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1
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Motion of the heliospheric termination shock at high heliographic latitude. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.
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2
Zhu, Daming. The detection of partial discharge in high voltage insulating materials, cable and cable terminations using acoustic emission techniques. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.
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3
Egamberdiev, Eduard. Legal basis of divorce in the Republic of Uzbekistan. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1862596.
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The monograph examines the concepts of family, marriage, divorce, termination of marriage, annulment of marriage, the procedure for divorce in the Republic of Uzbekistan (judicial procedure and dissolution of marriage in the registry office), analyzes the reasons for divorce. A sociological study is being conducted — a survey of judges of the Republic of Uzbekistan in civil cases. In addition, the history of the development and formation of divorce legislation in Uzbekistan since the spread of the religions of Zoroastrianism, Islam, during the period of being part of the former USSR, during the years of independence; the legal nature of the institution of divorce and its place in the system of termination of marriage; the procedure and grounds for divorce in the registry office with the mutual consent of the spouses or upon application one of the spouses; the procedure and grounds for the dissolution of marriage in court; problems arising during the dissolution of marriage related to the material interest of the parties and the determination of the future fate of the children.
It is intended for students, researchers, teachers of law schools, as well as for a wide range of readers.
4
Kilina, Irina. Alternative ways to resolve criminal law conflicts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1989218.
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The monograph examines the issues of development and differentiation of the criminal procedure form. The author solves a number of general and specific issues of alternative resolution of criminal conflicts. The issues of prerequisites and the legal nature of alternative resolution of criminal conflicts are considered; about the essential features, prerequisites, advantages and disadvantages, limits of application and legal guarantees for the completion of procedural activities without clarifying the key issue of criminal law - the question of the guilt of the accused in committing a crime. The author's vision of the optimal differentiation of such components of the institution of exemption from criminal liability and termination of a criminal case (criminal prosecution) as the basis and condition for exemption from criminal liability and the procedural procedure for termination of a criminal case (prosecution) in connection with the release of a person from criminal liability is outlined. The emphasis is placed on the primacy of the material and legal content of the institute - a general basis for exemption from criminal liability on alternative grounds is proposed, which is based on the possibility of evaluating the positive behavior of a person after committing a crime, allowing to assess the identity of the accused and the expediency of bringing him to criminal responsibility. The solution of particular problems related to the termination of a criminal case (prosecution) in connection with active repentance, reconciliation of the parties, compensation for damage, the use of coercive measures of educational influence and the imposition of a court fine as other measures of a criminal nature is proposed. Proposals are formulated for further improvement of an alternative to the traditional approach to resolving criminal law conflicts.
It is intended for researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of law schools and faculties, as well as practicing lawyers and anyone interested in the problems of procedural law.
5
Kataskeuazontas hena ethnos: To Makedoniko xana sto proskēnio : historiko hypovathro, paracharaxē tou hellēnikou politismou kai Symphōnia tōn Prespōn. Athēna: Ekdotikos Organismos Livanē, 2022.
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6
Peter, Huber. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.3: Termination, Art.7.3.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0142.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.3.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the aggrieved party's right to terminate the contract if the other party fails to perform an obligation under the contract. Art 7.3.1 sets out the requirements which must be met if one party wishes to terminate the contract in response to the other party's non-performance. The basic rule is that termination will be available as a remedy if the other party's non-performance amounts to a fundamental non-performance. This commentary discusses the policy considerations underlying Art 7.3.1, freedom of contract, termination for fundamental non-performance, termination after expiry of an additional period of time for performance, use of the Nachfrist mechanism within the doctrine of fundamental non-performance, termination for partial non-performance, burden of proof relating to termination, and effects of termination.
7
Roderick, Munday. 13 Termination of Agency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.003.0013.
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This chapter considers both how agencies come to be terminated, and the effects of termination. In the ordinary course of events, as between principal and agent, an agency will come to an end because the parties so wish it. As a general rule, parties whose legal relations derive from agreement are at liberty to release one another from their obligations. Certain agencies, however, are treated as irrevocable, and cannot be freely revoked. An agency may also be terminated by operation of law, independently of the will of the parties. These two species of liability are therefore treated separately in this chapter.
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Peter, Huber. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.3: Termination, Art.7.3.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0146.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.3.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the general effects of a lawful termination. Lawful termination refers to a termination which has been declared (in time) and which is based on a valid ground for termination. According to Art 7.3.5, termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance. Termination does not preclude a claim for damages for non-performance and has no effect on any provision in the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other term of the contract which is to operate even after termination. This commentary discusses release from future performance obligations, autonomy of ‘termination-resistant’ provisions, effects of unlawful termination, and proprietary aspects of rules in Arts 7.3.5–7.3.7.
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Annalisa, Ciampi. Part IV Invalidity and Termination of Treaties, 22 Invalidity and Termination of Treaties and Rules of Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0022.
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As a rule, treaties do not come to an end automatically but entitle the injured state or all states parties to the treaty (as the case may be) to plead on the basis thereof the invalidity or termination of a treaty. In principle, therefore, it is up to the discretion of the party(ies) concerned to make the relevant choices. In this respect, no general role of the judiciary can be grounded in specific national provisions, application by analogy of the rules on the treaty-making power, or the courts' power to interpret the applicable law. A customary rule, however, has emerged on the basis of which courts of the parties concerned are under an obligation to impeach the validity, or terminate the operation, of treaties concluded under the threat of use of force or conflicting with jus cogens. It is also reasonable to conceive a rule of customary law allowing any third party to invoke invalidity or termination in accordance with Article 52, 53, or 64 (or the corresponding customary rules).
10
Motion of the heliospheric termination shock at high heliographic latitude. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.
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11
Frank, Burkhardt. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 33 Termination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0033.
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This chapter discusses the denunciation and termination of status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs). Art. 54 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties requires as a general prerequisite that all signatories of an international treaty have to be informed if one of the signatories wants to withdraw from the treaty. According to Art. XIX (2) NATO SOFA the US government as the Depositary has to be informed about the decision to withdraw and it shall notify such denunciation to all other Parties. According to Art. XIX (3) NATO SOFA the period until a denunciation takes effect is one year.
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Jeswald W, Salacuse. 14 Investment Treaty Exceptions, Modifications, and Terminations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0014.
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This chapter considers the investment treaty devices of exceptions, modifications, and terminations. A state can encounter tensions between its perceived national interests and its requested or ratified treaty obligations in the negotiation and implementation of treaties. It has three basic devices to mediate these tensions. The first, which is employed as part of the negotiating process, is to create specific exceptions in the treaty to assure a host state sufficient latitude of action for the future. The other two, which are invoked after the investment treaty enters into effect, are for a state to modify the treaty provisions by agreement with other contracting parties or to terminate participation in the treaty and thus end its international investment obligations.
13
Peter, Huber. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.3: Termination, Art.7.3.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0147.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.3.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time. Under Art 7.3.6, when a contract to be performed at one time is terminated, either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract, provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract. This commentary discusses contracts to be performed at one time, concurrent restitution, reasonable allowance for restitution in kind that is not possible or appropriate, compensation for expenses reasonably required to preserve or maintain the performance received, rules on non-performance, rights of third parties with respect to performance, and burden of proof relating to restitution.
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Gerard, McMeel. Part III Particular Contractual Provisions, 23 Modification of Remedies: Express Termination, Retention of Title, and No Set-Off Clauses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0023.
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This chapter considers express termination clauses in detail, and briefly considers retention of title clauses and clauses restricting set-off. As a matter of general principle, parties are free to incorporate their own express regimes for termination of the contract; such clauses are common in contracts of any significant duration. The chapter presents an overview of the process and examines the issues which might arise from express termination clauses. With the retention of title clauses (or Romalpa clauses), the chapter focuses on issues of construction and characterization to address the numerous problems of such clauses. Finally, the chapter considers the law of set-off, which provides the regime for determining whether a cross-claim may be advanced in the same proceedings to reduce, extinguish, or even exceed the claimant's prima facie claim.
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Emir, Astra. 15. Rights in Notice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198814849.003.0015.
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One of the features which distinguish a contract of employment from other contractual situations is that a contract of employment is one of continuous obligation, with, generally speaking, no specified time for its ending. If either the employer or employee wishes to terminate the contract, notice of such termination must be given. This chapter explores the rights and duties of both the parties to give and receive lawful notice in the event of a termination, i.e. if there is a dismissal or resignation. It also considers the taxation of payments, pay in lieu of notice, rights during the notice period, ‘garden leave’, notice pay on insolvency and time limits.
16
Alessandra, Gianelli. Part IV Invalidity and Termination of Treaties, 20 Absolute Invalidity of Treaties and Their Non-Recognition by Third States. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0020.
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The 1969 Vienna Convention leaves to States parties a treaty invalid because of its conflict with a peremptory norm the initiative, and the choice of having the International Court of Justice declare the invalidity or of reaching an agreement to the same result. The Vienna Convention provides a similar solution with regard to the invalidity of treaties concluded as a result of coercion. According to widespread opinion, third States may not consider those treaties invalid independently from the parties' action. This outcome is particularly problematic, given that both are cases of so-called absolute invalidity, where nullity is the consequence of a contrast with rules of fundamental importance in contemporary international law. This chapter explores ways in which third States may invoke such an absolute invalidity, reaching the conclusion that through the well-established practice of non-recognition States have long declared their intention to consider treaties in such cases invalid, notwithstanding any lack of initiative of the States parties.
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Gabrielle, Kaufmann-Kohler, and Rigozzi Antonio. 3 The Arbitration Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199679751.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the notion, content, and effects of the arbitration agreement, defined as an agreement to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes that have arisen or may arise between the parties in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not, which may be in the form of a clause in a contract or of a separate ‘submission agreement’ (compromis arbitral). The chapter examines the principle of separability and the requirements for the validity of the arbitration agreement, namely arbitrability, written form, and substantive validity, including the agreement’s formation, interpretation, extension to third parties, and termination. Finally, it discusses to what extent defects of the arbitration agreement can be remedied by conduct.
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Markus S, Rieder, and Kreindler Richard. 2 The Arbitration Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676811.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the arbitration agreement from a variety of perspectives, first looking at the required content and the validity of an arbitration agreement. As an agreement, it is subject to grounds before invalidity and, once found valid, subject to interpretation. In order to qualify as an arbitration agreement, it must relate to a dispute within a defined legal relationship and must provide for arbitration for binding conflict resolution. The chapter then outlines the scope, effects, and issues of the termination of an arbitration agreement. Under German practice, the personal scope of the arbitration agreement extends to its parties, and in certain limited circumstances, it may also extend to third parties. The chapter concludes with typical additional contents of arbitration agreements, in particular with regard to the place of arbitration, the language of the proceedings, the selection of the applicable substantive law, and the selection ad hoc or institutional arbitration.
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Richard, Calnan. Part III Understanding Words, 7 Principle 7: Unnatural Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the circumstances in which the courts do not give words their natural meaning. Very occasionally, it is clear that the parties cannot objectively have intended words they have used to have their ordinary meaning. If so, they are given the meaning which the parties must objectively have intended. The more unreasonable the result, the more unlikely it is that the parties can have intended it. This is a very controversial principle and different judges take a more—or less—expansive view of it. The chapter discusses the different views, and why they are held. It analyses the recent cases to establish where the law is at the moment. It looks at particular types of case where the courts have been more willing to twist the meaning of words. These include exclusion and limitation clauses, clauses limiting liability for negligence, and termination for minor breach. It discusses recent cases in which the courts have twisted the meaning of words in contracts, and also those where the courts have declined to do so.
20
Sonja, Meier. Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, Introduction to Chapter 11 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0212.
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Chapter 11 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with the plurality of obligors and obligees. It addresses those legal issues arising from the fact that performance of a contractual obligation is owed by more than one obligor and/or owed to more than one obligee. In principle, the chapter does not deal with questions of plurality of parties to a contract as such. One example is the question of whether the right of termination for fundamental non-performance (Art 7.3.1) may be exercised by just one out of several buyers, and the consequences this might entail. However, the question of whether one of the obligors or obligees may exercise a right of avoidance according to Section 3.2 of the PICC, and what the consequences of such avoidance might be, is discussed.
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Chen-Wishart, Mindy. Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806356.001.0001.
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Contract Law offers a new approach, utilising diagrams to complement the text. The book explains the intricacies of contract law and the questions that arise during the life of a contract. Part I of the book explains what contract law is and defines its scope. Part II of the book looks at contract formation: the finding of agreement and meeting the criteria of enforceability. Part III focuses on the position of third parties. Part IV considers the vitiating factors of misrepresentation and non-disclosure, mistake, frustration, duress, undue influence, and unconscionability. Part V analyses the terms of contracts: express, implied, collateral, and examines their interpretation and enforceability. Part VI considers the breach of a contract and the remedies of termination, damages, and specific and agreed remedies. Part VII examines good faith in current contract law.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions I: Arts 1.1–1.3—Fundamental principles, Art.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0006.
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This commentary focuses on Article 1.2, which spells out a fundamental principle of contract law: the principle of freedom from form, or ‘principle of informality’. No contract, statement, or other act made under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) requires a particular formality in order to be valid and enforceable; it is sufficient if these are made orally or by mere conduct. While the PICC admit for exceptions to some of their other fundamental contract law principles, the principle of freedom from form is executed in the purest form possible. It applies to the formation of contracts as well as to their subsequent modification and termination, it is reinforced by Art 3.1.2, and there is not a single exception to it. Art 1.2 covers relevant and mandatory formal requirements, formal requirements agreed by the parties, and the concept of ‘writing’.
23
Roderick, Munday. Agency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.001.0001.
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Questions of agency regularly arise in the work of commercial practitioners. This book provides a reference guide to the main principles of agency law, including detailed explanation of the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations of 1993. Analysis of case law is combined with a practical approach to the law which accurately reflects modern commercial realities, considering the application of agency principles according to particular classes of agents operating in the major commercial sectors. It includes discussion of the actual authority and apparent authority of an agent, agency of necessity, warranty of authority and ratification, looking at the legal relations between principal and both agent and third parties, as well as the relations between agent and third party, sub-agency, and termination of agency. This book emphasizes contemporary case law, and has been fully revised and updated in response to significant recent developments.
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Gray, Kevin, and Susan Francis Gray. 5. Easements and profits à prendre. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0005.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter focuses on two of the most important categories of entitlement that may be acquired over other people's land: easements and profits à prendre. Each of these rights comprises a species of proprietary entitlement, with the usual consequence in English law that the rights in question have the capacity to bind third parties. But, for precisely this reason, the law draws fairly stringent definitional boundaries around the kinds of incorporeal right that enjoy this potential of third-party impact. The discussions cover: the defining characteristics of easements and profits; the modes of creation and termination of easements and profits; and the transmission of the benefit and burden of easements and profits.
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Markus S, Rieder, and Kreindler Richard. 3 The Arbitral Tribunal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676811.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the arbitral tribunal which resolves dispute by way of arbitration. It discusses the number of arbitrators, the procedure of appointing arbitrators, the selection of arbitrators, the challenge, termination of the office and replacement of arbitrators, as well as the arbitrator agreement — a topic that has more attention in Germany than in other jurisdictions. The study is important as the arbitral tribunal is one of the most important strategic steps in any arbitration. In most cases, the parties and their counsel to believe that picking the right panel is a preeminent precondition for achieving the desired outcome. The chapter describes how under German law, the principles of independence and impartiality of an arbitration are non-derogable cornerstones of any arbitral proceedings. Essentially, they form part of the German procedural ordre public which are considered indispensable constitutional requirements in order for arbitral proceedings to be equivalent to state court litigation.
26
Ewan, McKendrick. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.4: Damages, Art.7.4.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0155.
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This commentary analyses Article 7.4.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning proof of harm by current price. If the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, Art 7.4.6 stipulates that it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time of termination as well as damages for any further harm. The aim of Art 7.4.6 is to provide a measure of certainty by stipulating the measure of damages recoverable in the case where the aggrieved party has not entered into a replacement transaction. The burden of proof is upon the aggrieved party to prove that it was entitled to terminate the contract between the parties and that there is a ‘current price’, and upon the non-performing party to prove that the aggrieved party did enter into a replacement transaction.
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McKendrick, Ewan. Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198855293.001.0001.
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Contract Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides a complete guide to the subject of contract law. The book comprises a balance of 60% text to 40% cases and materials. Its clear explanations and analyses of the law provide support to students, while the extracts from cases and materials promote the development of essential case reading skills and allow for a more detailed appreciation of the practical workings of the law and of the best legal scholarship. Part I of the book examines the rules relating to the existence of an agreement (particularly offer and acceptance, uncertain and incomplete agreements, and consideration and promissory estoppel). Part II covers the terms of the contract, including implied terms, interpretation, boilerplate clauses, exclusion clauses, unfair terms in consumer contracts, and good faith. Part III examines topics such as mistake, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence, unconscionability, inequality of bargaining power, and frustration and force majeure. Part IV turns to breaches of contract and termination, damages, and specific performance. The last part, Part V, concentrates on third parties.
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McKendrick, Ewan. Contract Law. 10th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192856548.001.0001.
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Contract Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides a complete guide to the subject of contract law. The book comprises a balance of 60 per cent text to 40 per cent cases and materials. Its clear explanations and analyses of the law provide support to students, while the extracts from cases and materials promote the development of essential case reading skills and allow for a more detailed appreciation of the practical workings of the law and of the best legal scholarship. Part I of the book examines the rules relating to the existence of an agreement (particularly offer and acceptance, uncertain and incomplete agreements, and consideration and promissory estoppel). Part II covers the terms of the contract, including implied terms, interpretation, boilerplate clauses, exclusion clauses, unfair terms in consumer contracts, and good faith. Part III examines topics such as mistake, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence, unconscionability, inequality of bargaining power, and frustration and force majeure. Part IV turns to breaches of contract and termination, damages, and specific performance. The last part, Part V, concentrates on third parties.
29
Chen-Wishart, Mindy. Contract Law. 7th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192848635.001.0001.
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Contract Law offers a new approach, utilising diagrams and commentary boxes to complement the text. The book explains the intricacies of contract law by reference to the questions that arise during the life of a contract. Part I of the book introduces contract law. Part II looks at contract formation: the finding of agreement and meeting the criteria of enforceability. Part III focuses on the position of third parties who may benefit or be burdened by the contract. Part IV considers the reasons for allowing a party to escape the contract, namely the vitiating factors of misrepresentation and non-disclosure, mistake, frustration, duress, undue influence, and unconscionability. Part V looks at how to determine the contents of contracts: express, implied, and collateral terms, and examines their interpretation and enforceability. Part VI considers the breach of a contract and the availability of the remedies of termination, damages, and specific and agreed remedies. Part VII examines whether obligations of good faith should be recognised in current contract law and how that might affect the way we understand contract law.
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McKendrick, Ewan. Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198808169.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Contract Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides a complete guide to the subject of contract law. The book comprises a balance of 40% text to 60% cases and materials. Its clear explanations and analyses of the law provide support to students, while the extracts from cases and materials promote the development of essential case reading skills and allow for a more detailed appreciation of the practical workings of the law and of the best legal scholarship. Part I of the book examines the rules relating to the existence of an agreement (particularly offer and acceptance, uncertain and incomplete agreements, and consideration and promissory estoppel). Part II covers the terms of the contract, including implied terms, interpretation, boilerplate clauses, exclusion clauses, unfair terms in consumer contracts, and good faith. Part III examines topics such as mistake, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence, unconscionability, inequality of bargaining power, and frustration and force majeure. Part IV turns to breaches of contract and termination, damages, and specific performance. The last part, Part V, concentrates on third parties.
31
Bergman, Torbjörn, Gabriella Ilonszki, and Wolfgang C. Müller, eds. Coalition Governance in Central Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844372.001.0001.
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Coalitions among political parties govern most of Europe’s parliamentary democracies. Traditionally, the study of coalition politics has been focused on Western Europe. Coalition governance in Central Eastern Europe brings the study of the full coalition life-cycle to a region that has undergone tremendous political transformation, but which has not been studied from this perspective. The volume covers Bulgaria, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. It provides information and analyses of the cycle, from pre-electoral alliances to coalition formation and portfolio distribution, governing in coalitions, the stages that eventually lead to a government termination, and the electoral performance of coalition parties. In Central Eastern Europe, few single-party cabinets form and there have been only a few early elections. The evidence provided shows that coalition partners in the region write formal agreements (coalition agreements) to an extent that is similar to the patterns that we find in Western Europe, but also that they adhere less closely to these contracts. While the research on Western Europe tends to stress that coalition partners emphasize coalition compromise and mutual supervision, there is more evidence of ‘ministerial government’ by individual ministers and ministries. There are also a few coalition governance systems that are heavily dominated by the prime minister. No previous study has covered the full coalition life-cycle in all of the ten countries with as much detail. Systematic information is presented in 10 figures and in more than one hundred tables.
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Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Back, and Johan Hellström, eds. Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.001.0001.
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Coalition government is the most frequent form of government in Western Europe, but there is relatively little systematic knowledge about how this form of government has developed in recent decades. This volume analyses governments that have formed in the Western European countries since the Second World War and covers the full life cycle of coalition governments from the formation of party alliances before elections to coalition formation after elections, governing and policy-making when parties work together in office, and the stages that eventually lead to governments terminating. Since the early 1990s, many coalition governments form in a context of increased fragmentation of party systems, increased polarization, and the rise of populist parties. The volume captures these changes and examines their implications for the different stages of the coalition life cycle. A particular emphasis of the volume is on the study of how coalitions govern together even when they have different agendas. Do individual ministers decide, or the prime minister, or are the policy outputs of a government a result of a process of coalition compromise? Focusing on the coalition governance stage, we analyse the variation in the use of various control mechanisms across countries, for example showing that many coalition governments draft extensive contracts to control their partners in cabinet. The volume covers 16 West European countries and introduces the case of Croatia. Systematic cross-national data is available in an online appendix.
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Morse, Geoffrey, and Thomas Braithwaite. Partnership and LLP Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198832799.001.0001.
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This book explains the legal framework within which partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships (LLPs) operate in England and Wales. In relation to partnerships, it deals first with the characteristics and essential elements for a partnership to exist; the distinction between partners, creditors, and employees; and the interaction between partnerships and public regulation. The book then deals with the two major consequences of a partnership, the liability of partners to third parties for actions taken by their fellow partners and the duties and liability of each partner to the other partners. It then identifies and explores the assets which have become partnership property. The issues relating to dissolution follow, setting out how a partnership may be dissolved (in full or in part) and the procedures to effect that. The impact of the insolvency of the firm and/or bankruptcy of the partners is covered. The rapid rise of the use of limited partnerships is explained together with the modifications to partnership law and the creation of private fund limited partnerships. In relation to LLPs, after setting out the background to the legislation and explaining its structure, it examines the requirements for the creation of LLPs, how they are incorporated, and the consequences of their incorporation as separate legal entities. It then explores what membership of an LLP entails, including the interrelation of membership with employment and worker status, and the relations between members and the LLP and between the members themselves. It then looks at the default provisions, the role of the LLP Agreement, and the extent to which contractual doctrines such as repudiation and frustration apply to that agreement. Finally, the book looks at decision-making within an LLP, termination of a member’s membership, and insolvency and dissolution of the LLP itself.
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I symfonia ton Prespon kai to Makedoniko / Η Συμφωνία των Πρεσπών και το Μακεδονικό. Patakis, 2019.
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39
Federal research: Additional funds for terminating the Super Collider are not justified : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. Macedonia and Identity Politics after the Prespa Agreement. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Macedonia and Identity Politics after the Prespa Agreement. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Macedonia and Identity Politics after the Prespa Agreement. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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