in most cases they are unknown. With this aim we undertook systematic low resolution spectroscopic observations of stars with the B[e] phenomenon. Preliminary determinations of fundamental parameters based on the BCD (Barbier-Chalonge-Divan Paris spectrophotometric system) analysis are reported in this paper.
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37

Sevgen, Eray, and Saygin Abdikan. "Classification of Large-Scale Mobile Laser Scanning Data in Urban Area with LightGBM." Remote Sensing 15, no. 15 (2023): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153787.

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Automatic point cloud classification (PCC) is a challenging task in large-scale urban point clouds due to the heterogeneous density of points, the high number of points and the incomplete set of objects. Although recent PCC studies rely on automatic feature extraction through deep learning (DL), there is still a gap for traditional machine learning (ML) models with hand-crafted features, particularly after emerging gradient boosting machine (GBM) methods. In this study, we are using the traditional ML framework for the problem of PCC in large-scale datasets following the steps of neighborhood definition, multi-scale feature extraction, and classification. Different from others, our framework takes advantage of the fast feature calculation with multi-scale radius neighborhood and a recent state-of-the-art GBM classifier, LightGBM. We tested our framework using three mobile urban datasets, Paris–Rau–Madame, Paris–Rue–Cassette and Toronto3D. According to the results, our framework outperforms traditional machine learning models and competes with DL-based methods.
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38

Ashton, Robert H. "Improving Experts' Wine Quality Judgments: Two Heads Are Better than One." Journal of Wine Economics 6, no. 2 (2011): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100001577.

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AbstractThis paper reports an analysis of data from the “Judgment of Paris,” the 1976 blind tasting of California and French wines that revolutionized the wine world. Using both empirical and analytical methods, I demonstrate that the wine quality judgments of the renowned experts who participated in the Paris tasting would have been improved simply by averaging the quality ratings of two or more of the judges. Moreover, I explore both how many of the Paris judges should be included in the average and which ones they should be. The results have implications for the practical issue of choosing judges to include in tasting panels that award prizes or provide expert advice to consumers, as well as for better understanding the variability in the price-quality association across hedonic wine pricing studies. (JEL Classification: C93)
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39

De Luca, Michele, Filomena Oliverio, Domenica Ioele, Gilles-Pascal Husson, and Gaetano Ragno. "Monitoring of water quality in South Paris district by clustering and SIMCA classification." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 15 (2008): 1087–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067310802428232.

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40

van Limbergen, J. E., P. Henderson, H. E. Drummond, R. K. Russell, J. Satsangi, and D. C. Wilson. "P-055: The natural history of pediatric IBD according to the Paris classification." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 8 (September 2014): S413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1873-9946(14)50071-2.

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41

Van Doorn, Sascha C., Yark Hazewinkel, James E. East, et al. "Tu1423 The Paris Classification of Colonic Lesions: an Interobserver Evaluation Among International Experts." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 77, no. 5 (2013): AB535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.03.904.

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42

Notton, David G. "A catalogue of types of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris, with notes on the classification of Diapriinae and a brief history of the types of Jean-Jacques Kieffer (1856-1925)." Zoosystema 26, no. 2 (2004): 315–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5393841.

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Notton, David G. (2004): A catalogue of types of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris, with notes on the classification of Diapriinae and a brief history of the types of Jean-Jacques Kieffer (1856-1925). Zoosystema 26 (2): 315-352, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5393841
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43

Rueda, Valeria, and Guillaume Wilemme. "« Notre-Taxe de Paris », dépenses fiscales avec deux biens publics." Revue économique Vol. 74, no. 6 (2024): 1053–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.746.1053.

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Cet article présente un nouvel arbitrage entre efficience et équité consécutivement aux déductions d’impôt sur les dons privés pour un bien public, lorsqu’il y a plusieurs biens publics. La déduction d’impôt permet de lever efficacement des fonds publics mais elle peut aussi altérer la part relative des biens publics. Nous déterminons la condition pour qu’une déduction plus généreuse soit efficiente au sens de Pareto, condition pour que l’arbitrage disparaisse. Enfin, nous établissons la formule qui fixe le taux de déduction d’impôt optimal. Classification JEL : H21, H23, H41.
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44

Tyrer, Peter. "A comparison of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 20, no. 4 (2014): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.113.011296.

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SummaryMost disorders in medicine are classified using the ICD (initiated in Paris in 1900). Mental and behavioural disorders are classified using the DSM (DSM-I was published in the USA in 1952), but it was not until DSM-III in 1980 that it became a major player. Its success was largely influenced by Robert Spitzer, who welded its disparate elements, and Melvyn Shabsin, who facilitated its acceptance. Spitzer pointed out that most diagnostic conditions in psychiatry were poorly defined, showed poor reliability in test-retest situations, and were temporally unstable. The consequence was that the beliefs of the psychiatrist seemed to matter much more than the characteristics of the patient when it came to classification. Since DSM-III there has been a split between those who adhere to DSM because it is a better research classification and those who adhere to ICD because it allows more clinical discretion in making diagnoses. This article discusses the pros and cons of both systems, and the major criticisms that have been levelled against them.LEARNING OBJECTIVESUnderstand the principles and reasoning behind classification in medicine and psychiatry.Be able to describe the recent history of psychiatric classification.Be able to compare DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorder.
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45

Nakamura, Eunice, Maëlle Planche, and Alain Ehrenberg. "The social aspects in the identification of children’s mental health problems in two health services in Paris, France." Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação 22, no. 65 (2017): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622016.0911.

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Children’s mental health problems were analyzed from a sociological approach addressing two questions: what are the main children’s behaviors identified and considered to be mental health problems, and what are the consequences of this classification for the debate on children’s problems in contemporary societies. This quantitative and qualitative study analyzed 275 patients’ records from two child mental health services (CMHS) in the northeast area of Paris, France. The majority of children were boys from six to 11 years old; requests were presented mainly by schools and parents; the main problems were behavioural problems, cognitive difficulties and relational problems (boys), and affective or emotional problems (girls). There is an interdependence of a great number of actors who worry about children’s behavior and a system of expectations seems to be collectively woven by them as social classifications.
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46

Y, Ang. "State of Art Update: Detection and Classifi cation of Early Colonic Neoplasia." Archives of Clinical Gastroenterology 3, no. 1 (2017): 021–26. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-2283.000032.

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Colonoscopy has been shown to be effective in the detection and removal of precancerous lesions and early cancers, and as a result, colorectal screening programs are in preparation, or in place throughout  the world. Screening efforts are reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and allow diagnosis CRCs at an earlier stage. It is increasingly evident that colonoscopic polypectomy including endoscopic mucosal resection and submucosal dissection has become a means of cancer prevention with evidence of reduced predicted incidence and mortality of colorectal malignancies. However, the risk of interval CRC relates to the skill of the performing colonoscopist, rather than any patient or polyp characteristic. Every endoscopist needs to actively look for proximal and fl at or depressed lesions. For the general  endoscopist, this means the ability to fi nd and accurately assess a lesion is vital. In addition, advancing endotherapeutics means more lesions are potentially removable, and so endoscopists must be able to describe lesions in a standard fashion. This review deals with the current means of describing lesion morphology and surface characteristics, together with the signifi cance of these. We also discuss the developing adjuncts to endoscopic imaging.
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47

Sokolov, Anton, Egor Dmitriev, Ioannis Cheliotis, et al. "Automated multi-classifier recognition of atmospheric turbulent structures obtained by Doppler lidar." E3S Web of Conferences 223 (2020): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022303013.

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We present algorithms and results of automated processing of LiDAR measurements obtained during VEGILOT measuring campaign in Paris in autumn 2014 in order to study horizontal turbulent atmospheric regimes on urban scales. To process images obtained by horizontal atmospheric scanning using Doppler LiDAR, the method is proposed based on texture analysis and classification using supervised machine learning algorithms. The results of the parallel classification by various classifiers were combined using the majority voting strategy. The obtained estimates of accuracy demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method for solving the problem of remote sensing of regional-scale turbulent patterns in the atmosphere.
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48

Sherlock, Mary, Meta Van Den Heuvel, Thomas Walters, et al. "Evolution of the phenotypic characteristics of pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease using the Paris classification." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 17 (December 2011): S55—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00054725-201112002-00177.

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49

Gupta, Samir. "Editorial: Trouble in Paris (Classification): Polyp Morphology Is in The Eye of The Beholder." American Journal of Gastroenterology 110, no. 1 (2015): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.411.

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50

Lorenzo, Philippe. "Alain Testart, Éléments de classification des sociétés. Paris, éditions Errance, 2005, 156 p., bibliogr." Anthropologie et Sociétés 29, no. 3 (2005): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012616ar.

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