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Journal articles on the topic 'Partial phase change'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 21 June 2025

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Zálešák, Martin, Patrik Bouchal, Milan Ostrý, and Jiří Hejčík. "Experimental set up for the investigation of partial phase changes of phase change materials." EPJ Web of Conferences 264 (2022): 01049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226401049.

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Thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) has attracted a lot of attention in the last several decades. Most PCMs do not change phase at a constant temperature but rather in a certain temperature range. It means that the PCM need to transit through its phase change temperature range to fully change phase from the solid state to the liquid state and vice-versa. The situation, in which the phase transition begins and/or ends within the phase change temperature range (in the mushy zone), is usually called a partial phase transition (or a partial phase change). The partial phase transitions occur quite often in real-life thermal energy storage systems with PCMs; especially when a PCM has a wide phase change temperature range. The behavior of PCMs during the partial phase transitions is poorly understood at the moment, because the experimental techniques used for the characterization of PCMs (such as the differential scanning calorimetry – DSC) are difficult to apply for the study of partial phase transitions. The lack of knowledge in this area influences the accuracy of phase change simulation models. The main goal of the experimental investigations, described in the paper, was to obtain data for the development of a simulation model for partial phase changes. The experimental set up for the investigation of partial phase changes of PCMs has been proposed, assembled, and the pilot measurements have been conducted. The experimental set up consists of two water storage tanks (that can be maintained at different water temperatures), a water-PCM concentric tube type heat exchanger and a data acquisition system. The water flows through the central tube of the heat exchanger while the PCM is located in the annular space of the exchanger. The water storage tanks, maintained at the temperatures within the phase change temperature range of a PCM, allow for the investigations of the heat storage cycles consisting of partial phase changes.

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Gamisch, Sebastian, and Stefan Gschwander. "Modeling of phase change hysteresis during partial phase change with the “shift”-method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (2024): 012231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012231.

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Abstract For phase change materials (PCM) a difference between melting and crystallization temperature can occur, the so-called supercooling. For numerical modelling of this hysteresis effect, phenomenological approaches based on the experimentally determined enthalpy-temperature relations for melting and crystallization can be applied. It is challenging to model the behavior for partial phase transitions. The study presents a new phenomenological method, called the “shift”-method. It is derived especially but not only for PCMs with a multistage phase change during crystallization, like it can occur for microencapsulated PCMs. The method is verified by experimental results and compared to an existing approach called “curve-scale”-method. Partial melting and crystallization processes of a PCM composite are experimentally characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, both methods are integrated in a Dymola Modelica model of a battery cooling system with the PCM composite and validated against experimental results. The normalized mean square error is used to determine the deviation between the experiments and the two methods. It is less than 1.7 % for both methods.

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Zastawna-Rumin, Anna, Tomasz Kisilewicz, and Umberto Berardi. "Novel Simulation Algorithm for Modeling the Hysteresis of Phase Change Materials." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051200.

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Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) using phase change materials (PCM) is one of the most promising ways for thermal energy storage (TES), especially in lightweight buildings. However, accurate control of the phase transition of PCM is not easy to predict. For example, neglecting the hysteresis or the effect of the speed of phase change processes reduces the accuracy of simulations of TES. In this paper, the authors propose a new software module for EnergyPlus™ that aims to simulate the hysteresis of PCMs during the phase change. The new module is tested by comparing simulation results with experimental tests done in a climatic chamber. A strong consistency between experimental and simulation results was obtained, while a discrepancy error of less than 1% was obtained. Moreover, in real conditions, as a result of quick temperature changes, only a partial phase transformation of the material is often observed. The new model also allows the consideration of the case with partial phase changes of the PCM. Finally, the simulation algorithm presented in this article aims to represent a better way to model LHTES with PCM.

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Braga, Stefania, Alessandro Sanasi, Alessandro Cabrini, and Guido Torelli. "Voltage-Driven Partial-RESET Multilevel Programming in Phase-Change Memories." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 57, no. 10 (2010): 2556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2010.2062185.

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GOUN, A. A., and B. YA ZEL'DOVICH. "CHANGE OF PARTIAL POLARIZATION OF A BEAM UNDER PHASE CONJUGATION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 10, no. 03 (2001): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863501000711.

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Possible change of the polarization state in the process of propagation is considered theoretically. We were able to suggest a mechanism that allows for a very unusual behavior of the Stokes parameters of the beam. Specially arranged phase conjugation procedure yields the decrease of only one (e.g. ∣ζ3∣∝∣(∣Ex∣2 - ∣Ey∣2)∣) Stokes component, while the degrees of 45%- and circular polarization, ζ1 and ζ2, are not changing at all.

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Su, Yifang, Yihang Zhang, Kaifeng Lin, et al. "Numerical Study on Resistance Change Characteristics of Phase Change Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 6, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7934173.

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Phase change materials are a type of emerging materials whose states will change under certain conditions, which then lead to changes in resistance. To study the characteristics of the phase change materials, a numerical simulation model of the resistive change unit based on the finite element method and the classic nucleation/growth theory is established, while the partial differential equations of electricity and heat conduction and the discrete formula of the finite element are also derived. According to the phase transition process of phase change materials, a crystalline-amorphous simulation model is also proposed in this paper to simulate the electrical and thermal properties and phase transition process of the resistive change unit. Simulations of the resistance change unit under single pulses with different amplitudes and widths as well as the simulations under continuous pulses are conducted in this paper. These results verify the characteristics of resistance change and can provide references for selecting the parameters of the resistance change units.

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Stern, Keren, Nicolas Wainstein, Yair Keller, et al. "Sub-Nanosecond Pulses Enable Partial Reset for Analog Phase Change Memory." IEEE Electron Device Letters 42, no. 9 (2021): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2021.3094765.

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Braga, Stefania, Alessandro Cabrini, and Guido Torelli. "Experimental Analysis of Partial-SET State Stability in Phase-Change Memories." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 58, no. 2 (2011): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2010.2090157.

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Braga, Stefania, Alessandro Cabrini, and Guido Torelli. "Transient effects in partial-RESET programming of phase-change memory cells." Solid-State Electronics 65-66 (November 2011): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2011.06.026.

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Pineda-Sanchez, Manuel, Ruben Puche-Panadero, Javier Martinez-Roman, Angel Sapena-Bano, Martin Riera-Guasp, and Juan Perez-Cruz. "Partial Inductance Model of Induction Machines for Fault Diagnosis." Sensors 18, no. 7 (2018): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072340.

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The development of advanced fault diagnostic systems for induction machines through the stator current requires accurate and fast models that can simulate the machine under faulty conditions, both in steady-state and in transient regime. These models are far more complex than the models used for healthy machines, because one of the effect of the faults is to change the winding configurations (broken bar faults, rotor asymmetries, and inter-turn short circuits) or the magnetic circuit (eccentricity and bearing faults). This produces a change of the self and mutual phase inductances, which induces in the stator currents the characteristic fault harmonics used to detect and to quantify the fault. The development of a machine model that can reflect these changes is a challenging task, which is addressed in this work with a novel approach, based on the concept of partial inductances. Instead of developing the machine model based on the phases’ coils, it is developed using the partial inductance of a single conductor, obtained through the magnetic vector potential, and combining the partial inductances of all the conductors with a fast Fourier transform for obtaining the phases’ inductances. The proposed method is validated using a commercial induction motor with forced broken bars.

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Perlis, Michael, Knashawn Morales, Ivan Vargas, et al. "368 Durability of Tx Response to Zolpidem using a Partial Reinforcement Regimen: Does this strategy require contingent reinforcement?" Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A146—A147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.367.

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Abstract Introduction In 2015, partial reinforcement (PR) was assessed as an alternative approach to maintenance therapy with zolpidem. The method being: once a treatment response is obtained over the course of 1-month’s Tx with QHS dosing (Phase-1), Tx response can maintained over time with a PR regimen (Phase-2 [nightly pill/capsule use with 50% of capsules having medication and 50% having only inert filler]). In that study, it was assumed that Phase1 QHS dosing was required 1) to maximize treatment responding and 2) for the conditioning of pharmacologic responses to the medication vehicle (capsule). In the present study, these assumptions were tested by including both QHS and PR arms into Phase-1. Methods In Phase-1 (1 month), subjects were randomized to the QHS or PRS conditions (2QHS:1PRS). In Phase-2 (3 months), the PRS group continued forward without a change in the treatment regimen (variable dose [VD-VD]) and the QHS group was re-randomized to either continued QHS Tx (full dose [FD-FD]) or to PRS Tx [FD-VD]). Both study phases were evaluated for treatment responses rates and for average change in TWT (SL+WASO+EMA). Results 55 subjects (age 61.2+/-8.1, 64% female, & 73% white) were enrolled into Phase-1; 39 were randomized to the QHS condition and 16 to the PRS condition. In Phase-1, 77% (QHS) and 50% (PRS) exhibited treatment responses (p=0.09) where the average change in TWT was similar by group (QHS was -43min [CI -76,-9] and PRS was -76min [CI -138,-14];p=0.35). In Phase-2, 73% (FD-FD), 57% (FD-VD), and 88% (VD-VD) exhibited continued treatment responses (p=0.22) where the average improvement of TWT continued with FD-FD and remained stable for FD-VD and VD-VD (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion These data, while preliminary, suggest that QHS (vs. PRS) dosing produces more treatment responders and similar initial effects on sleep continuity during Phase-1, comparable maintenance of treatment response over time, and continued improvement on sleep continuity during Phase-2. These results suggest that partial reinforcement can maintain effects but cannot allow for the additional clinical gains afforded by continuous treatment. Given this, it may be the case that the partial reinforcement technique could be improved upon by extending phase from 1 to 2–4 months. Support (if any):

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Li, Yang, Yaochen Qin, Liqun Ma, and Ziwu Pan. "Climate change: vegetation and phenological phase dynamics." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 4 (2020): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-06-2019-0037.

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Purpose The ecological environment of the Loess Plateau, China, is extremely fragile under the context of global warming. Over the past two decades, the vegetation of the Loess Plateau has undergone great changes. This paper aims to clarify the response mechanisms of vegetation to climate change, to provide support for the restoration and environmental treatment of vegetation on the Loess Plateau. Design/methodology/approach The Savitsky–Golay (S-G) filtering algorithm was used to reconstruct time series of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) 13A2 data. Combined with trend analysis and partial correlation analysis, the influence of climate change on the phenology and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) during the growing season was described. Findings The S-G filtering algorithm is suitable for EVI reconstruction of the Loess Plateau. The date of start of growing season was found to gradually later along the Southeast–Northwest direction, whereas the date of the end of the growing season showed the opposite pattern and the length of the growing season gradually shortened. Vegetation EVI values decreased gradually from Southeast to Northwest. Vegetation changed significantly and showed clear differentiation according to different topographic factors. Vegetation correlated positively with precipitation from April to July and with temperature from August to November. Originality/value This study provides technical support for ecological environmental assessment, restoration of regional vegetation coverage and environmental governance of the Loess Plateau over the past two decades. It also provides theoretical support for the prediction model of vegetation phenology changes based on remote sensing data.

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Shi, L. P., T. C. Chong, P. K. Tan, X. S. Miao, Y. M. Huang, and R. Zhao. "Study of the Partial Crystallization Properties of Phase-Change Optical Recording Disks." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, Part 1, No. 3B (1999): 1645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.38.1645.

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Peng, Chubing, and Masud Mansuripur. "Partial-response signaling for phase-change optical data storage without electronic equalization." Applied Optics 41, no. 17 (2002): 3479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.41.003479.

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Yang, Lexin, Dianwei He, Chen Hu, et al. "High-Temperature Fatigue Degradation Behaviors of a 3D Braided C/SiC with a Thin Interlayer in Different Dry Oxygen Atmospheres." Materials 17, no. 19 (2024): 4925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17194925.

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In order to evaluate the increase in the flexural strength of a 3D braided C/SiC composite comprised with a thin pyrolytic carbon (PyC) interlayer (TI C/SiC) under a load of 60 MPa with an amplitude of ±20 MPa at an oxygen partial pressure of 8000 Pa, the effect of temperature, oxidation and stress value on the length change in the sample, fracture behavior, residual flexural strength and fracture morphology were studied up to 1500 °C. It was found that the gauge length change behaviors of the material are related to (i) the positive damage of the thin interlayer and (ii) to the negative damage of the C phase. The most serious damage of TI C/SiC under 60 ± 20 MPa occurs in an oxygen partial pressure of 17,000 Pa at 1300 °C. When the oxygen partial pressure and/or the temperature are reduced, the positive C phase damage is relieved. In the case that the oxygen partial pressure, temperature and stress increase, the negative C phase damage is facilitated. The oxidation mechanism of the C phase is controlled by the inward diffusion of oxygen from the sample surface to the center; however, a higher stress is considered to change the oxygen diffusion mechanism by increasing the reaction of the C phase, with oxygen causing a widening of microcracks.

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Lagowa, Muhammad Ikrar, and Lucky Zaehir Maulana. "THE EFFECT OF MILLING ON PARTICLE SIZE AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE IN MECHANOCHEMICAL PROCESSING OF LEAD-CONTAMINATED SYNTHETIC SOIL." JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 10, no. 2 (2025): 134–39. https://doi.org/10.22437/jop.v10i2.43457.

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crystal structure, which can immobilize lead and mitigate environmental contamination. Milling as a mechanical treatment plays a critical role in determining the final properties of the processed material. This study investigates the role of particle size and crystal structure in the mechanochemical treatment of lead-contaminated synthetic soil. Two synthetic soil samples were prepared in the laboratory, including lead contamination. Milling of the contaminated soils was carried out in a planetary ball mill. The samples were analysed using a lasersizer and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to investigate the change in particle size and identify the crystalline phase after milling. The results showed that milling initially reduced particle size, but further milling resulted in particle agglomeration, which was reflected by partial amorphization in soil samples after milling. Other than the partial amorphization, no phase change was detected in the crystal structure. In conclusion, milling resulted in the change of particle size but did not affect the crystalline phase of the milled sample, despite of partial amorphization.

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Kumar, M. S. Vijaya, Kazuhiko Kuribayashi, and Koichi Kitazono. "Formation of LuFe2O4 phase from an undercooled LuFeO3 melt in reduced oxygen partial pressure." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 11 (2008): 2996–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0359.

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The formation of metastable phases from an undercooled LuFeO3 melt was investigated under reduced Po2 since the iron ion has the tendency to change its valence state from Fe3+ to Fe2+ in an ambient atmosphere with low Po2. The nucleation and the post-recalescence temperatures of the phases were decreased with decreasing process Po2. Phase equilibrium was established in the Lu–Fe–O system at 1473 K by varying the oxygen partial pressure from 105 to 10−1 Pa. A possible ternary metastable phase diagram depending on the oxygen composition in the bulk sample was also constructed. The formation of the LuFe2O4 phase where the Fe3+ and Fe2+ ratio is 1:1 clearly indicated that the formation of metastable phases is related to the presence of Fe2+ ions. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the increase in sample mass with decreasing process Po2, down to 10−1 Pa, is relatively dependent on the amount of Fe2+ ions.

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Guo, Shuang, Xiaolong Zhang, Bao Wang, Yunfeng Wang, and Zhigao Hu. "Dielectric functions evolution and electronic bandgap manipulation by silicon doping for Sb₂Te₃ phase change films: Temperature dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry study." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 20 (2022): 205109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121601.

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The dielectric function evolution and electronic bandgap manipulation by silicon (Si) doping for [Formula: see text] phase change films have been investigated by temperature dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. During the phase change from amorphous to rhombohedral structures, the significant contrast of electronic band structure for pure [Formula: see text] and Si-doped [Formula: see text] (SST) films as functions of temperature (210–620 K) and Si concentration (0%–12%) has been systematically studied by analyzing the dielectric functions, Tauc gap energy, and partial spectral weight integral. The distinct differences can be mainly attributed to the increment of structure order degree, originated from the change of local bonding arrangement. Based upon the evolutions of Tauc gap energy and partial spectral weight integral with increasing temperature for all four samples, it can be concluded that Si doping can inhibit the crystallization of amorphous films and accelerate the phase change process by serving as nanoscale heaters, which is helpful in improving the thermal stability of amorphous films. The elevated crystallization temperature and phase change rate by Si doping contribute to the dependability and endurance for SST-based phase change memory. The present data provide an important direction on the physical mechanism investigation of Si doping [Formula: see text] by optical techniques.

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Peng, Chubing, and M. Mansuripur. "Evaluation of partial-response maximum-likelihood detection for phase-change optical data storage." Applied Optics 38, no. 20 (1999): 4394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.38.004394.

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Li, Hongjun, C. K. Hsieh, and D. Y. Goswami. "Source and Sink Method of Solution of Two-Dimensional Phase Change for Energy Storage." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, no. 2 (1994): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930496.

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A source and sink method has been developed for the solution of heat transfer with phase change in two dimensions. In this method, the heat transfer in one direction is decoupled from that in the other direction by changing the second partial differential in the direction where the phase change is less dominant to a finite difference form and solving the problem in the other direction with an analytical solution that accounts for the motion of the interface in a phase-change problem. The solution developed in this paper is thus independent of the equations used to represent the interface as well as the conditions imposed on the boundaries. In the present paper, the method has been applied to the tracking of a single melting front formed by different phases assuming equal properties. The method has been demonstrated to be accurate, convergent, and stable by numerical computations as well as experimental measurements. Extension of the method to more general problems has also been discussed.

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Ume, Rubab, Haibo Gong, Vadim Tokranov, et al. "Electrical and structural properties of binary Ga–Sb phase change memory alloys." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 3 (2022): 035103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096022.

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Material properties of Ga–Sb binary alloy thin films deposited under ultra-high vacuum conditions were studied for analog phase change memory (PCM) applications. Crystallization of this alloy was shown to occur in the temperature range of 180–264 °C, with activation energy >2.5 eV depending on the composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed phase separation upon crystallization into two phases, Ga-doped A7 antimony and cubic zinc-blende GaSb. Synchrotron in situ XRD analysis revealed that crystallization into the A7 phase is accompanied by Ga out-diffusion from the grains. X-ray absorption fine structure studies of the local structure of these alloys demonstrated a bond length decrease with a stable coordination number of 4 upon amorphous-to-crystalline phase transformation. Mushroom cell structures built with Ga–Sb alloys on ø110 nm TiN heater show a phase change material resistance switching behavior with resistance ratio >100 under electrical pulse measurements. TEM and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) studies of the Ga–Sb cells after ∼100 switching cycles revealed that partial SET or intermediate resistance states are attained by the variation of the grain size of the material as well as the Ga content in the A7 phase. A mechanism for a reversible composition control is proposed for analog cell performance. These results indicate that Te-free Ga–Sb binary alloys are potential candidates for analog PCM applications.

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Niwa, Eiki, Tsubasa Sato та Takuya Hashimoto. "Thermodynamic analyses of the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition in Pr2−xNdxNiO4+δ under controlled oxygen partial pressures". Dalton Transactions 49, № 34 (2020): 11931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02119a.

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The standard entropy change, ΔS°, and enthalpy change, ΔH°, at the structural phase transition of Pr2−xNdxNiO4+δ and their impact on variation of phase transition temperature by Nd content.

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Ivanova, A. A. "Calculation of Phase-Change Boundary Position in Continuous Casting." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 4 (2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0082.

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Abstract The problem of determination of the phase-change boundary position at the mathematical modeling of continuous ingot temperature field is considered. The description of the heat transfer process takes into account the dependence of the thermal physical characteristics on the temperature, so that the mathematical model is based on the nonlinear partial differential equations. The boundary position between liquid and solid phase is given by the temperatures equality condition and the Stefan condition for the two-dimensional case. The new method of calculation of the phase-change boundary position is proposed. This method based on the finite-differences with using explicit schemes and on the iteration method of solving of non-linear system equations. The proposed method of calculation is many times faster than the real time. So that it amenable to be used for model predictive control of continuous semifinished product solidification.

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Hsino, Mahmoud, and Jerzy Pasławski. "Phase Change Materials as a Modifier of Ageing Cement Concrete in Hot and Dry Climate." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.129.

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This paper is devoted to the use of Phase Change Materials as a cement concrete modifier in Middle East climate. Due to large amplitude of daily air temperature in these conditions, Phase Change Materials can be used to reduce the dynamic of thermal peak in an ageing concrete. Partial results of studies to determine the influence of various factors on the effects of modifications are presented

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Liu, Aihua, Junjiang Lin, and Yijie Zhuang. "PIV experimental study on the phase change behavior of phase change material with partial filling of metal foam inside a cavity during melting." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 187 (May 2022): 122567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122567.

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Kong, Xianghao, Hezhi Sun, Shiri Liang, Zao Yi, Naiting Gu, and Yougen Yi. "Intelligent Space Thermal Control Radiator Based on Phase Change Material with Partial Visible Transparency." Coatings 14, no. 5 (2024): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050535.

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Coating structures with dynamically adjustable infrared emissivity are crucial in spacecraft components to cope with the transient thermal environments of space. For a long time, thermochromic phase change materials have been widely used in applications requiring emissivity adjustment, and optimizing the range of adjustable infrared emissivity has always been at the forefront of research. However, reducing the absorption of solar radiation has significant implications for the practical application and thermal stability of spacecraft components in space environments. In this paper, we propose a multilayer film structure based on the phase change material VO2 combined with the materials ZnSe and ITO to achieve low solar radiation absorption and adjustable infrared emissivity for intelligent thermal radiators in space. Through finite element simulation analysis of the structure, we achieve a solar radiation absorption rate of 0.3 and an adjustable infrared emissivity of 0.49. According to Stefan–Boltzmann’s law, the structure exhibits strong radiative heat dissipation at high temperatures and weak energy dissipation at low temperatures to maintain the thermal stability of the device and ensure efficient operation. The intelligent thermal radiator operates based on the principles of Fabry–Perot resonance. Therefore, the multilayer structure based on the phase change material VO2 demonstrates excellent performance in both solar radiation absorption and adjustable infrared emissivity, showcasing its tremendous potential in the field of intelligent thermal control in aerospace.

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Kamkari, Babak, and Hossein Shokouhmand. "Experimental investigation of phase change material melting in rectangular enclosures with horizontal partial fins." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (November 2014): 839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.056.

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Yu, Yiqi, and Marek Skowronski. "Growth dominated crystallization of GeTe mushroom cells during partial SET operation." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 4 (2023): 044501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129023.

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Phase change memory devices are a leading candidate for non-volatile memory arrays, as artificial synapses in neuromorphic circuits, and for in-memory computing. These applications are hampered by a large cycle-to-cycle variation of resistance that is likely associated with the crystallization mechanism of phase change materials. This work presents a direct observation by transmission electron microscopy of the crystallization process during the SET operation of the GeTe 100 nm mushroom cell. The process proceeded purely by growth from the periphery of the amorphous dome without nucleation. It is invariably associated with partial melting of the GeTe layer. The growth-dominated SET operation can completely crystallize the GeTe functional layer only by a gradual sweep down of the voltage across the device. The experimental results were correlated with a finite element model of heat and charge flow and the crystallization dynamics.

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Sega, Marcello, and György Hantal. "Phase and interface determination in computer simulations of liquid mixtures with high partial miscibility." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 29 (2017): 18968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02918g.

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Partially miscible solutions can represent a challenge from the computer simulation standpoint, especially if the mutual solubility of the components is so large that their concentrations do not change much from one phase to another. A density-based clustering approach with quasi-linear scaling is shown to provide consistent phase identification.

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Wu, Wei, Fan Jia, Richard Kinai, and Todd D. Little. "Optimal number and allocation of data collection points for linear spline growth curve modeling." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 4 (2016): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416644076.

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Spline growth modelling is a popular tool to model change processes with distinct phases and change points in longitudinal studies. Focusing on linear spline growth models with two phases and a fixed change point (the transition point from one phase to the other), we detail how to find optimal data collection designs that maximize the efficiency of detecting key parameters in the spline models, holding the total number of data points or sample size constant. We identify efficient designs for the cases where (a) the exact location of the change point is known (complete certainty), (b) only the interval that contains the change point is known (partial certainty), and (c) no prior knowledge on the location of the change point is available (zero certainty). We conclude with recommendations for optimal number and allocation of data collection points.

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BERMÚDEZ, A., R. MUÑOZ-SOLA, and F. PENA. "A nonlinear partial differential system arising in thermoelectricity." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 16, no. 6 (2005): 683–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792505006212.

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In this paper we prove the existence of a solution for a system of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations arising from thermoelectric modelling of metallurgical electrodes undergoing a phase change. The model consists of an electromagnetic problem for eddy current computation coupled with a Stefan problem for temperature. The proof uses a regularized problem obtained by truncating the source term in temperature equation. Passing to the limit requires fine a priori estimates leading to compactness.

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Bell, A. M. T., R. A. D. Pattrick, and D. J. Vaughan. "Structural evolution of aqueous mercury sulphide precipitates: energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction studies." Mineralogical Magazine 74, no. 1 (2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.074.1.85.

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AbstractIn situ, high-temperature energy-dispersive X-ray powder diffraction (EDXRD) data have been collected on synthetic and a natural sample of mercury sulphide (HgS). These measurements were made between temperatures of 295 and 798 K. Synthetic samples of HgS were prepared by reaction between sulphide and mercury in aqueous solution. In a subsequently dried and aged synthetic HgS sample, heated in vacuo, there is a change from a poorly crystalline pseudocubic material into a well crystalline cubic material in the temperature region 583–623 K. At higher temperature (748 K), there is evidence for a partial phase transition to the high temperature hypercinnabar HgS structure. In a neoformed synthetic sample, heated in a sealed Ti container, the initial ‘pseudocubic’ metacinnabar phase partially transforms to a previously unknown phase (XHgS) in the temperature range 467–522 K. This phase disappears at 527 K, and the metacinnabar phase changes to a well crystalline cubic phase; cinnabar develops at 542 K. The proportion of cinnabar continues to increase up to 647 K. Both metacinnabar and cinnabar phases are retained on cooling. No phase transitions were observed for the natural cinnabar sample.

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Ismail, Y. I. Widodo, and R. A. Rahman. "Charge Assessment for Nitrate-Based Salt as a Phase Change Material for a Medium-Temperature Latent Storage Tank." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 61, no. 1 (2024): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2024-0006.

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Abstract The present study assesses the heat characteristic of the nitrate-salt mixture as a phase change material (PCM) for a medium-temperature latent storage system (LSS). Two binary and ternary mixtures are evaluated, which demonstrate different thermal behaviour. The highest melting and latent heat capacity is obtained by KNO3(0.4)/NaNO3(0.6) at 223.8 °C and 161.5 J/g. However, it has a higher supercooling degree with a partial phase transition between 217.6 °C and 251.5 °C, making it unfeasible for a medium-temperature LSS tank. The ternary mixture (TM) with NaNO2(0.4)/KNO2(0.53)/NaNO3(0.7) demonstrates a stable phase transition with minimum partial phase transition (22.1 °C) and suitable heat of fusion (98.1 J/g). Further evaluation through static thermal profiling demonstrates that the TM has a notable performance during solid-sensible charge with a charge level indicator (CLI) around 45.3 %–49.1 %. The TM can be charged up to 85.7 % until the end stage of the phase transition. It promotes a better storage capacity with suitable performance since the system can be charged effectively at a suitable temperature range (< 160 °C) for various applications. The micrograph observation indicates some dispersed particles and local agglomeration, which makes phase stabilization as an advantageous method to promote a stable phase change process. The TM can be considered a suitable PCM for a medium-temperature LSS tank that allows for a better solar thermal renewable system operation.

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Wang, Xiao-Fang, Pao-An Lin, Xue-miao Wen, Bing-Yuh Lu, Tian-Le Li, and Wei-Ling Zhu. "Phase transitions of Ge₁₂Sb₈₈ thin films on high- and low-thermal-conductivity substrates and their potential applications in storage." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 15 (2022): 155302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac476a.

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Abstract This study examined the phase-change Ge12Sb88 films that are fabricated through radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering to substrates with varying thermal conductivity. The in situ resistance was measured, and x-ray diffraction was conducted to investigate the phase-change behavior of the films under adjustments to the heating and annealing temperature. Differences in the films’ band gaps were determined by a spectrometer. The results were as follows: (a) the initial resistance levels of the films on low-thermal-conductivity substrates were higher than those on high-thermal-conductivity substrates. Resistance ratios were in the range of 102–103. The substantial changes in resistance influenced the characteristics of accelerating switching time and reduced the power consumption of the investigated materials. (b) Because of the partial crystallization of the films, an additional phase transition (from face-centered cubic (fcc)1 to fcc2) was observed among thin films on low-thermal-conductivity substrates. This phase transition can be leveraged in the development of data storage devices.

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Maffoni, Silvia, Silvia Brazzo, Rachele De Giuseppe, et al. "Lifestyle Changes and Body Mass Index during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: An Italian Online-Survey." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041117.

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Background. COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a period of contingency measures, including total or partial lockdowns all over the world leading to several changes in lifestyle/eating behaviours. This retrospective cohort study aimed at investigating Italian adult population lifestyle changes during COVID-19 pandemic “Phase 1” lockdown (8 March–4 May 2020) and discriminate between positive and negative changes and BMI (body mass index) variations (ΔBMI). Methods. A multiple-choice web-form survey was used to collect retrospective data regarding lifestyle/eating behaviours during “Phase 1” in the Italian adult population. According to changes in lifestyle/eating behaviours, the sample was divided into three classes of changes: “negative change”, “no change”, “positive change”. For each class, correlations with ΔBMI were investigated. Results. Data were collected from 1304 subjects (973F/331M). Mean ΔBMI differed significantly (p < 0.001) between classes, and was significantly related to water intake, alcohol consumption, physical activity, frequency of “craving or snacking between meals”, dessert/sweets consumption at lunch. Conclusions. During “Phase 1”, many people faced several negative changes in lifestyle/eating behaviours with potential negative impact on health. These findings highlight that pandemic exacerbates nutritional issues and most efforts need to be done to provide nutrition counselling and public health services to support general population needs.

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Smirnov, A. V., Yu A. Ovchenkova, A. E. Bogdanov, A. V. Morozkin, I. S. Tereshina, and S. A. Nikitin. "STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC TRANSITION IN MULTICOMPONENT R5X4 COMPOUNDS." Кристаллография 68, no. 3 (2023): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0023476123700145.

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The structure, magnetic, magnetothermal, and magnetoelastic properties of Gd5Si2-xGe2-xIn2x (x = 0–0.1) intermetallic compounds have been studied in the region of magnetostructural phase transitions. It is shown that introduction of indium creates the effect of negative pressure, leading to a change in the critical temperature of the magnetic phase transition in the monoclinic phase of the compounds studied and to partial separation of the magnetic and structural phase transitions in them.

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Tominaga, Mayu, Masahiro Tsujimoto, Ken Ebisawa, Teruaki Enoto, and Kimitake Hayasaki. "X-Ray Spectral Variations of Circinus X-1 Observed with NICER throughout an Entire Orbital Cycle." Astrophysical Journal 958, no. 1 (2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0034.

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Abstract Circinus X-1 (Cir X-1) is a neutron star binary with an elliptical orbit of 16.6 days. The source is unique for its extreme youth, providing a key to understanding early binary evolution. However, its X-ray variability is too complex to reach a clear interpretation. We conducted the first high-cadence (every 4 hr, on average) observations covering one entire orbit using the NICER X-ray telescope. The X-ray flux behavior can be divided into stable, dip, and flaring phases. The X-ray spectra in all phases can be described by a common model consisting of a partially covered disk blackbody emission and the line features from a highly ionized photoionized plasma. The spectral change over the orbit is attributable to rapid changes of the partial covering medium in the line of sight and gradual changes of the disk blackbody emission. Emission lines of H- and He-like Mg, Si, S, and Fe are detected, most prominently in the dip phase. The Fe emission lines change to absorption in the course of the transition from the dip phase to the flaring phase. The estimated ionization degree indicates no significant changes, suggesting that the photoionized plasma is stable over the orbit. We propose a simple model in which the disk blackbody emission is partially blocked by a local medium in the line of sight that has spatial structures depending on the azimuth of the accretion disk. Emission lines upon the continuum emission are from the photoionized plasma located outside of the blocking material.

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Guo, Y. C., H. K. Liu, and S. X. Dou. "Phase evolution in silver-doped BiPbSrCaCuO(2223)/Ag superconducting composites." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 9 (1993): 2187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2187.

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Silver doping into (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 superconducting composite tapes was found to accelerate the formation process of high-Tc (2223) phase owing to lowering the partial melting point of the samples. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) results showed that the partial melting temperature of the sample was lowered by about 10 °C from 850 °C to 840 °C by silver doping. However, with sufficient sintering both the silver-doped and undoped samples can reach a very high level of high-Tc phase fraction, suggesting that the silver doping only speeds up the rate of high-Tc phase formation, but does not change the final phase assemblage of the materials. The reaction kinetics was analyzed by using the Avrami equation, and the results indicated that the conversion process of low-Tc (2212) phase to high-Tc (2223) phase was a diffusion-controlled, two-dimensional reaction. The correlation of the phase evolution with electrical property inside the superconducting tape during the process of heat treatment was also discussed.

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Rahmalina, Dwi, Dwi Chandra Adhitya, Reza Abdu Rahman, and Ismail Ismail. "Improvement the performance of composite PCM paraffin-based incorporate with volcanic ash as heat storage for low-temperature application." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (September 23, 2021): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002055.

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Paraffin is well known thermal energy storage with the high latent heat of fusion. Unfortunately, low thermal conductivity and low melting temperature inhibit large-scale applications for lower temperature applications like solar water heaters and desalination. The addition of high thermal conductivity material can increase the thermal conductivity of paraffin and increase the melting temperature of paraffin. In this study, a new approach is taken by using volcanic sand as thermal conductivity enhancement material. The properties of the sand are examined. The chemical composition of the sand is dominated by Fe (51.23 %), Fe2O3 (23.24 %) and SiO2 (11 %), which are known as good thermal conductivity materials. Six different compositions of paraffin/sand (weight ration) are tested to observe the melting and vapor temperature of the composite. Adding sand (with granule size of 44 µm) by 30 wt % can accelerate the charging rate by 25 % compared to pure paraffin, where the discharging rate is increased significantly by 17.8 %. The supercooling degree of the composite is only 1 °C, where pure paraffin has a supercooling degree by 8 °C. The charging and discharging characteristics for each sample are discussed in detail within the article. Overall, the addition of volcanic sand improves paraffin's charging and discharging rate, reducing the supercooling degree and can be considered a convenient method to improve the paraffin performance as latent heat storage

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Sokolovskiy, V. V., V. D. Buchelnikov, and D. Cong. "MAGNETIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ALL-D METAL MN-NI-TI HEUSLER ALLOYS." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Mathematics. Mechanics. Physics" 16, no. 2 (2024): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/mmph240208.

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The paper presents a theoretical study of the effect of different atomic and magnetic orderings on the structural and magnetic properties of Mn2Ni1+xTi1-x alloys, which are composed entirely of transition metals. Using the density functional theory, we predict the structural ground states and magnetic reference states of compounds with x = 0, 0,25, 0,5, and 0,75 in both cubic austenite and tetragonal martensite phases. Partial substitution of Ti atoms with Ni leads to an increase in the energy barrier between structural phases, to a change from a layered atomic ordering to an alternating staggered order, and to a change from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic spin alignment in the cubic phase. All compounds with tetragonally distorted structures reveal the out-ofplane spin configuration and easy axis magnetocrystalline anisotropy except tetragonal L10 phase of Mn2NiTi. For the latter structure, easy-plane magnetic anisotropy is observed. The calculated values of anisotropy are comparable with those of tetragonal L10-FeNi.

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Mehryan, S. A. M., Kaamran Raahemifar, Leila Sasani Gargari, et al. "Latent Heat Phase Change Heat Transfer of a Nanoliquid with Nano–Encapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Wavy-Wall Enclosure with an Active Rotating Cylinder." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052590.

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A Nano-Encapsulated Phase-Change Material (NEPCM) suspension is made of nanoparticles containing a Phase Change Material in their core and dispersed in a fluid. These particles can contribute to thermal energy storage and heat transfer by their latent heat of phase change as moving with the host fluid. Thus, such novel nanoliquids are promising for applications in waste heat recovery and thermal energy storage systems. In the present research, the mixed convection of NEPCM suspensions was addressed in a wavy wall cavity containing a rotating solid cylinder. As the nanoparticles move with the liquid, they undergo a phase change and transfer the latent heat. The phase change of nanoparticles was considered as temperature-dependent heat capacity. The governing equations of mass, momentum, and energy conservation were presented as partial differential equations. Then, the governing equations were converted to a non-dimensional form to generalize the solution, and solved by the finite element method. The influence of control parameters such as volume concentration of nanoparticles, fusion temperature of nanoparticles, Stefan number, wall undulations number, and as well as the cylinder size, angular rotation, and thermal conductivities was addressed on the heat transfer in the enclosure. The wall undulation number induces a remarkable change in the Nusselt number. There are optimum fusion temperatures for nanoparticles, which could maximize the heat transfer rate. The increase of the latent heat of nanoparticles (a decline of Stefan number) boosts the heat transfer advantage of employing the phase change particles.

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Mendis, Shanthi, U. Samarajeewa, and R. O. Thattil. "Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with unsaturated fats." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 5 (2001): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001331.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of reducing saturated fat in the diet, or partly replacing it with unsaturated fat, on the serum lipoprotein profile of human subjects. The study had two intervention periods, 8 weeks (phase 1) and 52 weeks (phase 2). In phase 1, total fat was reduced from 31 to 25 % energy (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA):saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.4) by reducing the quantity of coconut fat (CF) in the diet from 17.8 to 9.3 % energy intake. In phase 2, subjects were randomised to groups A and B. In group A total fat was reduced from 25 to 20 % energy (PUFA:SFA ratio increased from 0.4 to 0.7) by reducing the quantity of CF in the diet from 9.3 to 4.7 % total energy intake. In group B, the saturated fat content in the diet was similar to group A. In addition a test fat (a mixture of soyabean oil and sesame oil, PUFA:monosaturated fatty acids ratio 2) contributed 3.3 % total energy intake and total fat contributed 24 % energy intake (PUFA:SFA ratio increased from 0.7 to 1.1). At the end of phase 1, there was a 7.7 % reduction in cholesterol (95 % CI -3.6, -12.2) and 10.8 % reduction in LDL (95 % CI -4.9, -16.5) and no significant change in HDL and triacylglycerol. At the end of phase 2, the reduction in cholesterol in both groups was only about 4 % (95 % CI -12, 3.2) partly due the concomitant rise in HDL. The reduction in LDL at 52 weeks was significantly higher in group B (group A mean reduction 11 %, 95 % CI -20.1, -2.0 and group B mean reduction 16.2 % 95 % CI -23.5, -8.9). In phase 2, triacylglycerol levels showed a mean reduction of 6.5 % in group 2A and a mean increase of 8.2 % in group 2B. The reduction of saturated fat in the diet is associated with a lipoprotein profile that would be expected to reduce cardiovascular risk. The reduction of dietary saturated fat with partial replacement of unsaturated fat brings about changes in total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol that are associated with a lower cardiovascular risk.

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Lu, Shijian, Fei Yang, Juanjuan Zhang, et al. "Experimental Analysis of Reaction Heat of CO2 Absorption of Phase Change Absorber AEP-DPA at Low Partial Pressure." Energies 16, no. 4 (2023): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041867.

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The reaction heat of CO2 absorption by organic amines is directly related to the regenerative heat consumption of absorbers. Therefore, it is necessary to study and determine the heat of absorption reaction and heat of regeneration reaction of CO2 capture solvent before its industrial validation and application. According to the law of thermodynamics, a computer model of the heat of absorption reaction and desorption reaction is established and verified. The heat of reaction of the AEP-DPA phase transition absorption system was studied under different ratios, absorption temperatures, reaction concentrations and reaction pressures. The heat of reaction increases with concentration and decreases with pressure. The reaction heat of the AEP-DPA phase transition absorption system and MEA were compared. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: AEP-DPA ratio 6:4, absorption temperature 40 °C. The reduction rate of absorption heat and regenerative heat of the AEP-DPA phase change absorption system is more than 35% and 31%, respectively.

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Davis, Ronald, Charlotte Sanborn, David Nichols, David M. Bazett-Jones, and Eric L. Dugan. "The Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Bone Mineral Density for a Person With a Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2010): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.1.60.

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Bone mineral density (BMD) loss is a medical concern for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Concerns related to osteoporosis have lead researchers to use various interventions to address BMD loss within this population. Whole body vibration (WBV) has been reported to improve BMD for postmenopausal women and suggested for SCI. The purpose of this case study was to identify the effects of WBV on BMD for an individual with SCI. There were three progressive phases (standing only, partial standing, and combined stand with vibration), each lasting 10 weeks. Using the least significant change calculation, significant positive changes in BMD were reported at the trunk (0.46 g/cm2) and spine (.093 g/cm2) for phase 3 only. Increases in leg lean tissue mass and reduction in total body fat were noted in all three phases.

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Takekiyo, Takahiro, Yusuke Imai, Hiroshi Abe, and Yukihiro Yoshimura. "Conformational Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium-Type Ionic Liquid Cation, N,N-Diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) Ammonium Cation." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2012 (August 23, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/829523.

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Conformational preference of N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium cation ([DEME]+), which is one of the quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquid cation, in the gas phase has been investigated using a density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Eight candidates for the stable conformers of [DEME]+ exist in the gas phase, and can it energetically classify into two groups. One is a five conformers group, which has the intramolecular attractive interaction form (the folded form). The other is a three conformers group, which is the noninteraction form (the extended form). The transformation from the folded form to the extended form induces large changes in the dipole moment and partial charges of N and O atoms. Here we show that the difference in the dipole moment and partial charges of N and O atoms associated with the conformational change of [DEME]+ are closely related to the molecular orientation of [DEME]-based ionic liquids in the liquid state.

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Evangelakis, G. A., I. E. Lagaris, D. G. Papageorgiou, and C. Prouskas. "An enthalpy method for heat conduction in tube containing phase change material." Thermal Science and Engineering 8, no. 1 (2025): 9781. https://doi.org/10.24294/tse9781.

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We present an innovative enthalpy method for determining the thermal properties of phase change materials (PCM). The enthalpy-temperature relation in the “mushy” zone is modelled by means of a fifth order Obreshkov polynomial with continuous first and second order derivatives at the zone boundaries. The partial differential equation (PDE) for the conduction of heat is rewritten so that the enthalpy variable is not explicitly present, rendering the equation nonlinear. The thermal conductivity of the PCM is assumed to be temperature dependent and is modelled by a fifth order Obreshkov polynomial as well. The method has been applied to lauric acid, a standard prototype. The latent heat and the conductivity coefficient, being the model parameters, were retrieved by fitting the measurements obtained through a simple experimental procedure. Therefore, our proposal may be profitably used for the study of materials intended for heat-storage applications.

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Kutynia, Karolina, Anna Przybył, and Piotr Gębara. "The Effect of Substitution of Mn by Pd on the Structure and Thermomagnetic Properties of the Mn1−xPdxCoGe Alloys (Where x = 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1)." Materials 16, no. 15 (2023): 5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155394.

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In the present paper, the influence of partial substitution of Mn by Pd on structure, thermomagnetic properties, and phase transitions in the MnCoGe alloys was investigated. The studies of phase constitution revealed an occurrence of the orthorhombic TiNiSi-type and hexagonal Ni2Ti- type phases. Deep analysis of the XRD pattern supported by the Rietveld analysis allowed us to notice the changes in lattice parameters and quantity of recognized phases depending on the Pd content. An increase of palladium in alloy composition at the expense of manganese induced a rise in the Curie temperature. The values of ΔSM measured for the variation of external magnetic field ~5 T equaled 8.88, 23.99, 15.63, and 11.09 for Mn0.97Pd0.03CoGe, Mn0.95Pd0.05CoGe, Mn0.93Pd0.07CoGe, and Mn0.9Pd0.1CoGe alloy, respectively. The highest magnetic entropy change ΔSM was observed for samples with Pd content x = 0.05 induced by magnetostructural transformation. The analysis of the n vs. T curves allowed confirmation of the XRD and DSC results of an occurrence of the first-order magnetostructural transition in Mn0.95Pd0.05CoGe and Mn0.93Pd0.07CoGe alloys samples.

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Go, Shao Xiang, Tae Hoon Lee, Stephen R. Elliott, Natasa Bajalovic, and Desmond K. Loke. "A fast, low-energy multi-state phase-change artificial synapse based on uniform partial-state transitions." APL Materials 9, no. 9 (2021): 091103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0056656.

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Nakamura, Atsushi, Mamoru Shoji, Harumitsu Miyashita, Naoyasu Miyagawa, Noboru Yamada, and Takashi Ishida. "High-Density Recording on a Dual-Layer Phase Change Disk Using Partial Response Maximum Likelihood Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 42, Part 1, No. 2B (2003): 1072–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.42.1072.

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Liu, Libin, and Zhanpeng Jin. "An investigation of the invariant reactions in the BiPbSrCaCuO system." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 9 (1996): 2142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0273.

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The phases present around the (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (2223) phase between 830–880 °C have been studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) methods. The decomposition and melting temperatures of the 2223 phase in these samples have been measured by the differential thermal analysis (DTA) method. Partial substitution of Bi with Pb (Pb: Bi = 3: 22) does not change the 850 °C phase relations around 2223 phase. 2223 decomposes to liquid, Sr7Ca7Cu24O41 (7724), and Ca2CuO3 at 875 °C. The invariant reactions (degree of freedom is zero) among 2223, 7724, Ca2CuO3, CuO, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (2212), and liquid were proposed to be L + 7724 + Ca2CuO3 → 2223 + 2212, L + 7724 + Ca2CuO3 → 2223 + CuO, L + 7724 → 2223 + 2212 + CuO. The reaction temperatures were estimated to be 860 °C, 860 °C, and 854 °C, respectively. An invariant reaction scheme and a tentative liquidus projection were sketched out.

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