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Journal articles on the topic 'Participation wages'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Welch, Finis. "Wages and Participation." Journal of Labor Economics 15, no. 1, Part 2 (1997): S77—S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209857.

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2

Möller, Joachim, and Alisher Aldashev. "Wage Inequality, Reservation Wages and Labor Market Participation." International Regional Science Review 30, no. 2 (2007): 120–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017606298431.

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3

Majbouri, Mahdi. "Female Labor Force Participation in Iran: A Structural Analysis." Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 11, no. 1 (2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rmeef-2014-0042.

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AbstractLow female labor force participation (FLFP) rate in Iran, at the time that women’s education has been rising and their fertility rates have been falling, has remained a puzzle. By estimating elasticities of participation and hours with respect to wages (the extensive and intensive margins), this paper tries to shed some light on this puzzle. Using a structural estimation and controlling for selection, it depicts that the elasticity of women’s participation in the labor force with respect to wages is quite large, especially for married women. Based on this, one may argue that women’s pa

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4

Purba, Dearni Christina, Purwaka Hari Prihanto, and Siti Aminah. "Pengaruh tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja, indeks harga konsumen, produk domestik regional bruto terhadap upah rata-rata Pulau Sumatera." e-Jurnal Ekonomi Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan 9, no. 3 (2020): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jels.v9i3.11958.

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This study ains to analyze the Development of Labor Force Participation Rate, Consumer Price Index and Gross Regional Domestic Product and Average Wages in Sumatera and analyze the influence of the Development of Labor Force Participation Rate, Consumer Price Index, and Gross Regional Domestic Product on Average Wages in Sumatera. The data used in this study are secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Indonesia office. For data analysis using panel data analysis. The average wage is a Bound variable that is influenced by three independent variables, namely the Labor Force Participat

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Wetzels, Cécile. "Motherhood and wages." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 1 (2004): 088–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000109.

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This article examines labour force participation rates and wage rates according to gender and parenthood in a selection of European countries. Since the ranking of European countries according to their labour force participation rates does not coincide with the ranking of countries according to gross and net hourly wages in purchasing power parities according to gender and parenthood, countries with low female participation rates may face selection into employment effects in women's wages. A review of mostly single-country studies on women's wages shows that for the Scandinavian countries it i

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6

Icardi, Rossella. "Returns to Workplace Training for Male and Female Employees and Implications for the Gender Wage gap: A Quantile Regression Analysis." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 8, no. 1 (2021): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.8.1.2.

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Context: Existing studies have explored the association between workplace training and wages suggesting that training participation may have a positive association with wages. However, we still know very little about whether this association varies between men and women. Through its potential positive association with wages, training may balance wage differences between men and women. In addition, the gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution. Differences in the association between training participation and wages for men and women across the earnings spectrum may offer an explanatio

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Saputra, Igo Septa, Zulfanetti Zulfanetti, and Jaya Kusuma Edi. "Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (TPAK) di Provinsi Jambi." e-Jurnal Ekonomi Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan 8, no. 2 (2019): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jels.v8i2.11984.

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This research aim to: First, analyze the development of labor force participation rate, minimum wages, consumer price index and gross regional domestic product in Jambi Province. This study use time series data between 2000-2017 with data analysis method used namely quantitative descriptive analysis and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Based on the result of data processing using the OLS method in multiple regression equations in 2000-2017 results were obtained. That the average development of the labor force participation rate, minimum wage, consumer price index and gross regional domestic

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8

Noonan, Mary C., and Colleen M. Heflin. "Does Welfare Participation Affect Women's Wages?*." Social Science Quarterly 86, s1 (2005): 1123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00339.x.

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9

Sherman, Bruce W., and Carol Addy. "Association of Wage With Employee Participation in Health Assessments and Biometric Screening." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 2 (2017): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117708607.

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Purpose: To understand differences in health risk assessment (HRA) and biometric screening participation rates among benefits-enrolled employees in association with wage category. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of employee eligibility file and health benefits (wellness and claims) data. Setting: Data from self-insured employers participating in the RightOpt private exchange (Conduent HR Services) during 2014. Participants: Active employees from 4 companies continuously enrolled in health insurance for which wage data were available. Measures: Measures included HRA and biometric screening par

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10

Thompson, Lyke, Greg Powers, and Berenice Houchard. "The Wage Effects of Supported Employment." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 17, no. 2 (1992): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079699201700203.

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This study investigated the effects of supported employment on wages earned by persons with disabilities. We sought to determine whether supported employment produced higher wages than sheltered employment, whether any effect was a result of increases in wage rates or hours, and whether one model of supported employment had more impact than another. The analysis showed that wages increased after entering supported employment, after correcting for differences in employees' measured IQs. Entry into supported employment had a more consistent impact on wage rates than on hours of employment. Indiv

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11

Blundell, Richard, Howard Reed, and Thomas M. Stoker. "Interpreting Aggregate Wage Growth: The Role of Labor Market Participation." American Economic Review 93, no. 4 (2003): 1114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206223.

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A new and easily implementable framework for the empirical analysis of the relationship between aggregate and individual wages is developed. Aggregate real wages are shown to contain three important bias terms: one associated with the dispersion of individual wages, a second deriving from compositional changes in the (selected) sample of workers, and a third reflecting the distribution of working hours. Their importance for interpreting the path of aggregate wages and of the returns to education for recent experience in Britain is highlighted. A close correspondence between the estimated biase

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12

Brown, Sarah, Jennifer Roberts, and Karl Taylor. "Reservation wages, labour market participation and health." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 173, no. 3 (2010): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2009.00638.x.

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13

Dhruw, Bebika, Reshma Kaushal, Rohit Bhagat, and Narottam Attri. "TRIBAL WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS IN GARIABAND DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 9 (2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i9.2020.1225.

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Agriculture is the most important and significant part of our life. It plays a vital role in Indian economy. Farm women’s are backbone of Indian agriculture. Present study was conducted at Teka and Kopra villages of Fingeshwar block, Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh. The aim of study is to ascertain the participation rate of tribal women of farm, wage discrimination, and constraints faced. A sample size of 150 households seventy-five each from two village viz. Teka and Kopra through random sampling method. The data was collected through structured interview schedule. Findings of the study that

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14

Topel, Robert H. "Factor Proportions and Relative Wages: The Supply-Side Determinants of Wage Inequality." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 2 (1997): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.2.55.

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Supply-side factors may contribute to rising wage inequality. First, certain changes in the supply of skills allegedly exacerbate wage inequality. Women's increased labor force participation and increased immigration are the leading candidates; both allegedly reduce the wages of less-skilled men. However, immigration's impact on wage inequality has been minor and the effects of women's participation is inconclusive. Second, in evaluating the likelihood that human capital investment will mitigate future inequality, evidence suggests that rising returns to education have increased the proportion

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15

Biyase, Mduduzi, and Talent Zwane. "Does Education Pay In South Africa? Estimating Returns To Education Using Two Stage Least Squares Approach." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 14, no. 6 (2015): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i6.9508.

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This paper investigates, using the first three waves of the National Income Dynamic dataset, the link between education and wages. Specifically it estimates the potential impact of the educational levels on wages in South Africa over the period 2008 – 2012. A two-stage least squares (2SLS) method is applied to account for endogeneity bias. More specifically, we use a lagged education as an instrumental variable in a two-stage least squares framework. Our results show that the proposed instruments is relevant and that there is an unambiguously positive effect on the wages of an individual from

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16

Li, Hongbin, Lei Li, Binzhen Wu, and Yanyan Xiong. "The End of Cheap Chinese Labor." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 4 (2012): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.4.57.

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In recent decades, cheap labor has played a central role in the Chinese model, which has relied on expanded participation in world trade as a main driver of growth. At the beginning of China's economic reforms in 1978, the annual wage of a Chinese urban worker was only $1,004 in U.S. dollars. The Chinese wage was only 3 percent of the average U.S. wage at that time, and it was also significantly lower than the wages in neighboring Asian countries such as the Philippines and Thailand. The Chinese wage was also low relative to productivity. However, wages are now rising in China. In 2010, the an

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17

Burda, Michael C., and Stefanie Seele. "Reevaluating the German labor market miracle." German Economic Review 21, no. 2 (2020): 139–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ger-054-19.

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AbstractFrom 2003 to 2018, employment in Germany increased by 7.3 million, or by 19.3 % – growth not observed since unification. This “labor market miracle” was marked by a persistent and significant expansion of both part-time and low-wage jobs and a deterioration in pay for these jobs, while total hours hardly increased; overall wage growth returned only after 2011. These developments followed in the wake of the landmark Hartz reforms (2003–2005). A modified framework of Katz and Murphy (1992) predicts negative correlation of wages with both relative employment and participation across cells

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18

Baldwin, Marjorie L., and William G. Johnson. "The Employment Effects of Wage Discrimination against Black Men." ILR Review 49, no. 2 (1996): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900208.

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When labor supply curves are upward-sloping, wage discrimination against black men reduces not only their relative wages, but also their relative employment rates. Using data from the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors estimate wage discrimination against black men and, for the first time, quantify the effects of that discrimination on the employment of black and white men. They find that 62% of the difference in offer wages to black and white men, and 67% of the difference in their observed wages, cannot be attributed to differences in productivity. Assuming that the

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19

Васильева and Elena Vasileva. "Contemporary remuneration systems of companies." Economics of the Firm 1, no. 1 (2012): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/234.

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Considered basics of wages — current state of the tariff system and the forms of wages. Covered such advanced forms of wages as the tariff free of wages system, categorization of managerial staff with a view to determine the level of their wages, form of liberal staff stimulation, in particular participation in the profits. Presented characteristics of evaluation of the effectiveness of wages organization on the factories.

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20

Akinwale, A. A., and O. A. Olusanya. "Influence of Subcontracting Processes on Wages and Workloads in the Building Construction Industry in Nigeria." Journal of Construction Business and Management 4, no. 2 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.4.2.788.

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There is a paucity of information on the experience of subcontracted work despite the widespread use of subcontracting in the building construction industry. This study examined the influence of subcontracting processes on wages and workloads in the building construction industry in Nigeria. Data collection for the study was based on a cross-sectional research design with a survey research strategy, including a structured questionnaire and some key informant interviews. A sample of 908 subcontracted workers was randomly selected from 388 building construction sites in Lagos State, Nigeria. Dat

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21

Kukuh Wasono, Faruq, Erfit Erfit, and Erni Achmad. "Analisis pengaruh upah minimum provinsi, kemiskinan dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja di Provinsi Jambi." e-Jurnal Perspektif Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Daerah 9, no. 2 (2020): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pdpd.v9i2.8688.

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This study aims to analyze the development of labor force participation rate in Jambi province, minimum wages, poverty, and human development index in and to analyze the influence of minimum wage, poverty, and human development index on labor force participation rate in Jambi province from 2002 to 2017 using multiple linear regression tools and the analysis method used is a descriptive and quantitative analysis using secondary data. based on the results of the study showed the development of the provincial minimum wage has increased every year, while poverty, human development index, and labor

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22

Lagomarsino, Elena, and Alessandro Spiganti. "No gain in pain: psychological well-being, participation, and wages in the BHPS." European Journal of Health Economics 21, no. 9 (2020): 1375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01234-4.

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Abstract Accounting for endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and sample selection in an unified framework, we investigate the effect of psychological well-being on wages and labour market participation using a panel from the British Household Panel Survey. We find the effect of psychological well-being on labour market outcomes to differ across gender. In particular, psychological distress significantly reduces participation across genders, but, conditional on participation, has a significant negative effect on hourly wages only in the female sample.

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23

Hill, Elizabeth T. "Labor Market Effects of Women's Post-School-Age Training." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (1995): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900109.

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Using data from the 1984 NLS Mature Women's Cohort, this study investigates whether post-school-age training (defined as both formal education and other forms of training received after the end of formal schooling) affected women's wages and labor force participation. The author analyzes the association between training and wage changes over the years 1967 (when the women in the sample ranged in age from 30 to 44) through 1984 (when they had reached ages 47 to 61) and compares labor force participation in 1984 between women who had obtained post-school-age training and those who had not. Women

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24

Giovanis, Nickolaos. "Does the Prosperity Level of States Affect Participation in Trade Unions? A Quantitative Research." Research in Economics and Management 1, no. 2 (2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v1n2p152.

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<p><em>International differences in wage inequality remain a reality, despite efforts of negotiations and demands of the unions and contrary to the will of international organizations and associations for an international minimum wage. At the same time, the fall in wages and, specifically in minimum wages, combined with the decline of unionization are facts that seem connected.</em></p><p><em>This article presents the results of a quantitative research</em><em>-</em><em>using the </em><em>Mann-Whitney non-parametric test a

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25

Netto, Gina, and Gary Craig. "Introduction: Migration and Differential Labour Market Participation." Social Policy and Society 16, no. 4 (2017): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746417000276.

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Recent major political developments, including Brexit and the US presidential elections, have been strongly associated with public concerns around levels of immigration. Much of this has centred on the role of migrants in the low-skilled sectors of the economy and concerns that they have displaced members of local communities from jobs and depressed wage levels. This is despite compelling evidence that immigrants rarely take jobs from native workers in OECD countries (Constant, 2014) and that in the long run, the wage and employment effects of immigration in the 1990s and in the 2000s were sma

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26

Ascari, Guido, Andrea Colciago, and Lorenza Rossi. "LIMITED ASSET MARKET PARTICIPATION, STICKY WAGES, AND MONETARY POLICY." Economic Inquiry 55, no. 2 (2016): 878–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12424.

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27

Schultz, T. Paul, and Germano Mwabu. "Labor Unions and the Distribution of Wages and Employment in South Africa." ILR Review 51, no. 4 (1998): 680–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805100407.

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Few countries have higher wage inequality than South Africa, where wages of African and white workers differ by a factor of five. Using survey data collected in 1993, the authors analyze the complex effect of unions on this wage gap. Among male African workers in the bottom decile of the wage distribution, union membership was associated with wages that were 145% higher than those of comparable nonunion workers, and among those in the top decile the differential was 19%. Regression estimates also indicate that returns to observed productive characteristics of workers, such as education and exp

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28

Ewing, Bradley T. "High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males." Review of Black Political Economy 24, no. 1 (1995): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02911828.

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This article examines the effects of high school athletic participation on the future wages of black males. Our evidence suggests that former black male athletes receive significantly greater wages than their otherwise comparable counterparts. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used for the analysis and allows for comparisons of the athlete premium to be made at different points in time. Both the human capital and signaling models are discussed. There appears to be a once and for all enhancement to human capital that accrues to black males who participated in high school a

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29

Groshen, Erica L., and Harry J. Holzer. "Labor Market Trends and Outcomes: What Has Changed since the Great Recession?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 695, no. 1 (2021): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162211022326.

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This article describes 40 years of trends in wages and labor force participation for the “working class”—workers with a high school education or less—compared to workers with a college degree or more. We compare cyclical peaks over the entire period 1979 to 2019, with particular focus on the Great Recession (2007–2010) and recovery (2010–2019). We also present results by gender and race. We find real wage growth for all workers in the recovery from the Great Recession, but not enough to change the long-term trends of growing inequality and stagnant wages for the less educated. We also find tha

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30

Plowman, David. "Wage Differentials and Youth Unemployment." Economic and Labour Relations Review 5, no. 1 (1994): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469400500103.

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There has been an increase in the rate of youth unemployment since the 1960s. Initially this increase was masked by the increased number staying on in the education system and the resultant drop in the participation rate for the under 20 age group. It is contended that the compression of youth/adult wage relativities since the 1970s has affected both the demand and supply for young workers. Demand has dropped since the experience premium attached to adult wages has been reduced. In the context of unemployed adult workers, the latter will be preferred to younger workers and new entrants to the

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31

Phimister, Euan. "Urban effects on participation and wages: Are there gender differences?" Journal of Urban Economics 58, no. 3 (2005): 513–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2005.08.006.

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32

van der Meer, Peter H., and Rudi Wielers. "Unpaid overtime in the Netherlands: forward- or backward-looking incentives?" International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (2015): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2012-0185.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test forward-looking incentives against backward-looking incentives. Design/methodology/approach – Wage growth model to estimate forward-looking effects of unpaid overtime and a probit model of participation in unpaid overtime controlling for excessive pay to estimate backward-looking effects. The authors use data form the OSA labour supply panel (years 1994, 1996 and 1998). Findings – The importance of backward-looking incentives is demonstrated in an empirical analysis of participation in unpaid overtime. The authors show that employees who have rela

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Honchar, Liubov, Svitlana Harna, and Antonina Shnurko. "Actual issues of the current state of wages in Ukraine." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 5-6 (August 2019): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2019.5-6.19.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is to research the topical problems of the current state of wages in Ukraine, identification of the primary causes of low wages and determination of ways of their solution. Methodology of research. Methodological basis for the study was the scientific methods of cognition, based on a systematic approach to solving the tasks. A number of general and special scientific methods of research is used to achieve this goal and to obtain the results of the research: dialectical; monographic (when working on scientific publications); systematic analysis (when examining th

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34

Smith, Ralph E., and Bruce Vavrichek. "The Wage Mobility of Minimum Wage Workers." ILR Review 46, no. 1 (1992): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600106.

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Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors examine the earnings mobility of workers employed at the minimum wage. Results indicate that over 60% of workers who were earning the minimum wage in the mid-1980s were earning higher wages one year later; for those with gains, the typical rise was nearly 20%. A significant minority of workers, however—most of them lacking a high school diploma or working on a part-time basis—did not advance beyond the minimum wage between the two survey dates.

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35

Starr, Evan. "Consider This: Training, Wages, and the Enforceability of Covenants Not to Compete." ILR Review 72, no. 4 (2019): 783–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919826060.

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Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the author examines the effect of noncompete enforceability on employee training and wages. An increase from no enforcement of noncompetes to mean enforceability is associated with a 14% increase in training, which tends to be firm-sponsored and designed to upgrade or teach new skills. In contrast to theoretical expectations, the results show no evidence of a relationship between noncompete enforceability and self-sponsored training. Despite the increases in training, an increase from non-enforcement of noncompetes to mean enforce

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36

Gimpelson, Vladimir E., and Daria I. Zinchenko. "“Cost of getting older”: Wages of older age workers." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-11-35-62.

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The article focuses on the wage formation of workers in the pre-retirement and retirement age in Russia. For this, the authors analyze age-wage profile and wage differentiation within and between age groups. The study exploits the Sample Survey of Household Incomes and Participation in Social Programs for 2016 which has a large sample and covers all groups of employed in the economy . It measures wages payed during the year 2015, thus allowing estimates for annual as well as hourly wages. Multiple previous studies across developed countries come to the consensus that wages tend to grow over ag

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37

Fernández, Raquel. "Cultural Change as Learning: The Evolution of Female Labor Force Participation over a Century." American Economic Review 103, no. 1 (2013): 472–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.1.472.

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This paper develops a learning model of cultural change to investigate why women's labor force participation (LFP) and attitudes toward women's work both changed dramatically. In the model, women's beliefs about the long-run payoff from working evolve endogenously via an intergenerational learning process. This process generically generates the data's S-shaped LFP curve and introduces a novel role for wage changes via their effect on the speed of intergenerational learning. The calibrated model does a good job of replicating the evolution of female LFP in the United States over the last 120 ye

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38

Drydakis, Nick. "Bullying at school and labour market outcomes." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 8 (2014): 1185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2012-0122.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-term correlates of bullying in school with aspects of functioning in adult employment outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Bullying is considered and evaluated as a proxy for unmeasured productivity, and a framework is provided that outlines why bullying might affect employment outcomes through differences in skills and traits. Using Bivariate and Heckit models the paper employs a variety of specifications and finds several interesting patterns. Findings – By utilising the 2008 Greek Behavioural Study data set the regression outcome

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39

Абузярова, Найра, and Nayra Abuzyarova. "Constitutional Framework of Wages and Social Insurance in Russia." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 7 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20142.

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In accordance with the author&#180;s intention, and in accordance with the constitutional framework, the article analyzes the wages and social insurance in Russia, unjustified super differentiation in wages, which excludes financial participation of low-income workers in the compulsory social insurance, who should be included in the system of compulsory social insurance without any conditions and restrictions. The author analyzes the state of wages, the necessity of state regulation of wages, the basic state guarantee on wages — minimum wages and salaries in Russia, with the aim to determi

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40

HESHMATI, ALMAS, and BIWEI SU. "ANALYSIS OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIAL IN CHINA’S URBAN LABOR MARKET." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 02 (2017): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081550071x.

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This paper estimates the gender wage gap and its composition in China’s urban labor market. The traditional Blinder–Oaxaca (1973) decomposition method with different weighing systems is employed. To correct for potential selection bias caused by women’s labor force participation, we employ the Heckman’s two-step procedure to estimate the female wage function. A large proportion of the gender wage gap is unexplained by differences of productive characteristics of individuals. Even though women have higher level of education attainments on average, they receive lower wages than men. Both facts s

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Sabir, Muhammad, and Zehra Aftab. "Dynamism in the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (2007): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.865-882.

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One of the main caveats of Pakistan’s economic development history is the persistence of gender inequality with respect to almost all socioeconomic indicators. For instance, Pakistan ranks 66, out of 75 countries, with respect to the Gender Empowerment Measure (Human Development Report, 2006) with a GEM value of 0.377, largely a manifestation of very low estimated female to male earned income ratio, which is a depressing 0.29. GEM and other labour force statistics confirm the gender gap in labour force participation. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination

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Luchinskaya, Daria, and Peter Dickinson. "‘Virtuous’ and ‘Vicious’ Circles? Adults’ Participation in Different Types of Training in the UK and Its Association with Wages." Social Inclusion 7, no. 3 (2019): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i3.2039.

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The relationship between education, skills and labour market outcomes is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in many countries. In the UK, recent changes in education and skills funding structures and the ongoing consequences of the 2008 recession may have affected participation in training. ‘Virtuous’ and ‘vicious’ circles of learning may exist, whereby access to training is associated with social advantage, and training begets more training. We explore workers’ participation in different types of training and how this is associated with wages using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Ou

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Blay, Eva Alterman. "Social Movements and Women's Participation in Brazil." International Political Science Review 6, no. 3 (1985): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251218500600304.

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To understand the present situation of Brazilian women, this article sets out to examine the way it has evolved in the past 20 years. The change of regime in 1964 led to an exacerbation of the economic crisis for the ordinary people of Brazil. This was accompanied by a restriction of civil liberties. Thus deprived of formal channels of negotiation, women formed a new movement. They began to play a public role, motivated by a desire for a better life for their children, the release of imprisoned relatives, and higher wages. In this way, they began to penetrate the public realm.

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Tommaso, M. "A trivariate model of participation, fertility and wages: the Italian case." Cambridge Journal of Economics 23, no. 5 (1999): 623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/23.5.623.

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Han, Jun, and Junsen Zhang. "Wages, participation and unemployment in the economic transition of urban China." Economics of Transition 18, no. 3 (2010): 513–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2009.00380.x.

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Caparrós Ruiz, Antonio. "Social capital, labour market status and wages: some evidence from Spain." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 4 (2020): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2019-0253.

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PurposeThis article analyses the social capital's influence on the Spanish labour market. In particular, this study examines to what extent the social capital increases the likelihood of being employed, taking into account different labour market status, and diverse dimensions of the social capital. Focusing on wage earners, it is also analysed whether network structures in Spain influence on the wage earnings.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology applied to analyse the labour market status is a multinomial logit model. For the analysis of wages, it is specified a wage model with sample s

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Binder, Ariel J., and John Bound. "The Declining Labor Market Prospects of Less-Educated Men." Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (2019): 163–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.163.

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Over the last half century, US wage growth stagnated, wage inequality rose, and the labor-force participation rate of prime-age men steadily declined. In this article, we examine these worrying labor market trends, focusing on outcomes for males without a college education. Though wages and participation have fallen in tandem for this population, we argue that the canonical neoclassical framework, which postulates a labor demand curve shifting inward across a stable labor supply curve, does not reasonably explain the data. Alternatives we discuss include adjustment frictions associated with la

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Eliseeva, I. I., and M. P. Dekina. "DIFFERENTIATION OF WAGES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: TERRITORIAL FEATURES." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 5 (2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2020-5-39.

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The article presents an analysis of the differentiation of wages from the position of identifying the influence of the territorial factor. The study of territorial wages remains relevant for the Russian Federation; features of the regions, the development of certain types of activities in combination with regional features continue to affect differences in earnings. The purpose of the article is to identify the territorial features of wage differentiation. Aggregated data of official statistics and microdata of the Selective observation of population incomes and participation in social program

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Rambe, Rhivna Cilviyani, Purwaka Hari Prihanto, and Hardiani Hardiani. "Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengangguran terbuka di Provinsi Jambi." e-Jurnal Ekonomi Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan 8, no. 1 (2019): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jels.v8i1.11967.

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The research as purpose: (1) To find out and analysis the development of open unemployment rates in Jambi Province; and (2) What factors influence open unemployment in Jambi Province. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis, namely multiple linier regression using data from 2000-2017. The results of this study indicate: (1) The average development of open unemployment in Jambi Province is 0,53 percent; (2) The results of data analysis show that during the period 2000-2017 GDP, wages, inflation, and investment had a positive and significant effect on open

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Kroft, Kory, Kavan Kucko, Etienne Lehmann, and Johannes Schmieder. "Optimal Income Taxation with Unemployment and Wage Responses: A Sufficient Statistics Approach." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12, no. 1 (2020): 254–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180033.

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We derive a sufficient statistics tax formula in a model that incorporates unemployment and endogenous wages to study the shape of the optimal income tax. Key sufficient statistics are the macro employment response to taxation, the micro and macro participation response to taxation, and the wage-moderating effect of tax progressivity. We empirically implement the tax formula by estimating the micro and macro elasticities using policy variation from the United States. Our results suggest that the optimal tax more closely resembles a negative income tax than an earned income tax credit relative

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