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Books on the topic 'Partial Pressure of the CO2'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

McMahon, T. High-temperature oxidation of MoO2-, alpha-Cr203-, and alpha-Al203 -forming materials in low oxygen partial pressure atmospheres of H2/h20/N2 and CO/CO2/N2. UMIST, 1992.

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2

van der Borgh, Chris, and Carolijn Terwindt. NGOs under Pressure in Partial Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137312846.

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3

Leck, J. H. Total and partial pressure measurement in vacuum systems. Blackie, 1989.

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4

Outlaw, R. A. Introduction to total, and partial, pressure measurements in vacuum systems. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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5

Outlaw, R. A. Introduction to total- and partial-pressure measurements in vacuum systems. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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6

Leck, J. H. Total and Partial Pressure Measurement in Vacuum Systems. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0877-5.

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7

Benammar, Mohieddine. Development of instrumentation incorporating solid state gas sensors for measurement of oxygen partial pressure. Middlesex Polytechnic, 1991.

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8

Williams, M. L. Analysis of H.B. Robinson PWR vessel fluence for cycle 10 utilizing partial length shield assemblies. Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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9

Williams, M. L. Analysis of H.B. Robinson PWR vessel fluence for cycle 10 utilizing partial length shield assemblies. Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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10

Kinnear, Ewan M. A clinical study of the relationship between capillary refill time and the transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen. University College Northampton, 1999.

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11

Fisher, Joseph A. A new approach to non-invasive oxygenated mixed venous PCO₂. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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12

Brown, James L. The thin oil film equation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1999.

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13

Court, D. G. The deposition and characterisation of atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposited silicate glass films: A dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science of the Council for National Academic Awards. Middlesex Polytechnic, 1988.

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14

Kreit, John W. Gas Exchange. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0002.

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Gas Exchange explains how four processes—delivery of oxygen, excretion of carbon dioxide, matching of ventilation and perfusion, and diffusion—allow the respiratory system to maintain normal partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the arterial blood. Partial pressure is important because O2 and CO2 molecules diffuse between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood and between systemic capillary blood and the tissues along their partial pressure gradients, and diffusion continues until the partial pressures are equal. Ventilation is an essential part of gas exchange b

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15

Gattinon, Luciano, and Eleonora Carlesso. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064.

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Respiratory failure (RF) is defined as the acute or chronic impairment of respiratory system function to maintain normal oxygen and CO2 values when breathing room air. ‘Oxygenation failure’ occurs when O2 partial pressure (PaO2) value is lower than the normal predicted values for age and altitude and may be due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch or low oxygen concentration in the inspired air. In contrast, ‘ventilatory failure’ primarily involves CO2 elimination, with arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg. The most common causes are exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmon

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16

Gattinon, Luciano, and Eleonora Carlesso. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064_update_001.

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Respiratory failure (RF) is defined as the acute or chronic impairment of respiratory system function to maintain normal oxygen and CO2 values when breathing room air. ‘Oxygenation failure’ occurs when O2 partial pressure (PaO2) value is lower than the normal predicted values for age and altitude and may be due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch or low oxygen concentration in the inspired air. In contrast, ‘ventilatory failure’ primarily involves CO2 elimination, with arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) higher than 45 mmHg. The most common causes are exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmon

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17

Eurybiades, Busenberg, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Data on the crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 34p0sC and CO2 partial pressures of 0.101, 0.0156 and 0.00102 atmospheres. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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18

Eurybiades, Busenberg, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Data on the crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 34⁰C and CO2 partial pressures of 0.101, 0.0156 and 0.00102 atmospheres. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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19

Data on the crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 34⁰C and CO2 partial pressures of 0.101, 0.0156 and 0.00102 atmospheres. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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20

Schubert, Rudolf. Partial pressure analyzers, analysis, and applications. American Vacuum Society, 2000.

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21

Ngos Under Pressure In Partial Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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22

Langer, Thomas, and Pietro Caironi. Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of respiratory alkalosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0114.

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Respiratory alkalosis is a condition characterized by low partial pressure of carbon dioxide and an associated elevation in arterial pH caused by an imbalance between CO2 production and removal, in favour of the latter. Conditions that cause increased alveolar ventilation, without having a reduction in pH as input stimulus, will cause hypocapnia associated with a variable degree of alkalosis. The major effect of hypocapnia is the increase in pH (alkalosis) and the consequent shift of electrolytes that occurs in relation to it. As a general law, in plasma, anions will increase, while cations wi

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23

Total and Partial Pressure Measurement in Vacuum Systems. Springer, 2011.

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24

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Stigmatically focusing partial pressure analyzer with dual chamber ion source. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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25

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Removal of oxygen from electronic materials by vapor-phase processes. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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26

Thomas, VanOverbeke, and Lewis Research Center, eds. On the anomaly of velocity-pressure decoupling in collocated mesh solutions. Lewis Research Center, 1991.

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27

B, De Corte, ed. The effect of the H2 partial pressure on the metabolite pattern of lactobacillius casei, escherichia coli and clostridium butyricum. Science and Technology Letters, 1989.

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28

A, Ansel Clifford, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A new approach to non-invasive oxygenated mixed venous PCO₂. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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29

author, Chipman David W., Rubin Stephany author, Goddard, J. G. (John G.), author, et al., eds. Measurements of the total CO₂ concentration and partial pressure of CO₂ in seawater during WOCE expeditions P-16, P-17 and P-19 in the South Pacific Ocean, October 1992-April 1993. 1998.

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30

Hedenstierna, Göran, and João Batista Borges. Normal physiology of the respiratory system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0071.

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The lungs contain 200–300 million alveoli that are reached via 23 generations of airways. The volume in the lungs after an ordinary expiration is called functional residual capacity (FRC) and is approximately 3–4 L. The lung is elastic and force (pressure) is needed to expand it and to overcome the resistance to gas flow in the airways. This pressure can be measured as pleural minus alveolar pressure. The inspired volume goes mainly to dependent, lower lung regions, but with increasing age and in obstructive lung disease airways may close in dependent lung regions during expiration, impeding o

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31

Rez, Peter. Electrical Power Generation: Fossil Fuels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0004.

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Nearly all electrical power is generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. In most cases, the coil is turned by a steam turbine operating according to the Rankine cycle. Water is boiled and heated to make high-pressure steam, which drives the turbine. The thermal efficiency is about 30–35%, and is limited by the highest steam temperature tolerated by the turbine blades. Alternatively, a gas turbine operating according to the Brayton cycle can be used. Much higher turbine inlet temperatures are possible, and the thermal efficiency is higher, typically 40%. Combined cycle generation, in wh

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32

Lucangelo, Umberto, and Massimo Ferluga. Pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0084.

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In intensive care units practitioners are confronted every day with mechanically-ventilated patients and should be able to sort out from all the data available from modern ventilators to tailored patient ventilatory strategy. Real-time visualization of pressure, flow and tidal volume provide valuable information on the respiratory system, to optimize ventilatory support and avoiding complications associated with mechanical ventilation. Early determination of patient–ventilator asynchrony, air-trapping, and variation in respiratory parameters is important during mechanical ventilation. A correc

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33

Cunha, Manuel Antunes da, ed. Repensar a Imprensa no Ecossistema Digital. Axioma - Publicações da Faculdade de Filosofia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/axi/2020_9789726973287.

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Os discursos sobre a crise do jornalismo não datam de ontem, nem irromperam na era digital. Não deixa de ser significativo que a crítica acima reproduzida tenha sido formulada há mais de 130 anos pelo jornalista e romancista Emile Zola, que viria a assinar “J’accuse” (L’Aurore, 13 de janeiro de 1898), um dos mais célebres textos da história do periodismo. Nos finais do séc. XIX e inícios do séc. XX, a imprensa escrita francesa vai de vento em popa, contabilizando cerca de 600 diários, dos quais nove dezenas sediados em Paris (Kalifa, 2011). Já há algumas décadas que o jornalismo se tornara um

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34

Hopke, Jill E., and Luis E. Hestres. Communicating about Fossil Fuel Divestment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.566.

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Divestment is a socially responsible investing tactic to remove assets from a sector or industry based on moral objections to its business practices. It has historical roots in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. The early-21st-century fossil fuel divestment movement began with climate activist and 350.org co-founder Bill McKibben’s Rolling Stone article, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math.” McKibben’s argument centers on three numbers. The first is 2°C, the international target for limiting global warming that was agreed upon at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate C

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35

Wise, Matt, and Simon Barry. Respiratory failure. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0135.

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Respiratory failure is a syndrome characterized by defective gas exchange due to inadequate function of the respiratory system. There is a failure to oxygenate blood (hypoxaemia) and/or eliminate carbon dioxide (hypercapnia). Hypoxaemia is defined as an arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of <8 kPa, and hypercapnia as an arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of >6 kPa. Respiratory failure is divided into two different types, conventionally referred to as type 1 and type 2. The distinction between these two is important because it emphasizes not only diffe

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36

Kipnis, Eric, and Benoit Vallet. Tissue perfusion monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0138.

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Resuscitation endpoints have shifted away from restoring normal values of routinely assessed haemodynamic parameters (central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output) towards optimizing parameters that reflect adequate tissue perfusion. Tissue perfusion-based endpoints have changed outcomes, particularly in sepsis. Tissue perfusion can be explored by monitoring the end result of perfusion, namely tissue oxygenation, metabolic markers, and tissue blood flow. Tissue oxygenation can be directly monitored locally through invasive electrodes or non-invasively using light absorbance

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37

Escudier, Marcel. Laminar boundary layers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0017.

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This chapter starts by introducing the concept of a boundary layer and the associated boundary-layer approximations. The laminar boundary-layer equations are then derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. The assumption of velocity-profile similarity is shown to reduce the partial differential boundary-layer equations to ordinary differential equations. The results of numerical solutions to these equations are discussed: Blasius’ equation, for zero-pressure gradient, and the Falkner-Skan equation for wedge flows. Von Kármán’s momentum-integral equation is derived and used to obtain useful resu

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38

Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Physics in anaesthesia. Edited by Antony R. Wilkes and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0023.

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This chapter covers the basic science of physics relevant to anaesthetic practice. Equipment and measurement devices are covered elsewhere. Starting with fundamentals, atomic structure is introduced, followed by dimensions and units as used in science. Basic mechanics are then discussed, focusing on mass and density, force, pressure, energy, and power. The concept of linearity, hysteresis, and frequency response in physical systems is then introduced, using relevant examples, which are easy to understand. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow is then described, using flow measurement devices as app

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39

Hendrickx, Jan F. A., André van Zundert, and Andre De Wolf. Inhaled anaesthetics. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0014.

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Inhaled anaesthetic drugs are administered via the lungs to provide ‘general anaesthesia’. They are considered complete anaesthetics because they in and by themselves can in most patients ensure all clinical end-points that are required for ‘general anaesthesia’ (unconsciousness, immobility, and haemodynamic stability). The dose–response curve of each clinical end-point is conveniently defined by its mid-point, the end-expired concentration Fa that ensures response suppression in 50 % of the patients (MACawake, MAC, and MACBAR). By understanding the dose–response curves and the factors that in

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40

Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.

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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water l

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41

Clarke, Steve, Hazem Zohny, and Julian Savulescu, eds. Rethinking Moral Status. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894076.001.0001.

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Common-sense morality implicitly assumes that reasonably clear distinctions can be drawn between the ‘full’ moral status usually attributed to ordinary adult humans, the partial moral status attributed to non-human animals, and the absence of moral status, usually ascribed to machines and other artefacts. These assumptions were always subject to challenge; but they now come under renewed pressure because there are beings we are now able to create, and beings we may soon be able to create, which blur traditional distinctions between humans, non-human animals, and non-biological beings. Examples

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42

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Temperature and heat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0003.

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Concepts of temperature, temperature scales and temperature measurement. The ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Assumptions underlying the ideal gas, and distinction between ideal and real gases. Introduction to equations-of-state such as the van der Waals, Dieterici, Berthelot and virial equations, which describe real gases. Concept of heat, and distinction between heat and temperature. Experiments of Rumford and Joule, and the principle of the conservation of energy. Units of measurement for heat. Heat as a path function. Flow of heat down a temperature gradient as an irreversi

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43

Schakett, Brent, and Kathleen Chen. Laryngospasm. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0013.

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Laryngospasm is a complication that all pediatric anesthesia providers must be able to successfully diagnosis and treat. The risk factors include but are not limited to recent upper respiratory infection, history of asthma, preschool-age child, airway surgery, and light anesthesia. Laryngospasm can be defined as either partial laryngospasm with residual opening of the glottis or complete laryngospasm where there is no air movement. Prevention is obtained by limiting risk factors; waiting 6 to 8 weeks after upper respiratory infection symptoms have resolved if possible, smoking cessation, sucti

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44

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Thermodynamics and mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0004.

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Most school mathematics is about how one variable, y, varies with respect to one other variable, x, according to an equation such as y = 3x2. Equations like this underpin the student’s knowledge of algebra, and differential and integral calculus. Thermodynamics, however, is necessarily about how a variable, such as the pressure P, varies with respect not to one but to three variables simultaneously – for example, the mole number n, the volume V, and the temperature T. This makes the algebra of thermodynamics more complex, and also implies that mutual changes between pairs of variables is descr

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45

Leaver, Susannah, and Timothy Evans. Hypoxaemia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0085.

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Hypoxaemia is a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood below 8 kPa/60 mmHg. Hypoxaemia results from one, or several, or a combination of causes. Calculating the alveolar–arterial gradient can help to delineate the cause. Acute respiratory failure manifests in a number of ways, the most sensitive indicator being an increased respiratory rate. Diagnosis is dependent on a comprehensive history, examination in combination with appropriate blood tests, and imaging. Hypoxaemia is the final common pathway of a number of conditions and the exact cause may not be immediately apparent.

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