Academic literature on the topic 'Paroxysmal states'
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Journal articles on the topic "Paroxysmal states"
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Turovskaya, N. G. "Mental Development of Children with Non-epileptic Paroxysmal States in Medical History." Psychological-Educational Studies 7, no. 3 (2015): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2015070309.
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The author studied mental functions disorders in children with a history of paroxysmal states of various etiologies and compared mental development disorder patterns in patients with epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysms. Study sample were 107 children, aged 6 to 10 years. The study used experimental psychological and neuropsychological techniques. According to the empirical study results, non-epileptic paroxysms unlike epileptic much less combined with a number of mental functions disorders and intelligence in general. However, non-epileptic paroxysmal states as well as epileptic seizure associated with increasing activity exhaustion and abnormal function of the motor analyzer (dynamic and kinesthetic dyspraxia). Visual memory disorders and modal-nonspecific memory disorders have more pronounced importance in the mental ontogenesis structure in children with convulsive paroxysms compared to children with cerebral pathology without paroxysms history.
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Voitiuk, Anna A., Tetyana A. Litovchenko, Olena N. Borodai, and Nataliia A. Rudkivska. "DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PAROXYSMAL STATES: LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF A CLINICAL CASE ON THE EXAMPLE OF CLOCCS-SYNDROME IN A YOUNG MAN." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 4 (2022): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202204127.
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Diagnosis of paroxysmal conditions in neurology is one of the most difficult problems. Particular difficulties are caused by differential diagnosis of epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal states. There are no absolutely pathognomonic signs of epileptic and non-epileptic seizures. False positive diagnosis of epilepsy occurs in 2-71% of cases. Diagnosis of paroxysmal conditions requires an integrated approach to the problem and includes not only a clinical examination, but also a thorough history taking, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, laboratory research methods, involves the involvement of other specialists. The article presents a clinical case of 27-year-old young man who was initially misdiagnosed. Using the methods of functional and laboratory diagnostics, the patient was diagnosed correctly. Instead of idiopathic epilepsy, he was diagnosed with cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCCs-syndrome associated with an infectious process) with motor paroxysms of non-epileptic genesis. Thus, using the example of this clinical case, it has been shown that the differential diagnosis of epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal states presents significant difficulties for a practicing neurologist.
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Жиенбаева, Б. С., and Т. Б. Мажирова. "PAROXYSMAL STATES IN ADULTS (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Vestnik, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53065/kaznmu.2021.91.15.051.
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В данной статье автор рассматривает вопросы пароксизмального расстройства сознания у взрослых, которые выражаются в эпилептических припадках, потери сознания, обморок, панические атаки, расстройства сна. Оценка временных нарушений сознания имеет решающее значение для диагностики эпилептических припадков, обмороков, парасомний, органических энцефалопатий и психогенных непилептических припадков A temporary change in consciousness is the main clinical problem of neurology. Assessment of transient disorders of consciousness is crucial for the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, syncope, parasomnias, organic encephalopathies, and psychogenic non-pictorial seizures. Attacks and other disorders of consciousness converge on a common set of cortical and subcortical structures. These structures constitute the "system of consciousness."Paroxysmal disorders are one of the most important problems of modern clinical medicine, which is characterized by a steady increase in the frequency of these pathological conditions in people of young and middle age and the diagnostic complexity of many conditions. The analysis of modern publications, presented the results of their own observations on the studied problem.
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Fomina, M. Y., T. V. Melashenko, A. B. Palchik, O. I. Pavlova та D. A. Malekov. "Hyperekplexiа. Clinical observation". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 12, № 4 (2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped12483-88.
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The differential diagnosis of paroxysmal conditions, as well as disorders of muscle tone (hypertension) in the neonatal period and in young children is quite complicated. Various states of the nervous system in newborns are transient and permanent, optimal and suboptimal, normal and pathological. Among them, we can mention non-epileptic paroxysmal states of early childhood. In some cases, non-epileptic paroxysmal states of early childhood is accompanied by motor disorders, manifested by an excessive increase in limb tone in newborns. This pathological condition of muscle tone in the English-language literature is referred to by the term stiffness baby (the syndrome of a rigid or fettered baby). Neonatal pathological muscle hypertonicity, unlike physiological hypertonicity of muscles of a newborn, is a rather rare condition. The article presents literature data and a description of the clinical observation of a patient with hyperekplexia. Hyperekplexia is a rare paroxysmal movement disorder in young children. The main clinical variants of the disease, methods of diagnosis and correction, the main mutations associated with this condition are considered. The article describes the own clinical observation of an early-age patient with hyperekplexia, its clinical picture, features of paroxysmal states and therapy, neuroimaging data, electroencephalographic phenomena recorded in the patient and genetic testing that confirmed the diagnosis of non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders. The child has a mutation in the ATAD1 gene associated with type 4 Hyperekplexia (618011).
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Turovskaya, N. G. "Pathology of memory in the structure of mental development disorders in children with convulsive paroxysms." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 8, no. 3 (2015): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2015080313.
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Memory disorders are a common pathology in children with convulsive paroxysms. The present study tested the hypothesis that the pathology of memory in children with paroxysmal states have quantitative and qualitative specificity. The study involved 107 children aged 6-10 years. 59 people had a history of paroxysmal state, 12 people with epileptiform activity on EEG without seizures in history. A comparison group comprised 36 people with residual cerebral pathology without a history of seizures. The study used experimental psychological and neuropsychological research methods memory. The results of empirical studies have shown that increasing importance in the picture of violations mnestic activity in children with convulsive paroxysms addition to short-term verbal memory disorders have impaired short-term visual memory, the phenomenon of amnestic aphasia and modal-nonspecific memory disorders. The degree of short-term verbal memory disorders correlates with the age of onset of seizures, visual memory - with the number of attacks in history. Consideration of the results will allow to organize the process of providing psychological assistance to sick children more effectively.
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Schyolkova, O. Yu, and D. A. Eremina. "Psychosocial and clinical factors of cognitive functioning of patients with coronary heart disease after coronary stent." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 8, no. 3 (2015): 156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2015080314.
Full textAbstract:
Memory disorders are a common pathology in children with convulsive paroxysms. The present study tested the hypothesis that the pathology of memory in children with paroxysmal states have quantitative and qualitative specificity. The study involved 107 children aged 6–10 years. 59 people had a history of paroxysmal state, 12 people with epileptiform activity on EEG without seizures in history. A comparison group comprised 36 people with residual cerebral pathology without a history of seizures. The study used experimental psychological and neuropsychological research methods memory. The results of empirical studies have shown that increasing importance in the picture of violations mnestic activity in children with convulsive paroxysms addition to short-term verbal memory disorders have impaired short-term visual memory, the phenomenon of amnestic aphasia and modal-nonspecific memory disorders. The degree of short-term verbal memory disorders correlates with the age of onset of seizures, visual memory - with the number of attacks in history. Consideration of the results will allow to organize the process of providing psychological assistance to sick children more effectively.
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Kollar, B., Z. Carnicka, P. Siarnik, et al. "The importance of interictal electroencephalography in paroxysmal states." Bratislava Medical Journal 115, no. 03 (2014): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/bll_2014_168.
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Gromov, S. A., and V. Е. Mashukova. "Differential diagnosis of epilepsy and paroxysmal states of nonepileptic genesis in the early stages of the disease." Neurology Bulletin XXIX, no. 1-2 (1997): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb79872.
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There discussed and systematized different diagnostic mistakes in patients, suffering epilepsy and nonepileptic paroxysmal conditions at early stage of disease. There given the analysis of clinical and paraclinical examination data of 525 patients. Decisive factors in diagnosis are revealing basic clinical symptocomplex and its analytical understanding in comparsion with the findings of investigation methods, conducted by special devices.
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Tatiana, Roshchupkina. "Cognitive violations of persons with alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxismal states." ScienceRise: Medical Science, no. 6(33) (November 29, 2019): 43–46. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4798.2019.185782.
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The article addresses the issues of cognitive impairment among persons with alcohol dependence, aggravated by alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxysmal conditions. The <strong>aim</strong> of the study was to identify the levels of impaired short-term memory, to identify cognitive impairment of patients with alcohol addiction with alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxysmal conditions. <strong>Materials and methods:</strong> 132 people from the contingent of alcohol addicts (AА) and from the contingent of healthy and 4 comparison groups have been identified and examined over the two years on the basis of KNP CHOR «Regional Clinical Narcological Hospital No. 3». The following techniques were used to assess psychosocial and cognitive impairment: “Jacobson Short-Term Memory Measurement Technique”; "The methodology for determining the index of short-term memory proposed by L. S. Muchnik and V. M. Smirnov (1968)". <strong>Result.</strong> According to the results of the researches, the cognitive and mnemonic sphere of persons with AА, AE and PS were expressed in the form of significant reduction of short-term memory and cognitive impairment. The presence of significantly "deeper" and "gross" degenerative-organic lesions of the central nervous system in chronic alcoholic lesions with the development of alcoholic encephalopathy and paroxysmal states of alcoholic genesis has been proved. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>Thus, the obtained research results only confirm the data of numerous world sources on the development of cognitive decline in individuals with alcohol dependence
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Yevtushenko, S. К., O. Yu Sukhonosova, and A. A. Omelianenko. "The use of topiramate in paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal states in children (scientific review and personal observation)." INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL, no. 3.97 (July 9, 2018): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0713.3.97.2018.133683.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Paroxysmal states"
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Bauer, P. R. "Dynamics of brain states and cortical excitability in paroxysmal neurological conditions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1522273/.
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Epilepsy and migraine are neurological conditions that are characterised by periods of disruption of normal neuronal functioning. Aside from this paroxysmal feature, both conditions share genetic mutations and altered cortical excitability. People with epilepsy appear to be diagnosed with migraine more often than people without epilepsy and, likewise, people with migraine seem to be diagnosed with epilepsy more often than people without migraine. Changes in cortical excitability may help explain the pathophysiological link between both conditions, and could be a biomarker to monitor disease activity. In this thesis, the association between migraine and epilepsy and their relation to cortical excitability is further explored. A meta-analysis of previous population based studies provides epidemiological evidence for the co-occurrence of migraine and epilepsy. The combination of computer modelling with human electroencephalographic recordings offers insight into multi-stability of brain states in epilepsy. Results described in this thesis show that Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation can be used to measure cortical excitability, but that its use as a biomarker of disease activity in epilepsy is limited due to large interindividual variability. By combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with electroencephalography, two novel variables that may contribute to cortical excitability are investigated: phase clustering, which possibly reflecting functional neuronal connectivity, and the non-linear residual of a stimulus-response curve, which may reflect brain state multi-stability. The results presented in this thesis suggest that the higher propensity to global synchronisation is not shared between epilepsy and migraine. These new variables have potential value to differentiate people with epilepsy, but not people with migraine, from normal controls.
Books on the topic "Paroxysmal states"
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Pickering, Matthew C., and Jyoti Bakshi. Complement. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0064.
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In this chapter we summarize clinically important aspects of complement biology. This information is used to present a comprehensive overview of complement deficiency states and provide a logical basis for understanding complement assays in clinical practice. Hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, a condition associated with anti-C1q antibodies and complement consumption, is discussed. We summarize the use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets and inhibits complement C5, in the treatment of haemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
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Pickering, Matthew C., and Jyoti Bakshi. Complement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0064_update_001.
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In this chapter we summarize clinically important aspects of complement biology. This information is used to present a comprehensive overview of complement deficiency states and provide a logical basis for understanding complement assays in clinical practice. Hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, a condition associated with anti-C1q antibodies and complement consumption, is discussed. We summarize the use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets and inhibits complement C5, in the treatment of haemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
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Provan, Drew, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, and Johannes de Vos. Red cell disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683307.003.0002.
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The peripheral blood film in anaemias - Anaemia in renal disease - Anaemia in endocrine disease - Anaemia in joint disease - Anaemia in gastrointestinal disease - Anaemia in liver disease - Iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia - Vitamin B12 deficiency - Folate deficiency - Other causes of megaloblastic anaemia - Anaemia in other deficiency states - Haemolytic syndromes - Genetic control of haemoglobin production - Sickling disorders - HbS—sickle-modifying therapies - Sickle cell trait (HbAS) - Other sickling disorders - Other haemoglobinopathies - Unstable haemoglobins - Thalassaemias - α thalassaemia - β thalassaemia - Other thalassaemias - Hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin - Hb patterns in haemoglobin disorders - Non-immune haemolysis - Hereditary spherocytosis - Hereditary elliptocytosis - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency - Pyruvate kinase deficiency - Other red cell enzymopathies - Drug-induced haemolytic anaemia - Methaemoglobinaemia - Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia - Acanthocytosis - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - Cold haemagglutinin disease - Leucoerythroblastic anaemia - Aplastic anaemia - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria - Pure red cell aplasia - Iron (Fe) overload - Transfusion haemosiderosis
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Provan, Drew, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, Johannes de Vos, Banu Kaya, and Angela Theodoulou. Red cell disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683307.003.0002_update_001.
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The peripheral blood film in anaemias - Anaemia in renal disease - Anaemia in endocrine disease - Anaemia in joint disease - Anaemia in gastrointestinal disease - Anaemia in liver disease - Iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia - Vitamin B12 deficiency - Folate deficiency - Other causes of megaloblastic anaemia - Anaemia in other deficiency states - Haemolytic syndromes - Genetic control of haemoglobin production - Sickling disorders - HbS—sickle-modifying therapies - Sickle cell trait (HbAS) - Other sickling disorders - Other haemoglobinopathies - Unstable haemoglobins - Thalassaemias - α thalassaemia - β thalassaemia - Other thalassaemias - Hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin - Hb patterns in haemoglobin disorders - Non-immune haemolysis - Hereditary spherocytosis - Hereditary elliptocytosis - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency - Pyruvate kinase deficiency - Other red cell enzymopathies - Drug-induced haemolytic anaemia - Methaemoglobinaemia - Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia - Acanthocytosis - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia - Cold haemagglutinin disease - Leucoerythroblastic anaemia - Aplastic anaemia - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria - Pure red cell aplasia - Iron (Fe) overload - Transfusion haemosiderosis
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Baloh, Robert W. Bárány’s Test Battery and the First Description of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0011.
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Robert Bárány developed an extensive battery of clinical tests of the vestibular system, most of which he outlined in his 1907 book on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular system. The basic concepts of his examination were to use the oculomotor responses (nystagmus) and postural responses (balance and past-pointing) to determine the functional status of the inner ear. Most of his work on the vestibular system was published in Vienna prior to his move to Uppsala, Sweden, after World War I. In Uppsala, he described several surgical techniques, including an operation to produce a fistula in the wall of the horizontal semicircular canal to improve hearing in patients with otosclerosis. Probably the most important article he wrote while in Uppsala was a paper published in 1921 describing a young woman with positional vertigo and nystagmus. This was the first detailed description of nystagmus associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
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Jones, Michael, Norman Qureshi, and Kim Rajappan. Atrial fibrillation. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0116.
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Atrial fibrillation is a tachycardia arising in the atria, with atrial electrical activity occurring chaotically and continuously, without any effective atrial contraction occurring. The effects of this are an irregular ventricular rate, loss of the atrial contribution to ventricular filling, and the pooling of blood in the atria, thus increasing the risk of thrombus formation. The ventricular rate may be fast, slow, or of normal speed, depending on the state of the patient’s atrioventricular conduction. Atrial fibrillation is classified as paroxysmal (self-terminating within 7 days), persistent (lasting longer than 1 week, or requiring cardioversion to terminate) or permanent (cardioversion unable to terminate durably to sinus rhythm).
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Forsyth, Rob, and Richard Newton. Signs and symptoms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784449.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the diagnostic approach to the patterns of symptoms and signs commonly seen in the paediatric neurology clinic. It encourages pattern recognition. The presentations considered are: altered mental state (agitation/confusion); motor disorders (exercise limitation and muscle pain; eye or facial movement abnormalities; the floppy infant; a funny gait; weakness; unsteadiness or falls; toe-walking; disordered sensation, numbness, pain, dysaesthesia; deafness, loss or disturbance of hearing or vision; paroxysmal disorders (funny turns, loss of awareness, epilepsy, headache, movement disorders); developmental delay, impairment or regression, school failure; speech disturbance; behaviour disorder; symptoms that might suggest a spinal disorder such as back pain, incontinence, or scoliosis; other skeletal abnormality including abnormal skull size or shape, foot deformity; sleep disturbance.
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Klepper, Joerg, and Baerbel Leiendecker. Glut1 Deficiency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0005.
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Glut1 Deficiency (Glut1D, OMIM #606777) is caused by impaired glucose transport into the brain. The resulting cerebral “energy crisis” causes intractable seizures, developmental delay, and a complex movement disorder. The diagnosis is based on clinical features, low CSF glucose and/or mutations in the SLC2A1 gene. Paroxysmal exertion-induced dystonia (PED) and hereditary cryohydrocytosis have been described as allelic variants. Adults are increasingly being recognized through family pedigrees. The condition is effectively treatable by mimicking the metabolic state of fasting. High-fat carbohydrate-restricted ketogenic diets generate ketones that serve as an alternative fuel for the brain. In adults with Glut1D, novel modified ketogenic diets can be used, allowing more carbohydrates and greater palatability and compliance.
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Bronstein, Adolfo M., ed. Oxford Textbook of Vertigo and Imbalance. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834380.001.0001.
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Abstract In this new edition of this book a broad group of international specialists in dizziness, vertigo, and balance disorders has been gathered. Neurologists, otolaryngologists, general practitioners, audiologists, therapists, and paediatricians from more than 10 different countries have provided state-of-the-art chapters on all aspects of dizziness and balance disorders. Neuro-otology is a medical discipline where physiological basis and practical clinical aspects are closely linked and where borders between specialties such as neurology and otology are deliberately blurred. For this reason, the book discusses the causes and treatments of disorders causing dizziness and imbalance, paying equal attention to those emanating from the inner ear or the brain. Diseases causing vertigo and imbalance, such as migraine, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and Meniere’s disease, have been known for decades or centuries. The book deals with these extensively but not forgetting the newly defined conditions such as cerebellar vestibular disorders, including the cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome or CANVAS, and other genetically determined diseases. All chapters in the current edition have been updated, but new chapters have also been added, dealing specifically with problems in the elderly and in children and with vestibular surgery. This book is ideal for doctors and therapists looking for a comprehensive approach to the patient with dizziness and unsteadiness.
Book chapters on the topic "Paroxysmal states"
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Shichishima, Tsutomu. "Proposals for Classification of the Clinical Stages, Grading of Severity and the Molecular Pathogenesis of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria." In Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Related Disorders. Springer Japan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67867-0_5.
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"Building Blocks of Synaptic Networks Underlying Normal and Paroxysmal States." In The Intact and Sliced Brain. The MIT Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3822.003.0006.
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Pickering, Matthew C., and Jyoti Bakshi. "Complement." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0064_update_002.
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In this chapter we summarize clinically important aspects of complement biology. This information is used to present a comprehensive overview of complement deficiency states and provide a logical basis for understanding complement assays in clinical practice. Hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, a condition associated with anti-C1q antibodies and complement consumption, is discussed. We summarize the use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets and inhibits complement C5, in the treatment of haemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
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Fabritz, Larissa, Ulrich Schotten, and Paulus Kirchhof. "Types of atrial fibrillation." In ESC CardioMed. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0499.
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) has initially been diagnosed in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. This cause of AF has been largely eliminated in Europe and the United States, but is still an important cause of AF in other parts of the world. Later, the electrocardiogram pattern of AF (mainly distinguishing between paroxysmal, self-terminating, and chronic forms of AF) has been used to describe types of AF. This classification is still in use today. This chapter outlines the need to develop clinical classifications of AF that reflect the major causes of AF in patients and which are required to develop tailored, personalized approaches to prevent and treat AF.
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Nadkarni, Siddhartha, and Orrin Devinsky. "Cingulate Cortex Seizures." In Cingulate Neurobiology and Disease. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198566960.003.0029.
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Abstract Epileptic seizures provide a complex contrast to lesions. Destructive lesions typically cause functional deficits. However, the activities of preserved cortical and subcortical areas, released from the influences of the destroyed or impaired tissue, can paradoxically cause focal hyperactivities. Seizures result from excessive synchronous neural discharges that can cause positive (hyperactive such as jerking) or negative (functional impairment such as weakness) changes. Lesions and seizures both provide valuable, but often not straight-forward, insights into brain function. While the correlation between disease and abnormal function is often easily made, the extrapolation from disease to normal function is much more tenuous. Hughling Jackson’s localization of focal motor seizures to primary motor cortex was a remarkable leap for neurology, but his localization of déjà vu, olfactory hallucinations, and dreamy states to the mesial temporal lobe was a larger jump (Jackson, 1931). He recognized in the dreamy states the dual nature of a seizure’s effects on mind. ‘There is not always loss, but there is, I believe, always, at least defect, of consciousness co-existing with over-consciousness (“dreamy state”)’. Just as motor seizures can be excitatory and cause clonic or tonic activity, seizures arising from limbic and associational cortices can cause positive or negative symptoms. When a seizure evokes fear, the paroxysmal occurrence of the emotion without an environmental context is readily identified by the patient.
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Tsarouchas, Nick. "Clinical Neurophysiology of Epileptogenic Networks." In Neurophysiology - Networks, Plasticity, Pathophysiology, and Behavior [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104952.
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Current theories and models of brain rhythm generation are based on (1) the excitability of individual neurons and whole networks, (2) the structural and functional connectivity of neuronal ensembles, (3) the dynamic interaction of excitatory and inhibitory network components, and (4) the importance of transient local and global states. From the interplay of the above, systemic network properties arise which account for activity overdrive or suppression, and critical-level synchronization. Under certain conditions or states, small-to-large scale neuronal networks can be entrained into excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical brain activity (epileptogenesis). In this chapter we demonstrate with artificial neuronal network simulations how physiological brain oscillations (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma range, and transients thereof, including sleep spindles and larger sleep waves) are generated and how epileptiform phenomena can potentially emerge, as observed at a macroscopic scale on scalp and intracranial EEG recordings or manifested with focal and generalized, aware and unaware, motor and nonmotor or absence seizures in man. Fast oscillations, ripples and sharp waves, spike and slow wave discharges, sharp and rhythmical slow waves, paroxysmal depolarization and DC shifts or attenuation and electrodecremental responses seem to underlie key mechanisms of epileptogenesis across different scales of neural organization and bear clinical implications for the pharmacological and surgical treatment of the various types of epilepsy.
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Harcourt, Jonny, and Peter Rea. "Vestibular surgery." In Oxford Textbook of Vertigo and Imbalance, 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834380.003.0032.
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Abstract This chapter describes physical interventions designed to treat symptoms arising from both the peripheral and central vestibular systems for the management of dizziness, which have appeared in the medical literature and are relatively well established. It includes office-based procedures as well as larger hospital performed operations. It emphasizes the rationale and scientific basis for the treatments but does not recommend a specific treatment algorithm for each disease. Included in the chapter are procedures for Meniere’s disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, superior canal dehiscence, perilymph fistula, surgery for chronic otitis media and its complications, vestibular schwannomas, vestibular paroxysmia, and intracranial abnormalities as well as a review of the current state of vestibular implants.
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Dimario, Francis J. "Sleep-Related Phenomena." In Non-Epileptic Childhood Paroxysmal Disorders. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335378.003.0007.
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Abstract Epileptic seizures may manifest a host of behavioral, motor, and perceptual alterations due to abnormal cortical electrical discharges. All epileptic seizure types can be electrically evident and often clinically manifest during sleep. In fact, sleep may serve as an activator of both epileptic discharges and epileptic seizures through the induction of brain-activated electrographic changes. Sleep itself, however, is a state where an orderly evolution of electrical brain wave patterns induces and reflect the clinical stages and physiologic responses we observe as sleep.
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Dimario, Francis J. "Movement Disorders." In Non-Epileptic Childhood Paroxysmal Disorders. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335378.003.0010.
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Abstract Not surprisingly, the misidentification of all types of involuntary movements as possibly epileptic in origin is common. This extends directly from the fact that many epileptic seizure types have associated rhythmic and stereotyped motor movements and behaviors. Partial seizures in particular present with a varied array of involuntary motor activity without alterations in consciousness. Thus, the mere presence or absence of an altered state of consciousness will not be sufficient to differentiate epileptic from non-epileptic motor movements.
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Kaushik, Nayanjyoti, James Arter Chapman, Andrew Gillaspie, et al. "Recent Advances in Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation and Non-pharmacological Stroke Prevention." In Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis and Management in the 21st Century [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106319.
Full textAbstract:
Atrial Fibrillation is a common arrhythmia affecting 6 million people in the United States and 33 million people worldwide, associated with significant morbidity. Whereas restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm can translate into clinical benefit, early intervention in course of the disease can influence success and efficacy of intervention has been speculative and uncertain over past decade despite several literature and scientific studies. During past three decades catheter and surgical ablation of AF have evolved from an investigational status to a widely offerred definitive treatment now. With recent advances in mapping technology, ablation energy delivery, better understanding of pathogenesis and mechanism of AF there has been a paradigm shift in clinical decision making, patient selection, patient-physician discussion about various rhythm control strategy due to an ever improving safety and efficacy of the procedure. In this chapter we will briefly review the landmark clinical trials that has changed the outlook towards rhythm control strategy beginning from early trials such as AFFIRM, telling us rhythm control was no better than rate control to recent studies and EAST AFNET, which showed benefits of rhythm control. We will discuss differences in ablation strategy, safety and efficacy between paroxysmal AF vs. Persistent/Longstanding Persistent AF from a trigger and substrate view and pulmonary vein and non pulmonary vein targets for ablation. We will also elaborate on different energy sources for ablation such as Radiofrequency (RF), Cryoablation, newer ablation techniques such as Vein of Marshall alcohol ablation, High Power short duration ablation, Pulsed Field Ablation, Surgical ablation and Hybrid Convergent Ablation etc. Since this chapter is mostly intended towards diagnosis and management of AF in twenty-first century, authors have restricted mainly to recent developments only and purposefully have not expanded on already established preexisting knowledge about topics such as pharmacological rhythm control, rate control, Atrio-Ventricular node ablation with pacemaker implantation, direct current cardio version etc. In conclusion, with recent emerging evidence, importance of rhythm control is being increasingly recognized. Catheter ablation is more commonly performed with improving safety and efficacy. There are newer technology and ablation strategy available and should be offered to patient while discussing a comprehensive management of AF with careful review of risk benefit analysis.