Dissertations / Theses: 'Parrots'

1

Khalesi, Bahman. "Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection." Thesis, Khalesi, Bahman (2007) Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/126/.

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The circovirus Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) causes psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) that is characterised by a chronic disease process associated with feather abnormalities, beak deformities and eventual death in various species of birds in the order Psittaciformes. This disease is seen in captive and wild psittacine species in Australia and several other countries and is a significant threat to the survival of some endangered psittacine species. This thesis reports on genetic studies that have furthered the understanding of the diversity of BFDV present within Australia. These studies have optimised methods of detecting BFDV. They have also resulted in the production of an immunogenic and antigenic recombinant BFDV Capsid protein that could lead to alternate methods of producing viral antigen for serological tests and the development of a BFDV vaccine. To assess the optimal method of the detection of BFDV infection, feather and blood samples were submitted by referring veterinarians throughout Australia from psittacine birds tentatively diagnosed with PBFD or with a history of being in contact with PBFD-affected birds. These samples were examined by 3 procedures commonly used to detect BFDV infection: a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and haemagglutination (HA) for the detection of virus, and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for the detection of virus antibody in response to infection. Of the samples examined from 623 psittacine birds, the prevalence of BFDV DNA in feather samples detected by PCR was 18.85%. There was a strong correlation between PCR and HA testing of feather samples, although possible false-positive and false-negative PCR and HA results were obtained in some samples. Of the 143 birds that were PCR feather-positive only 2 had detectable HI antibody and these birds were also HA feather-negative, which suggests that they were developing immunity to recent infection. All birds with HI antibody were feather HA negative. Despite the rare occurrence of PBFD in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), 2 of the 13 samples collected from this species were PCR and HA positive indicating that this species can be infected with BFDV. Three studies were undertaken to further our understanding of the genetics of BFDV in Australian avifauna: sequence analysis of the BFDV detected in a grey cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), a species normally considered resistant to infection with BFDV; analysis of the genome of BFDV present in lorikeets (Trichoglossus sp.) in Australia; and analysis of the genome of BFDV detected in endangered swift parrots (Lathamus discolor). Sequence analysis of the entire genome of the cockatiel BFDV isolate revealed that it clustered phylogenetically with 2 other viruses, one from a sulphur crested cockatoo (SCC1-AUS) and one from a Major Mitchell cockatoo (MMC-AUS), which suggests that this isolate from the grey cockatiel was not a cockatiel-specific biotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF V1 of BFDV detected in 7 lorikeets demonstrated these 7 isolates clustered phylogenetically with other BFDV isolates obtained from Loriidae species elsewhere in the world and confirmed the presence of a loriid-specific genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data generated from ORF V1 of virus detected in 2 endangered swift parrots provided evidence they were also infected with BFDV genotypes derived from other species of birds, one isolate clustering with viruses from a Loriidae genotype and the other with isolates derived from species of Cacatuidae and Psittacidae. As part of this research, a baculovirus expression system was successfully developed for the production of recombinant BFDV Capsid protein. Inoculation of this protein into chickens resulted in the development of HI antibody, which demonstrated its immunogenicity. When used as an antigen in HI tests it detected antibody in virus-infected birds, which demonstrated its antigenicity. This protein offers potential application as an antigen for the development of serological tests and as an immunogen for incorporation into vaccines for control of PBFD.

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2

Khalesi, Bahman. "Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection." Khalesi, Bahman (2007) Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/126/.

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Abstract:

The circovirus Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) causes psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) that is characterised by a chronic disease process associated with feather abnormalities, beak deformities and eventual death in various species of birds in the order Psittaciformes. This disease is seen in captive and wild psittacine species in Australia and several other countries and is a significant threat to the survival of some endangered psittacine species. This thesis reports on genetic studies that have furthered the understanding of the diversity of BFDV present within Australia. These studies have optimised methods of detecting BFDV. They have also resulted in the production of an immunogenic and antigenic recombinant BFDV Capsid protein that could lead to alternate methods of producing viral antigen for serological tests and the development of a BFDV vaccine. To assess the optimal method of the detection of BFDV infection, feather and blood samples were submitted by referring veterinarians throughout Australia from psittacine birds tentatively diagnosed with PBFD or with a history of being in contact with PBFD-affected birds. These samples were examined by 3 procedures commonly used to detect BFDV infection: a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and haemagglutination (HA) for the detection of virus, and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for the detection of virus antibody in response to infection. Of the samples examined from 623 psittacine birds, the prevalence of BFDV DNA in feather samples detected by PCR was 18.85%. There was a strong correlation between PCR and HA testing of feather samples, although possible false-positive and false-negative PCR and HA results were obtained in some samples. Of the 143 birds that were PCR feather-positive only 2 had detectable HI antibody and these birds were also HA feather-negative, which suggests that they were developing immunity to recent infection. All birds with HI antibody were feather HA negative. Despite the rare occurrence of PBFD in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), 2 of the 13 samples collected from this species were PCR and HA positive indicating that this species can be infected with BFDV. Three studies were undertaken to further our understanding of the genetics of BFDV in Australian avifauna: sequence analysis of the BFDV detected in a grey cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), a species normally considered resistant to infection with BFDV; analysis of the genome of BFDV present in lorikeets (Trichoglossus sp.) in Australia; and analysis of the genome of BFDV detected in endangered swift parrots (Lathamus discolor). Sequence analysis of the entire genome of the cockatiel BFDV isolate revealed that it clustered phylogenetically with 2 other viruses, one from a sulphur crested cockatoo (SCC1-AUS) and one from a Major Mitchell cockatoo (MMC-AUS), which suggests that this isolate from the grey cockatiel was not a cockatiel-specific biotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF V1 of BFDV detected in 7 lorikeets demonstrated these 7 isolates clustered phylogenetically with other BFDV isolates obtained from Loriidae species elsewhere in the world and confirmed the presence of a loriid-specific genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data generated from ORF V1 of virus detected in 2 endangered swift parrots provided evidence they were also infected with BFDV genotypes derived from other species of birds, one isolate clustering with viruses from a Loriidae genotype and the other with isolates derived from species of Cacatuidae and Psittacidae. As part of this research, a baculovirus expression system was successfully developed for the production of recombinant BFDV Capsid protein. Inoculation of this protein into chickens resulted in the development of HI antibody, which demonstrated its immunogenicity. When used as an antigen in HI tests it detected antibody in virus-infected birds, which demonstrated its antigenicity. This protein offers potential application as an antigen for the development of serological tests and as an immunogen for incorporation into vaccines for control of PBFD.

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3

Taylor, Tiawanna. "The development of microsatellites for parrots (Psittaciformes)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288084.

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4

O'Neill, Laurence [Verfasser]. "Physical Causal Cognition in Parrots / Laurence O'Neill." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219429457/34.

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5

Tokita, Masayoshi. "Morphological evolution of unique cranial structures in parrots." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145122.

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6

Jackson, Hazel Anne. "Evolutionary conservation genetics of invasive and endemic parrots." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/50698/.

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The world is now thought to have entered into a sixth mass extinction event, which unlike previous mass extinctions, is entirely driven by human impacts. The early colonisation of humans has led to as many as a thousand endemic bird species becoming extinct, while increasing human mediated transport of species around the world has led to invasive species becoming one of the largest global conservation challenges of today. Studies in molecular ecology can help us to unravel how evolutionary processes are important for informing conservation and invasion biology by understanding genetic mechanisms that enable populations to grow and adapt in a changing world. As genetic diversity is essential for the persistence of populations, this thesis aims to understand how species respond, at a genetic level, to human-driven events such as the reduction of a population to a small size, or the introduction of a species into a novel environment. The findings demonstrate the important use of genetic markers for phylogenetic reconstruction and understanding population structure. These phylogenetic reconstructions examine taxonomic distinctiveness and patterns of evolution, and allow the identification of ancestral origins for invasive ring-necked parakeets. Evidence from genetic phylogroups, trade data and drivers of population growth, highlight how multiple introductions and patterns of climate matching between the native and invasive ranges of ring-necked parakeets, are mechanisms for invasion success. In contrast to mild genetic bottleneck effects, high levels of diversity and the avoidance of problems associated with small population size within populations of invasive ring-necked parakeet, the endemic Seychelles black parrot exhibited a reduction in population size and reduced levels of genetic diversity over time. Moreover, the inclusion of new genetic data for a number of extinct parrot species enabled an examination of the loss of broader scale phylogenetic diversity, important for ecosystem function, as a result of extinctions of endemic species and invasions of ring-necked parakeets. The findings from this thesis have already been applied to conservation and invasion biology by contributing to the reclassification of the endemic Seychelles black parrot, and to improving the ability of ecological niche models to predict areas suitable for future invasions of ring-necked parakeets. Furthermore they provide a novel approach to identifying potential candidates as ecological replacements to restore ecosystem function and lost phylogenetic diversity.

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7

Shipham, Ashlee. "Using Genomic and Plumage Data to Understand Contemporary and Historical Relationships among Australian Rosellas (Genus: Platycercus)." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367368.

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It is now widely understood that species boundaries are often semipermeable, and that hybridisation and introgression occur frequently in nature and have the potential to dramatically alter the evolutionary trajectory of the taxa involved. Hybrid zones, regions where genetically distinct populations overlap and produce hybrid offspring, provide a valuable opportunity to gain insight into the speciation process. They can arise without a period of isolation when distributions span environmental gradients or ecotones (primary hybrid zone), or as a result of secondary contact following allopatric divergence (secondary hybrid zone), and their structure and ultimate evolutionary outcome can vary greatly depending on the strength of pre- and post-mating barriers to gene flow, as well as the impact of other evolutionary forces (e.g. selection). The dawn of the age of genomics offers great possibility for the analysis of potentially hybridising taxa. In this thesis, I employ a genomic approach alongside more traditional molecular and non-molecular techniques to examine the presence and influence of hybridisation on two native Australian parrot species, the pale-headed (Platycercus adscitus) and eastern rosellas (P. eximius). Together, these species, which are each composed of readily identifiable subspecies, span the eastern seaboard of Australia, with species and subspecies reportedly hybridising where their ranges overlap.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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8

Klövekorn, Henning Andreas. "Endangered bird species in South Australia : are current recovery practices for the Orange-bellied parrot and Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoo succeeding? /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envk66.pdf.

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9

Rodríguez-Ferraro, Adriana. "Community ecology and phylogeography of bird assemblages in arid zones of northern Venezuela implications for the conservation of restricted-range birds /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2008. http://etd.umsl.edu/r3141.

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10

van, Horik Jayden Owen. "Comparative cognition and behavioural flexibility in two species of neotropical parrots." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8722.

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Similarities in brain size, life histories, psychology and behaviour in parrots, corvids and apes suggest that certain socio-ecological selection pressures may have driven the convergent evolution of cognition in these families. However, very little is known about parrot behaviour and cognition, outside of African greys and kea. Therefore, captive red-shouldered macaws (Diopsittaca nobilis) and black-headed caiques (Pionites melanocephala) were presented with a variety of tasks to assess their social and physical cognition and behavioural flexibility. Although these species possess many similarities in their life history and ecology, there are also substantial differences in their morphology and natural habitats that could have driven differences in their cognitive evolution. Observations of social and physical interactions in both species revealed that macaws engaged in high levels of affiliative behaviour, and object neophobia, whereas caiques displayed high levels of social play and object exploration. However, such differences did not appear to result in differences in their social or physical cognition. Macaws and caiques displayed comparable performances on Serial Reversal Learning tasks (as an index of behavioural flexibility). Both species also demonstrated similar performances on two Means-End transfer tasks and a series of innovative foraging tasks that were designed to assess their comprehension of object relationships. However, macaws and caiques appeared to solve such problems by generalising learned information across novel tasks. Overall, these findings suggest that these two species may approach certain socio-ecological problems using flexible cognition that may be generalised across different problems, supporting claims for a domain general intelligence.

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11

Styles, Darrel Keith. "Psittacid herpesvirus associated with internal papillomatous disease and other tumors in psittacine birds." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2646.

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Internal papillomatous disease (IPD) is characterized by mucosal papillomas occurring primarily in the oral cavity and cloaca of Neotropical parrots. These lesions can cause considerable morbidity, and in some cases result in mortality. Efforts to demonstrate papillomavirus DNA or proteins in the lesions have been largely unsuccessful. However, increasing evidence suggests that mucosal papillomas may contain psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs). In this study, PsHV 1 genotype 1, 2, and 3 DNA was found in 100% of mucosal papillomas from 30 Neotropical parrots by PCR using PsHV specific primers. However, Psittacus erithacus papillomavirus and finch papillomavirus DNA were not detected. Additionally, a novel PsHV sequence related to, but phylogenetically distinct from PsHV 1, was identified in 4 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), two of which exhibited papillomas. These findings suggest that mucosal papillomas may develop in parrots latently infected with PsHV. Tumors of the bile and pancreatic ducts have also been observed in parrots with IPD. Other mucosal tumors including carcinomas of the proventriculus and ventriculus may be coincident with bile duct tumors, but cloacal carcinomas usually develop as solitary lesions. To test whether PsHV was associated with these tumors, the fresh tissues from 11 parrots and the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of 5 parrots exhibiting mucosal tumors were examined by PCR. All tumors were found to contain PsHV 1 genotype 3 DNA except one bird with a cloacal carcinoma that contained genotype 4. Histologically normal tissues available from six parrots did not contain PsHV DNA. Experiments were performed using the FFPE tissues of 5 parrots with IPD related tumors known to contain PsHV by PCR, to show that the virus was in significantly higher concentration in the neoplastic tissue compared to adjacent histologically normal tissue. Neoplastic and adjacent unaffected cells were dissected from the tissues using laser capture microdissection and the DNA was examined by PCR. In situ hybridization using PsHV specific probes and direct in situ PCR were also performed on the tissues. A strong association was shown between infection by PsHV 1 genotype 3 and birds manifesting IPD related tumors and other neoplasms of the digestive tract.

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12

Scanlan, James Patrick. "Analysis of avian 'speech' : patterns and production." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362897.

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13

Krasheninnikova, Anastasia Verfasser], and Jutta M. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schneider. "Physical cognition in parrots : a comparative approach / Anastasia Krasheninnikova. Betreuer: Jutta Schneider." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1054422648/34.

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14

Demery, Zoe P. "Comparative sensory & cognitive adaptations for exploratory learning in parrots & humans." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4526/.

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How do different animals cope with the vast environmental complexity they face from birth or hatching? If animals’ genes have not provided the necessary information, then exploration is essential for gathering information and learning about the surrounding world. Much of cognition research to date has focussed on what the different abilities of different animal species are, rather than how they actually process information. This thesis has taken a distinctive interdisciplinary approach to tackle this problem from different angles: asking how the senses, environment and different behavioural strategies influence exploratory learning – specifically in the naturally exploratory parrot and human child. It investigated parrots’ visual fields and their tactile ‘bill tip organ’ to describe the limits of their sensorimotor exploration, both in approach to and during manipulation of an object. A series of increasingly complex behavioural tasks were also conducted with parrots and children, involving different novel objects and causal problems. This project has given us insight into how we and other animals structure information in different situations. It has the potential to expand the understanding of a wide range of fields, such as in aiding how human developmental disorders may be treated, or by informing robotics design.

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15

Dennison, D. T. "A nutritional and financial evaluation of breeding African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2768.

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Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
African Grey Parrots are now being bred on a commercial scale in South Africa, mainly for the export market. In order to produce the best breeding results it is necessary to formulate balanced diets but no research has been done on the feeding value for African Grey parrots of ingredients used in formulating diets. Once the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of extruded maize for African Greys has been established it will be possible to calculate the AME of other ingredients such as full fat soya, soya oil cake or sunflower oil cake. By feeding an extruded mix containing a known amount of maize mixed with a known amount of soya oil cake and establishing experimentally the AME of the mix, the AME of soya oil cake for African Greys can be calculated by difference. This information will make it possible to decide whether AME results obtained for poultry can be used in formulating diets for African Grey parrots. The study consisted of two parts where the determination of the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of extruded maize and the practical application thereof in formulating parrot diets, and the economic viability of a commercial African Grey parrot breeding operation was investigated. A reference procedure adopted by several European laboratories for the in vivo determination of metabolisable energy (ME) was used to determine the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of extruded whole maize for African Grey parrots. The long term goal is to make a well balanced, extruded diet for these birds. Extruded maize is the form in which maize is generally included in commercial parrot diets and was therefore chosen as the experimental feed. Maize can be conveniently extruded with other single ingredients such as full fat soyabean meal, soyabean oil cake meal or sunflower oil cake meal to determine, by difference, the AME of those ingredients. For the first part of the study, ten, 3-year-old African Grey parrots were individually housed and fed in cages designed to facilitate collection of the faeces. Cage design varied between a tall type (n=6) and a low type (n=4). The parrots were acclimatized to their new environment before the trial commenced to ensure normal feeding behaviour. The average AME value established for the ten African Grey Parrots was 16.8 MJ/kg. In the trial it became apparent that it is very difficult to get consistent results with the cages used and a modified cage design is proposed for the future. The second part of the study investigated the economic viability of breeding African Grey parrots commercially, with extruded maize as part of their diet. It was generally concluded that the breeding of African Grey parrots for the pet market can be considered as an economical venture.

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16

Lambert, Megan. "Comparative avian cognition : physical and social problem solving in corvids and parrots." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15247/.

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Within the last few decades, investigations of problem solving in avian species such as corvids have challenged the few that complex cognitive abilities are unique to the primate lineage, and provide a compelling case for the convergent evolution of cognition in a range of large-brained, socially complex species. Despite these advances, there is still much that is unknown about how corvids acquire and use information to solve problems in both their social and physical environments, and comparably little research has focused on other large-brained avian taxa such as parrots. The research presented in this thesis investigates both physical and social cognition in two parrot and two corvid species by examining how individuals interact with and acquire information about their physical world, and whether birds will use physical information to benefit conspecifics. Observational data provide new evidence for a novel form of tool use among a highly explorative species, the greater vasa parrot (Coracopsis vasa), and empirical data show that exploration may provide these birds with information about how novel objects (including potential tools) behave. An additional experiment with kea (Nestor notabilis) and New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) suggests that information acquired during exploration may aid in problem solving, although individuals do not change their exploratory behaviour in order to acquire functional information about objects that is relevant to a specific task. An investigation of social cognition in ravens (Corvus corax) shows that subjects can attend to multiple dynamic stimuli in order to obtain a food reward, but do not use this ability to provide food to an affiliate or non-affiliate partner. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that both parrots and corvids are adept at attending to and learning about different types of physical information which can aid problem solving, but do not intentionally seek this information or use it to benefit others.

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17

Burton-Crow, Elizabeth MacLeod. "Poultry, Parrots, and People| Exploring Psyche through the Lens of Avian Captivity." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13425083.

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What was the last interaction you had with a bird? Was it a cordial conversation with a parrot or indirectly, as while devouring deviled eggs? The colorful ways in which avian and human lives are connected are as nuanced as they are pervasive. Perhaps this is unsurprising, given that globally, birds are held in captivity by the billions. Despite the massive scale at which our lives intersect, we often fail to recognize the psychological aspects of bird confinement. This project dives below the surface to examine the largely unconscious forces that underlie bird captivity by exploring psychosocial dynamics between poultry, parrots, and people. Employing a heuristic methodology, emergent themes are woven into a 30-minute film, A Bird Tail to develop conscientização, the cultivation of a critical awareness of how captivity shapes avian-human relationships, the psyches of individual humans and birds, and ultimately our collective, trans-species cultures. Told from the perspective of an avian alchemist, the film explicitly navigates across species lines through imagery and voice by providing a bird’s eye view of numerous challenges faced by captive-held birds, including death, disease, and trauma. A central purpose of this exploration is to bring these subsurface currents to light so that we as humans can begin to dissolve those psychological constructs and projections that prevent authentic cross-species connection and cause such profound harm.

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18

Voiles, Rebekah, and Clay Matthews. "Greed and Parrots: Examining the Emergence of Pirate Tropes in Treasure Island." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/6.

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In modern pop-culture, the prevalence of tropes is eminent. Without a knowledge of common themes and overgeneralizations, an author’s work will fail to attract a sufficient audience. One of these encompassing tropes includes the pirate trope. Pirate tropes range from physical aspects, such as eyepatches and tricornes, to the psychological implications of greed and villainy. Understanding the origin of tropes helps eliminate the over usage and transformation of tropes. The current study, a textual analysis, examines the popularized pirate novel Treasure Island and compares its’ tropes to the first collection of pirate biographies, A General History of Pyrates. The researcher hopes to discover many, if not all, of the tropes found in Treasure Island originated, through explicit evidence or variances, from A General History of Pyrates. The study will also utilize the New Historicism approach. Through New Historicism, the researcher will examine what historical accounts, including political, cultural, and economic strife, led Treasure Island to emerge as the most well-known pirate novel, rather than its predecessors. Thus far, the research has indicated that Treasure Island emerged as the prime pirate novel due to several factors, including America’s proximity to piracy during the 18th century. These associations include, but are not limited to: America’s trade system with pirates, proximity to pirate dwellings in North America, Americans’ desire of freedom associated with pirates, and democracy based politics practiced among outlaw captains and crewmembers. Stevenson illustrated these points in Treasure Island, which ties the novel’s timeless tropes with today’s conceptions of piracy. In addition, Stevenson used tropes from other novels associated with pirates including: Sir Walter Scott’s The Pirate; Washington Irving’s Tales of a Traveller; Captain Frederick Marryat’s “The Pirate”; Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Gold-Bug”; and several works by Daniel Defoe. Stevenson combined these tropes in Treasure Island while also using A General History of Pirates as a guide to ensure creditability. These tropes, brought to attention by Stevenson, continue to flourish in modern depictions of 18th century pirates.

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Marsden, Stuart J. "The ecology and conservation of the parrots of Sumba, Buru and Seram, Indonesia." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283639.

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20

May, Diana L. "The vocal repertoire of grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) living in the Congo Basin." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280626.

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This dissertation is a report on the investigation of the vocal behavior of free-living Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus) that inhabit the Congo Basin in Central Africa. I observed Grey Parrots in the Central African Republic and Cameroon and made audio recordings of their vocalizations. The results of spectrographic analysis of vocalizations lend support to the assertion that Grey Parrots produce calls that fall into four major acoustical classes--tonal, harmonic, noisy-harmonic, and noisy--and that these call classes may be subdivided into as many as 39 different acoustical types. A reliability study of this classification scheme demonstrated that both clustering of these acoustical types into aggregate categories and the combined method of visual inspection and basic spectrographic measurement enable reliable classification of calls into classes, types and also subtypes. The majority of calls in the observed repertoire belong to pure tonal call class, which may suggest that a large proportion of Grey Parrot calling behavior is adapted for tonal call production. Grey Parrots may also adjust the acoustic characteristics of their calls to better adapt them to their environment and communication needs. Both observations of Grey Parrots and analysis of the acoustic and production characteristics of their calls indicate that Grey Parrots may share functional call types of some New World and Australian parrot species. Some Grey Parrot calling vocal behavior parallels that of captive Grey Parrots in the laboratory. I conclude with an exploration of possible reasons why Grey Parrots possess such a diverse vocal repertoire.

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21

Schmid, Rachel. "The influence of the breeding method on the behaviour of adult African grey parrots /." Bern : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/04schmid_r.pdf.

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22

com, khalesi20022002@yahoo, and Bahman Khalesi. "Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071119.90905.

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The circovirus Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) causes psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) that is characterised by a chronic disease process associated with feather abnormalities, beak deformities and eventual death in various species of birds in the order Psittaciformes. This disease is seen in captive and wild psittacine species in Australia and several other countries and is a significant threat to the survival of some endangered psittacine species. This thesis reports on genetic studies that have furthered the understanding of the diversity of BFDV present within Australia. These studies have optimised methods of detecting BFDV. They have also resulted in the production of an immunogenic and antigenic recombinant BFDV Capsid protein that could lead to alternate methods of producing viral antigen for serological tests and the development of a BFDV vaccine. To assess the optimal method of the detection of BFDV infection, feather and blood samples were submitted by referring veterinarians throughout Australia from psittacine birds tentatively diagnosed with PBFD or with a history of being in contact with PBFD-affected birds. These samples were examined by 3 procedures commonly used to detect BFDV infection: a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and haemagglutination (HA) for the detection of virus, and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests for the detection of virus antibody in response to infection. Of the samples examined from 623 psittacine birds, the prevalence of BFDV DNA in feather samples detected by PCR was 18.85%. There was a strong correlation between PCR and HA testing of feather samples, although possible false-positive and false-negative PCR and HA results were obtained in some samples. Of the 143 birds that were PCR feather-positive only 2 had detectable HI antibody and these birds were also HA feather-negative, which suggests that they were developing immunity to recent infection. All birds with HI antibody were feather HA negative. Despite the rare occurrence of PBFD in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), 2 of the 13 samples collected from this species were PCR and HA positive indicating that this species can be infected with BFDV. Three studies were undertaken to further our understanding of the genetics of BFDV in Australian avifauna: sequence analysis of the BFDV detected in a grey cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), a species normally considered resistant to infection with BFDV; analysis of the genome of BFDV present in lorikeets (Trichoglossus sp.) in Australia; and analysis of the genome of BFDV detected in endangered swift parrots (Lathamus discolor). Sequence analysis of the entire genome of the cockatiel BFDV isolate revealed that it clustered phylogenetically with 2 other viruses, one from a sulphur crested cockatoo (SCC1-AUS) and one from a Major Mitchell cockatoo (MMC-AUS), which suggests that this isolate from the grey cockatiel was not a cockatiel-specific biotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF V1 of BFDV detected in 7 lorikeets demonstrated these 7 isolates clustered phylogenetically with other BFDV isolates obtained from Loriidae species elsewhere in the world and confirmed the presence of a loriid-specific genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data generated from ORF V1 of virus detected in 2 endangered swift parrots provided evidence they were also infected with BFDV genotypes derived from other species of birds, one isolate clustering with viruses from a Loriidae genotype and the other with isolates derived from species of Cacatuidae and Psittacidae. As part of this research, a baculovirus expression system was successfully developed for the production of recombinant BFDV Capsid protein. Inoculation of this protein into chickens resulted in the development of HI antibody, which demonstrated its immunogenicity. When used as an antigen in HI tests it detected antibody in virus-infected birds, which demonstrated its antigenicity. This protein offers potential application as an antigen for the development of serological tests and as an immunogen for incorporation into vaccines for control of PBFD.

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Shearer, Patrick. "Development of novel diagnostic and vaccine options for beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090720.142800.

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Murdoch University (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2008.
Contains three published journal articles at back of thesis. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-231)

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Paula, Valéria Veras De. "Efeito da pré-medicação em papagaios (Amazona aestiva), com cloridrato de cetamina isolado ou associado ao diazepam, sobre a indução e anestesia com sevofluorano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-09042007-183459/.

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A pré-medicação apesar de ser freqüentemente utilizada nos mamíferos, é raramente utilizada nas espécies aviárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da pré-medicação na indução e anestesia com sevofluorano em papagaios. Foram utilizados trinta e seis animais adultos oriundos do Parque ecológico do Tietê. Os animais foram randomicamente distribuídos em três grupos: grupo I (n = 12), tratado com NaCl 0,9% como placebo, grupo II (n = 12), com cetamina 10 mg.Kg-1 e grupo III (n = 12), com cetamina 10 mg.Kg-1 e diazepam 0,5 mg.Kg-1, por via intramuscular. Quinze minutos após a pré-medicação, a indução foi realizada por meio de máscara facial conectada a um circuito sem reinalação, usando 4,5% de sevofluorano em 100% de oxigênio, com um fluxo de 1,5L. Tanto os efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios, bem como, a qualidade da pré-medicação, indução e recuperação da anestesia foram avaliadas. A Dose anestésica mínima obtida neste estudo foi de 2.4 ± 0.37%, 1.7 ± 0.39%, e 1.3 ± 0.32% para os grupos I, II e III respectivamente. Foi concluído que a cetamina isolada ou cetamina/diazepam diminuem consideravelmente a dose anestésica mínima em papagaios. A cetamina isolada ou em associação, promoveu uma boa qualidade de sedação, permitindo uma melhor indução da anestesia quando comparada a indução com o agente inalatório. Tanto a cetamina isolada quanto a associação, mostraram-se seguras, não alterando as funções cardiovasculares, a oxigenação ou ventilação, podendo ser utilizados com sucesso nesta espécie. Além disto, a anestesia com o sevofluorano foi considerada segura para esta espécie em todos os protocolos estudados.
Although pre-medication is commonly used in mammals, it is rarely used in avian species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-medication in the induction and anesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots. Thirty-six adults animals were utilized from Tietê ecologic park. The animals were randomically distributed in three groups: group I (n = 12), was pre-medicated with NaCl0.9% as a placebo, group II (n = 12), with ketamine 10 mg.kg-1 and group III (n = 12), with ketamine 10mg.kg-1 and diazepam 0.5mg.kg-1, intramuscularly. Fifteen minutes after pre-medication, the induction was accomplished with a facial mask connected to a non rebreathing circuit using 4.5% of sevoflurane in 100% oxygen with a flow rate of 1.5L. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects were evaluated as well as the quality of pre-medication, induction and recovery of anesthesia. The minimal anesthetic concentration obtained at this study was 2.4 ± 0.37%, 1.7 ± 0.39%, and 1.3 ± 0.32% for group I, II and III respectively. It was concluded that ketamine alone or ketamine/diazepam consider decreased the DAM of sevofluorano in parrots. ketamine alone or in association, promoted a good quality of sedation allowing better induction of anesthesia when compared with the induction with inhalant agent. Even ketamine alone or the association were considered a safe procedure, not changing cardiovascular, oxygenation and ventilation and could be successfully used in this specie. Furthermore, the anesthesia with sevoflurane was considered safe to this specie in all protocols.

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Gonçalves, Priscila Fernanda Mussi. "O potencial do DNA barcode na identificação de espécies de aves neotropicais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-11122009-112618/.

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O presente trabalho foi organizado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro é apresentada uma breve revisão da bibliografia relacionada ao DNA barcode, apontando as aplicações e os limites desse marcador. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados nos três capítulos subsequentes. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial do método de DNA barcoding na distinção de 783 amostras de 228 espécies diferentes de aves neotropicais de 16 ordens baseado na diferença dos valores de divergências intra- e interespecíficas. O DNA barcode permitiu a diagnose da maioria das espécies tanto utilizando os valores de distância quanto os agrupamentos nas árvores de Neighbor-joining (NJ), mostrando ser um marcador muito útil na identificação rápida de aves neotropicais. Além disso, verificamos que ele gera informações que podem ser relevantes a estudos biogeográficos. Foram identificadas espécies proximamente relacionadas que não puderam ser identificadas seguindo essa metodologia, todas pertencentes aos psitaciformes. Assim, o objetivo do capítulo seguinte foi investigar se há caracteres diagnósticos no coxI de pares de espécies irmãs de psitacídeos neotropicais (gêneros Amazona, Ara, Aratinga, Brotogeris e Graydidascalus) e de grupos que não puderam ser identificados nas análises anteriores devido a baixas distâncias interespecíficas ou por não formarem clados reciprocamente monofiléticos nas árvores de NJ (espécies dos gêneros Amazona, Aratinga, Myiopsitta, Pionites, Pyrrhura e Rhynchopsitta). As espécies irmãs apresentaram de quatro a 39 sítios diagnósticos puros e as espécies proximamente relacionadas apresentaram de um a 11 sítios diagnósticos. Apenas as espécies Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha e R. terrisi e as espécies Amazona aestiva e A. ochrochephala, não apresentaram caracteres diagnósticos exclusivos e, portanto não puderam ser identificadas. Os resultados mostraram que é possível identificar grande parte das espécies proximamente relacionadas desse grupo de aves utilizando caracteres diagnósticos do DNA barcode. O penúltimo capítulo teve como objetivo identificar espécies de embriões de aves apreendidos do tráfico internacional de animais, utilizando o DNA barcode. Das 58 amostras totais, 93% foram identificadas, sendo três amostras de Ara ararauna, duas de Triclaria malachitacea e 49 de Alipiopsitta xanthops. As quatro amostras restantes (7%) foram identificadas como Amazona aestiva e/ou Amazona ochrochephala. Essas espécies formam um complexo já descrito em alguns trabalhos de filogenia molecular, o que inviabiliza qualquer sistema de identificação de espécies ao nível molecular. O DNA barcoding parece ser eficaz na correta identificação de espécies de aves e é especialmente útil em casos nos quais dados morfológicos não são acessíveis, como o presente exemplo. Por fim são descritas as principais conclusões de cada capítulo.
The present study was organized in five chapters. The first one is a brief review of the literature on DNA barcode, pointing out its applications and limits. The results are presented in the three subsequent chapters. The second chapter aimed to evaluate the potential of the DNA barcoding method in the distinction of 783 samples of 228 different Neotropical birds species from 16 orders, based on the difference of values of intra- and interspecific distances. DNA barcode was able to diagnose most of the species using distance values and Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees. Thus, it is a useful tool for rapid identification of Neotropical birds and it can provide information that may be relevant to biogeography studies. Some closely related species, all psitaciformes, could not be identified. Thus, the following chapter attempted to identify diagnostic characters in the DNA barcode sequences of sister species pairs of Neotropical parrots (genera Amazona, Ara, Aratinga, Brotogeris and Graydidascalus) and groups of species that could not be identified due to low interspecific distances or lack of monophyly in NJ trees (species of the genera Amazona, Aratinga, Myiopsitta, Pionites, Pyrrhura, Rhynchopsitta). The pairs of sister species had four to 39 pure diagnostic sites and closely related species had one to 11 diagnostic sites. Only the pair of species Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha and R. terrisi, and Amazona aestiva and A. ochrochephala did not have exclusive characters and therefore could not be identified with this method. The results showed that it is possible to identify the majority of the closely related species of this avian group using DNA barcode characters. The next chapter intended to identify the species of bird embryos apprehended from the illegal animal trade using DNA barcodes. From the total of 58 samples, 93% were identified as: three Ara ararauna, two Triclaria malachitacea and 49 Alipiopsitta xanthops. The four remaining samples (7%) were identified as Amazona aestiva and/or A. ochrochephala. These species form a complex that was already suggested in previous molecular phylogeny studies. Thus, it seems to be impossible to distinguish them based on molecular markers. DNA barcoding seems to be efficient in the identification of species of birds and is especially useful in cases where morphological data is not accessible, as the present example. Finally the main conclusions are described in the last chapter.

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Meehan, Cheryl Lynne. "Environmental enrichment and behavioral development or orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica) : applications to animal welfare /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Thureen, Dean Richard. "The complete nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1) genome." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 129 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1251898411&Fmt=7&clientId=79356&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Araújo, Carlos Barros de 1975. "Comportamento alimentar e a comunicação sonora do papagaio-galego Alipiopsitta xanthops (Spix) 1824, em fragmentos de cerrado do Distrito Federal e Goias." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316082.

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Orientador: Luiz Octavio Marcondes Machado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A biologia do Papagaio-galego Alipiopsitta xanthops é muito pouco conhecida e o estudo que ora se apresenta é o primeiro sistematicamente realizado com a espécie. Trata-se de uma espécie endêmica de cerrado, mas não do Brasil. Possui distribuição ampla ocorrendo desde o sul do Piauí/Maranhão, passando por estados do centro oeste como Tocantins, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul até o Norte de São Paulo e Bolívia. É uma espécie quase ameaçada principalmente devido ao comércio ilegal e destruição de seu habitat. A descrição da dieta, do comportamento alimentar bem como do uso do habitat são de fundamental importância na conservação das espécies. O presente estudo descreve estes fatores para o papagaio-galego, que se revelou uma espécie generalista. O papagaio-galego alimentou-se de 15 espécies vegetais diferentes durante o estudo. Foram consumidos itens mais diversos como frutos, sementes, folhas, barro e até casca de árvores. OBS.: O resumo na integra poderá ser visualizado no link ou texto completo da tese digital.
Abstract: There are only few studies on the Yellow-faced Parrot¿s (Alipiopsitta xanthops) biology, and this is the first systematically done with the species. The Yellow-faced Parrot is a cerrado endemic bird, with a wide distribution. It occurs from the southern Piauí and Maranhão States throughout Tocantins, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul States and its southern limits are the North of Sao Paulo State and Bolivian territory. It¿s considered near threatened specially due to illegal commerce and habitat destruction. The description of its diet and feeding behavior as well as of the habitat use is of great importance for the species¿ conservation. The present study describes these factors for the Yellow-faced Parrot, which is a generalist regarding to food. The Yellow-faced Parrot fed on 15 different vegetal species and consumed a great number of food items such as fruits, seeds, leaves, soil and even rind of the trunk of the trees. Note: the complete abstract is avaiable with the link or full eletronic digital theses or dissertations.
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia

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29

Hofstatter, Paulo Gonzalez. "Contribuições ao perfil parasitológico de Psittacidae e descrição de uma nova espécie de Eimeria." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317809.

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Orientador: Ana Maria Aparecida Guaraldo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Psittacidae são aves de estimação bem conhecidas e comuns em zoológicos, parques e criatórios particulares. Têm uma ampla distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais. Apesar de sua popularidade, pouco se sabe a respeito de seus parasitas, principalmente coccídios. O filo Apicomplexa é um grupo de protozoários predominantemente parasíticos de imensa importância médica e veterinária, o qual apresenta afinidades com Dinozoa, Ciliophora e Heterokonta. Apesar da presença de Apicomplexa em psitacídeos ter sido relatada diversas vezes, poucas espécies de Eimeria (6) e Isospora (2) foram descritas até o momento. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, identificar e descrever os parasitas coccidianos encontrados em aves psitaciformes. Para isto, fezes de aves cativas originárias de zoológicos e criadores particulares foram coletadas entre 2009 e 2010 e submetidas a técnicas de flutuação a fim de recuperar oocistos de coccidios e ovos de nematódeos. 43 das 237 amostras estavam positivas (18,1%). Oocistos típicos de Eimeria foram observados em Amazona aestiva, Ara rubrogenis e Platycercus sp. e uma nova espécie de Eimeria foi descrita em A. aestiva. Nenhum oocisto de Isospora foi observado. Além disso, tivemos a oportunidade de observar rica variedade de ovos de nematódeos, possivelmente pertencendo a Capillaria plagiaticia, Ascaridia sp., Heterakis sp. e outro material não identificado. Observou-se também que espécimes de zoológicos foram significativamente mais parasitados do que aves oriundas de criatórios particulares. A prevalência de nematódeos (16,9%) foi muito maior que de protozoários (2,1%)
Abstract: Psittacidae are well-known companion birds and common as zoo specimens, in parks and breeding facilities. They have a wide distribution around the world, mainly in tropical regions. Despite their popularity, not much is known about the parasites associated to them, mainly coccidia. The phylum Apicomplexa is a predominantly parasitic protozoan group of huge medical and veterinary importance, which bears evolutionary affinities to Dinozoa, Ciliophora and Heterokonta. Although the presence of apicomplexan parasites in psittacine birds was reported several times, only a handful of Eimeria (6) and Isospora (2) species has been described until now. The aim of this study was to investigate, identify and describe the coccidian parasites found in psittacine birds. For this, feces of captive birds originating from zoos and private breeders were collected from 2009 to 2010 and they were submitted to flotation techniques in order to recover coccidian oocysts and nematode eggs. 43 of 237 samples were positive (18,1%). Typical eimerian oocysts were observed in Amazona aestiva, Ara rubrogenis and Platycercus sp. and a new Eimeria species was described in A. aestiva. No isosporan oocysts were detected. Besides, we were able to observe a rich variety of nematode eggs, possibly belonging to Capillaria plagiaticia, Ascaridia sp., Heterakis sp. and another non-identified material. Zoo specimens were significantly more heavily parasitized than birds from private breeding facilities. Nematode prevalence was 16,9%, which was much more prevalent than that of coccidia, at about 2,1%
Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestre em Parasitologia

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Valle, Simon. "Population viability and conservation of grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2015. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/617952/.

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Parrots are among the most endangered birds in the world, owing to the international pet trade, and habitat degradation. Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus, the most traded wild-caught species, has suffered a steep decline across its vast African range. This PhD investigates Grey Parrot’s ecology to understand the mechanisms by which harvest and habitat loss affect populations. The island of Príncipe was chosen as a study area owing to its healthy Grey Parrot population, its tradition of parrot harvest and the disturbed-to-pristine range of habitats. Parrot densities were exceptionally high (mean±SE: 53±3 parrots km-1), and their distribution within the island was shown to change significantly between pre- and post-breeding season. The presence of nest tree species was the best predictor of densities in the former (F = 2.99, p = 0.07), while slope and food tree species were in the latter (F = 3.0, p < 0.05 and F = 8.04, p < 0.01). Variation in habitat use across seasons highlights the importance of opportunely timed surveys, and the need of preserving a matrix of habitats. Three simple and inexpensive methods were tested, which may be useful where more precise methods cannot be used. Simple encounter rates were shown to be a workable proxy for actual densities: a relationship was found between the two (R2=0.8, df=9, p=0.01). Long watches proved to be far less accurate and suitable only in limited cases (i.e. enough vantage points overlooking small areas and numerous encounters). Counts along flyways were suggested to be a good monitoring method, although further testing is required. Nest densities were found to be very high (mean±SE: 16.8±7.9 and 72.4±26.2 nests km-2 in secondary and primary forest respectively) compared to those elsewhere. The habitat characteristics measured didn’t affect productivity, suggesting that cavity characteristics may be more important. The best demographic data available on the species, were used to build a Population Viability Model to investigate its population dynamics in the face of harvest and habitat loss. In Príncipe, Grey Parrots were shown to have increased rapidly after a trade ban was put in place, highlighting the recovery potential of the species. Harvest alone was shown to be harmless only when small quotas (e.g. 600 chicks year-1) are yielded from large populations, while habitat loss lowered the predicted maximum population size. The interaction of these threats can be much more unpredictable. The effects of harvest are worsened if poorly regulated or techniques that include the harvesting of adults are used. Extinctions were predicted to occur with significant delay (≥40 years), and the conservation implications were discussed. Finally, the contribution of this thesis to the understanding of Grey Parrots ecology and conservation is highlighted and research priorities identified.

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Muiznieks, Britta Dace. "Population viability analysis of Puerto Rican parrots an assessment of its current status and prognosis for recovery /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06192003-121313/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Di, Santo Ludmilla Geraldo. "Processamento do alimento e sua influência sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos de papagaios-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149784.

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Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
Coorientador: Luciana Domingues de Oliveira
Banca: Luiz Francisco Sanfilippo
Banca: Thaila Cristina Putarov
Resumo: Estudos sobre processamento de rações e sua influência no metabolismo são escassos para psitacídeos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos e radiográficos de papagaios-verdadeiro após a transição de dieta com alta gordura, baseada em girassol, para alimento balanceado para manutenção de papagaios. Esta formulação balanceada foi processada de modo a se obter três diferentes graus de cozimento do amido: Ração peletizada (PEL) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 2mm e peletizados, com 27% de cozimento do amido; Ração extrusada baixo cozimento (EXTb) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 2mm e extrusados com baixa transferência de energia, com 82% de cozimento do amido; Ração extrusada elevado cozimento (EXTa) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 0,5mm e extrusados com elevada transferência de energia, com 98% de cozimento do amido. Trinta papagaios-verdadeiro adultos foram mantidos na dieta à base de girassol por 90 dias, para homogeneização do grupo e determinação dos valores basais. Posteriormente foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições (papagaios) por tratamento (rações experimentais) e mantidos nas três dietas por um período de 160 dias. Foram determinados o consumo e a palatabilidade dos alimentos, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis - AGVs (acético, butírico, propiônico, valérico, isovalérico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Studies on food processing and its influence on metabolism are scarce for psittacines. The present study evaluated the consumption, digestibility, serum biochemistry, and radiographic parameters of blue-fronted amazon parrots after the transition from high-fat diet, based on sunflower seed, to a balanced formulation for parrot maintenance. This formulation was processed to obtain three different degrees of starch gelatinization: Pelletized food (PEL) - ingredients ground with a 2mm sieve and pelletized, with 27% of starch cooking; Low cooking extruded feed (EXTL) - ingredients ground with 2 mm sieve and extruded with low energy transference, with 82% of starch cooking; High cooking extruded food (EXTH) - ingredients ground with 0.5 mm sieve and extruded with high energy transference, with 98% of starch cooking. Thirty adults blue-fronted amazon parrots were maintained on the sunflower seed based diet for 90 days, for homogenization of the group and determination of baseline values. Later, they were distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 repetition (parrots) per treatment (experimental food) and fed with the diets for a period of 160 days. Food consumption and palatability, apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients, concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs - acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric, isovaleric and isobutyric), lactate and ammonia of the excreta and, at the beginning and at the end of the experiment hematological, radiographic and plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and uric acid were determined. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey's test (P <0.05). The PEL food presented higher fat and starch digestibility than the EXTL and EXTH (P<0.05)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Coppola, Milena Pereira [UNESP]. "Efeito do enriquecimento ambiental na organização social do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) mantido em cativeiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140250.

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O papagaio verdadeiro é uma espécie monogâmica que possui inteligência social, porém, é comumente vítima das ilegalidades ambientais e da vida em cativeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica social e o repertório comportamental ao juntar machos e fêmeas da espécie pela primeira vez; com enfoque nos padrões que validassem o vínculo social entre as aves e os comportamentos estereotipados. 13 machos e 13 fêmeas cativos foram utilizados; separados em grupos isossexuais na primeira fase, em grupo sexual na segunda fase e, isolados do grupo, aos pares e casal, na terceira fase. As observações foram registradas diariamente pela manhã, com tempo de filmagem de 20 minutos/ave, totalizando 100 minutos de registro/ave/fase. As análises comportamentais foram relacionadas em 8 categorias, sempre observando a manutenção de pares existentes e as novas formações sociais quando juntou-se as aves. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Friedman para comparar a porcentagem de tempo gasto em cada comportamento entre os sexos e entre as fases, com valor de significância adotado de P>0,05. A composição social na fase isossexual constitui-se de 2 pares de machos, 2 pares de fêmeas e um trio de fêmeas. Na fase sexual foram 4 pares de machos e 3 pares de fêmeas isossexuais e 1 casal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que isolar papagaios verdadeiros, mesmo com seus pares, não promove uma condição de bem-estar animal e manutenção do vínculo social, uma vez que os comportamentos estereotipados aumentaram e os afiliativos diminuíram nesta condição. Também revelam que a fidelidade dos pares manteve-se em aves com aspecto dominante, mesmo em uma nova condição ambiental e social
The Blue-fronted Amazon parrot is a monogamous species that has social intelligence. However, it is commonly a victim of environmental illegalities and of life in captivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the social dynamics and behavioral repertoire when males and females of the same species were put together for the first time, with an emphasis on patterns that would validate the social bond between the birds and stereotypical behaviors. 13 captive males and 13 captive females were used, separated in isosexual groups during the first phase, in sexual groups during the second phase and isolated from the group, in pairs and as a couple, during the third phase. The observations were registered daily in the morning, with a recording time of 20 minutes/bird, adding up to 100 minutes of recording/bird/phase. The behavioral analysis were separated in 8 categories, always observing the maintenance of existing pairs and the new social formations when the birds were put together. For statistical analysis the Friedman test was used to compare the percentage of time that was spent doing each behavior between sexes and between phases, using significance values of P>0.05. The social composition in the isosexual phase was composed of 2 pairs of males, 2 pairs of females and three females. In the sexual phase there were 4 pairs of males and 3 pairs of isosexual females and 1 couple. The obtained results suggest that isolating Blue-fronted amazon parrots, even as a couple, does not promote a condition of animal well-being and maintenance of the social bond, as the stereotypical behaviors increased and the affiliative behaviors decreased in this condition. They also showed that the fidelity of the pairs was maintained in birds with dominant aspect, even in a new environmental and social condition

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Silva, Cínthia Rio Branco da 1982. "Ação da própolis sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos e seu efeito no bem-estar de papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) em cativeiro /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95317.

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Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso da própolis sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva). Para isto, 12 aves adultas (6 machos e 6 fêmeas) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso à água e 60g diárias de ração comercial (Papagaio Mix - Biotron®). As aves foram divididas em três tratamentos, com diferentes níveis de própolis (A=0,0%; B=0,5% e C=1,0%), em três fases distintas (I, II e III), com duração de 15 dias para as fases I e III e 30 dias para a fase II, totalizando 60 dias. Nas fases I e III, todas as aves receberam ração do tratamento A, e na fase II receberam A, B ou C, sendo 4 aves por tratamento. Durante o experimento, foram colhidas sobras de ração, diariamente, para determinação do consumo. Ao término de cada fase, as aves foram pesadas e realizou-se colheita de sangue para avaliações bioquímicas e hematológicas. Para as variáveis analisadas foi utilizada ANOVA e o contraste entre as médias pelo teste de Tukey (P< 0,05). Parâmetros bioquímicos sugeriram que a própolis a 0,5% reduziu os níveis de lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos, sugeriu-se que no tratamento B houve aumento das concentrações de hemoglobina e eosinófilos. O consumo foi reduzido para as aves do tratamento C (1,0% de própolis) durante a fase II, evidenciando a baixa palatabilidade da ração com alto nível de própolis. Os resultados permitiram concluir que 0,5% de própolis melhorou os níveis de LDH, hemoglobina e eosinófilos; 1,0% de própolis reduziu o consumo de ração pelas aves
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brazilian propolis on serum biochemical and hematological parameters for captive Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Twelve adult birds (6 male and 6 female) were housed in individual cages with ad libitum water and each bird received 60g of a commercial diet (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®) per day. Birds were randomly distributed in three treatments which were: A-a commercial diet without Brazilian propolis (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®); B - the commercial diet with 0.5% of Brazilian propolis; and C - the commercial diet with 1.0% of Brazilian propolis. There were 4 repetitions per treatment and the parrot was the experimental unit. The trial lasted 60 days and was divided in three phases (I, II and III), phase I and III lasted 15 days and phase II 30 days. All birds were fed the diet of treatment A during phase I and III and in the phase II parrots were fed the three treatments. Food remains were collected during the whole experimental period for evaluation of feed intake. At the end of each phase, blood sample were collected from for biochemical and hematological evaluation and birds were also weighted. The results were performed by ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukey test (P≤0.05). Biochemical parameters suggested that 0.5% of Brazilian propolis in diet acted as a liver protection agent reducing the lactate desidrogenase level. For hematological parameters birds from treatment B had the higher hemoglobin concentration and eosinophils count compared to others treatment. The feed intake was lower for birds from treatment C (1.0% of Brazilian propolis) during the phase II showing the low palatability of the diet with high level of propolis. The results showed that 0.5% of propolis improved the levels of LDH, hemoglobin and eosinophils; 1.0% of propolis reduced feed intake by birds
Orientador: Edson Ramos de Siqueira
Coorientador: Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi
Banca: Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt
Banca: Carlos Eduardo do Padro Saad
Mestre

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Coppola, Milena Pereira. "Efeito do enriquecimento ambiental na organização social do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) mantido em cativeiro." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140250.

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Orientador: João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira
Coorientador: Silvia Mitiko Nishida
Banca: Rodrigo Egydio Barreto
Banca: Carlos Roberto Teixeira
Resumo: O papagaio verdadeiro é uma espécie monogâmica que possui inteligência social, porém, é comumente vítima das ilegalidades ambientais e da vida em cativeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica social e o repertório comportamental ao juntar machos e fêmeas da espécie pela primeira vez; com enfoque nos padrões que validassem o vínculo social entre as aves e os comportamentos estereotipados. 13 machos e 13 fêmeas cativos foram utilizados; separados em grupos isossexuais na primeira fase, em grupo sexual na segunda fase e, isolados do grupo, aos pares e casal, na terceira fase. As observações foram registradas diariamente pela manhã, com tempo de filmagem de 20 minutos/ave, totalizando 100 minutos de registro/ave/fase. As análises comportamentais foram relacionadas em 8 categorias, sempre observando a manutenção de pares existentes e as novas formações sociais quando juntou-se as aves. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Friedman para comparar a porcentagem de tempo gasto em cada comportamento entre os sexos e entre as fases, com valor de significância adotado de P>0,05. A composição social na fase isossexual constitui-se de 2 pares de machos, 2 pares de fêmeas e um trio de fêmeas. Na fase sexual foram 4 pares de machos e 3 pares de fêmeas isossexuais e 1 casal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que isolar papagaios verdadeiros, mesmo com seus pares, não promove uma condição de bem-estar animal e manutenção do vínculo social, uma vez que os comportamentos estereotipados aumentaram e os afiliativos diminuíram nesta condição. Também revelam que a fidelidade dos pares manteve-se em aves com aspecto dominante, mesmo em uma nova condição ambiental e social
Abstract: The Blue-fronted Amazon parrot is a monogamous species that has social intelligence. However, it is commonly a victim of environmental illegalities and of life in captivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the social dynamics and behavioral repertoire when males and females of the same species were put together for the first time, with an emphasis on patterns that would validate the social bond between the birds and stereotypical behaviors. 13 captive males and 13 captive females were used, separated in isosexual groups during the first phase, in sexual groups during the second phase and isolated from the group, in pairs and as a couple, during the third phase. The observations were registered daily in the morning, with a recording time of 20 minutes/bird, adding up to 100 minutes of recording/bird/phase. The behavioral analysis were separated in 8 categories, always observing the maintenance of existing pairs and the new social formations when the birds were put together. For statistical analysis the Friedman test was used to compare the percentage of time that was spent doing each behavior between sexes and between phases, using significance values of P>0.05. The social composition in the isosexual phase was composed of 2 pairs of males, 2 pairs of females and three females. In the sexual phase there were 4 pairs of males and 3 pairs of isosexual females and 1 couple. The obtained results suggest that isolating Blue-fronted amazon parrots, even as a couple, does not promote a condition of animal well-being and maintenance of the social bond, as the stereotypical behaviors increased and the affiliative behaviors decreased in this condition. They also showed that the fidelity of the pairs was maintained in birds with dominant aspect, even in a new environmental and social condition
Mestre

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36

Silva, Cínthia Rio Branco da [UNESP]. "Ação da própolis sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos e seu efeito no bem-estar de papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) em cativeiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95317.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso da própolis sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva). Para isto, 12 aves adultas (6 machos e 6 fêmeas) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso à água e 60g diárias de ração comercial (Papagaio Mix – Biotron®). As aves foram divididas em três tratamentos, com diferentes níveis de própolis (A=0,0%; B=0,5% e C=1,0%), em três fases distintas (I, II e III), com duração de 15 dias para as fases I e III e 30 dias para a fase II, totalizando 60 dias. Nas fases I e III, todas as aves receberam ração do tratamento A, e na fase II receberam A, B ou C, sendo 4 aves por tratamento. Durante o experimento, foram colhidas sobras de ração, diariamente, para determinação do consumo. Ao término de cada fase, as aves foram pesadas e realizou-se colheita de sangue para avaliações bioquímicas e hematológicas. Para as variáveis analisadas foi utilizada ANOVA e o contraste entre as médias pelo teste de Tukey (P< 0,05). Parâmetros bioquímicos sugeriram que a própolis a 0,5% reduziu os níveis de lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos, sugeriu-se que no tratamento B houve aumento das concentrações de hemoglobina e eosinófilos. O consumo foi reduzido para as aves do tratamento C (1,0% de própolis) durante a fase II, evidenciando a baixa palatabilidade da ração com alto nível de própolis. Os resultados permitiram concluir que 0,5% de própolis melhorou os níveis de LDH, hemoglobina e eosinófilos; 1,0% de própolis reduziu o consumo de ração pelas aves
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brazilian propolis on serum biochemical and hematological parameters for captive Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Twelve adult birds (6 male and 6 female) were housed in individual cages with ad libitum water and each bird received 60g of a commercial diet (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®) per day. Birds were randomly distributed in three treatments which were: A-a commercial diet without Brazilian propolis (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®); B - the commercial diet with 0.5% of Brazilian propolis; and C - the commercial diet with 1.0% of Brazilian propolis. There were 4 repetitions per treatment and the parrot was the experimental unit. The trial lasted 60 days and was divided in three phases (I, II and III), phase I and III lasted 15 days and phase II 30 days. All birds were fed the diet of treatment A during phase I and III and in the phase II parrots were fed the three treatments. Food remains were collected during the whole experimental period for evaluation of feed intake. At the end of each phase, blood sample were collected from for biochemical and hematological evaluation and birds were also weighted. The results were performed by ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukey test (P≤0.05). Biochemical parameters suggested that 0.5% of Brazilian propolis in diet acted as a liver protection agent reducing the lactate desidrogenase level. For hematological parameters birds from treatment B had the higher hemoglobin concentration and eosinophils count compared to others treatment. The feed intake was lower for birds from treatment C (1.0% of Brazilian propolis) during the phase II showing the low palatability of the diet with high level of propolis. The results showed that 0.5% of propolis improved the levels of LDH, hemoglobin and eosinophils; 1.0% of propolis reduced feed intake by birds

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37

MacLean, Jenne. "Parrots, picnics and psychic phenomena, the feminism, nationalism and social reform of Eva Circé-Côté in Le monde ouvrier's Montreal, 1900-1940." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ53008.pdf.

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Noriega, Romero Vargas Maria Florencia [Verfasser], Florentin [Akademischer Betreuer] Wörgötter, Marc [Gutachter] Timme, and Kurt [Gutachter] Hammerschmidt. "Revealing structure in vocalisations of parrots and social whales / Maria Florencia Noriega Romero Vargas ; Gutachter: Marc Timme, Kurt Hammerschmidt ; Betreuer: Florentin Wörgötter." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164231138/34.

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39

MacLean, Jenne. "Parrots, picnics and psychic phenomena the feminism, nationalism and social reform of Eva Circé-Côté in Le monde ouvrier's Montreal, 1900-1940 /." Ottawa : National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ53008.pdf.

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40

Voss, Insa. "Die Bedeutung der Paarbindung für das Fortpflanzungspotential von Papageienvögeln (Psittaciformes) : vergleichende Untersuchung zu Hormonstatus und Verhalten." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4159/.

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Zum Erhalt vom Aussterben bedrohter Papageienvögel (Psittaciformes) ist die Nachzucht in Menschenobhut neben dem Erhalt freilebender Populationen von großer Bedeutung, die Reproduktion bestimmter Arten gelingt allerdings nur unzureichend. Als Hauptgrund dafür gilt die Zwangsverpaarung im Rahmen von Zuchtprogrammen (Beispiel: Europäisches Erhaltungszuchtprogramm, EEP), hier werden Brutpaare hauptsächlich nach genetischen Aspekten zusammengestellt. Der reproduktive Erfolg ist bei den meisten Papageienarten, die in dauerhaften Paarbindungen leben (perennial monogamy), eng der Paarbindung korreliert. Eine freie Partnerwahl ist demnach von großer Bedeutung für die Zucht in Menschenobhut, im Rahmen von Erhaltungszuchtprogrammen jedoch nur selten möglich. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, eine wissenschaftlich begründete Methode zu entwickeln, durch die es möglich sein soll, das Fortpflanzungspotential von Brutpaaren der Gattung Ara anhand der Paarbindung zu bestimmen. Dafür wurde die Bedeutung der Qualität der Paarbindung der Brutpaare für den Lebens-Reproduktionserfolg (Lifetime-reproductive success, LRS) untersucht. Die Datenaufnahme erfolgte in dem Zuchtzentrum 'La Vera' der Loro Parque Fundación auf Teneriffa/ Spanien. Hier wurden in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 21 Brutpaare der Gattung Ara untersucht. Die Paarbindung wurde zum Einen durch typisches Paarbindungsverhalten und zum Anderen durch die physiologische Abstimmung der einzelnen Brutpaare anhand der Ausschüttung des Steroidhormons Testosteron dargestellt. Das Paarbindungsverhalten setzte sich aus der ‚Abstimmung der Tagesaktivität’, dem ‚Kontaktverhalten’ und den ‚sozialen Interaktionen’ zusammen. Zur Abstimmung der Tagesaktivität zählten die Verhaltensweisen Ruhen, Sitzen, Nahrungsaufnahme, Gefiederpflege, Beschäftigung und Lokomotion. Unter Kontaktverhalten wurden das Überschreiten der Individualdistanz bei bestimmten Verhaltensweisen und die Rollenverteilung der Geschlechter untersucht. Unter ‚sozialen Interaktionen’ wurden die Dauer und der Häufigkeit der sozialen Gefiederpflege und der Sozialen Index zusammengefasst. Bei der sozialen Gefiederpflege wurde die Dauer und die Häufigkeit der Phasen erhoben, sowie der jeweilige Initiator dieser Interaktion. Zusätzlich wurde untersucht, welches Geschlecht, wie häufig und mit welcher Dauer aktiv an der sozialen Gefiederpflege beteiligt war. Aus den Beobachtungen wurde der soziale Index berechnet, der angibt, wie das Verhältnis sozio-positiver zu agonistischen Interaktionen für jedes Individuum, sowie das Paar an sich ist. Zur Messung der Testosteron-Ausschüttung der Partnertiere wurden von September bis November 2007 über einen Zeitraum von 9 Wochen jede Woche einmal für jedes Individuum Kotproben gesammelt. Mit der Analyse der Proben wurde das Veterinär-Physiologisch-Chemische-Institut der Universität Leipzig unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Almuth Einspanier beauftragt. Zur Ermittlung des Hormongehalts in den gewonnenen Kotproben diente ein kompetitiver Doppelantikörper-Enzymimmunoassay (EIA). Das Fortpflanzungspotential wurde über die Anzahl der Eier, Gelege und Jungtiere, sowie über die Gelegegröße dargestellt. Diese Daten geben, bezogen auf die Dauer der Paarbindung, Auskunft über die Produktivität eines Brutpaares, anhand dessen zusätzlich ein Produktivitäts-Koeffizient berechnet wurde. Des weiteren sollte die Anzahl der von einem Brutpaar selbständig großgezogenen Jungtiere Auskunft über die Fähigkeit zur kooperativen Jungenaufzucht geben. Zur Untersuchung der Bedeutung der Paarbindungsqualität wurden Diskriminanzfunktionsanalysen und Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt, wozu die untersuchten Brutpaare anhand ihres Fortpflanzungspotentials in verschiedene Gruppen eingeteilt wurden. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Fortpflanzungspotential von Brutpaaren von verschiedenen Kriterien, die die Paarbindungsqualität charakterisieren, abhängt. Dabei ist zwischen der Produktivität und der Fähigkeit zur kooperativen Jungenaufzucht zu unterscheiden. Die Produktivität eines Paares wurde hinsichtlich der abgestimmten Tagesaktivität positiv vom synchronen Ruhen mit dem Partner beeinflusst, sowie von der Häufigkeit und Dauer der vom Weibchen ausgehenden sozialen Gefiederpflege. Brutpaare mit hoher Produktivität waren zudem über eine hohe ‚intra-Paar Fluktuation’ des Steroidhormons Testosteron gekennzeichnet. Die Brutpaare, die in der Lage sind, ihre Jungtiere in Kooperation großzuziehen, zeigten ebenfalls einen hohen Anteil zeitlich mit dem Partner abgestimmter Ruhephasen, zudem häufiges Ruheverhalten in Körperkontakt zum Partner und ein hohes zeitliches Investment der Männchen bei der Initiierung und Durchführung sozialer Gefiederpflege. Darüber hinaus zeigten Männchen, die einen Beitrag zur kooperativen Jungenaufzucht leisten, eine wesentlich geringere durchschnittliche Testosteron-Konzentration – bezogen auf den Untersuchungszeitraum, als Männchen, die Brutpaaren angehören, die nicht zur selbständigen Jungenaufzucht fähig sind. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt die Bedeutung von Testosteron bei der elterlichen Fürsorge wider und bietet einen Anhaltspunkt für weitere Untersuchungen. Die Untersuchung konnte zeigen, dass es möglich und sinnvoll ist, das individuelle Verhalten von Tieren in Menschenobhut für den Erhalt bedrohter Tierarten einzusetzen. Weitere, auf dieser Studie aufbauende Untersuchungen sollten zum Ziel haben, zuverlässig die Brutpaare erkennbar zu machen, die über ein gutes Fortpflanzungspotential verfügen. Auf diese Weise kann unzureichender Reproduktionserfolg bedrohter Papageienarten in Menschenobhut infolge von Zwangsverpaarung minimiert werden.
In addition to preserve wild populations, captive breeding of certain species is important for the conservation of endangered parrots (Psittaciformes). However, captive breeding of parrot species is rarely successful. The main reason for this failure is that forced pairings are applied under the context of breeding programs such as European Endangered Species Program, EEP, in which breeding pairs are primarily selected under genetic aspects. Bond quality affects the reproductive success of most perennial monogamous parrot species significantly. A free mate selection is therefore important for successful breeding in captivity; however, it is hard to achieve as a part of conservation breeding programs. The aim of this study is to develop a scientific method to determine the reproductive potential of breeding pairs of the genus Ara based on the pair bond. Therefore, the relationship of the pair bond quality in breeding pairs for lifetime reproductive success (LRS) is investigated in this study. The data of 21 breeding pairs was collected in the breeding facility 'La Vera' of the Loro Parque Fundación in Tenerife, Spain between 2006 and 2007. The pair bond was characterized firstly by the typical pair bonding behaviour and secondly by the physiological adaptation of each breeding pair based on the steroid hormone testosterone releases. The pair bonding behaviour consisted in ‘daily activity', ‘contact behaviour' and 'social interactions'. The ‘daily activity' included the behaviours: resting, sitting, eating, preening, activity and movement. Certain individual behaviours and gender roles were examined for the ‘contact behaviour'. The duration and frequency of social preening and the social index were summarized as 'social interactions'. In the social preening the duration and frequency of the phases was recorded, and the respective initiator of this interaction. In addition, gender of the individual, frequency, and duration of the social preening was recorded. Furthermore the social index was calculated, which indicates the relationship between agonistic and socio-positive interactions. To measure the testosterone release in the pair members over 9 weeks (September to November 2007), faecal samples were collected from each individual once a week. The faecal samples were analyzed at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry at the University of Leipzig under supervision of Prof. Dr. Almuth Einspanier. Competitive double-Antibody Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) was applied to determine the testosteronecontent of the faecal samples. Reproductive success was represented by number of eggs, nests and chicks, and the clutch size. These data provide, based on the duration of the pair bond, information about the productivity of breeding pairs. Furthermore, the number of chicks reared by one breeding pair independently should provide information about the capacity for cooperative breeding. Breeding pairs were classified into different groups depending on their reproductive potential. This classification was verified by discriminant analysis and regression analysis to investigate the importance of the quality of the pair bond for reproductive success. I found that the reproductive potential of breeding pairs is related to various criteria that characterize the quality of a pair bond, but it is essential to distinguish between the productivity itself and the ability to cooperative breeding. The synchronous resting with a partner according to the daily activity, as well as the frequency and duration of social preening initiated by the female positively influenced the productivity of a pair. Breeding pairs with high productivity also showed a high ‚intra-pair fluctuation' of the steroid hormone testosterone level. The breeding pairs which are able to raise their young in cooperation also showed a high percentage of time with coordinated phases of resting, also frequent resting behaviour in physical contact with the partner and a high investment of males in the initiation and implementation of social preening. In addition, males, which actively contribute to cooperative breeding, showed significantly lower testosterone concentrations than males, which were members of breeding pairs not capable of raising chicks on its own. This result emphasizes the importance of testosterone during the parental care, especially in males, and provides a starting point for further investigations. My investigation shows that it is possible and useful to apply the individual behaviour of animals in captivity for the conservation of endangered species. Based on this study, further research should be aimed to expose reliable breeding pairs with good reproductive potential, by behaviour and by measuring hormonal states. In this way, poor reproductive success of endangered parrot species in captivity as a result of forced parings can be minimized.

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Monteiro, Filho Luiz Paulo Cobra 1976. "Identificação de parasitos intestinais em aves mantidas em zoológicos e em criadouro." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317493.

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Orientador: Urara Kawazoe
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Em jardins zoológicos as aves cativas silvestres e as exóticas podem estar expostas a algum tipo de estresse, o que causa imunossupressão em alguns indivíduos e, conseqüentemente, facilita o parasitismo até por parasitos pouco patogênicos. Tornam-se importantes, análises periódicas da relação parasito-hospedeiro em aves cativas para a percepção e entendimento da situação no controle de doenças, principalmente considerando a possibilidade da identificação de novas espécies de parasitos intestinais em novos hospedeiros, em especial os protozoários. Com esse objetivo, foram realizados levantamentos coproparasitológicos em três jardins zoológicos (Americana-SP, Guarulhos-SP e Alfenas-MG) e em um criadouro de aves silvestres e exóticas (Sítio da Ferradura em Poços de Caldas). Amostras frescas de fezes foram coletadas em solução de dicromato de potássio a 2,0 % e processadas usando o método de Hoffman, Pons & Janer modificado, seguido do Método de McMaster modificado (flutuação em solução saturada de NaCl). Os parasitos identificados com maior freqüência foram os coccídios Eimeria spp. e o nematoda Capillaria spp. Nos Zoológicos de Americana e Guarulhos, situados no Estado de São Paulo, a prevalência média de Capillaria spp. foi de 57,1 % e 66,7 % e de Eimeria spp. foi de 42,9 % e 33,3 %, respectivamente. No Jardim Zoológico de Alfenas (MG) observou-se apenas a presença de coccídios (100,0 %), sendo que se trata de um plantel com apenas 20 aves, do setor extra e dos recintos de exposição. No Criadouro de Poços de Caldas, identificou-se 36,0 % tanto para a Capillaria spp. como para a Eimeria spp. Considerando o total de amostras examinadas das quatro instituições, o gênero de ave que apresentou maior parasitismo por coccídio foi o Ramphastos spp., apesar da maioria das aves examinadas pertencerem a Ordem Psittaciformes. Pela análise das medidas de comprimento e largura dos oocistos encontrados em Rhamphastos toco (24,54 ?m ±1,17 x 23,83 ?m ±1,54) e em Coragyps atratus (20,99 ?m ±1,24 x 17,59 ±1,78 ?m e 17,92 ?m ±0,74 x 15,59 ?m ±0,96) com medidas, morfologia e hospedeiros distintos das espécies descritas na literatura, concluiu-se a identificação de três novas espécies de Eimeria no presente estudo. Além dessas espécies, três outras espécies de Eimeria (Eimeria forresteri, E. amazonae e E. ochrocephalae) descritas na literatura também foram identificadas. A partir da avaliação dos resultados obtidos no levantamento parasitológico, algumas medidas e procedimentos de manejo referentes à prevenção auxiliaram no controle da coccidiose e capilariose em ambientes com aves cativas
Abstract: Wild and exotic captive birds living in the Zoo are under stress conditions which could affect their immune system and acquire parasite infections even those with low pathogenicity. Periodical analysis of intestinal parasites, especially protozoans are important for their control and eventually identifications of new species in new hosts. The objective of this study was to identify intestinal parasite species in captive birds of Zoo Garden of Americana, São Paulo; Zoo Garden of Guarulhos, SP and Zoo Garden of Alfenas, Minas Gerais and the Wild and Exotic Birds Breeding Place located in the ?Sítio da Ferradura?, Poços de Caldas, MG. Fresh fecal samples were collected and placed in 2,0 % potassium dichromate solution and examined after using modified concentrated method of sedimentation (Hofman, Pons & Janer) and McMaster modified floatation method. The most frequent parasites identified were Eimeria spp. and Capillaria spp. In the Zoo Garden of Guarulhos and Americana, the prevalence of Capillaria spp. was 57,1 % and 66,7 % and of Eimeria spp. was 42,9 % and 33,3 % respectively. In the Zoo Garden of Alfenas, with a small number of 20 birds, only Eimeria spp. was identified (100 %) while in the Bird Breeding Place in the Poços de Caldas 36,0 % of Capillaria spp. and Eimeria spp. were identified. Considering all the birds evaluated for intestinal parasites in four zoos, Ramphastos spp. was the most prevalent bird for coccidium parasites although the number of birds of the Order Psittaciformes was much greater them the previous one. The length and width of oocysts from fecal samples of Ramphastos toco were measured (24,54 ?m ±1,17 x 23,83 ?m ±1,54) as well as the length and the width of two oocyst types found in Coragyps atratus (20,99 ?m ±1,24 x 17,59 ±1,78 ?m and 17,92 ?m ±0,74 x 15,59 ?m ±0,96). The statistical analysis of these measures showed significant difference between them. These measures and oocyst shapes compared with other measures and morphological oocyst structures described in the literature showed difference between them. Based on this information it was possible to conclude that they were considered new species of Eimeria not described previously. Three other species of Eimeria were also identified in the present study: E forresteri, E. Amazonae and E. Ochrocephalae. Some management proceedings in captive bird's environment for the prevention of coccidiosis and capilariosis were performed successfully after overall parasite identifications in the present study
Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestre em Parasitologia

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Nascimento, Diana Costa. "Ocorrência de leveduras pertencentes ao gênero Cryptococcus em cloaca e inglúvio de papagaios do gênero Amazona aestiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-07102013-103027/.

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Realizamos o isolamento de leveduras do complexo Cryptococcus a partir da cloaca e do inglúvio de papagaios do gênero Amazona aestiva. Para a realização das coletas, as aves foram anestesiadas, e em seguida foi realizado lavado do inglúvio e coleta de material da cloaca. As amostras coletadas foram inoculadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose com cloranfenicol, de onde foram isoladas colônias leveduriformes. Por meio de análises macro e micromorfológicas, os isolados condizentes com as características do gênero Cryptococcus foram submetidos à provas bioquímicas, testes de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos e pesquisa de exoenzimas. Todos os isolados foram provenientes da cloaca. Dos isolamentos, 90% das cepas corresponderam à espécie C. albidus, e 10% à espécie C. laurentii; 80% foram produtores de fosfolipase e 100% de proteinase. Estes resultados sugerem que não só o ambiente, como também as aves podem ser carreadoras de Cryptococcus albidus.
We performed the isolation of yeasts of Cryptococcus complex from the cloaca and the crop of parrots of the genus Amazona aestiva. To carry out the sampling, the birds were anesthetized to perform a lavage of the crop and the collection of material from the cloaca. The samples were inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, which were isolated from yeast colonies. Through macro and micromorphological analysis, isolates consistent with the characteristics of the genus Cryptococcus were subjected to biochemical tests, antifungal susceptibility testing and research exoenzymes. All isolates were from the cloaca. Of the isolates, 90% of the strains corresponded to the species C. albidus, and 10% of the species C. laurentii; 80% of the isolates were producing phospholipase and 100% were producing proteinase. These results suggest that not only environmental but also birds can be Cryptococcus albidus carrier. These results suggest that there is not only an environmental source but also birds can be Cryptococcus albidus carriers

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Sousa, Lucio de Oliveira e. [UNESP]. "Avaliação da eficiência nutricional e economica de dietas para papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) em cativeiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138200.

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O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), pertencente à família Psittacidae, é uma ave que ocorre em toda a América do Sul, sendo considerado uma das aves mais comuns do Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre a nutrição dos psitacídeos, e no caso dos papagaios a alimentação em cativeiro tem sido feita de maneira empírica, baseando na sua preferência e nos hábitos alimentares na natureza. O estudo envolveu ensaio de metabolismo com o objetivo de determinar o consumo voluntário e o aproveitamento dos nutrientes presentes em dietas oferecidas a papagaios, além de avaliar a viabilidade econômica destas dietas para essas aves criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) adultos e de ambos os sexos, alojados em grupos de três por gaiolas, distribuídos em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas rações comerciais e complementação ou não com bananas), sendo quatro períodos de coleta (2 repetições de cada tratamento por período), totalizando 8 repetições por tratamento. A diferença entre as rações comercias avaliadas foi o teor de extrato etéreo (2,46 e 5,07%) e o tamanho do granulo (12 e 6 mm). Em cada período foram realizadas colheitas de excretas e controle das quantidades de alimentos fornecidos e sobras, procedimentos adotados por um período de quatro dias, após cinco dias de adaptação aos tratamentos experimentais. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: o consumo de ração, consumo de fruta, consumo total de alimento (ração + fruta), quantidade de alimento dispendido (consumido + desperdiçado), custo total com a alimentação, consumo de água, coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes, valores de energia metabolizável aparente e verdadeira, e ingestão proteica (g/k0,75/dia) e energética (kcal/kg0,75/dia). O tamanho do grânulo interferiu no consumo, no desperdício e no dispêndio de ração (g/ave/dia), resultando em maior gasto com a ração de grânulos maiores. A associação das rações com a banana determinou seletividade dos papagaios, causando redução no consumo total de alimento, sem, contudo, reduzir a ingestão de MS com base no peso metabólico. Para baratear os custos na manutenção de papagaios em cativeiro, a associação da ração com banana é uma boa opção, entretanto em pequena quantia da fruta, pois grande oferta da banana poderá comprometer a ingestão calórica e de nutrientes importantes para integridade das aves. O coeficiente de metabolização da energia foi superior quando se administrou a ração com maior grânulo.
True parrot (Amazon aestiva) belonging to Psittacidae family, is a bird that occurs in all of South America and is considered one of the most common birds in Brazil. Little is known about the nutrition of parrots, and in the case of parrots in captivity, feeding has been made empirically, based on their preference and eating habits in nature. The study involved metabolism test in order to determine the voluntary intake and utilization of nutrients in diets offered to parrots, and to evaluate the economic viability of these diets for these birds bred in captivity. Twenty-four true parrots (Amazona aestiva) adults and both sexes were used, housed in groups of three per cage, distributed in randomized blocks in a factorial 2 x 2 (two commercial feed and complementation or not bananas), and four collection periods (2 repetitions of each treatment period), totaling 8 replicates per treatment. The difference between the assessed commercial feed was the ether extract (2.46 and 5.07%) and the size of the granule (24:06 mm). In each period excreta, samples were collected and control the quantity of food provided and leftovers, procedures adopted for a period of four days after five days of adaptation to experimental treatments. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, fruit consumption, total consumption of food (food + fruit), amount of spent food (consumption + waste), total cost with food, water consumption, metabolization coefficients of nutrients, metabolizable energy values (true and apparent), and protein intake (g/k0,75/day) and energy (kcal/kg 0.75/day). The granule size interfered in consumption, waste and feed expenditure (g / bird / day), resulting in higher costs to feed larger granules. The association of feed with banana determined selectivity of parrots, causing reduction in total food intake, without, however, reduce the DM intake based on metabolic weight. To lower costs in maintenance of parrots in captivity, the ration of association with banana is a good option, however small amount of fruit as large supply of bananas may compromise the caloric intake and nutrients important for integrity of birds. The metabolization coefficient of energy was higher when administered to feed more grain.

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Sousa, Lucio de Oliveira e. "Avaliação da eficiência nutricional e economica de dietas para papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) em cativeiro /." Ilha Solteira, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138200.

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Orientador: Otto Mack Junqueira
Resumo: O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), pertencente à família Psittacidae, é uma ave que ocorre em toda a América do Sul, sendo considerado uma das aves mais comuns do Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre a nutrição dos psitacídeos, e no caso dos papagaios a alimentação em cativeiro tem sido feita de maneira empírica, baseando na sua preferência e nos hábitos alimentares na natureza. O estudo envolveu ensaio de metabolismo com o objetivo de determinar o consumo voluntário e o aproveitamento dos nutrientes presentes em dietas oferecidas a papagaios, além de avaliar a viabilidade econômica destas dietas para essas aves criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) adultos e de ambos os sexos, alojados em grupos de três por gaiolas, distribuídos em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas rações comerciais e complementação ou não com bananas), sendo quatro períodos de coleta (2 repetições de cada tratamento por período), totalizando 8 repetições por tratamento. A diferença entre as rações comercias avaliadas foi o teor de extrato etéreo (2,46 e 5,07%) e o tamanho do granulo (12 e 6 mm). Em cada período foram realizadas colheitas de excretas e controle das quantidades de alimentos fornecidos e sobras, procedimentos adotados por um período de quatro dias, após cinco dias de adaptação aos tratamentos experimentais. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: o consumo de ração, consumo de fruta, consumo total de alimento (ração + fruta), ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: True parrot (Amazon aestiva) belonging to Psittacidae family, is a bird that occurs in all of South America and is considered one of the most common birds in Brazil. Little is known about the nutrition of parrots, and in the case of parrots in captivity, feeding has been made empirically, based on their preference and eating habits in nature. The study involved metabolism test in order to determine the voluntary intake and utilization of nutrients in diets offered to parrots, and to evaluate the economic viability of these diets for these birds bred in captivity. Twenty-four true parrots (Amazona aestiva) adults and both sexes were used, housed in groups of three per cage, distributed in randomized blocks in a factorial 2 x 2 (two commercial feed and complementation or not bananas), and four collection periods (2 repetitions of each treatment period), totaling 8 replicates per treatment. The difference between the assessed commercial feed was the ether extract (2.46 and 5.07%) and the size of the granule (24:06 mm). In each period excreta, samples were collected and control the quantity of food provided and leftovers, procedures adopted for a period of four days after five days of adaptation to experimental treatments. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, fruit consumption, total consumption of food (food + fruit), amount of spent food (consumption + waste), total cost with food, water consumption, metabolization coefficients of nutrients, metabolizable energy values (... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Hahn, Anke. "Einordnung des Reproduktionsstatus durch endokrine Analyse bei verschiedenen männlichen Papageienspezies (Psittaciformes)." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-61554.

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Weltweit ist eine rasante Zunahme des Artensterbens auch bei der Klasse Aves zu verzeichnen. Durch Umweltveränderungen und unzählige andere menschliche Einflüsse (z.B. illegaler Handel) ist fast ein Drittel der Papageienpopulation (Psittaciformes) vom Aussterben bedroht. Eine Möglichkeit, diesen Trend aufzuhalten, besteht in der gezielten und effektiven Nachzucht bedrohter Arten in der Obhut von Menschen mit dem Ziel der späteren Wiederauswilderung. Leider waren bisher solche Bemühungen oft erfolglos. Dies ist der Tatsache geschuldet, dass fundierte wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Reproduktionsstatus nahezu fehlen und ein Transfer der hormonanalytischen Methoden vom Säugetier zum Vogel nicht so einfach möglich ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Etablierung von Methoden zur Hormonbestimmung in verschiedenen Medien beim männlichen Papagei, mit deren Hilfe eine Einordnung des Reproduktionsstatus möglich ist. Im Vordergrund standen dabei vor allem nicht-invasive Techniken, die mit deutlich geringerem Stress für die Tiere verbunden sind. Als Vertreter für die Gruppe der Papageienartigen wurden Wellensittiche (Melopsittacus undulatus, n=11), Nymphensittiche (Nymphicus hollandicus, n=9) und Halsbandsittiche (Psittacula krameri, n=7) ausgewählt und endokrinologisch untersucht. Diese Vögel wurden vom Bundesverband für fachgerechten Natur- und Artenschutz e.V. (BNA) zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Hormonanalyse erfolgte in den regelmäßig gesammelten Blut-, Speichel- und Kotproben der männlichen Psittaziden. Neben dem Sexualhormon Testosteron wurden die Blutspiegel des Stresshormons Corticosteron bestimmt, da eine mögliche Beziehung zwischen Stress und Testosteronsekretion besteht. In den Vorversuchen wurden zunächst geeignete Methoden für die Hormonanalyse in den verschiedenen Medien beim Papagei entwickelt. Zur Extraktion von Testosteron aus den Blut- und Kotproben erwies sich Diethylether als gut geeignet, während Speichel direkt ohne Extraktion im Testosteron-Enzymimmunoassay eingesetzt wurde. Da Papageien hauptsächlich primär konjugierte Testosteronmetabolite (85%) ausscheiden, wurden die Kotproben nach dem Trocknen und Einwiegen mit Hilfe der β-Glucuronidase/Arylsulfatase hydrolysiert und dann mit Diethyether extrahiert. Die Corticosteronanalyse im Plasma der Papageien erfolgte durch Fällung der Proteine mittels absolutem Alkohol und Einsatz der Plasmaextrakte in den Radioimmunoassay. Bei den verschiedenen Papageienspezies traten während der Untersuchungsperiode vergleichbare Plasma-Testosteronkonzentrationen auf. Die höchsten Plasmaspiegel (0,36 ng/ml) wiesen die Wellensittiche im März 2007 auf, ähnliche Konzentrationen (0,34 ng/ml) erreichten die Nymphensittiche im Februar 2007. Demgegenüber zeigten die Halsbandsittiche geringere maximale Konzentrationen (0,26 ng/ml) im November 2007. Im Kot der Papageien wurden erwartungsgemäß deutlich höhere Testosteronwerte gemessen, weil die Steroidausscheidung im Kot kumulativ eine zurückliegende Zeitperiode und Blut den aktuellen Hormonstatus zum Zeitpunkt der Probennahme widerspiegelt. Bezüglich der Haltungs- und Umweltbedingungen zeigten die Papageien maximale Testosteronspiegel während der kalten Jahreszeit, bei kurzer (Halsbandsittich) bzw. zunehmender Tageslichtlänge (Wellen- und Nymphensittich) und Haltung in der Innenvoliere. Dabei spielte die Niederschlagsmenge in der gemäßigten Klimazone offenbar weniger eine Rolle in der aviären Reproduktion. Die Verlaufsuntersuchungen des Stresshormons Corticosteron im Blut der Papageien ergaben speziesspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Konzentrationen, zeitlichen Verläufe und in Bezug zum Testosteronspiegel. Auffällig hohe Corticosteronkonzentrationen zeigten die nicht domestizierten Halsbandsittiche (15,9 – 35,6 ng/ml) im Vergleich zu den Wellensittichen (1,76 – 17,1 ng/ml) und Nymphensittichen (4,06 – 12,1 ng/ml), bei denen sich vermutlich im Laufe der Domestikation eine verminderte Sensibilität der HPA-Achse ausgebildet hat. In Bezug zum Plasma-Testosteronspiegel war bei den Wellen- und Halsbandsittichen ein gegenläufiger Zusammenhang erkennbar, wobei beim Nymphensittich eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Testosteron- und Corticosteronkonzentrationim Plasma bestand. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass durch die Testosteronanalyse in Kot und Plasma eine Einordnung des Reproduktionsstatus beim Wellen-, Nymphen- und Halsbandsittich möglich ist. Es ist jedoch sinnvoll, Proben zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten vergleichend zu betrachten, um die tierindividuellen Unterschiede zu berücksichtigen. Offensichtlich stehen die Steroidhormone der Gonaden und der Nebenniere zueinander in Beziehung, sodass auch Corticosteron in der Reproduktionsdiagnostik von männlichen Psittaziden Anwendung finden sollte.

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van, Hoppe Inge. "Interactive Parrot Playgrounds." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23512.

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It is a challenging interaction design task to design for and with animals, especially when it comes to parrots as users. Not only because working with parrots requires a lot of patience, but also because there is very few related work. Parrots are highly intelligent and that is often the problem when they are kept as companion animal. Parrots need a lot of stimuli to trigger their intelligence and to keep them busy, to avoid serious problems such as unwanted behaviour or self-mutilation.The body language and the needs of my parrot were the main input and formed the basis for the project. Through an iterative process of testing a variety of existing applications, small experiments and prototypes, a couple of interactive playgrounds have been developed for my parrot.

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Saunders, Debra L. "Ecology and conservation of the swift parrot : an endangered austral migrant /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital program, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20081010.161656/index.html.

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Lee, Alan Tristram. "Parrot Claylicks : Distribution, patterns of use and ecological correlates from a parrot assemblage in Southeastern Peru." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523015.

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Le, Breton Corinne. "Louis Parrot : sa vie son oeuvre." Bordeaux 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR30012.

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Apres avoir retrace en un premier volume le deroulement de la vie et le cheminement de l'oeuvre tant romanesque, poetique, theatrale que critique et journalistique de louis parrot (1906-1948) en utilisant livres, articles et documentation inedite, il a ete etabli outre une chronologie recapitulative de sa vie, sa bibliographie. Le second volume s'attache a reproduire la correspondance inedite tant familiale que professionnelle de l'auteur
After having related, in the first volume, the course of louis barrot's life (1906-1948) and the progression of his novelstic, poetic, theatrical as well as critical and journalistic works by using books, articles and original documents, the autor drew up a chronological summary of his life and also his bibliography. The second volume is devoted to the reproduction of louis parrot's original correspondence concerning both his family and his professional life

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Di, Monte Giovanna. "Animan Space Design : a Parrot Animan Precinct." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25342.

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This project stems out of the need to improve the quality of life for both animals and humans, and facilitate the interaction between both environments into one habitat. The design will serve as a framework for the co-habitation and interaction of humans and animals in one habitat. At the core of this dissertation lies the concept of an animan habitat. This term embodies the concept of an intergrated habitat for all species. In arriving at the final design, a sequential thought process was applied. The logic behind this process will now be outlined (each corresponding section will be addressed in this document). Exploring the diversity of Architectural habitats and products has made it evident that involving Architects and Interior Architects into projects concerning animal space design can benefit wild animals and humans alike. Research into South African recreational nature spaces show the importance of the conservation of these existing spaces to different parties on local, national and international levels. The investigation of the importance of experiential nature spaces in Tshwane and the Tshwane CBDs (section 2.2.2) shows the importance and location of an establishment (the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa) with great human experiential, and animal conservation opportunities. The study of the contributions of global zoos to the world (section 2.3) confirms that any designs need to consider the principles and ethics followed by these zoos-conservation, recreation, education, experience, research, and community values. Behavioural enrichment (section 2.4) as a conservation contribution of zoos is an aspect that can be reinterpreted and incorporated into animal enclosures to enrich their environments, and further educate visitors. Studies about zoo evolutions (section 2.5) through the ages show how thoughts about captive environments are evolving. The subsequent study of exhibit design (section 2.6) makes clear the importance of considering the needs of the environment, animals, zoo occupants and visitors alike. Furthermore, research into design styles and illusions (section2.6) prove that designs (using whichever approach) should consider the wellbeing of animals before educating or entertaining humans. Design illusions could instead be used to change mans’ negative perceptions about zoos and other conserving environments. A study into design elements and principles (as studied by Ching and Miller) are currently used at the Zoo (section 2.7) to claim human and animal spaces. A variety of precedent investigations (section 3) make it clear that other institutions, zoos, reserves, bird parks, discovery centres, playgrounds, and an amphitheater, individuals (the work of Frei Otto) or companies (lightweight structure experts) offer products and techniques that could well suit animan space design. The result of the above is the cohabitation and respect for humans, animal and the environment in a bidirectional habitat. This forms the core of the animan concept and approach for the design of the Parrot Animan Precinct at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (Zoo). This development is a turnkey solution comprising of Site Selection and Study (section 4); Design Discourse (section 5); Technical Investigation (section 6) and Design Drawings (section 7).
Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Architecture
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