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Journal articles on the topic 'Paroxysmal dyskinesia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 April 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Lee, Suin, Jae Rim Kim, Young-Kyun Kim, et al. "Atypical Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia with Paroxysmal Exercise-induced Dyskinesia." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 42, no. 1 (2024): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2023.0069.

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Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a diagnostic term for transient, involuntary abnormal movements triggered by sudden motions. The treatment for PKD differs from other paroxysmal dyskinesias, as it notably responds well to sodium channel blockers. We report a case of atypical PKD, coupled with paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED). Both PKD and PED in this patient showed a good response to oxcarbazepine. This case could be clinical evidence that paroxysmal dyskinesias could potentially be regarded as a spectrum disorder with overlapping features.

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2

Kim, N. L., and M. A. Yamin. "The case of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: a long way from a symptom to the diagnosis." Almanac of Clinical Medicine 49, no. 3 (2021): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2021-49-014.

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Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia belongs to the group of primary dyskinesias, which also includes paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia and exercise-induced paroxysmal dyskinesia. Due to the rarity of this disease group, as well as to the existence of a wide spectrum of disorders associated with transient movement abnormalities, the diagnosis is often difficult. A thorough analysis of clinical presentation, objective registration of paroxysmal events (video-electroencephalography monitoring) is helpful in the diagnosis. The most common causes of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia are mutations

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3

Manso-Calderón, Raquel. "The spectrum of paroxysmal dyskinesias." Future Neurology 14, no. 3 (2019): FNL26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fnl-2018-0047.

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Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxD) comprise a group of heterogeneous syndromes characterized by recurrent attacks of mainly dystonia and/or chorea, without loss of consciousness. PxD have been classified according to their triggers and duration as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia and paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia. Of note, the spectrum of genetic and nongenetic conditions underlying PxD is continuously increasing, but not always a phenotype–etiology correlation exists. This creates a challenge in the diagnostic work-up, increased by the fact that most

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4

Bavdhankar, Koustubh P., and Pankaj A. Agarwal. "Paroxysmal Movement Disorders: An Update on Clinical approach, Pathophysiology and Genetic Underpinnings." Annals of Movement Disorders 8, no. 1 (2025): 14–36. https://doi.org/10.4103/aomd.aomd_115_24.

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Abstract Paroxysmal movement disorders (PxMDs) are a clinically, genetically, and pathophysiologically a diverse group of disorders, characterized by their sudden, short-lasting, episodic nature, onset in early childhood, reduced severity during adulthood, and often a normal neurological examination between episodes. PxMDs include paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxD), which present with sudden episodes of dystonia and chorea, and episodic ataxias (EA), which present with episodes of cerebellar dysfunction. PxDs can also be precipitated by secondary causes, including metabolic or immunological factors,

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5

Fishman, Paul S. "Paroxysmal dyskinesia." Current Treatment Options in Neurology 3, no. 6 (2001): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11940-001-0014-9.

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6

Škorvánek, Matej. "Paroxysmal dyskinesia." Neurologie pro praxi 24, no. 4 (2023): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/neu.2023.007.

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7

Hobson, Douglas E. "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia sans dyskinesia or paroxysmal kinesigenic dysesthesia?" Movement Disorders 25, no. 9 (2010): 1305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23077.

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8

Alibhoy, AT, Subhashie Wijemanne, and Ranjanie Gamage. "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia." Ceylon Medical Journal 51, no. 1 (2009): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v51i1.1377.

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9

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 20, no. 6 (2006): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-20-6-7.

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10

Paucar, Martin, Helena Malmgren, and Per Svenningsson. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia." Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements 7 (December 12, 2017): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/tohm.393.

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11

Almeida, L., and L. S. Dure. "Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia." Neurology 82, no. 21 (2014): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000000451.

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12

Huang, Xiao-Jun, Tian Wang, Jun-Ling Wang, et al. "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia." Neurology 85, no. 18 (2015): 1546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002079.

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13

Kaushik, Jaya Shankar, Kiran Bala, and Rachana Dubey. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia." Indian Pediatrics 55, no. 1 (2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-018-1235-2.

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14

Goraya, Jatinder S., Karambir Gill, and Veronica Banal. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia – A Case Series of 20 Children From North India." Neurology India 73, no. 4 (2025): 727–31. https://doi.org/10.4103/neurol-india.neurol-india-d-23-00490.

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Background: Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, though has world-wide distribution, is more common in persons of Asian lineage. There are no large case series of this entity from India. Objectives: To describe clinical characteristics of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia from India. Methods and Material: Retrospective chart review of patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia from North India. Results: We identified 20 patients, 16 boys and 4 girls, from 16 families with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. The age at presentation ranged from 5 to 28 years. The age at onset varied from 4 yea

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15

Lombroso, Cesare T., and Alan Fischman. "Paroxysmal non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia: pathophysiological investigations." Epileptic Disorders 1, no. 3 (1999): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/j.1950-6945.1999.tb00319.x.

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ABSTRACT The paroxysmal dyskinesias constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders whose pathophysiologies and nosologies are still generally unknown. In a boy with severe, paroxysmal non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), an invasive video‐electrographic study demonstrated that his PNKD did not originate from the cortex, while a discharge was registered from the caudate nuclei. An 18 FDG PET scan failed to show metabolic anomalies. A 18 FDOPA and a 11 C raclopride PET scans revealed a marked reduction in the density of presynaptic dopa decarboxylase activity in the striatum, together with an incre

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16

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Oxcarbazepine in Paroxysmal Dyskinesia." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 23, no. 4 (2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-23-4-5.

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17

Latorre, Anna, and Kailash P. Bhatia. "Treatment of Paroxysmal Dyskinesia." Neurologic Clinics 38, no. 2 (2020): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2020.01.007.

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18

Gonzalez-Alegre, Pedro, Zakaria Ammache, Patricia H. Davis, and Robert L. Rodnitzky. "Moyamoya-induced paroxysmal dyskinesia." Movement Disorders 18, no. 9 (2003): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10483.

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19

Banotra, Pankaj, Anamika Bharti, and Areca Wangnoo. "Paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia and writer’s cramps in twin siblings with SLC2A1 mutation." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 6 (2022): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20221499.

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Paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesias (PED) are rare disorders with recurring episodes of sudden involuntary movement disorders precipitated by physical exercise. It had been reported that less than 20% of PED patients carry an SLC2A1 mutation encoding GLUT 1 of whom 49 patients have been identified worldwide We hereby reported a case of twin siblings, 23 year old male with no antecedent other past illness and family history presenting with writer’s cramps and paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia attributed to milder phenotype of glucose transporter type 1 deficiency with the heterozygous

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20

Williams, Daniel M. "Paroxysmal Hypnogenic Dyskinesia Responsive to Doxylamine: A Case Report." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/484689.

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Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia is a rare clinical entity characterized by intermittent dystonia and choreoathetoid movements that begin exclusively during sleep, often with consciousness preserved once the patient is awakened during the episodes. They occur almost every night and are often misdiagnosed as sleeping disorders. Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia is currently known to be a form of frontal lobe epilepsy, but not in all cases. We present a 19-year-old male patient with paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia who responded to antihistamines. This supports an alternative theory from 1977 (be

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21

Alemdar, Murat, Pervin Iseri, Macit Selekler, and Sezer Şener Komsuoğlu. "Levetiracetam-Responding Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia." Clinical Neuropharmacology 30, no. 4 (2007): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e31803b9415.

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22

Green, Matthew, Mark Lowrie, Laurent Garosi, and Claire Bessant. "Paroxysmal dyskinesia in sphynx cats." Veterinary Record 188, no. 3 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.172.

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23

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia and Epilepsy." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 14, no. 8 (2000): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-14-8-2.

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24

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Absence Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Dyskinesia." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 16, no. 12 (2002): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-12-6.

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25

Guerrini, Renzo. "Idiopathic Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Dyskinesia." Epilepsia 42 (December 20, 2001): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3036.x.

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26

James, Matthew, and Thomas Mignan. "Understanding paroxysmal dyskinesia in cats." Veterinary Record 195, no. 10 (2024): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.4943.

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27

Zittel, S., C. Ganos, and A. Münchau. "Fatal paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia." European Journal of Neurology 22, no. 2 (2015): e30-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12574.

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28

Schmidt, Brian J., and Neelan Pillay. "Paroxysmal Dyskinesia Associated with Hypoglycemia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, no. 2 (1993): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100047739.

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ABSTRACT:The association of movement disorders with hypoglycemia has been rarely noted in the past. We recently observed 2 patients with documented hypoglycemia and paroxysmal dyskinesias. One patient had evidence of an insulin-secreting tumor. The other patient had insulin-dependent diabetes, and also experienced recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic hemiparesis. Classical adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia were absent in both patients. Our observations support the concept that the development of neuroglycopenic symptoms cannot be predicted from blood glucose measurements alone, but must depend

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29

Fekete, Robert. "Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia with Tremor." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/927587.

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Introduction. Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) consists of episodes of chorea, athetosis, or dystonia which are not triggered by movement, with complete remission between episodes. A case of genetically confirmed PNKD with simultaneous tremor has not been previously reported.Case Report. The patient is an 86-year-old right-handed female who presented with episodic stiffness, with onset at age 9. Attacks have a prodrome of difficulty in speaking, followed by abnormal sensation in extremities. Episodes consist of dystonia of trunk associated with upper and lower extremity chorea. Ther

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30

Mathew, Thomas, Sushanth Aroor, Raghunandan Nadig, and G. R. K. Sarma. "Lacosamide in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia." Movement Disorders 27, no. 6 (2012): 801–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.24928.

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31

Yoo, Dallah, Han‐Joon Kim, Ji‐Hyun Choi, Jin‐Hee Lim, and Beomseok Jeon. "Tics in Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia." Movement Disorders Clinical Practice 6, no. 6 (2019): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12779.

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32

Frucht, Steven, and Stanley Fahn. "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia in infancy." Movement Disorders 14, no. 4 (1999): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(199907)14:4<694::aid-mds1023>3.0.co;2-7.

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33

Vincent, Frederick M. "Hyperglycemia-induced Hemichoreoathetosis: The Presenting Manifestation of a Vascular Malformation of the Lenticular Nucleus." Neurosurgery 18, no. 6 (1986): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198606000-00020.

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Abstract A 72-year-old diabetic woman developed paroxysmal hemichoreoathetosis during an episode of nonketotic hyperglycemia. The movement disorder abated as the blood glucose normalized. A computed tomographic scan revealed a vascular malformation involving the lenticular nucleus on the side contralateral to the dyskinesia. Hyperglycemia has rarely been reported to cause episodic dyskinesias, but there have been no prior reports of patients with striatal vascular abnormalities in whom hyperglycemia seemingly caused a transient movement disorder.

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34

Ekmen, Asya, Aurelie Meneret, Romain Valabregue, et al. "Cerebellum Dysfunction in Patients With PRRT2-Related Paroxysmal Dyskinesia." Neurology 98, no. 10 (2022): e1077-e1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000200060.

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Background and ObjectivesThe main culprit gene for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, characterized by brief and recurrent attacks of involuntary movements, is PRRT2. The location of the primary dysfunction associated with paroxysmal dyskinesia remains a matter of debate and may vary depending on the etiology. While striatal dysfunction has often been implicated in these patients, evidence from preclinical models indicates that the cerebellum could also play a role. We aimed to investigate the role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of PRRT2-related dyskinesia in humans.MethodsWe enrolled 2

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35

Morgan, J. C., M. Hughes, R. E. Figueroa, and K. D. Sethi. "Psychogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia following paroxysmal hemidystonia in multiple sclerosis." Neurology 65, no. 6 (2005): E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000170367.33505.e9.

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36

Pelz, David, Tae-Won Kim, In-Seok Park, and Joong-Seok Kim. "Reversible Splenial Lesion Following Rapid Withdrawal of Carbamazepine." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 41, no. 4 (2014): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100018564.

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A 19-year-old man with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) taking 200mg carbamazepine per day for six years was admitted to our hospital because of a medical certificate for soldiers. The dyskinesias were usually precipitated by sudden movements and these attacks occurred several times a day and had a brief duration (less than one minute). The drug was abruptly withdrawn seven days before the brain imaging and video-electroencephalography monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cytotoxic edema in the splenium, which were completely resolved three months later (Figure).

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37

Dayasiri, Kavinda, Nilushika Weerapperuma, Juliana Wright, and Geetha Anand. "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: a diagnostic challenge." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 2 (2021): e235112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235112.

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A 10-year-old girl presented with a month long history of episodic limb movements. She had a normal neurological examination and after thorough investigation, she was thought to have possible tics. Anxiety was reported as being a trigger. Unusually, these ‘tics’ were not directly witnessed during hospital visits. Eighteen months after the initial presentation, the clinician observed dystonic posturing after the child stood up from having been seated during a consultation. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) was then suspected and confirmed on genetic testing. She was successfully treated w

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38

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia and Infantile Convulsions." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 26, no. 11 (2012): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-26-11-6.

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39

Selikhova, M. V., Z. Z. Zalyalova, N. I. Bogdanova, G. G. Avakyan, and G. Houlden. "RÜLF'S CRAMP AND OTHER PAROXYSMAL DYSKINESIA." Èpilepsiâ i paroksizmal’nye sostoâniâ 7, no. 3 (2015): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333.2015.7.3.040-045.

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40

Mendonça, Marcelo D., and Joaquim Alves da Silva. "A Cerebellar Wave for Paroxysmal Dyskinesia." Movement Disorders 36, no. 12 (2021): 2767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28848.

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41

Lowrie, Mark, and Artur S. P. Varejão. "Paroxysmal dyskinesia in the bichon frise." Veterinary Record 182, no. 20 (2018): 578.1–578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.k2004.

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42

Cottrill, Norman, Brian McCully, and Mary Payne. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia Presented Following Concussion." Journal of Movement Disorders 12, no. 1 (2019): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18027.

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43

Kasikci, Tayfun, Semai Bek, Guray Koc, Mehmet Yucel, Yasar Kutukcu, and Zeki Odabasi. "Transcallosal conduction in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia." Somatosensory & Motor Research 34, no. 4 (2017): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2017.1421158.

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44

Rosenzweig, Ivana, Kailash P. Bhatia, Lina Nashef, and Franz Brunnhuber. "Paroxysmal Dyskinesia With Déjà Vu Aura." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 22, no. 1 (2010): 123.e9–123.e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2010.22.1.123.e9.

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45

Ream, Margie, Bethanie Morgan-Followell, and Debabrata Ghosh. "Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia: Seeing Is Believing." Pediatric Neurology 53, no. 4 (2015): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.03.003.

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46

Tacik, Pawel, Sebastian Loens, Christoph Schrader, Sabine Gayde-Stephan, Saskia Biskup, and Dirk Dressler. "Severe familial paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia." Journal of Neurology 261, no. 10 (2014): 2009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7441-5.

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47

KANG, S., Y. SOHN, H. KIM, C. LYOO, and M. LEE. "Corticospinal disinhibition in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia." Clinical Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (2006): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.09.007.

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48

Spacey, S. D., P. J. Adams, P. C. P. Lam, et al. "Genetic heterogeneity in paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia." Neurology 66, no. 10 (2006): 1588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000217332.51740.7c.

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49

Borchert, A., G. Moddel, and M. Schilling. "Teaching Video NeuroImages: Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia." Neurology 72, no. 23 (2009): e118-e118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a92b66.

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50

Sorgun, Mine Hayriye, M. Cenk Akbostancı, Canan Yücesan, Seyda Erdoğan, and Nermin Mutluer. "Striatal infarct with paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia." Acta Neurologica Belgica 113, no. 2 (2012): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13760-012-0129-7.

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