Relevant bibliographies by topics / Partial least square analysis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Partial least square analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Partial least square analysis"

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Kumar, Keshav. "Partial Least Square (PLS) Analysis." Resonance 26, no. 3 (March 2021): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-021-1140-1.

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Kurniawan, Arif, Loekito Loekito, and Solimun Solimun. "Power Of Test Path Analysis and Partial Least Square Analysis." CAUCHY 4, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v4i3.3593.

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Path analysis Analysis and Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to analyze many variables. Both methods use the least squares method (OLS) that can be compared between the two to determine the best method in a study to get an assessment of the behavior of civil servants in the Government of Kediri.<br /> The purpose of this study is: comparing path analysis Analysis with Partial Least Square (PLS) on the power of the test and the valueR<sup>2</sup>.Path method is able to provide the value of R2 higher than Analysis of Partial Least Square (PLS) but the value of the test power analysisi path is smaller than using Analysis of Partial Least Square (PLS). Usage analysis methods Path Analysis and Partial Least Square (PLS) produces behavioral assessment of civil servants in the government of Kediri is nearly equal results and discussion. Based on the analysis to prove that the behavior of civil servants in the Government of Kediri not meet eligibility based on the grade levels and echelons of the civil service
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Pangastuti, Sinta Septi, Tri Murniati, Alhassan Sessay, and Heri Kuswanto. "Partial Least Square Analysis for University Student Satisfaction." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.581.

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A university needs to identify and analyse their students’ satisfaction to be able to compete with others. There are five dimensions to identify students’ satisfaction, such as reliability, assurance, empathy, responsiveness, and tangibles. Related to randomness of the data, primary data collected from stratified sampling tend to violate multivariate normality test. Therefore, partial least square (PLS) might be one alternative solution since it ignores multivariate normal and multicollinearity assumptions. As a result, tangible, assurance and empathy affect student satisfaction and student satisfaction significantly affect student achievement. Therefore, we recommend to university to improve service quality especially on tangible, assurance and empathy aspect to improve student satisfaction and student achievement.
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Serrano-Cinca, Carlos, and Begoña Gutiérrez-Nieto. "Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis for bankruptcy prediction." Decision Support Systems 54, no. 3 (February 2013): 1245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.11.015.

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Zulkifli, Raudhah, Nazim Aimran, Sayang Mohd Deni, and Fatin Najihah Badarisam. "A comparative study on the performance of maximum likelihood, generalized least square, scale-free least square, partial least square and consistent partial least square estimators in structural equation modeling." International Journal of Data and Network Science 6, no. 2 (2022): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.12.015.

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Structural equation modeling offers various estimation methods for estimating parameters. The most used method in covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) is the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator. The ML estimator is typically used when fitting models with normally distributed data. The growth of partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM), including consistent partial least squares (PLSc), has also been noticed by researchers in the SEM fields. The PLSc has elevated interest in the scholastic setting in measuring the performance of various estimation methods in structural equation modeling. The choice of estimation methods has substantial impact in yielding parameter estimates. There could be a trade-off among the estimation methods’ ability to deal with different types of data based on the model tested. Accordingly, this study aims to compare the performance of ML, generalized least squares (GLS), and scale-free least squares (SFLS) for CB-SEM as well as partial least squares (PLS) and consistent partial least squares (PLSc). Multivariate normal data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation with pre-determined population parameters and sample sizes using R Programming packages. To produce the estimated values, data analysis was performed using AMOS and SmartPLS for CB-SEM and PLS-SEM, respectively. The findings illustrate notable similarities between CB-SEM (ML) and PLS-SEM results when the true indicator loading is certainly high.
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Hu, Shih-Yao B., Amy Lillquist, Mark A. Arnold, and John M. Wiencek. "Partial Least Square Analysis of Lysozyme Near-Infrared Spectra." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 87, no. 3 (2000): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/abab:87:3:153.

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Seweh, Emmanuel Amomba, Zou Xiaobo, Feng Tao, Shi Jiachen, Haroon Elrasheid Tahir, and Muhammad Arslan. "Multivariate analysis of three chemometric algorithms on rapid prediction of some important quality parameters of crude shea butter using Fourier transform-near infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 3 (February 20, 2019): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033519830061.

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A comparative study of three chemometric algorithms combined with NIR spectroscopy with the aim of determining the best performing algorithm for quantitative prediction of iodine value, saponification value, free fatty acids content, and peroxide values of unrefined shea butter. Multivariate calibrations were developed for each parameter using supervised partial least squares, interval partial least squares, and genetic-algorithm partial least square regression methods to establish a linear relationship between standard reference and the Fourier transformed-near infrared predicted. Results showed that genetic-algorithm partial least square models were superior in predicting iodine value and saponification value while partial least squares was excellent in predicting free fatty acids content and peroxide values. The nine-factor genetic-algorithm partial least square iodine value calibration model for predicting iodine value yielded excellent ( R2 cal = 0.97), ( R2 val = 0.97), low (root mean square error of cross-validation = 0.26), low (root mean square error of Prediction = 0.23), and (ratio of performance to deviation = 6.41); for saponification value, the nine-factor genetic-algorithm partial least square saponification value calibration model had excellent R2 cal (0.97), R2 val (0.99); low root mean square error of cross-validation (0.73), low root mean square error of Prediction (0.53), and (ratio of performance to deviation = 8.27); while for free fatty acids, the 11-factor partial least square free fatty acids produced very high R2 cal (0.97) and R2 val (0.97) with very low root mean square error of cross-validation (0.03), low root mean square error of Prediction (0.04) and (ratio of performance to deviation = 5.30) and finally for peroxide values, the 11-factor partial least square peroxide values calibration model obtained excellent R2 cal (0.96) and R2val (0.98) with low root mean square error of cross-validation (0.05), low root mean square error of Prediction (0.04), and (ratio of performance to deviation = 5.86). The built models were accurate and robust and can be reliably applied in developing a handheld quality detection device for screening, quality control checks, and prediction of shea butter quality on-site.
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Lubis, Muharman, Arif Ridho Lubis, and Ahmad Almaarif. "Exploring the Pattern of Voters’ Characteristics: Partial Least Square Analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (June 2020): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012109.

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Rizkia, Ajeng Dwi, Dwi Ispriyanti, and Sugito Sugito. "PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN DAN CITRA MEREK TERHADAP KEPUASAN PENGGUNA YOUTUBE PREMIUM MENGGUNAKAN PARTIAL LEAST SQUARE." Jurnal Gaussian 11, no. 3 (July 19, 2022): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.11.3.323-331.

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As one of the largest digital service providers in the world, YouTube certainly makes breakthroughs to maintain user interest in accessing videos through YouTube, one of which is by creating the YouTube Premium service. This research was conducted to determine the extent to which these services can provide a sense of satisfaction for its users, because as a digital service provider company, YouTube is very dependent on user satisfaction. User satisfaction is influenced by service quality and brand image. In this study, service quality, brand image, and service user satisfaction act as latent variables. To test the predictive relationship between indicator variables and variables that cannot be measured directly (latent variables) by seeing whether there is a relationship or influence between these variables using the obtained modeling can be done using the Partial Least Square method. Therefore, to determine the effect of service quality and brand image on YouTube Premium user satisfaction, an analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Square method. The research data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to 150 YouTube Premium users in Indonesia. The results of the analysis show that service quality and brand image have a significant effect on YouTube Premium user satisfaction.
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Liland, Kristian Hovde, and Ulf Geir Indahl. "Powered partial least squares discriminant analysis." Journal of Chemometrics 23, no. 1 (January 2009): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1186.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Partial least square analysis"

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Moller, Jurgen Johann. "The implementation of noise addition partial least squares." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3362.

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Thesis (MComm (Statistics and Actuarial Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
When determining the chemical composition of a specimen, traditional laboratory techniques are often both expensive and time consuming. It is therefore preferable to employ more cost effective spectroscopic techniques such as near infrared (NIR). Traditionally, the calibration problem has been solved by means of multiple linear regression to specify the model between X and Y. Traditional regression techniques, however, quickly fail when using spectroscopic data, as the number of wavelengths can easily be several hundred, often exceeding the number of chemical samples. This scenario, together with the high level of collinearity between wavelengths, will necessarily lead to singularity problems when calculating the regression coefficients. Ways of dealing with the collinearity problem include principal component regression (PCR), ridge regression (RR) and PLS regression. Both PCR and RR require a significant amount of computation when the number of variables is large. PLS overcomes the collinearity problem in a similar way as PCR, by modelling both the chemical and spectral data as functions of common latent variables. The quality of the employed reference method greatly impacts the coefficients of the regression model and therefore, the quality of its predictions. With both X and Y subject to random error, the quality the predictions of Y will be reduced with an increase in the level of noise. Previously conducted research focussed mainly on the effects of noise in X. This paper focuses on a method proposed by Dardenne and Fernández Pierna, called Noise Addition Partial Least Squares (NAPLS) that attempts to deal with the problem of poor reference values. Some aspects of the theory behind PCR, PLS and model selection is discussed. This is then followed by a discussion of the NAPLS algorithm. Both PLS and NAPLS are implemented on various datasets that arise in practice, in order to determine cases where NAPLS will be beneficial over conventional PLS. For each dataset, specific attention is given to the analysis of outliers, influential values and the linearity between X and Y, using graphical techniques. Lastly, the performance of the NAPLS algorithm is evaluated for various
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Krämer, Nicole. "Analysis of high dimensional data with partial least squares and boosting." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2007/1484.

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Li, Siqing. "Kernel-based least-squares approximations: theories and applications." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/539.

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Kernel-based meshless methods for approximating functions and solutions of partial differential equations have many applications in engineering fields. As only scattered data are used, meshless methods using radial basis functions can be extended to complicated geometry and high-dimensional problems. In this thesis, kernel-based least-squares methods will be used to solve several direct and inverse problems. In chapter 2, we consider discrete least-squares methods using radial basis functions. A general l^2-Tikhonov regularization with W_2^m-penalty is considered. We provide error estimates that are comparable to kernel-based interpolation in cases in which the function being approximated is within and is outside of the native space of the kernel. These results are extended to the case of noisy data. Numerical demonstrations are provided to verify the theoretical results. In chapter 3, we apply kernel-based collocation methods to elliptic problems with mixed boundary conditions. We propose some weighted least-squares formulations with different weights for the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary collocation terms. Besides fill distance of discrete sets, our weights also depend on three other factors: proportion of the measures of the Dirichlet and Neumann boundaries, dimensionless volume ratios of the boundary and domain, and kernel smoothness. We determine the dependencies of these terms in weights by different numerical tests. Our least-squares formulations can be proved to be convergent at the H^2 (Ω) norm. Numerical experiments in two and three dimensions show that we can obtain desired convergent results under different boundary conditions and different domain shapes. In chapter 4, we use a kernel-based least-squares method to solve ill-posed Cauchy problems for elliptic partial differential equations. We construct stable methods for these inverse problems. Numerical approximations to solutions of elliptic Cauchy problems are formulated as solutions of nonlinear least-squares problems with quadratic inequality constraints. A convergence analysis with respect to noise levels and fill distances of data points is provided, from which a Tikhonov regularization strategy is obtained. A nonlinear algorithm is proposed to obtain stable solutions of the resulting nonlinear problems. Numerical experiments are provided to verify our convergence results. In the final chapter, we apply meshless methods to the Gierer-Meinhardt activator-inhibitor model. Pattern transitions in irregular domains of the Gierer-Meinhardt model are shown. We propose various parameter settings for different patterns appearing in nature and test these settings on some irregular domains. To further simulate patterns in reality, we construct different kinds of domains and apply proposed parameter settings on different patches of domains found in nature.
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Zhou, Yue. "Analysis of Additive Risk Model with High Dimensional Covariates Using Partial Least Squares." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/6.

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In this thesis, we consider the problem of constructing an additive risk model based on the right censored survival data to predict the survival times of the cancer patients, especially when the dimension of the covariates is much larger than the sample size. For microarray Gene Expression data, the number of gene expression levels is far greater than the number of samples. Such ¡°small n, large p¡± problems have attracted researchers to investigate the association between cancer patient survival times and gene expression profiles for recent few years. We apply Partial Least Squares to reduce the dimension of the covariates and get the corresponding latent variables (components), and these components are used as new regressors to fit the extensional additive risk model. Also we employ the time dependent AUC curve (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve) to assess how well the model predicts the survival time. Finally, this approach is illustrated by re-analysis of the well known AML data set and breast cancer data set. The results show that the model fits both of the data sets very well.
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Wang, Hailun. "Some Conclusions of Statistical Analysis of the Spectropscopic Evaluation of Cervical Cancer." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/58.

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To significantly improve the early detection of cervical precancers and cancers, LightTouch™ is under development by SpectRx Inc.. LightTouch™ identifies cancers and precancers quickly by using a spectrometer to analyze light reflected from the cervix. Data from the spectrometer is then used to create an image of the cervix that highlights the location and severity of disease. Our research is conducted to find the appropriate models that can be used to generate map-like image showing disease tissue from normal and further diagnose the cervical cancerous conditions. Through large work of explanatory variable search and reduction, logistic regression and Partial Least Square Regression successfully applied to our modeling process. These models were validated by 60/40 cross validation and 10 folder cross validation. Further examination of model performance, such as AUC, sensitivity and specificity, threshold had been conducted.
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Edberg, Alexandra. "Monitoring Kraft Recovery Boiler Fouling by Multivariate Data Analysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230906.

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This work deals with fouling in the recovery boiler at Montes del Plata, Uruguay. Multivariate data analysis has been used to analyze the large amount of data that was available in order to investigate how different parameters affect the fouling problems. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Projection (PLS) have in this work been used. PCA has been used to compare average values between time periods with high and low fouling problems while PLS has been used to study the correlation structures between the variables and consequently give an indication of which parameters that might be changed to improve the availability of the boiler. The results show that this recovery boiler tends to have problems with fouling that might depend on the distribution of air, the black liquor pressure or the dry solid content of the black liquor. The results also show that multivariate data analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing these types of fouling problems.
Detta arbete handlar om inkruster i sodapannan pa Montes del Plata, Uruguay. Multivariat dataanalys har anvands for att analysera den stora datamangd som fanns tillganglig for att undersoka hur olika parametrar paverkar inkrusterproblemen. Principal·· Component Analysis (PCA) och Partial Least Square Projection (PLS) har i detta jobb anvants. PCA har anvants for att jamfora medelvarden mellan tidsperioder med hoga och laga inkrusterproblem medan PLS har anvants for att studera korrelationen mellan variablema och darmed ge en indikation pa vilka parametrar som kan tankas att andras for att forbattra tillgangligheten pa sodapannan. Resultaten visar att sodapannan tenderar att ha problem med inkruster som kan hero pa fdrdelningen av luft, pa svartlutens tryck eller pa torrhalten i svartluten. Resultaten visar ocksa att multivariat dataanalys ar ett anvandbart verktyg for att analysera dessa typer av inkrusterproblem.
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Yue, Weiping Biotechnology &amp Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Predicting the citation impact of clinical neurology journals using structural equation modeling with partial least squares." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20821.

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The ongoing debate on the evaluative role of citation analysis and the theory of citation recognizes that the citation process is complex and that citation counts are affected by certain extra-scientific or external factors. To date, little effort has been made to explore the effects of various external factors; this thesis addresses this lack. In the context of the various perspectives on citations and citation analysis, this study uses journals as the unit of analysis and investigates what, how, and to what extent extra-scientific factors influence the citation impact of journals. An integrated conceptual model of Journal Citation Impact that takes into account current theoretical positions and prior empirical research findings is developed. It addresses the interrelationships between Journal Citation Impact and a range of external factors (Journal Properties, Journal Visibility, Journal Accessibility, Journal Internationality, Journal Selectivity, Journal Promptness, Journal Editorial Prestige, and Perceived Journal Quality). The proposed conceptual model is novel in that it: (1) incorporates nearly all possible external factors that affect Journal Citation Impact; (2) addresses the complex interrelationships between a number of external factors and Journal Citation Impact in one model; (3) regards both Journal Citation Impact and its external factors as theoretical constructs; and (4) identifies the observed variables of the external factors and Journal Citation Impact. However, because of the difficulties in operationalizing all the theoretical constructs, this conceptual model is simplified to an operational model for empirical testing. The operational model includes the construct Journal Citation Impact and four of its external factors, Journal Properties, Journal Accessibility, Journal Internationality, and Perceived Journal Quality. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) is used to test the operational model with empirical data from 41 research journals in clinical neurology. Data are collected from bibliographic database searching, web searching, printed journals, and from a web-based survey that was conducted to obtain information on perceptions of journal quality. Empirical results of the operational model show that Journal Accessibility, Journal Internationality, and Perceived Journal Quality have large, medium, and small effects respectively on Journal Citation Impact, thus indicating that certain extra-scientific factors can influence Journal Citation Impact significantly. The findings suggest that great care should be taken in interpreting and evaluating the results obtained from citation analysis. In terms of Journal Citation Impact, this research also suggests that various journal citation indicators should be ii used to reflect different aspects of citation impact. By exploring the phenomenological domain in the citing process, this exploratory study not only provides a better understanding of citation analysis, it also contributes to the development of the theory of citation. From the methodological perspective, introducing SEM with PLS to Informetrics and Scientometrics also contributes to the knowledge base of these fields. Pragmatically, the research findings will enhance the judgment of researchers and practitioners such as editors, publishers, librarians and other information specialists in assessing journal performance. Finally, the worldwide survey findings on peer assessment of journal outlets in clinical neurology will be useful for researchers, academics or clinicians in this field.
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Plard, Jérôme. "Apport de la chimiométrie et des plans d’expériences pour l’évaluation de la qualité de l’huile d’olive au cours de différents processus de vieillissement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4315/document.

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L'huile d'olive est un élément important de l'alimentation méditerranéenne. Cependant lorsqu'une huile vieillit, elle se dégrade et perd ses propriétés. Il est donc important de connaitre l'évolution de la composition de l'huile en fonction de ses conditions de stockage et de fabrication. Ce suivi a été effectué sur deux huiles de fabrication différente, une huile fruité vert et une huile fruité noir, obtenue à partir d'olive à maturité que l'on a laissé fermenter quelques jours. De manière à obtenir rapidement des vieillissements poussés, ces deux huiles ont été vieillies artificiellement, par procédé thermique , et par procédé photochimique. Ces vieillissements ont été réalisés sur des volumes différents de manière à déterminer l'impact du rapport surface/masse. En parallèle, des échantillons de chacune des deux huiles ont été conservés durant 24 mois dans des conditions de stockage différentes déterminées à l'aide d'un plan d'expériences. Les paramètres influençant le plus la conservation de l'huile d'olive sont l'apport en oxygène, la luminosité et la température. Ces influences ont été déterminées à partir du suivi des principaux paramètres de qualité La réponse des plans a permis de mettre en évidence des interactions entre ces différents paramètres. L'analyse de la composition de l'huile ainsi que de tous les critères de qualité demande beaucoup de temps et consomme une grande quantité de solvant. Afin de pallier à ces désagréments, les résultats ont également été utilisés pour construire des modèles chimiométriques permettant de déterminer ces grandeurs à partir des spectres proche et moyen infrarouge des échantillons
Olive oil is an important component of the Mediterranean diet. When oil ages, it deteriorates and loses its properties. It is therefore important to know the evolution of the oil composition according to the conditions of storage and manufacturing. This monitoring was carried out on two different oils manufacturing, green fruity oil obtained from olives harvested before maturity, and black fruit oil obtained from olives harvest at maturity and fermented for few days under controlled conditions. To obtain quickly pushed aging, these two oils were artificially aged by heat process (heated to 180 °C under supply of O2), and photochemical process (under an UV lamp and under supply of O2). These aging were performed on different volumes to determine the impact of surface/weight ratio. In parallel, samples of both oils were stored for 24 months under different storage conditions determined using an experimental design. The parameters affecting the most the conservation of olive oil are oxygen, light and temperature. These influences were determined from the monitoring of key quality criteria. Response of experimental design helped to highlight the interactions between these different parameters. The analysis of the oil composition as well as all the quality criteria requires a large amount of solvents and a lot of time consumer. To overcome these inconveniences, chemometric models has been built to determine these criteria from the near and mid-infrared spectra of samples. Natural aging is very little advanced in comparison to accelerated aging, so predictive models were established from the results of natural aging and accelerated separately
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Mat, Roni Mohd Saiyidi. "An analysis of insider dysfunctional behavours in an accounting information system environment." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1640.

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Insider deviant behaviour in Accounting Information Systems (AIS) has long been recognised as a threat to organisational AIS assets. The literature abounds with a plethora of perspectives in attempts to better understand the phenomenon, however, practitioners and researchers have traditionally focussed on technical approaches, which, although they form part of the solution, are insufficient to address the problem holistically. Managing insider threats requires an understanding of the interconnectedness between the human and contextual factors in which individuals operate, since technical methodologies in isolation have the potential to increase rather than reduce insider threats. This dilemma led many scholars to examine the behaviour of individuals, to further their understanding of the issues and in turn, control insider threats. Despite promising findings, some of these behavioural studies have inherent methodological limitations, and no attempt has been made to differentiate between apparently similar, yet fundamentally different, negative behaviours. Using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and actor network theory (ANT) as a foundation, the current study addresses the first concern by integrating AIS complexity and organisational culture, and identifies the contextual factors influencing behaviours that lead to insider threats. Secondly, the study addresses concerns regarding methodological approaches, by categorising various deviant insider behaviours using the concept of dysfunctional behaviour, based on two-dimensional behaviour taxonomy. Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) revealed that TPB‘s predictor variables: attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioural control (PBC), together with the moderator variables of organisational culture (CULTURE) and AIS complexity (COMPLEX), accounted for substantial variations in intention (INTENT) to engage in dysfunctional behaviour. The findings also indicated that PBC is a dual-factor construct. Changes in predictors at the behavioural subset level were highlighted, and the findings of previous studies, that ATT is a salient predictor of intention, were confirmed. This was significant across all four dysfunctional behaviour categories. These findings add to the body of knowledge by contributing a theory that explains insider threats in AIS by deciphering dysfunctional behaviour using a predictive model. The study also provides a methodological foundation for future research to account for behavioural factors. Moreover, the findings have implications for managerial practices who want to reduce insider threats to an acceptable level by strengthening organisational culture, moderating AIS complexity, and focussing on management programs with sufficient momentum to impact attitudinal change.
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Patten, Kyle. "An analysis of the modeling used to determine customer satisfaction." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35765.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Kevin Dhuyvetter
Many companies use surveys to establish customer satisfaction metrics. This OEM has been using surveys to analyze customer satisfaction with their products, services, and distribution channel for several decades. Satisfaction metrics are established for the brand, product, and channel partners. The product metric is derived from a question on the survey asking customers how satisfied they are with the product. There are subsequent questions thereafter inquiring about satisfaction with specific functional areas of the product. It is common practice to use Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis to evaluate what impacts the functional area questions have on the overall satisfaction question. The model results are used to understand what areas of the machine should be focused on to improve customers’ experiences with the machine. These results are compared to other data sources such as warranty, field reports, customer focus groups, etc. The results from these models are sometimes questioned based on what common intuition would suggest. Typically the top three drivers to the product metric are understandable, but there are often one or two key areas that do not make logical sense. The objective of this thesis was to understand whether PLS modeling is appropriate given the nature of customer survey data. Models were estimated using existing survey data on a specific model in the tractor product line. PLS models assume data are linear with no bounds. This in itself likely makes this type of model inappropriate for analyzing customer survey data. Responses are bounded on an 11 point scale from 0-10, however, the PLS model being non-bounded assumes there can be a score under 0 or over 10. The model also assumes a linear slope that would indicate each covariate answer 0-10 has the same level of effect on the response variable. This research has found that each covariate answer is in fact non-linear. For example, a customer answering a 2 to quality of manufacturing workmanship has a different impact on the overall satisfaction score than a customer who answers 8. Finally, this research discovered that the PLS models produce negative coefficients of significant value that are not reported to the enterprise. Binary and ordered logistic (logit) models were estimated as an alternative to PLS. Logistic models are non-linear and are commonly used to evaluate bounded data. Response data were separated into two groups based on Net Promoter Score (NPS) Methodology (Reicheld 2006). Using the NPS methodology, 0-6 scores are considered detractors, 7-8 scores are considered passives, and 9-10 scores are considered promoters. The logistic models demonstrate that the top two drivers to customer satisfaction scores are still quality of manufacturing workmanship and reliability/operational availability (similar to results of the PLS model). The unresolved problems question on the survey was included in the models and demonstrated that the predicted probability of a customer being a promoter is much higher in both binary and ordered logit models if no unresolved problems exist. Finally, the model found engine oil consumption remained negative and is statistically significant suggesting that even with the alternative modeling approach there still may be data issues related to the survey. It is recommended that the OEM implement logistic modeling for analyzing customer survey data. It is also recommended that a new survey design be constructed to eliminate issues with correlated data that can lead to spurious and unexplainable results.
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Books on the topic "Partial least square analysis"

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Lohmöller, Jan-Bernd. Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 1989.

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Banks, H. Thomas. Analytic semigroups: Applications to inverse problems for flexible structures. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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Xie, Bei, and Tamal Bose. Partial Update Least-Square Adaptive Filtering. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01681-3.

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Harmonic maps and differential geometry: A harmonic map fest in honour of John C. Wood's 60th birthday, September 7-10, 2009, Cagliari, Italy. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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J, Dunn W., Scott D. R. 1934-, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Principal components analysis and partial least squares regression. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Lohmöller, Jan-Bernd. Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares. Physica-Verlag, 2013.

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Avkiran, Necmi K., and Christian M. Ringle. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Recent Advances in Banking and Finance. Springer, 2019.

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Avkiran, Necmi K., and Christian M. Ringle. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Recent Advances in Banking and Finance. Springer, 2018.

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A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) - 2. edición. SAGE Publications, 2017.

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Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications. Springer, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Partial least square analysis"

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Westland, J. Christopher. "Partial Least Squares Path Analysis." In Structural Equation Models, 23–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16507-3_3.

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Westland, J. Christopher. "Partial Least Squares Path Analysis." In Structural Equation Models, 17–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12508-0_2.

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Wang, Huiwen, Jie Meng, and Michel Tenenhaus. "Regression Modelling Analysis on Compositional Data." In Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 381–406. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_18.

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Latan, Hengky, Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour, and Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour. "Ethical Awareness, Ethical Judgment, and Whistleblowing: A Moderated Mediation Analysis." In Partial Least Squares Path Modeling, 311–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64069-3_15.

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Kock, Ned. "Going Beyond Composites: Conducting a Factor-Based PLS-SEM Analysis." In Partial Least Squares Path Modeling, 41–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64069-3_3.

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Ringle, Christian M., Sven Wende, and Alexander Will. "Finite Mixture Partial Least Squares Analysis: Methodology and Numerical Examples." In Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 195–218. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_9.

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Matthews, Lucy. "Applying Multigroup Analysis in PLS-SEM: A Step-by-Step Process." In Partial Least Squares Path Modeling, 219–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64069-3_10.

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Tenenhaus, Michel, and Mohamed Hanafi. "A Bridge Between PLS Path Modeling and Multi-Block Data Analysis." In Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 99–123. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_5.

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Wold, Herman. "Systems Analysis by Partial Least Squares." In Measuring the Unmeasurable, 221–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5079-5_11.

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Krishnan, Anjali, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, and Hervé Abdi. "Distance-Based Partial Least Squares Analysis." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 131–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8283-3_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Partial least square analysis"

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Zeng, Xue-Qiang, Ming-Wen Wang, and Jian-Yun Nie. "Text classification based on partial least square analysis." In the 2007 ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1244002.1244187.

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Asadifard, Roya. "Public policy analysis in Iran: the partial least square test." In 2nd International Symposium on Partial Least Squares Path Modeling - The Conference for PLS Users. University of Twente, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.321.

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Mou, Yi, Xinge You, Xiubao Jiang, Duanquan Xu, and Shujian Yu. "Global sparse partial least squares." In 2014 International Conference on Security, Pattern Analysis, and Cybernetics (SPAC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spac.2014.6982713.

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Rahmi, Alvina, and Satriyo Adhy. "Analysis of Server-Based Electronic Money Acceptance Using Partial Least Square Method." In 2019 3rd International Conference on Informatics and Computational Sciences (ICICoS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicos48119.2019.8982382.

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Zhou, Luping, Yaping Wang, Yang Li, Pew-Thian Yap, Dinggang Shen, and Adni. "Hierarchical anatomical brain networks for MCI prediction by partial least square analysis." In 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995689.

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Schwartz, William Robson, Aniruddha Kembhavi, David Harwood, and Larry S. Davis. "Human detection using partial least squares analysis." In 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2009.5459205.

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"Mapping Natural Habitats Using Remote Sensing and Sparse Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis." In GI_Forum 2013 - Creating the GISociety. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/giscience2013s504.

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Liong, Choong-Yeun, Nurul Farzana Mohamad Basri, Hafizah Mansor, Saadi Ahmad Kamaruddin, Bai Qin Lee, and Teen Teen Chin. "Soil analysis using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and partial least square model." In The 5th Innovation and Analytics Conference & Exhibition (IACE 2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100510.

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Liu, Huawen, Zongjie Ma, Jianmin Zhao, and Zhonglong Zheng. "Penalized partial least squares for multi-label data." In 2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2014.6921635.

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Wang, Ruyi, Ciguang Wang, and Qingping Gao. "Analysis and Forecast of Railway Freight Ton-Kilometers Based on Partial Least Square Regression." In First International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40932(246)324.

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Reports on the topic "Partial least square analysis"

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Cohen, Yafit, Carl Rosen, Victor Alchanatis, David Mulla, Bruria Heuer, and Zion Dar. Fusion of Hyper-Spectral and Thermal Images for Evaluating Nitrogen and Water Status in Potato Fields for Variable Rate Application. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594385.bard.

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Potato yield and quality are highly dependent on an adequate supply of nitrogen and water. Opportunities exist to use airborne hyperspectral (HS) remote sensing for the detection of spatial variation in N status of the crop to allow more targeted N applications. Thermal remote sensing has the potential to identify spatial variations in crop water status to allow better irrigation management and eventually precision irrigation. The overall objective of this study was to examine the ability of HS imagery in the visible and near infrared spectrum (VIS-NIR) and thermal imagery to distinguish between water and N status in potato fields. To lay the basis for achieving the research objectives, experiments in the US and in Israel were conducted in potato with different irrigation and N-application amounts. Thermal indices based merely on thermal images were found sensitive to water status in both Israel and the US in three potato varieties. Spectral indices based on HS images were found suitable to detect N stress accurately and reliably while partial least squares (PLS) analysis of spectral data was more sensitive to N levels. Initial fusion of HS and thermal images showed the potential of detecting both N stress and water stress and even to differentiate between them. This study is one of the first attempts at fusing HS and thermal imagery to detect N and water stress and to estimate N and water levels. Future research is needed to refine these techniques for use in precision agriculture applications.
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Neves, Mateus C. R., Felipe De Figueiredo Silva, and Carlos Otávio Freitas. The Effect of Extension Services and Credit on Agricultural Production in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003404.

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In this paper we estimate the average treatment effect from access to extension services and credit on agricultural production in selected Andean countries (Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia). More specifically, we want to identify the effect of accessibility, here represented as travel time to the nearest area with 1,500 or more inhabitants per square kilometer or at least 50,000 inhabitants, on the likelihood of accessing extension and credit. To estimate the treatment effect and identify the effect of accessibility on these variables, we use data from the Colombian and Bolivian Agricultural Censuses of 2013 and 2014, respectively; a national agricultural survey from 2017 for Peru; and geographic information on travel time. We find that the average treatment effect for extension is higher compared to that of credit for farms in Bolivia and Peru, and lower for Colombia. The average treatment effects of extension and credit for Peruvian farms are $2,387.45 and $3,583.42 respectively. The average treatment effect for extension and credit are $941.92 and $668.69, respectively, while in Colombia are $1,365.98 and $1,192.51, respectively. We also find that accessibility and the likelihood of accessing these services are nonlinearly related. Results indicate that higher likelihood is associated with lower travel time, especially in the analysis of credit.
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Knowles, Donald, and Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz. Transfected Babesia bovis expressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen as a vaccine to limit tick infestation and protect against virulent challenge. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598160.bard.

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Bovine babesiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasites Babesiabovisand B. bigemina, is a major tick borne disease of cattle with significant economic importance globally. The vectors of Babesia parasites are R. (Boophilus) annulatusand R. microplus. In Israel these parasites are transmitted manly by R. annulatus. The main goal of the proposal was developing and testing a novel B. bovisvaccine based on stably transfected attenuated B. bovisexpressing the anti-tick Bm86 antigen. This required generating a transfected- attenuated B. bovisparasite containing a bidirectional promoter expressing both, the gfp- bsd selectable marker and the tick vaccine antigen Bm86. The vaccine was tested for its ability to elicit protective immune responses against T. annulatusticks. Efficient control of babesiosis is based on a complex scheme of integrated management, including preventive immunization, anti-babesial chemotherapy and control of tick populations. Live vaccines based on attenuated parasites are the most effective measure to control babesiosis, and are currently used in several countries, including Israel. Live attenuated parasites lead to a chronic infection and development of strong and long term immunity in vaccinated cattle. Still, live vaccines have several limitations, including the difficulty to distinguish among vaccinated and naturally infected cattle and potential for sporadic outbreaks in vaccinated animals. Tick limitation is essential to control babesiosis but the main measure to reduce tick infestation is traditionally approached using acaricides, which is limited by environmental concerns and the development of resistance by the ticks. Alternative tick-control measures including the use of anti-tick vaccines are emerging, and at least partial protective immunity has been achieved against tick vectors by vaccination with recombinant protective tick antigens (ie: Bm86). In addition, the Babesia vaccine development toolbox has been recently expanded with the development of transfection technology in Babesia parasites. In this approved proposal we successfully developed a Babesia live attenuated transfected vaccine, which is able to express a B. bovisMSA-1 signal-Bm86 chimera and eGFP genes under the control of the B. bovisef- 1 and actin promoters respectively. Genetic analysis demonstrated specific stable integration of the transfected genes in the expected ef-1 locus, and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed expression of Bm86 in the surface of transfected parasites. When applied to splenectomized calves, the transfected parasites were able to cause persistent B. bovisinfection with production of antibodies reactive with Bm86 for at least six months. In addition, partial protection against ticks was also observed upon challenging the vaccinated animals with R. annulatuslarvae. However, when used on intact calves, the vaccine failed to elicit detectable immune responses against Bm86, and we are still in the process of interpreting the data and make necessary changes in our experimental approaches. Overall, the results obtained here represent a step forward towards the development of integrated vaccines against both ticks and tick –borne pathogens, using the Babesia attenuated parasites as a platform to the delivery of exogenous protective antigens
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.

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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.

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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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CAPACITY EVALUATION OF EIGHT BOLT EXTENDED ENDPLATE MOMENT CONNECTIONS SUBJECTED TO COLUMN REMOVAL SCENARIO. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.6.

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The extended stiffened endplate (8ES) connection is broadly used in the seismic load-resisting parts of steel structures. This connection is prequalified based on the AISC 358 standard, especially for seismic regions. To study this connection’s behaviors, in the event of accidental loss of a column, the finite element model results were verified against the available experimental data. A parametric study using the finite element method was then carried out to investigate these numerical models’ maximum capacity and effective parameters' effect on their maximum capacity in a column loss scenario. This parametric analysis demonstrated that these connections fail at the large displacement due to the catenary action mode at the rib stiffener's vicinity. The carrying capacity, PEEQ, Von-Mises stress, middle column force-displacement, critical bolt axial load, and the beam axial load curves were discussed. Finally, using the Least Square Method (LSM), a formula is presented to determine the displacement at the maximum capacity of these connections. This formula can be used in this study's presented method to determine the maximum load capacity of the 8ES connections in a column loss scenario.
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