Academic literature on the topic 'Partial power converters'

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Journal articles on the topic "Partial power converters"

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Ejaz, Babar, Ramon Zamora, Carlos Reusser, and Xin Lin. "A Comprehensive Review of Partial Power Converter Topologies and Control Methods for Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Applications." Electronics 14, no. 10 (2025): 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101928.

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This paper provides a comprehensive review of Partial Power Converter (PPC) topologies and control methods for fast electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. Partial Power Converters are gaining traction to enhance converter efficiency, reduce power losses, and minimize component sizes by processing only a portion of the total power. This review covers key PPC topologies, including different partial power converters, and highlights their advantages and limitations in the context of EV charging. Various control methods that optimize the performance of these converters are also discussed. The paper presents a comparative analysis between partial power and full power converters. Finally, this review synthesizes the main findings and proposes guidelines for selecting appropriate PPC architectures for future fast EV charging stations.
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Rajaei, Amirhossein, Mahdi Shahparasti, Ali Nabinejad, and Mehdi Savaghebi. "A High Step-Up Partial Power Processing DC/DC T-Source Converter for UPS Application." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410464.

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In this paper, a new modified structure of a DC/DC T-source converter is proposed. Since the proposed converter provides high voltage gain, it is suitable for photovoltaic integration into uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. The proposed structure employs partial power processing technique to increase the output voltage as well as efficiency without requiring new hardware. Partial power converters (PPCs) process only a fraction of flowing power while the remaining power directly flows through output. This generally causes an improvement in efficiency and output voltage. A total of two structures are presented: conventional partial power T-source converters and improved partial power T-source converters. The key advantage of the improved partial power converter is a higher voltage gain. Furthermore, it reduces the voltage and the current stresses on switches and diodes. The steady-state operation principles are described for both converters and the governed rules and equations are derived. The PPCs and full power converter are compared in terms of efficiency, voltage gain, voltage stress, and current stress of converter elements. The converter performance is evaluated through experimental and simulation studies. The presented results show good consistency with the theoretical analysis.
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Guo, Ke, Qiang Liu, Xinze Xi, Mingxuan Mao, Yihao Wan, and Hao Wu. "Coordinated Control Strategy of a Combined Converter in a Photovoltaic DC Boost Collection System under Partial Shading Conditions." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020474.

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Series–parallel module technology can meet a DC converter’s requirements of high-power, large-capacity, and high step-up ratio in photovoltaic a DC boost collection system. However, the cascaded structure has the problem of voltage and current sharing between modules, and due to the duty cycle limitation of converters, the combined converters in the PV-converter unit have an unbalanced voltage, which may also exceed the voltage range under partial shading conditions (PSCs). First, aiming at the problems of voltage sharing, current sharing, and low modularity in the combined converter, this paper proposes a distributed control strategy. Then, by adopting a coordinated control strategy based on the sub-module cutting in and out, the problem that the combined converter cannot normally boost under PSCs was solved. The paper not only takes the advantages of the cascade structure of the combined converter to increase the power and voltage, but also improves its modularity to solve the problem of abnormal operation under uneven irradiation. This dramatically improves the adaptability of combined converters in a photovoltaic DC collection system. Finally, a small power experiment was carried out, where the experimental results verified the effectiveness of the control strategy.
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Anzola, Jon, Iosu Aizpuru, and Asier Arruti. "Partial Power Processing Based Converter for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations." Electronics 10, no. 3 (2021): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030260.

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This paper focuses on the design of a charging unit for an electric vehicle fast charging station. With this purpose, in first place, different solutions that exist for fast charging stations are described through a brief introduction. Then, partial power processing architectures are introduced and proposed as attractive strategies to improve the performance of this type of applications. Furthermore, through a series of simulations, it is observed that partial power processing based converters obtain reduced processed power ratio and efficiency results compared to conventional full power converters. So, with the aim of verifying the conclusions obtained through the simulations, two downscaled prototypes are assembled and tested. Finally, it is concluded that, in case galvanic isolation is not required for the charging unit converter, partial power converters are smaller and more efficient alternatives than conventional full power converters.
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García Morales, Jarniel, Lázaro de los Reyes-Suárez, Arturo Mares-Gardea, Manuel Adam-Medina, Marisol Cervantes-Bobadilla, and Gerardo Guerrero-Ramírez. "Analysis of a Multiport DC/DC Converter Used for Energy Extraction from a Photovoltaic system." Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático 6, no. 1 (2023): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.58571/cnca.amca.2023.070.

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In this paper, a simulation analysis of a multiport DC/DC converter with Boost topology has been carried out. The converter topology consists of two inputs and one output. This analysis aims to obtain the first version to cope with partial shading in a PV system using a multiport converter. The analysis shows the multiport converter's functionality to track the maximum power point of the two PV panels using the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm in normal irradiance conditions and partial shading situations. A switching time of the switches was established to perform individual power extraction from each panel connected to each port individually. These findings will contribute to the feasibility of the proposed methodology for efficient energy extraction using multiport converters as another alternative to cope with partial shading.
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Gsous, Omar, Reem Rizk, Arsenio Barbón, and Ramy Georgious. "Review of DC-DC Partial Power Converter Configurations and Topologies." Energies 17, no. 6 (2024): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17061496.

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The Partial Power Processing (PPP) concept has garnered attention as it enables the down-sizing of converter and component ratings. Unlike conventional power processing, PPP addresses a portion of the transferred power, leading to a reduction in conversion losses. Throughout this paper, the state of the art of isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converter topologies will be revised. Partial Power Converter (PPC) systems represent one of the main streams of PPP, which, based on isolation requirements and converter connections, can further be divided into isolated converters, such as: Input-Parallel-Output-Series (IPOS), Input-Series-Output-Parallel (ISOP), and, Input-Series-Output-Series (ISOS), or non-isolated converters. This work intends to evaluate and differentiate the characteristics of each type of topology while developing analytically possible connections that may require further research and reviewing metrics that help in fair comparisons of different PPC arrangements, operating under different conditions. A thorough revision is provided for DC-DC converter topologies due to their increased importance in present-day applications, such as energy storage, Electric Vehicles (EVs), and Photo-Voltaics (PVs).
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Galkin, Ilya A., Rodions Saltanovs, Alexander Bubovich, Andrei Blinov, and Dimosthenis Peftitsis. "Considerations on Combining Unfolding Inverters with Partial Power Regulators in Battery–Grid Interface Converters." Energies 17, no. 4 (2024): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040893.

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The application of electrochemical cells as a source unit of electrical energy is rapidly growing—used in electric vehicles and other electric mobility devices, as well as in energy supply systems—as energy storage, often together with renewable energy sources. The key element of such systems is the power electronic converter used for DC energy storage and AC grid interfacing. It should be bidirectional to charge and discharge the battery when it is necessary. Two-stage battery interface converters are the most common; their DC-DC stage controls the battery current and adjusts voltage, but the DC-AC stage (inverter or frontend) controls the current in the grid. The use of unfolding inverters in two-stage battery interfaces can have some advantages. In this case, the DC-DC converter produces half-sinewave pulsating voltages and currents, but the unfolding circuit changes the polarity of the voltages and currents and produces no switching losses. Another trend of modern power electronics is the principle of partial power processing. In this case, power electronic converters deal only with a part of the total power; therefore, losses in such converters are reduced. This paper considers combining unfolding frontends with partial power DC-DC converters that enable the further reduction in losses. In this paper, it is shown that such implementation of the partial power conversion principle in semi-DC-AC systems is really possible based on the real-time matching of the voltage of the partial-power DC-DC converter, battery voltage (which depends on its state of charge) and the rectified instantaneous voltage of the AC grid.
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Kabalci, Ersan, and Aydin Boyar. "Highly Efficient Interleaved Solar Converter Controlled with Extended Kalman Filter MPPT." Energies 15, no. 21 (2022): 7838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217838.

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DC-DC power converters play an important role in the performance and control methods of solar power systems. Solar power converters are prone to high power losses due to intermittent irradiation and shading effects on solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. The device topology and control algorithm of a solar power converter are key factors to increase the total amount of harvested energy. In this paper, a solar power converter is proposed with a two−phase interleaved boost converter (IBC) topology and a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method. The proposed MPPT controller is based on extended Kalman filtering (EKF) and it improves the tracking efficiency in both steady irradiation and partial shading conditions. The algorithm is improved with the prediction and estimation capabilities of the EKF algorithm. The proposed EKF MPPT is validated with simulations and experimentally validated by using the implemented two−phase IBC that is comprised of SiC MOSFETs. The proposed converter provides over 99% power conversion efficiency at 3 kW and over 96% MPPT tracking efficiency under partial shading conditions. The experimental studies verify that the proposed MPPT controller and two−phase IBC increase the overall efficiency both in steady-state and partial shading operations of a solar power converter.
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Kowsalya, M., and K. Balsubramanyam. "Design of Converters for PV System Under Partial Shading Conditions." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 6, no. 2 (2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v6.i2.pp77-88.

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This paper presents a maximum power generation with the interconnection of photovoltaic modules under partially shaded and/or mismatching conditions. The partial shading condition reduces power level of each module. The reduction in power due to the partial shading will be compensated by the bidirectional converter. The proposed system consisting of two and three PV modules connected in series under partial shading conditions which are capable of increasing the power levels up to 50% compared to conventional by-pass diode structure. In general ‘n’ number of modules connected in series so that the maximum power gain will be expected to (100/n) %. This is achieved by developing the new control strategy in which the correct adjustment of converter duty ratio under partially shading conditions. The novel control scheme is developed by using analysis of the power converters. The proposed scheme was verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
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Uno, Masatoshi, Toru Nakane, and Toshiki Shinohara. "LLC Resonant Voltage Multiplier-Based Differential Power Processing Converter Using Voltage Divider with Reduced Voltage Stress for Series-Connected Photovoltaic Panels under Partial Shading." Electronics 8, no. 10 (2019): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101193.

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Partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) strings consisting of multiple panels connected in series is known to trigger severe issues, such as reduced energy yield and the occurrence of multiple power point maxima. Various kinds of differential power processing (DPP) converters have been proposed and developed to prevent partial shading issues. Voltage stresses of switches and capacitors in conventional DPP converters, however, are prone to soar with the number of panels connected in series, likely resulting in impaired converter performance and increased circuit volume. This paper proposes a DPP converter using an LLC resonant voltage multiplier (VM) with a voltage divider (VD) to reduce voltage stresses of switches and capacitors. The VD can be arbitrarily extended by adding switches and capacitors, and the voltage stresses can be further reduced by extending the VD. Experimental verification tests for four PV panels connected in series were performed emulating partial shading conditions in a laboratory and outdoor. The results demonstrated the proposed DPP converter successfully precluded the negative impacts of partial shading with mitigating the voltage stress issues.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Partial power converters"

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Liu, Ying. "Advanced control of photovoltaic converters." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7660.

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It is essential to always track maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) sources. Failure to track the global maximum power point under partial shading conditions is one of the major reasons that lead to significant power losses. Several maximum power point tracking methods have been proposed to deal with this problem. However, none of them were able to effectively identify the occurrence of partial shading. With the facility of Matlab modelling and simulation as well as the aid of a constructed solar emulator, the power-voltage characteristics of a PV panel under uniform and non-uniform irradiance conditions have been studied and some useful conclusions have been identified from observation. Based on these conclusions, a novel maximum power point tracking algorithm has been proposed, which is capable of identifying the occurrence of partial shading hence determining the need for a global scan over the operation range of PV panels for the true maximum power point. In the meantime, the effect of PV dynamics, due to the capacitance of PV cells, on maximum power point trackers has been investigated and some initial results and suggestions have been presented in this work.
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Abdalla, Imadeddin Abdalla. "Integrated PV and multilevel converter system for maximum power generation under partial shading conditions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4603/.

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The emerging trend towards the harnessing of the electrical power from solar energy has increased the research effort in power electronics applications. To achieve the required voltage level, a number of photovoltaic PV sources (cells/modules) are connected in series. The major challenge here is to deal with the partial shading problem, where the series connected PV sources are exposed to different insolation. The generated current is limited by the current of the shaded PV sources unless those sources are bypassed by diodes, in which case the total DC voltage is reduced and the shaded sources do not contribute to the generated output power. A power electronics approach can be employed to overcome the problem, by enabling both shaded and non-shaded sources to generate their maximum power, thereby and delivering the total generated power to the load. Thus no shaded PV source is bypassed or degrades the power extraction from the other PV sources. This thesis investigates the PV partial shading problem of individual PV sources which are connected in series. After the review and evaluation of existing methods to overcome this problem, the thesis employs for the first time the multilevel DC-Link inverter to deal with the problem of partial shading by using a novel control algorithm called PV permutation algorithm. The thesis also develops a simplified generalized Integration PWM (IPWM) algorithm which can be used to control higher level inverters. An improved maximum power point algorithm “voltage-hold perturbation and observation (VH-P&O)”, which overcomes the major tracking limitations, is developed from the basic P&O algorithm. Experimental systems of five and seven level DC-link inverters with a DC-DC buck converter system have been implemented. The digital processing unit eZdspTM F28335 is used to control the PV systems in real time, and Matlab-Simulink Real Time Data Exchange (RTDX) is employed to display the extracted power and to control the system parameters via a designed Graphical User Interface (GUI) window. The simulation and experimental results showed that the series connected PV sources operate at their maximum power points under partial shading conditions without affecting each other.
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Yan, Ning. "High-frequency Current-transformer Based Auxiliary Power Supply for SiC-based Medium Voltage Converter Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101507.

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Auxiliary power supply (APS) plays a key role in ensuring the safe operation of the main circuit elements including gate drivers, sensors, controllers, etc. in medium voltage (MV) silicon carbide (SiC)-based converter systems. Such a converter requires APS to have high insulation capability, low common-mode coupling capacitance (Ccm ), and high-power density. Furthermore, considering the lifetime and simplicity of the auxiliary power supply system design in the MV converter, partial discharge (PD) free and multi-load driving ability are the additional two factors that need to be addressed in the design. However, today’s state-of-the-art products have either low power rating or bulky designs, which does not satisfy the demands. To improve the current designs, this thesis presents a 1 MHz isolated APS design using gallium nitride (GaN) devices with MV insulation reinforcement. By adopting LCCL-LC resonant topology, the proposed APS is able to supply multiple loads simultaneously and realize zero voltage switching (ZVS) at any load conditions. Since high reliability under faulty load conditions is also an important feature for APS in MV converter, the secondary side circuit of APS is designed as a regulated stage. To achieve MV insulation (> 20 kV) as well as low Ccm value (< 5 pF), a current-based transformer with a single turn structure using MV insulation wire is designed. Furthermore, by introducing different insulated materials and shielding structures, the APS is capable to achieve different partial discharge inception voltages (PDIV). In this thesis, the transformer design, resonant converter design, and insulation strategies will be detailly explained and verified by experiment results. Overall, this proposed APS is capable to supply multiple loads simultaneously with a maximum power of 120 W for the sending side and 20 W for each receiving side in a compact form factor. ZVS can be realized regardless of load conditions. Based on different insulation materials, two different receiving sides were built. Both of them can achieve a breakdown voltage of over 20 kV. The air-insulated solution can achieve a PDIV of 6 kV with Ccm of 1.2 pF. The silicone-insulated solution can achieve a PDIV of 17 kV with Ccm of 3.9 pF.<br>M.S.<br>Recently, 10 kV silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET receives strong attention for medium voltage applications. Asit can switch at very high speed, e.g. > 50 V/ns, the converter system can operate at higher switching frequency condition with very small switching losses compared to silicon (Si) IGBT [8]. However, the fast dv/dt noise also creates the common mode current via coupling capacitors distributed inside the converter system, thereby introducing lots of electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. Such issues typically occur within the gate driver power supplies due to the high dv/dt noises across the input and output of the supply. Therefore, the ultra-small coupling capacitor (<5 pF) of a gate driver power supply is strongly desired.[37] To satisfy the APS demands for high power modular converter system, a solution is proposed in this thesis. This work investigates the design of 1 MHz isolated APS using gallium nitride (GaN) devices with medium voltage insulation reinforcement. By increasing switching frequency, the overall converter size could be reduced dramatically. To achieve a low Ccm value and medium voltage insulation of the system, a current-based transformer with a single turn on the sending side is designed. By adopting LCCL-LC resonant topology, a current source is formed as the output of sending side circuity, so it can drive multiple loads importantly with a maximum of 120 W. At the same time, ZVS can use realized with different load conditions. The receiving side is a regulated stage, so the output voltage can be easily adjusted and it can operate in a load fault condition. Different insulation solutions will be introduced and their effect on Ccm will be discussed. To further reduce Ccm, shielding will be introduced. Overall, this proposed APS can achieve a breakdown voltage of over 20 kV and PDIV up to 16.6 kV with Ccm<5 pF. Besides, multi-load driving ability is able to achieve with a maximum of 120 W. ZVS can be realized. In the end, the experiment results will be provided.
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Theron, Philippus Coenraad. "The partial series resonant converter." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10242.

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D.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering)<br>increased dramatically during the past few years. This progress can mainly be attributed to recent developments in power electronic switching devices. Switching times are reduced, resulting in lower switching power loss, on-state voltage is reduced leading to lower conduction power losses, and higher voltage and current capabilities are possible. These advances are mainly responsible for a reduction in physical size of the converters, especially of the reactive components; an increase in dynamic response; and also, to a lesser extent, have an influence on the converter behaviour. Different applications of DC-DC converters require different characteristic behaviour, and the trend to obtain these different characteristics is usually accomplished by adding additional components to existing DC-DC converters. The disadvantage of such an approach is that it adds to the complexity of the converter topology and controller, and consequently increases the manufacturing cost, and reduces reliability. In this thesis, the objective is to identify a galvanic isolated DC-DC converter having inherent short circuit protection, sinusoidal transformer current, a low number of components and a simple controller. Hard switched DC-DC converters are approached from a fundamental point of view, weighing simplicity against characteristics, and a systematical classification is addressed. In order to address the issue of sinusoidal transformer current and inherent short circuit protection, a systematic classification of simple resonant converters is also addressed. The partial series resonant converter, which is a new converter topology, is identified and analysed. It does not follow the trend of increased converter and controller complexity with different characteristics, and meets all the objectives mentioned above. In addition to these objectives, it has the following characteristics: Output current can be controlled without any current measurement, while obtaining inherent short circuit protection. Switching losses are ultra low due to zero voltage switching at reduced turn-off current, enabling the use of insulated gate bipolar transistors at switching frequencies in excess of 50 kHz, which, among others, benefits dynamic response. The output load line resembles a natural constant output power load line at constant switchingfrequency. The combination of these characteristics is shown to provide major advances in low inductance load applications, such as arc welding and battery charging. Furthermore, all the magnetic components are integrated into one physical structure, which benefits, among others, manufacturability and cooling. The analysis and feasibility of the partial series resonant converter is verified by the construction of multi kilowatt prototypes for both battery charging and arc welding.
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Lai, Zih Shan, and 賴資憲. "Design of Micro Converters to Power Loss Minimization for a Series PV Array Subject to Partial Shading." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jgrp4s.

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Baccigalupi, Carlo, Renato Zinno, Pasquale Arpaia, and Michele Martino. "High-repeatable data acquisition systems for pulsed power converts in particle accelerator structures." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10955/1530.

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Dottorato Scienza e Tecnica “Bernardino Telesio”, Ciclio XXVIII, a.a. 2015-2016<br>In this Ph.D. thesis, the issues related to the metrological characterization of high-performance pulsed power converters are addressed. Initially, a background and a state of the art on the measurement systems needed to correctly operate a high-performance power converter are presented. As a matter of fact, power converters usually exploits digital control loops to enhance their performance. In this context the final performance of a power converter has to be validated by a reference instrument with higher metrological characteristics. In addition, an on-line measurement systemis also needed to digitize the quantity to be controlled with high accuracy. Then, in industrial applications of power converters metrology, specifications are given in terms of Worst-Case Uncertainty (WCU). Therefore, an analytical model for predicting the Worst-Case Uncertainty (WCU) of a measurement system is discussed and detailed for an instrument affected by Gaussian noise. Furthermore, the study and the design of a Reference Acquisition System for characterizing the high-power pulses of the klystronmodulators of the Compact LInear Collider (CLIC), a new linear accelerator under study at CERN, is presented. Finally, the design of an On-line Acquisition Systemfor controlling the CLIC power converter, is presented. The Thesis continues with the numerical results obtained in simulation for the three main topics (Worst-Case Uncertainty, Reference Acquisition System, On-line Acquisition System) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposals. Finally, the experimental results of a case study in the framework of the above-mentioned CLIC accelerator are reported and compared with the simulations in order to obtain the final validation of the proposals. In particular, CLIC main requirements for the measurement systems mostly concern their level of repeatability which was proven to be only affected by the instrumental noise under certain assumptions. Thus, the two systems were designed to be ultra-low noise solutions and, in turn, they are demonstrated to be repeatable in the order of few tens of parts per million (ppm).<br>Università della Calabria
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HSU, SHENG-YU, and 許盛宇. "A Maximun Power Point Tracking Control and Power Converter System for High Concentration Photovoltaic System under Partial Shading Condition." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5jkx28.

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碩士<br>國立金門大學<br>電子工程學系碩士班<br>105<br>The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of partial shading condition (PSC) on a high concentration photovoltaic system (HCPV) and propose a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm suitable for it. The maximum power point (MPP) of an HCPV system varies rapidly under changing environmental conditions. Therefore a MPPT algorithm with rapid response is needed. However, conventional rapid MPPT algorithms with rapid response usually couldn’t accurately track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of a solar system under PSC due to multi-peaks in the power-voltage (P-V) curve. In this study, we analyze the fundamental circuit model and its related equations of a multi-junction solar cell. Based on the model, we propose a novel MPPT algorithm which integrates “shading ratio”, “GMPP segment” and “turning point” estimating methods for HCPV system under PSC. The proposed algorithm is further simulated using Matlab/Simulink software and implemented by an evaluation system. The evaluation experiments are conducted with two groups of solar cells connected in series. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm benefits from fast response and high tracking accuracy. This thesis is organized as follows. Chapter one introduces HCPV systems and their inherent characteristic that the output power is easily influenced by environmental conditions. The PSC influence on solar systems and related literatures are further discussed and reviewed. Chapter two describes and analyze the equivalent circuit model of a multi-junction solar cell and its equations. Based on the model, a novel MPPT algorithm for HCPV systems under PSC is proposed. In Chapter three, the HCPV module is modeled and simulated by Matlab/Simulink. The output of the module is connected to a DC/DC converter and controlled by an MPPT controller. Therefore the proposed algorithm could be simulated and compared with other conventional MPPT algorithms. Chapter four describes the evaluation system and the outdoor experimental system for the proposed algorithm. The evaluation system uses a solar I-V curve simulator to simulate the output of an HCPV module, while the outdoor experimental system uses a real module under the real environmental conditions to evaluate the proposed algorithm’s tracking accuracy and speed. Chapter five presents experimental results and the efficiency comparison between the proposed algorithm and two conventional algorithms. Finally, Chapter six concludes this study and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed algorithm with suggestions for future studies.
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Chang, Yu-Chi, and 張宇騏. "Power Dispatch for a DC/DC Converter by On-line Particle Swarm Algorithm." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3wrfp5.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電機工程系<br>105<br>The subject of this thesis is to design and implement an input-parallel and output-series-parallel DC/DC converter for wide voltage range application such as photovoltaic (PV) generation system. The proposed circuit consists of three phase-shift H-bridge converters with different power ratings and a series-parallel-switching circuit. The input ports of three H-bridges are parallel directly while the output ports can be parallel and/or series through a switching mechanism which provide nine different configurations of the output ports determined by the value of input voltage and the power provided by solar power panel. When the input voltage of the three H-bridge converters are low, connecting the output sides of the converters in series to obtain high voltage gain. And when the power of solar power panel rises, the converters connect in parallel to share the power. In this thesis, to achieve the maximum power point tracking from the input source by using the perturbation and observation method. Moreover, this thesis investigates the strategy of power dispatch when parallel configuration operating. By utilizing on-line particle swarm algorithm, the system dispatches the input power to maximize the system efficiency when in parallel mode. Finally, this paper established a 5kW prototype and using the digital signal processor (DSP TMS320F28069) as the controller. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed converter.
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Lin, Sian-Cyuan, and 林憲詮. "Power Dispatch for an Input-Parallel and Output-Series-Parallel DC/DC Converter by Particle Swarm Algorithm." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27799771565169359274.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電機工程系<br>103<br>The subject of this thesis is to design and implement a dc/dc converter scheme for wind turbine generation system. The proposed structure consists of three phase-shift H-bridge converters and series parallel switching circuit.The input ports of the three H-bridges are paralleled directly while the output ports can be parallel and/or series through a switching mechanism which provides nine different configurations of the output ports.When the input voltage and the power provided by the wind turbine has been changed, this flexible system configuration enables the converter at low cut-voltage series for high voltage gain. When the wind turbine power rises, the converter connected in parallel to share the load current.Based on the above concepts developed two control strategies.One is based on the each converter specifications as the switching condition.When the input conditions change, using the appropriate converter output, is the load deployment strategy.Another is based on the each converter efficiency as a switching condition.When the input conditions are fulfilled, all the converter output in parallel, with optimized power allocation to make the system operate at maximum efficiency point, is the efficiency allocation strategy. The efficiencies of the individual H-bridge are measured and particle swarm method is applied to determine the optimum power dispatch. Also by the perturbation and observation method of load disturbance MPPT strategic partnership to make the proposed converter can be obtained over the entire operating range of the system more efficient.Finally, this thesis established a 5kW prototype with using the digital signal processor (DSP TMS320F28069) as the digital controller.Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed converter.
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Liou, Bang-Ci, and 劉邦祺. "Many-objective Adaptive Fuzzy and Sliding Mode Control for a Class of Switching Power Converters Using Particle Swarm and Bat Optimization." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107NCHU5441074%22.&searchmode=basic.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>電機工程學系所<br>107<br>A type of complex switching power converter (phase-shifted pulse width modulation full bridge power converter, PSPWM) has become a widely used circuit model. Based on the reference constant output voltage that this power converter needs to adjust, and its input and output voltages are often affected by unstable power supply disturbances and varying load currents, the adaptive fuzzy with sliding mode control is used to improve the stability of its output and improve the system robust. For high-precision instruments, in addition to adjusting to a reference output voltage, other performance indicators need to be considered. This paper presents four performance indicators commonly used in practical applications. For the parameters design of the adaptive fuzzy with sliding mode control, there is usually no certain criterion. We take the four performance indicators into the objective functions considered, and use particle swarm optimization and bat algorithm to optimize the parameters. Different users need to consider a number of different performance indicators. Therefore, the choice of controller parameters often belongs to the many-objective optimization problem. Unlike single-objective optimization, multiple competing objective optimization results generate a set of feasible solutions, called the Pareto optimal solution set. In the absence of preference solution, none of the corresponding trade-offs can be said to better than others. What is more, these kinds of the problem always have large and complex dimensions. Thus, using particle swarm and bat optimization to find the control parameters becomes imminent and realistic.
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Books on the topic "Partial power converters"

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Cern, Accelerator School (1990 Montreux Switzerland). CAS, CERN Accelerators School: Power converters for particle accelerators : Hyatt Conference Centre, Montreux, Switzerland 26-30 March 1990 : proceedings. CERN, 1990.

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Tuñón Navarro, Jorge, and Régis Dandoy. El papel de las regiones en la actual Unión Europea. Fundación Centro de Estudios Andaluces, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.54790/actualidad.0050.

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En este trabajo se analizan tanto la situación actual como el rol que pueden llegar a jugar las regiones en la UE, teniendo en cuenta que desde hace ya casi dos décadas las regiones europeas han venido demandando un mayor poder de decisión, dentro de un sistema “entonces y todavía ahora estatocéntrico”. En este recorrido por convertirse en verdaderos “actores” de la acción política en la arena europea, los investigadores tienen en cuenta una doble perspectiva: por una parte, focalizan su atención en los sucesivos avances concedidos a las regiones en los diferentes tratados; y por otra, evalúan los progresos e incluso la conveniencia de mayores avances a partir de la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa.
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Mansutti, Alexander. Una Historia de las Criaturas de Wajari. Pueblos Indígenas y Colonización del Orinoco Medio. Ediciones Dabánatá, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53766/ba/uhcw.2020.

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Una historia de las criaturas de Wajari" recrea los procesos de movilidad de los pueblos indígenas del Orinoco Medio ocurridos a partir del momento en el que se empiezan a sentir los efectos sobre el poblamiento de la presencia europea en el continente y cómo estos procesos van cambiando a medida que la presencia europeizante se va consolidando. Para ello, nos centramos en caracterizar como los impactos de las enfermedades, la violencia y el despoblamiento fueron transformando las condiciones sociales de producción y reproducción de los pueblos allí presentes y que determinaron la desaparición de unos y el protagonismo emergente de otros, confirmando así aquella conclusión según la cual, los factores del despoblamiento terminaron haciendo fuertes a los débiles, y débiles a los fuertes. A partir de tres conceptos: Modelo de asentamiento, patrón de asentamiento y sistema de interdependencia regional pudimos evidenciar un proceso de transformaciones societales regulado por los juegos de poder que se van presentando y que van, a determinar en una sucesión continua, una reconfiguración de un sistema en el que la hegemonía aborigen obligaba a los europeos, allí donde no tenían control territorial, a aceptar las reglas de juego de los indígenas, para convertirse en un sistema en el que son los indígenas los que deben ajustarse a las reglas impuestas por los colonizadores. Lo que describimos, en tres fases con atributos sólidos y dos fases de transición, es cómo el sistema de interdependencia regional dominado por las sociedades indígenas es desmantelado bruscamente con la desaparición de las sociedades con mayor peso demográfico, de manera que las sociedades sobrevivientes, por lo general expandiéndose desde los espacios más inhóspitos, terminan controlando territorios que habían quedado vacíos, al costo de hacerse dependientes del sistema occidental que se impone. Esta investigación fue financiada por el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICIT, La Fundación para la Ciencia y la Tecnología de la Región Guayana-Fundacite Guayana- y por el Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de Guayana, CIAG-UNEG
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Book chapters on the topic "Partial power converters"

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Erazo Ordoñez, Christian, Daniel Muñoz Guzman, and Cristian Ocampo Blandon. "Partial Contraction Analysis for a DC Microgrid with Modular DC-DC Buck Power Converters." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61834-6_38.

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Bordry, F., J. P. Burnet, and M. Cerqueira Bastos. "8.4 High Precision Power Converters for Particle Accelerators." In Accelerators and Colliders. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23053-0_28.

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Premchand, M., and Swati Devabhaktuni. "PV Partial Shading for Interleaved Quadratic High-Gain DC–DC Converter." In Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9439-7_17.

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Simonte, Gianluca, Roberto Di Rienzo, Niccolò Nicodemo, et al. "Novel Battery Parallelization Approach Using DC/DC Partial Power Converter in Micro-Grids." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48121-5_49.

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Choudhury, Abhijeet, Swagat Pati, Renu Sharma, Sanjeeb Kumar Kar, and Bruti Kumar Behera. "Performance Analysis of a Nine Switch Converter During Partial Disconnection in an Isolated Multi-Source Generation System." In Smart Technologies for Power and Green Energy. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2764-5_36.

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Simonte, Gianluca, Roberto Di Rienzo, Federico Baronti, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Development of a Partial Power DC/DC Converter Based on Buck-Boost Topology for Battery Parallelization Systems." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84100-2_22.

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Bashir, Muhammad, Munawwar Ali Abbas, Bo Sun, Li Chen, and Saima Muhammad. "Numerical Study of Heat Transfer Effects on Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Flow Between Two Parallel Plates in the Presence of Darcy Brinkman Forchheimer." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_89.

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AbstractDue to its vast industrial applications and biological context, the investigation of the inconsistent heat and mass transfer that drives the flow of squeezing viscous nanofluids between two plates is a fascinating topic. In this study, we investigated the heat transfer analysis of unsteady viscous nanofluid between two parallel plates. The partial differential equations illustrating the flow model are converted to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by suggesting similarity transformations. The resulting dimensionless and nonlinear ODEs of temperature functions and velocity are solved using the well know numerical technique shooting method by transforming the problem into initial value problem from boundary value problem. The results found are consistent with this numerical solution. Graphically explore the impacts of different parameters on temperature profiles and velocity. The results are compared with the results solved by HPM. The results concurred with this numerical solution. These findings are considered much be useful in the application of polymer processing, power transmission, compression, temporary loading of mechanical parts, food processing, cooling water, gravity machinery, modeling of plastic transport in vivo, chemical processing instruments, and demolition due to freezing.
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Hassanpour, Naser, Andrii Chub, Andrei Blinov, and Samir Kouro. "Partial power processing and its emerging applications." In Power Electronics for Next-Generation Drives and Energy Systems. Volume 1: Converters and control for drives. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbpo207f_ch7.

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Zhou, Yingjian, and Wei Chen. "Analysis and Optimization of Low-Voltage and High-Current Matrix Current-Doubler Rectifiers Integrated Magnetic Components." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde221039.

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All parties favour the half-bridge current-doubling rectifier circuit due to its advantages: small output current pulsation, low switching voltage stress, and high anti-unbalance ability. Further integration of the secondary inductor and the transformer further reduces the size of the converter and dramatically improves the power density. This paper carefully analyzes the existing magnetic integration schemes. Combined with the characteristics of low-voltage and high-current DC converters, the secondary winding in this paper adopts the form of one turn to further reduce the loss so as to adapt to the secondary output of high current. The way the integrated magnetics are matrixed. The secondary side has a higher DC flux offset, and the magnetic core material adopts a magnetic powder core with high saturation magnetic density, which is equivalent to a distributed air gap, which significantly reduces the additional winding loss caused by the air gap diffusion magnetic flux cutting the winding. The winding loss, termination loss, core loss, and distribution parameters of single and matrix integrated magnetic components were compared and analyzed. Focus on optimization analysis. At the same time, it focuses on the influence of matrix on the DC bias and DC loss of the current-doubling rectifier core. At the same time, the leakage inductance and winding loss of the integrated magnetic components are comprehensively considered, and a compromise design is carried out further to improve the power density of the integrated magnetic components.
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Sekhar, B., M. Srikanth, Varahala Dora Petla, and Kambala Vijaya Prasad. "GRID INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL." In Futuristic Trends in Renewable & Sustainable Energy Volume 3 Book 4. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bars4p3ch3.

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This paper focuses on effective integration of solar photovoltaic system to the distribution grid. In this regard an artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is employed for the PV system. A DC –DC boost converter along with the single phase bridge inverter is developed for the PV system to grid integration. The training of ANN is performed using the historical data related to solar insolation. The analysis is concentrated on assessing voltage and current at the grid as well as at the load side subjected to variations in PV partial shading conditions. In this regard, the voltage current and power variations at the source, grid, and load side are analysed. Simulation analysis showcased that, under the PV partial shading conditions also the proposed ANN methodology able to locate the maximum power point (MPP) while integration to the grid
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Conference papers on the topic "Partial power converters"

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Guerrero, José M., Jon Anzola, Carlos A. Platero, and Iosu Aizpuru. "Ground Fault Detection Method for Electric Systems with Partial Power Converters." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2024 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope61470.2024.10751605.

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Escobar, Eduardo Bascur, Christian A. Rojas, and Matias Veillon. "Comparison of LLC-DAB DC-DC Converters with Partial Power Capability for EV Powertrains." In 2025 Argentine Conference on Electronics (CAE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/cae64243.2025.10962127.

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Zong, Lin, and Jinming Xu. "Small-Disturbance Stability Improvement of Weak Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plant Based on Grid-Forming Controlled Converters Partial Substitution." In 2024 IEEE PES 16th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/appeec61255.2024.10922319.

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Pesantez, Daniel, Oswaldo Menendez, H. Renaudineau, S. Kouro, S. Rivera, and Jose Rodriguez. "Intelligent Control for Type I Partial Power Converters in EV Charging Systems: Twin-Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Approach." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Automation/XXVI Congress of the Chilean Association of Automatic Control (ICA-ACCA). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ica-acca62622.2024.10766834.

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Muller, Nicolas, Lorenzo Reyes-Chamorro, and Francisco Navarrete. "Reconfigurable Partial Power Converter for Beer Brewing Applications." In 2024 IEEE 21st International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pemc61721.2024.10726399.

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Anzola, Jon, Asier Arruti, Iosu Aizpuru, Eneko Agirrezabala, and Mikel Mazuela. "50 kW Partial Power Converter for EV Charging." In 2024 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecceeurope62508.2024.10751828.

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Qian, Yixuan, Xiaoshuang Li, Xinyan Pang, and Guozhu Chen. "A Partial Power Converter Based on Hybrid Control L-LLC." In 2024 CPSS & IEEE International Symposium on Energy Storage and Conversion (ISESC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isesc63657.2024.10785388.

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Franzese, Pasquale, Ivan Spina, Ciro Attaianese, and Diego Iannuzzi. "Partial Power Processing using a Flyback Converter: Design and Comparison." In 2024 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/speedam61530.2024.10609073.

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Di Benedetto, Marco, Alessandro Lidozzi, Giulia Di Nezio, Luca Solero, and Grbovic J. Petar. "Advanced Isolated Partial Power Converter for Auxiliary Power Supply in 1.5kV Railways Applications." In 2025 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ias62731.2025.11061742.

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Jyothsna, Reddy Vari, Aabid Ahmad Dar, Siddhi Kadam, and Vishnu Mahadeva Iyer. "Non-Isolated Partial Power Processing Converter for Battery Energy Storage Systems." In 2024 IEEE International Communications Energy Conference (INTELEC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intelec60315.2024.10679021.

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Reports on the topic "Partial power converters"

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Mosko, S. (Power converters for particle accelerators). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6948922.

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Baumgartner, Franz, Cyril Allenspach, Ebrar Özkalay, et al. Performance of Partially Shaded PV Generators Operated by Optimized Power Electronics 2024. Edited by Ulrike Jahn. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. https://doi.org/10.69766/leof5152.

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Inhomogeneous shading on the PV generator leads to disproportionately high losses. As the potential of PV generation on roofs or façades is to be increasingly utilised in the coming decades, these cases will occur more frequently. The aim here is to provide an overview of the challenges and state-of-the-art technical solutions for partial shading. Current developments in PV engineering show that maximum performance lies in the combination between optimised module placement, the use of modules that are tolerant of shading and optimised power electronics. Shortly after the discovery of the solar cell, blocking or bypass diodes were used to solve the inhomogeneous currents of groups of solar cells arranged in series or parallel wiring. Even today, they are still the most efficient and robust solution for the majority of common shading PV applications. Due to the very high rated outputs of the solar modules and the presence of only three bypass diodes, high temperatures can occur on a locally shaded solar cell. This forces heat outputs of up to 200W or 100W in the butterfly module connection through the associated activated bypass diode, which must be dissipated by the most shaded cell. If additional small-area defects occur in this affected solar cell, hotspot peak temperatures can occur, which can lead to permanent damage to the module or the risk of fire. However, in order to prevent a third of the module output being lost in this case, four or more bypass diodes are now used in so-called shadow-tolerant PV modules. With a higher number of bypass diodes per module area, it is also possible to selectively bypass smaller, less efficient areas of the module, which leads to an increase in the module yield. The hotspot effects can also be comprehensively and robustly prevented by the small number of solar cells per bypass diode, provided the bypass diode is properly designed. The first manufacturers are beginning to place these shade-tolerant PV modules on the markets. Today, planners can also select different power electronics systems for the next step in system integration towards grid feed-in, i.e. the connection of the individual modules in the string. This is the classic series connection of all modules in the string to the input of the DC/AC string inverter (SINV), which leads to the highest yields for weak and medium shading. This applies, for example, to light shading with a chimney or a ventilation pipe, where no more than one tenth of the modules in the string are reached by the shade at the same time during the six hours around midday, even when using standard modules with only three bypass diodes. (see Table 1) With medium to heavy shading, the widely used DC/DC converters directly on the PV module (MLPE), often also called power optimisers, can be used profitably. However, the combination of shade-tolerant PV modules with conventional SINVs can often deliver comparable annual yields. However, if the optimisers are also used behind each module even with weak shading (allMLPE), they deliver less yield in total than the simple SINV, as their own DC/DC losses then have a negative impact compared to simple connectors. This only becomes apparent if the MLPE manufacturers' data sheet claims of 99% efficiency are not viable. The published measurements carried out in independent laboratories over the last four years are listed in this report, which suggest that losses are around 2% higher. As the differences in yield between the power electronics variants SINV and MLPE are usually less than four per cent in annual yield for light to medium shading, the above-mentioned real MLPE efficiency at the specific operating points plays the decisive role in planning the most efficient system. However, as the commercial PV software planning tools currently use these MLPE manufacturer specifications which are over estimated, no meaningful system comparison can be expected for these shading categories. In this report the results of annual simulations performed by some sophisticated simulation tools that take these real MLPE losses into account are discussed.
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Bisang, Roberto, Jorge Katz, and Guillermo Anlló. Aprendiendo con el agro argentino: De la ventaja comparativa a la ventaja competitiva: El rol de las KIBs. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007179.

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La reciente dinámica local e internacional amerita una reconsideración acerca de la visión tradicional de la agricultura como una actividad sencilla cuyo desempeño se asocia ineludiblemente con la favorable dotación de recursos naturales. En la actualidad, su explotación se sustenta en un complejo proceso tecno-productivo. Las producciones basadas en el uso de recursos naturales se encuentran condicionadas por el ambiente y mediadas por la tecnología disponible para cada localización particular. Así, una parte de las ventajas competitivas responde a las condiciones agroecológicas, mientras que la otra es el resultado de la aplicación de innovaciones de creciente sofisticación por parte del conjunto de agentes económicos que sustentan la actividad. La mayor complejidad y diversidad del conocimiento que se necesita para poder llevar a cabo la producción agrícola de manera competitiva ha derivado en la necesidad de contar con agentes más dinámicos. Por lo tanto, el sujeto agrario deja de ser el productor agropecuario autónomo en su chacra para convertirse en una red de agentes vinculados desde diversos espacios físicos al sistema productivo de recursos naturales renovables. A partir de esta estructura, el nuevo modelo tecnológico y organizacional permite una reducción de los costos operativos y un mejor uso de los recursos a la vez que incrementa la productividad.
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Ocampo, José Antonio, Roberto Steiner Sampedro, Mauricio Villamizar Villegas, et al. Informe de la Junta Directiva al Congreso de la República - Marzo de 2023. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep.3-2023.

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Introducción En 2023 el Banco de la República celebra 100 años de su fundación. Este es un aniversario de gran significado, el cual ofrece la oportunidad de resaltar el aporte que el Banco ha hecho al desarrollo del país. Su trayectoria como garante de la estabilidad monetaria lo ha consolidado como la institución estatal independiente que genera mayor confianza entre los colombianos por su transparencia, capacidad de gestión y el cumplimiento efectivo de las funciones de banca central y culturales encomendadas en la Constitución y la Ley. En una fecha tan importante como esta, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) hace un reconocimiento a las generaciones de directivos y funcionarios que con su compromiso y dedicación contribuyeron a engrandecer esta institución1. El mandato del Banco de la República se consolidó en la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1991, para cuya integración los ciudadanos tuvieron la oportunidad de elegir a las setenta personas que tendrían como tarea redactar una nueva constitución. Los dirigentes de los tres movimientos políticos más votados fueron elegidos presidentes de la Asamblea, y esta presidencia tripartita reflejó la pluralidad y la necesidad de consenso entre las diferentes fuerzas políticas para sacar adelante la reforma. Entre los asuntos considerados, la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente le otorgó especial importancia a la estabilidad monetaria. Por esta razón decidió incluir el tema de banca central y dotar al Banco de la República de la autonomía necesaria para utilizar los instrumentos a su cargo sin injerencia de otras autoridades. El constituyente entendió que velar por la estabilidad de precios es un deber del Estado y que la entidad responsable de este cometido debe estar consagrada en la Constitución y contar con la capacidad técnica y autonomía institucional necesaria para adoptar las decisiones que considere pertinentes para alcanzar este objetivo fundamental, en coordinación con la política económica general. En particular, el artículo 373 estableció que “el Estado, por intermedio del Banco de la República, velará por el mantenimiento de la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda”, disposición que coincidía con el esquema de banca central adoptado por países exitosos en el control de la inflación. En 1999, mediante sentencia 481, la Corte Constitucional indicó que “el deber de mantener la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda no solo se predica de la autoridad monetaria, crediticia y cambiaria, esto es de la Junta del Banco de la República, sino también de quienes tienen responsabilidades en la formulación y ejecución de la política económica general del país” y que “la finalidad constitucional básica del Banco de la República es la protección de la moneda sana, pero esa autoridad debe tomar en consideración en sus decisiones los otros objetivos económicos de la intervención del Estado, como el pleno empleo, pues sus funciones deben coordinarse con la política económica general.” La reforma al Banco de la República concertada en la Constituyente de 1991 y en la Ley 31 de 1992 se puede resumir en los siguientes aspectos: i) asignó al Banco un mandato específico: mantener la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda, en coordinación con la política económica general; ii) designó a la JDBR como autoridad monetaria, cambiaria y crediticia; iii) otorgó al Banco y a su Junta Directiva un importante grado de independencia frente al Gobierno; iv) prohibió al Banco otorgar crédito al sector privado distinto del financiero; v) estableció que para otorgar crédito al Gobierno se requería del voto unánime de su Junta Directiva, a menos que se trate de operaciones de mercado abierto; vi) determinó que el legislador, en ningún caso, podrá ordenar cupos de crédito a favor del Estado o de los particulares; vii) designó al Congreso, en representación de la sociedad, como principal destinatario del ejercicio de rendición de informes del Banco; y viii) delegó en el presidente de la República la función de inspección, vigilancia y control sobre el Banco de la República. Los miembros de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente entendieron claramente que los beneficios de una inflación baja y estable se extienden a toda la sociedad y contribuyen al buen funcionamiento del sistema económico. Entre los más importantes cabe mencionar que una inflación baja promueve el uso eficiente de los recursos productivos, al permitir que los precios relativos guíen de mejor forma la asignación de recursos, lo cual promueve el crecimiento económico y aumenta el bienestar de la población. Igualmente, una inflación baja reduce la incertidumbre sobre la rentabilidad esperada de la inversión y sobre el precio futuro de los activos, lo que aumenta la confianza de los agentes económicos, facilita la financiación de largo plazo y estimula la inversión. Una inflación baja evita redistribuciones arbitrarias del ingreso y la riqueza, debido a que los estratos de ingresos bajos de la población no pueden protegerse de la inflación mediante la diversificación de sus activos, y concentran una elevada proporción de su ingreso en la compra de alimentos y otros bienes básicos, ítems que generalmente son los más afectados por los choques inflacionarios2. Por otra parte, una baja inflación facilita las negociaciones salariales, lo cual crea un buen clima laboral y reduce la volatilidad del nivel de empleo. Finalmente, una inflación baja contribuye a que el sistema de impuestos sea más transparente y equitativo, al evitar las distorsiones que la inflación introduce sobre el valor de los activos y de los ingresos que componen la base tributaria. Desde el punto de vista de la autoridad monetaria, uno de los beneficios más relevantes de una inflación baja es la credibilidad que los agentes económicos adquieren en la meta de inflación, lo que la convierte en un ancla nominal efectiva sobre el nivel de precios. Al recibir su mandato, y en uso de su autonomía, el Banco de la República empezó a anunciar metas puntuales de inflación anual a partir de 1992. Si bien en esta primera etapa las metas de inflación propuestas no se lograron cumplir de forma precisa, sí se consiguió imprimirle a la inflación una tendencia descendente, que la llevó desde un nivel del 32,4% en 1990 al 16,7% en 1998. Para aquella época la tasa de cambio se mantenía dentro de una banda, lo cual limitaba la efectividad de la política monetaria, que buscaba cumplir simultáneamente una meta de inflación y un objetivo de tasa de cambio. La crisis asiática se contagió a las economías emergentes y afectó de manera importante a la economía colombiana. La tasa de cambio presentó una fuerte presión a la depreciación al cerrarse el acceso al financiamiento externo en condiciones de un elevado desequilibrio externo. Lo anterior, junto con la falta de flexibilidad cambiaria, impidió hacer una política monetaria contracíclica, lo que condujo a una contracción del PIB del 4,2% en dicho año. En este contexto de desaceleración económica, la inflación anual se redujo al 9,2% a finales de 1999, situándose por debajo de la meta del 15% que se había fijado para ese año. Este episodio reveló plenamente lo costoso que podría ser, en términos de actividad económica, el tener simultáneamente metas para la inflación y para la tasa de cambio. Hacia finales de 1999 el Banco de la República anunció la adopción de un nuevo régimen de política monetaria que denominó Esquema de Inflación Objetivo. Este régimen, conocido internacionalmente como ‘Inflation Targeting,’ venía ganando creciente aceptación en países desarrollados, al haber sido adoptado a partir de 1991 por Nueva Zelanda, Canadá e Inglaterra, entre otros, logrando importantes avances en el manejo de la inflación, sin incurrir en costos en términos de actividad económica. En América Latina, Brasil y Chile también lo acogieron en 1999. En el caso colombiano, el último requisito pendiente por cumplir para adoptar dicho esquema de política era la flexibilidad de la tasa de cambio, la cual se materializó hacia septiembre de 1999, cuando la JDBR decidió abandonar las bandas cambiarias para permitir que la tasa de cambio se determinara libremente en el mercado. De forma coherente con el mandato constitucional, el objetivo fundamental de este nuevo esquema de política consistía en “el cumplimiento de una meta de inflación que contribuya a mantener un crecimiento del producto alrededor de su capacidad potencial”3. Dicha capacidad potencial se entendía como aquel crecimiento del PIB que la economía puede obtener si utiliza plenamente sus recursos productivos. Para cumplir este objetivo la política monetaria debe cumplir necesariamente un papel contracíclico en la economía. Ello porque cuando la actividad económica está por debajo de su potencial y existen recursos ociosos, la autoridad monetaria puede reducir la tasa de interés ante la ausencia de presiones inflacionarias para estimular por esa vía la economía y, de manera inversa, cuando el producto supera su capacidad potencial. Este principio de política, que está inmerso en los modelos para guiar la postura de política monetaria, hace que, en el mediano plazo, sean totalmente compatibles los objetivos del cumplimiento de la meta de inflación y de un nivel de actividad económica compatible con su capacidad productiva. Para alcanzar este propósito, en el esquema de inflación objetivo se utiliza la tasa de interés del mercado monetario (a la cual el banco central suministra liquidez primaria a los bancos comerciales), como el instrumento primordial de política. Con ello se sustituyó la cantidad de dinero como meta intermedia de política monetaria, que el Banco de la República, al igual que varios otros bancos centrales, utilizaron por mucho tiempo. En el caso colombiano, el objetivo del nuevo esquema de política monetaria implicaba, en términos prácticos, que la recuperación de la economía, luego de la contracción ocurrida en 1999, debía lograrse al tiempo que se cumplían las metas decrecientes de inflación establecidas por la JDBR. De manera notable este propósito se cumplió. En la primera mitad de la década del 2000 la actividad económica logró una recuperación importante, hasta alcanzar un crecimiento del 6,8% en 2006. Entretanto, la inflación fue descendiendo gradualmente, en línea con las metas de inflación. Fue así como la tasa de inflación se redujo desde el 9,2% en 1999 al 4,5% en 2006, cumpliendo con la meta de inflación establecida para ese año, mientras que el PIB alcanzó su nivel potencial. Después de lograrse este equilibrio en 2006, la inflación repuntó al 5,7% en 2007, por encima de la meta del 4% fijada para ese año, debido a que el crecimiento del PIB del 7,5% superó su capacidad potencial4. Luego de comprobarse la eficacia del esquema de inflación objetivo en sus primeros años de operación, este régimen de política continuó consolidándose a medida que la JDBR y el equipo técnico ganaron experiencia en su manejo y se incorporaron modelos económicos de última tecnología para diagnosticar el estado presente y futuro de la economía, y evaluar la persistencia de los desvíos de la inflación y sus expectativas con respecto a la meta de inflación. A partir de 2010 la JDBR estableció la meta de inflación anual de largo plazo del 3%, que continúa vigente en la actualidad. La menor inflación ha contribuido a crear un entorno macroeconómico más estable, que ha favorecido el crecimiento económico sostenido, la estabilidad financiera, el desarrollo del mercado de capitales y el funcionamiento de los sistemas de pagos. Gracias a ello se lograron reducciones en la prima por riesgo inflacionario y menores tasas de interés de los TES y de crédito. A su vez, la duración de la deuda interna pública aumentó de forma importante pasando de 2,27 años en diciembre de 2002 a 5,86 años en diciembre de 2022 y la profundización financiera, medida como el nivel de la cartera como porcentaje del PIB, pasó de cerca del 20% a mediados de la década de los noventa a valores superiores al 45% en años recientes, en un contexto saludable de los establecimientos de crédito. Los logros tangibles alcanzados por el Banco de la República en el manejo de la inflación al haber contado con la autonomía que le otorgó la Constitución para cumplir con el mandato de preservar el poder adquisitivo de la moneda, junto con los importantes beneficios que se derivaron del proceso de llevar la inflación a su meta de largo plazo, hacen que el reto que actualmente enfrenta la JDBR de retornar la inflación a la meta del 3% sea aún más exigente y apremiante. Como es bien conocido, a partir de 2021, y especialmente en 2022, la inflación en Colombia volvió a convertirse en un serio problema económico, con elevados costos de bienestar. El fenómeno inflacionario no ha sido exclusivo de Colombia y es así como muchos otros países desarrollados y emergentes han visto alejarse sus tasas de inflación de las metas propuestas por sus bancos centrales5. Las razones de este fenómeno se han analizado en los recientes Informes al Congreso, y en esta nueva entrega se profundiza al respecto con información actualizada. La sólida base institucional y técnica que soporta el esquema de inflación objetivo bajo el cual opera la estrategia de política monetaria le da a la JDBR los elementos necesarios para enfrentar con confianza este difícil reto. Al respecto, en su comunicado del 25 de noviembre la JDBR reiteró su compromiso con la meta de inflación del 3,0%, la cual prevé alcanzar hacia finales de 20246. La política monetaria continuará enfocada en cumplir este objetivo, al tiempo que velará por la sostenibilidad de la actividad económica, tal y como lo ordena la Constitución. Las encuestas a analistas llevadas a cabo en marzo mostraron un incremento importante (del 32,3% en enero al 48,5% en marzo) en el porcentaje de respuestas que sitúan las expectativas de inflación a dos años o más en un rango entre el 3% y 4%. Este es un indicativo claro de recuperación de credibilidad en la meta de inflación a mediano plazo, lo cual guarda coherencia con el anuncio de la JDBR de noviembre pasado. La moderación de la tendencia alcista de la inflación que se observó en enero, y especialmente en febrero, contribuirá a reforzar esta revisión de expectativas de inflación, y ayudará a cumplir los objetivos propuestos. Luego de registrarse una inflación del 5,6% a finales de 2021, la inflación mantuvo una tendencia alcista a lo largo de 2022 debido a las presiones inflacionarias tanto de origen externo, asociadas con las secuelas de la pandemia y las consecuencias del conflicto bélico en Ucrania, como de origen interno, resultantes de: el fortalecimiento de la demanda local; los procesos de indexación de precios estimulados por el aumento de las expectativas de inflación; las afectaciones a la producción de alimentos provocadas por el paro de mediados de 2021, y el traspaso de la depreciación a los precios. Los aumentos del salario mínimo del 10% en 2021 y del 16% en 2022, que en ambos casos superaron la inflación observada y el incremento de la productividad, acentuaron los procesos de indexación al haber establecido un elevado referente de ajuste nominal. De esta forma, la inflación total aumentó al 13,1% a finales 2022. La variación anual de alimentos, que subió del 17,2% al 27,8% entre esos dos años, fue el factor que más influyó en la aceleración del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). Otro rubro que contribuyó de manera importante a las alzas de precios fue el de regulados, cuya variación anual aumentó del 7,1% en diciembre de 2021 al 11,8% a finales de 2022. Por su parte, la medida de inflación básica sin alimentos ni regulados subió del 2,5% al 9,5% entre finales de 2021 y finales de 2022. El aumento sustancial de la inflación básica muestra que la presión inflacionaria se extendió a la mayoría de los rubros de la canasta familiar, lo cual es característico de procesos inflacionarios con una indexación de precios generalizada, como ocurre en Colombia. La política monetaria empezó a reaccionar tempranamente a estas presiones inflacionarias. Fue así como a partir de su sesión de septiembre de 2021 la JDBR inició un cambio progresivo de la postura de la política monetaria a partir del mínimo histórico del 1,75% de la tasa de interés de política al cual se había llegado para estimular la recuperación de la economía. Este proceso de ajuste prosiguió sin interrupción a lo largo de 2022 y hasta inicios de 2023, cuando la tasa de política monetaria alcanzó el 12,75% en enero pasado, con lo cual acumuló un incremento de 11 puntos porcentuales (pp). El público y los mercados se han mostrado sorprendidos de que la inflación continuara aumentando, a pesar de los significativos incrementos de la tasa de interés. Pero como lo ha explicado la JDBR en sus diversas comunicaciones, la política monetaria actúa con rezago. Así como en 2022 la actividad económica se recuperó hasta alcanzar un nivel superior al de prepandemia, impulsada, entre otros factores, por el estímulo monetario otorgado durante el período de pandemia y de los meses subsiguientes, así también los efectos de la actual política monetaria restrictiva se irán dando paulatinamente, lo que permite esperar que hacia finales de 2024 la tasa de inflación converja hacia el 3%, como es el propósito de la JDBR. Los resultados de la inflación en enero y febrero de este año mostraron incrementos marginales decrecientes (13 pb y 3 pb respectivamente), en comparación con la variación observada en diciembre (59 pb). Esto sugiere que se aproxima un punto de inflexión en la tendencia de la inflación. En otros países de América Latina, como Chile, Brasil, Perú y México, la inflación llegó a su techo y ha empezado a descender lentamente, aunque con algunos altibajos. Es previsible que en Colombia ocurra un proceso similar durante los próximos meses. El descenso previsto de la inflación en 2023 obedecerá, entre otros factores, a las menores presiones de costos externos por cuenta de la progresiva normalización de las cadenas de suministro, a la superación de los choques de oferta por razones de clima y por los bloqueos viales de años anteriores, lo que se reflejará en menores ajustes en los precios de los alimentos, como ya se observó en los primeros dos meses del año y, por supuesto, al efecto rezagado de la política monetaria. El proceso de convergencia de la inflación a la meta será gradual y se extenderá más allá de 2023. Dicho proceso se facilitará si se revierten las presiones a la devaluación, para lo cual resulta esencial que se continúe consolidando la sostenibilidad fiscal y se eviten mensajes en diferentes frentes de la política pública que generan incertidumbre y desconfianza. _______________________________________ 1 Este Informe al Congreso contiene el recuadro 1 que resume la trayectoria del Banco de la República en estos 100 años. Adicionalmente, con auspicio del Banco, varios libros que profundizan diversos aspectos de la historia de esta institución fueron publicados en años recientes. Véase, por ejemplo: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República : 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 Es por ello que una menor inflación se ha reflejado en la reducción de la desigualdad del ingreso medida a través del coeficiente de Gini al pasar de 58,7 en 1998 a 51,3 en el año previo a la pandemia. 3 Véase Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borrador de Economía, núm. 202, marzo, disponible en: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 Véase López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando y Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “La estrategia de inflación objetivo en Colombia. Una visión histórica”, Borrador de Economía, núm. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 Según el FMI, la variación porcentual de los precios al consumidor entre 2021 y 2022 pasó del 3,1 % al 7,3 % para las economías avanzadas, y del 5,9 % al 9,9 % para las economías de mercados emergentes y en vías de desarrollo. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3
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