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Bhatt, Meenakshi Sanjeev. "Participatory strategies in income generation programmes for poor women in India." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29247135.
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Humble, Morag Elizabeth Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Implementing gender and development theory: assessing participatory rural appraisal as a GAD technique." Ottawa, 1994.
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Weigand, Ronaldo. "The social context of participation participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and the creation of a marine protected area in Bahia, Brazil /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000894.
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Galpin, C. Mark. "The development and evaluation of participatory farm management methods for research needs assessment with smallholder farmers." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324995.
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Opp, Robert. "Those who are silent have something to say, participatory rural appraisal and the discourses of development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ26964.pdf.
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Mamotho, Mpho Benett. "Sustainable rural development projects in Ficksburg Local Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5751.
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The current study aimed to evaluation of a Rural Development project in this case the (Kabelo Trust), by evaluating the factors that contributes to its sustainability even though 70% of the members did not undergo high school education. Qualitative research methods was employed in gathering accurate information from the project members about the strategies that they are employing in sustaining the project while many government funded project does not last for even a year. The involvement of the stakeholders like Setsoto Local Municipality, the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, the role they played in the project was also explored. It was therefore suggested by the researcher that the main stakeholder which is the Department of Agriculture should assist the project in establishing market for products in other countries.
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Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.
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Sawathvong, Silavanh. "Participatory land management planning in biodiversity conservation areas of Lao PDR /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s267.pdf.
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de, Goey Heleen. "The social impact of microfinance: what changes in well-being are perceived by women group borrowers after obtaining a group loan? : A participatory rural appraisal in Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179782.
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Worldwide, poverty remains to be an obstacle to achieve sustainable development and improve the well-being of people. Microfinance has become a popular tool for poverty alleviation and it can now be found in poor countries across the world. Microfinance is based on the principle that poor people can initiate their own development out of poverty, given they have the starting capital to do so. The capital can be invested in income-generating activities and it is assumed that this will lead to a higher income and additional positive effects, like an increase in well-being, will follow. However others argue that the focus on income is only one aspects of poverty, other forms of deprivation and constraints are excluded. This thesis aims to address how microfinance, the provision of credit in particular, has an influence on the well-being of women. A participatory rural appraisal was conducted in order to explore how women define well-being. The perspectives of four women groups from the urban and peri-urban areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were included in understanding the local definition of well-being, the developments in their lives and the changes in well-being they have perceived. The results show that the group loans may contribute to positive changes in the well-being of women, but these changes cannot be attributed to the loans alone. The changes in well-being caused by the loan intertwine with other factors like group dynamics and family life; therefore the results need to be interpreted considering the specific context. Furthermore the results show that the changes in well-being are not necessarily related to an increase in income, thus contesting the assumptions on which microfinance is based.
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Usadolo, Sam Erevbenagie. "A participatory communication approach of rural cattle project: a case study of Nguni cattle project in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015407.
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project. It did this by reviewing relevant literature in development communication. The review done showed that literature is replete with arguments critical of the dominant paradigm due to its top-down nature of communication. Scholars critical of dominant paradigm argue that participatory communication should be given a prominent role to ensure that stakeholders work in concert to realise the stated objectives of their development project. The study highlighted many contentious issues surrounding the nature and practices of participatory communication. It pointed out that the issues have played themselves out in literature in the form of different typologies of participatory practices, which were dealt with extensively in this study. The discussion of participatory communication in literature is also mindful of different models of communication and the space they occupy in participatory communication practices. In this study, there was a discussion of transactional communication models as depicted by Nair and White (1993:52) and Steinberg (1997:19). Both scholars emphasise that participatory communication will not achieve its stated purpose without mutual agreement of the parties in communication. They equally stress the recognition of the possible effects of some contextual factors which may have bearing on the prevailing nature of communication. A review of different communication tools used by participatory development communicator was given in the study. These different communication tools were discussed in view of how these tools can be used to advance participatory practice in a development project, especially with reference to the project examined in this study. Using qualitative research method, different and appropriate interview methods such as semi-structured, focus group and post-survey interviews were used to collect data from the respondents in this study. The analysis and discussion of the data revealed that different challenges on the ground could affect participatory communication practices in a development project. With regard to the project examined in this study, the analysis showed that there is a weak stakeholder relationship, especially stakeholders identified in this study as field officers. The study highlighted that stakeholders such as the agricultural extension officers and animal health technicians are not very active in the implementation process of the project. Some of the reasons pointed out is the fact that the secondary stakeholder such as the Provincial Department of Agricultural (PDoA) to which these field officers belong is not playing active role in ensuring that they complement the efforts of other field officers such as the IDC representatives. The second reason is the fact that the participatory focus of the project was not properly communicated to the beneficiaries. This also transpired in their inability to reflect participatory practice in their relationship with the beneficiaries and other stakeholders of the project. Other challenges, among others, as pointed out in the analysis showed that participatory communication practice requires expert personnel to be successful. In the case of the project examined, apart from the fact that there is shortage of manpower to handle the challenges mentioned in the study, there is no communication expert among the few active personnel in the field. The findings of this study showed that there was no clear role and identification of responsibilities let alone coordination of all actors involved in the project. Through the selected case study, this study has not only provided avenue to explore both theoretically and practically participatory communication, but has added to participatory communication discourse that there is no easy answer to challenges field officers encounter in practice. This is the reason the different participatory practices characterising nature of the project this study has investigated was given.
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Mbongwe, Bathsheba Basathu. "Power-sharing partnerships : teachers’ experiences of participatory methodology." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24127.
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I investigated the experiences of teachers as co-researchers in a long-term partnership with university researchers in an asset-based intervention project known as STAR1. The goal of STAR is to investigate how teachers can promote resilience in scare-resource and high need schools. To inform participatory research methodology, I explored and described how coresearchers (teachers) experience power relations. I conducted the participatory reflection and action (PRA) study by using feminist standpoint theory as guiding epistemological paradigm, Gaventa’s power cube as theoretical framework and participatory research as methodological paradigm. I conveniently chose two cohorts (schools) in the STAR project to partner as the unit of analysis. I thus applied convenience sampling to select information-rich cohorts. The schoolcohorts included a primary school in the Eastern Cape Province and a secondary school in a remote area in the Mpumalanga Province. I then purposefully selected participating coresearchers (n=15: 14 females, 1 male) from the participating schools. Over a two year period, I employed multiple PRA data generation techniques (observation, four focus groups and two semi-structured interviews) and documentation procedures (field notes, research journal, visual data and verbatim transcriptions). I used thematic analysis and categorical aggregation for data analysis, with three themes emerging. In terms of the nature of power in participatory partnerships, co-researchers expressed factors which influenced power and partnership in a participatory project. For co-researchers, these factors enabled them to experience a sense of power-sharing. Regarding the role of agency in relation to power and partnerships, co-researchers indicated that agency resulted from power-sharing and partnerships they had established. The agency meant that they took action through leadership to empower others in school-communities. Co-researchers’ meaning-making of power and partnerships culminated in their construction of power in a participatory project as both a way in which their working environment enabled them to do what they wanted to do, and also as a personal space where they felt capable and had initiative to coordinate project activities. Findings of this study correlate with existing literature where (i) power is seen as the ability of actors to express and act on desires, (ii) power can be redistributed as action for inclusive benefits, (iii) partnerships imply balancing time, and (iv) partnerships evolve over time, are dynamic and involve issues of trust and confidence. In contrast to existing knowledge on power in participatory research, I found that teachers did not view power as dominance or as exclusively owned. I developed a framework of power sharing partnerships to extend Gaventa’s power cube theory. This framework, and its five interrelated elements (leadership as power, identifying vision and mission, synergy, interdependent role of partners, and determination), provide insight into the way co-researchers shared their experiences of participatory research methodology. I posit an evidence-based conceptualisation of power as leadership where community partners play influential roles as co-researchers. I theorise power sharing partnerships as a complimentary platform hosting partners’ shared strengths, skills and experience, creating synergy in collaborative projects. I argue that synergy in power sharing partnerships relies on recognition, appreciation and mutual respect inherent in interdependent roles of partners. Furthermore, the power sharing partnership framework explains how power and partnership depends on determination amongst partners which manifests as agency to drive social change.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Educational Psychology
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Massawe, Nicholaus Felix. "Strategies based on participatory rural appraisal for improving the utilization of forages to increase profitable milk production on smallholder farms in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299555.
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Sasaki, Diana Leb. "Sustentabilidade de uma propriedade rural de base ecológica : um estudo de caso no Sítio Oliveira em Rio Claro/SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/103.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-04Most of the territorial space of a city is used for agricultural purposes like crops, livestock or forest and a considerable amount of ecological problems are related to such activities, which, as productive processes, are closely linked to the dynamics of ecosystems and certain social relationships of production. In agriculture, sustainability is a guiding element in the search for a new ethic in the relationship between man and nature. A major challenge for farmers and researchers is to know when an agroecosystems is healthy, how healthy is a system after conversion into an agroecological management and, more importantly, how to achieve a sustainable agroecosystem. Thus, studies that examine the sustainability of farms with ecological production systems, from the perspective of agroecology, through methodologies such as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Indicators of sustainability, are extremely important to verify the operation of these systems, their influence on the improvement of environmental resources and the dissemination and encouragement of more sustainable practices in food production and other products. In this study were used six tools of PRA: Semi-structured interview, Maps of the farm, Venn s Diagram, Agricultural Calendar with focus on gender, Commercial Flowchart and Problem Tree, which served as input for obtaining information with a high degree of relevance in the development of forty-four indicators of different dimensions of sustainability (environmental, socio-cultural and economic), which were grouped into four broad themes (Quality and use of land and water, Land use and conservation, Quality of life and Economic vulnerability). The Radar Chart made possible to plot the state of the elements of the ecosystem, promoting an integrated and systemic evaluation. There were an intense exchange of information and experiences in which the views of researchers and farmers complemented themselves and generated responses more suited to the local reality.
A maior parte do espaço territorial de um município é utilizada para propósitos agrícolas, sejam cultivos, criações ou florestas, e uma quantidade considerável dos problemas ecológicos são decorrentes dessas atividades, as quais, como processo produtivos, estão estreitamente vinculadas às dinâmicas dos ecossistemas e a determinadas relações sociais de produção. Na agricultura, a sustentabilidade é um elemento norteador na busca de uma nova ética na relação homem-natureza. Um grande desafio para agricultores e pesquisadores é saber quando um agroecossistema está saudável, o quanto saudável um sistema está depois da conversão para um manejo agroecológico e, mais ainda, como alcançar um agroecossistema sustentável. Desta forma, pesquisas que analisem a sustentabilidade de propriedades rurais de base ecológica, pela ótica da agroecologia, através de metodologias como o diagnóstico rural participativo (DRP) e indicadores de sustentabilidade, são de extrema importância para a verificação do funcionamento destes sistemas, a sua influência na melhora de recursos ambientais e para a difusão e estímulo de práticas mais ecológicas na produção de alimentos e outros produtos. No presente estudo foram utilizadas seis ferramentas do DRP: Entrevista Semiestruturada, Mapas da propriedade, Diagrama de Venn, Calendário Agrícola com enfoque em gênero, Fluxograma Comercial e Árvore de Problemas, que serviram como subsídio para a obtenção de informações com alto grau de relevância na elaboração de quarenta e quatro indicadores de sustentabilidade de diferentes dimensões (ambiental, sócio-cultural e econômica), que foram agrupados em quatro temas amplos (Qualidade e uso do solo e da água, Uso da terra e conservação, Qualidade de vida e Vulnerabilidade econômica). Através do Gráfico de Radar, pôde-se representar graficamente o estado dos elementos do agroecossistema, promovendo uma avaliação sistêmica e integrada dos indicadores. Houve uma intensa troca de informações e experiências no campo, nas quais os pontos de vista de pesquisadores e agricultores se complementaram e geraram respostas mais adaptadas a esta realidade local.
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Wickham, Trevor Wayne. "Farmers ain't no fools exploring the role of participatory rural appraisal to access indigenous knowledge and enhance sustainable development research and planning : a case study of Dusun Pausan, Bali, Indonesia /." Waterloo, Ont., Canada : University Consortium on the Environment, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37546949.html.
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Hedtjärn, Swaling Julia. "Local dynamics and external drivers of agro-ecological change in Southwestern Ethiopia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-82536.
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While previous research on African smallholder agriculture has been criticized of focusing on the sole factor of population pressure as driver of agricultural degradation or intensification, the present study tries to nuance this debate by providing empirically grounded research, exploring the dynamics behind local agro-ecological change. The thesis specifically studies the dynamics behind small-scale farmers’ crop choices in relation to their management of trees in cropland in Gera District, Ethiopia. Drawing on situated landscape interviews and focus group discussions with farmers combined with observations and interviews with agriculture officials, a contextual understanding of local agro-ecological processes emerged. While political ecology was used as an overarching framework, the concept of landesque capital served as an analytical tool to explore how external and local forces interact at the point of the land management decision. It was found that external factors sometimes have a reinforcing effect at the local scale, but when top-down interventions are incoherent with bottom-up priorities, a conflict occurs. In this way, local dynamics and external drivers constitute an interacting dialectic, with a set of unintentional synergies and trade-offs eventually forming agro-ecological landscape change.Examining mismatches between management and the supply of ecosystem services in Ethiopian agroecosystems across scales in space and time
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Elfving, Maria, and Sanna Ristimäki. "Environmental Education in Rural Development : A Case Study in Mecubúri District, Mozambique." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-17711.
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Elfving M, Ristimäki S, 2011. Environmental Education in Rural Development, A Case Study in Mecubúri District, Mozambique, Master’s Thesis in Peace and Development Work, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden This masters’ thesis is a result of research conducted during three weeks in Mecubúri District, located in northern Mozambique. The study aims to explore environmental challenges and the environmental education in Mecubúri area. It strives to understand how rural farmers are able to use environmental education as a measure to act upon the environmental challenges in the area as well as to strengthen their livelihood assets. The target group of the study is the people living in Mecubúri. A basic understanding of environmental education and the socio-economic situation in Mecubúri was achieved by a systematic collection of empirical data through the use of a methodological approach called Participatory Rural Appraisal. Ethnographic methods such as participatory observation and semi-structured interviews built the base for the qualitative primary data collection and the secondary data was collected through literature reviews. The holistic and human centred theoretical framework Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) laid the analytical base of the study. The most prominent environmental concerns identified by the inhabitants were agricultural issues, uncontrolled bushfires, changes in rainfall and the increased prevalence of strong winds and cyclones as well as sanitation and hygiene. Education was transmitted through both formal and informal communication channels, whereby conservation farming, education related to sanitation and hygiene as well as various educational channels were identified as the most important factors for the rural people in Mecubúri. As a concluding remark, it is argued that the society has a strong social capital which is effectively being used in environmental education. In contrast, an increased effort from the governmental level is advocated whereby a focus on conservation farming is recommended.
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Kabir, Yasin. "Sustainability analysis of project components of Narayanganj district under RIIP 2 project : Scoping of PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) in feasibility assessments of donor funded projects in Bangladesh." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188992.
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This research firstly analyzes the prevailing practice of conducting sub project appraisals or feasibility studies under the scope of sustainability. Then the research debates on the existing capital intensive, people exclusive, quantitative methodology of conducting SARs and urges on introducing more people oriented right based approach of doing such type of study for donor funded projects in Bangladesh. From the study it was found that ADB launches a very detail feasibility study before launching RIIP 2 project where they looked at environment, social and economic aspect of the project components. The cut throat methodology of quantitative research was adopted with barely participation of the community. Whereas , if PRA was adopted as the tool for the feasibility it would have been less capital intensive and for inclusive from a right based perspective.
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Bachmann, Lorenz. "Review of the Agricultural Knowledge System in Fiji." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14618.
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Der Inselstaat Fidschi im Südpazifik hat ein ausgeprägtes Landwirtschaftliches Wissenssystem mit einer Reihe privater und staatlicher Institutionen. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung standen die staatlichen Agrarforschungs- und Beratungsabteilungen des Landwirtschaftsministeriums. Mit einem partizipativen Aktionsforschungsansatz wurde untersucht, welchen Beitrag partizipative Methoden zur Verbesserung des Informationsflusses zwischen Bauern und dem Ministerium leisten können, um damit eine systematische Integration der Probleme der Bauern im Wissenssystem zu erreichen. Weiterhin wurde erhoben, welchen Beitrag Plattformen für eine effizientere Arbeit im Ministerium leisten können. Partizipative Methoden (PRA) erwiesen sich als sehr geeignet den Dialog mit den Bauern zu fördern und deren Probleme zu analysieren. Neben den Problemen konnten auch die Potenziale der Betriebe und bäuerliche Lösungsvorschläge gut erfasst werden. Als Ergebnis wurde eine Modell zur systematischen Problemerfassung und Bestimmung von Forschungs- und Beratungsprioritäten erarbeitet. Der Trainingskurs in partizipativen Methoden zeigte folgende Stärken der lokalen Mitarbeiter auf: Organisieren von Untersuchungen, Anwendung partizipativer Methoden im Feld, praktische Implementierung, Visualisierung und Präsentation von Untersuchungsergebnissen. Schwachpunkte wurden hingegen in folgenden Bereichen festgestellt: konzeptionelles Denken, Interpretation und Auswertung der Daten sowie der schriftlichen Abfassung von Ergebnissen. Diese Defizite im konzeptionellen Bereich schränken das mit den Methoden erreichbare Problemlösungspotenzial ein. Weiterbildung der Mitarbeiter und eine Verbesserung der lokalen Agrarausbildung werden benötigt, um das Niveau der wissenschaftlichen Ausbildung anzuheben. Die Untersuchung von vier Projekten zeigte, dass diese als Plattformen gut zur Innovationsentwicklung und eingeschränkt zu deren Verbreitung geeignet waren. Eine ausgewogene Beteiligung aller Akteure zeichnete die erfolgreichste Plattform aus. Als Stärken des Plattformmodells konnten festgehalten werden: bessere Koordination, verbesserte Verbindungen und Schnittstellen, bessere Zusammenarbeit aller Akteure, bessere Aussichten gesetzte Ziele zu erreichen, Vermeidung von Doppelforschung und eine effiziente Ausnutzung der vorhandenen Ressourcen. Schwächen des Modells wurden in folgenden Punkten gesehen: Konsenserzielung, institutionelle Akzeptanz und Mangel an entsprechend ausgebildeten Fachkräften im Ministerium. Drei Jahre nach Beginn der Trainingsmaßnahmen konnte eine teilweise Institutionalisierung von partizipativen Methoden im Ministerium festgestellt werden. Zur weiteren Konsolidierung partizipativer Methoden und Plattformen wird eine Linkage-Abteilung empfohlen.The small Island country Fiji has an articulated agricultural knowledge system with private and public institutions. The agricultural research and extension departments of the Ministry of Agriculture are the focus of this study. A participatory action research methodology was used to investigate the potential of participatory methods and to improve information flows between farmers and the Ministry in order to achieve a systematic Integration of farmers' problems into the knowledge system. Furthermore, the potential of platforms in improvement of the efficiency of work in the Ministry was studied. Participatory methods proved suitable in improving the dialog with farmers and the analysis of their problems. Besides this, farmers potentials and their ideas for solutions could be assessed. As a result, a model for the systematic compilation of farmers' problems and respective research and extension priorities could be elaborated. The training course on participatory methods revealed the following strength of Ministry staff: organising surveys, field use of tools, presentation and visualisation of findings. Conceptual thinking, analytical skills, interpretation, and report writing skills were identified as weaknesses. These deficits restrict the problem solving potential of participatory methods in the Ministry. Further education of Ministry staff and revised curricula at the local agricultural colleges will be required, to raise the overall level of scientific education. Four projects that were studied as cases for platforms, revealed that platforms were suitable means for promoting innovation development and somewhat less successful for the diffusion of findings. The most successful platform was characterised by a balanced contribution and participation of all actors involved. Strengths of the platform model were identified as such: better co-ordination, improved linkages, better interplay of actors, better means to reach goals, reduced duplication of efforts, and better use of resources. Weaknesses were seen in the need to achieve consensus and co-ordination, the weakening of hierarchical authority due to increased flexibility, and the fact that experienced-trained staff were not available in abundance in the Ministry. Three years after the first introduction of participatory methods in the Ministry, a partial institutionalisation could be observed. For the further consolidation of participatory methods and platforms, a linkage unit for further promotion is recommended.
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Bergenholtz, Julle, and Åsa Ljusenius. "Destruction in the name of Development : a study on grassroots advocacy in rural India." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12523.
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The aim of this Bachelor thesis is to find keys to successful advocacy in a rural, Indian setting. The study is based on inductive, explorative research at a grassroots level, from a bottom-up perspective. Geographically, it takes place in the East Godavari District, in the state of Andhra Pradesh. At the centre of this study is the NGO:s Sujana and the Kadali Network, who are both advocating the rights of poor, marginalised and deprived people, as well as training people to carry out advocacy themselves. The theoretical framework for this thesis originates from theories within development communication, advocacy and Participatory Rural Appraisal. The research was carried out by making 16 individual interviews and 3 focus group interviews. Findings from the interviews have been categorised into themes and analysed through meaning condensation. The result of this study shows that there are multiple ways in which grassroots movements in East Godavari conduct advocacy. The analysis states that advocacy can be successful in a short to medium time span; the most prominent keys to success being: having a driving spirit, being creative, developing networks and being knowledgeable about laws and rights. In a longer time span though, the advocacy and struggle for change is hampered by lack of, or conflicting, political interest from the local government and by conflicting economical interests from companies.
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Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.
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[Truncated abstract] As a developing country, Indonesia has been struggling with complex and contentious development issues since Independence in 1945. Despite remarkable economic achievement during the New Order period (1966-1998), poverty has persisted and the benefits of development have been unequally distributed. Social welfare — the system of social security to protect the well-being of the weaker members of society has received little attention in Indonesia, both from the state and from the scholarly community. The historical neglect of social welfare in Indonesia has begun to be addressed recently, with the Social Safety Net (SSN) initiative. SSN is a social welfare program that was launched by the government of Indonesia to mitigate the deleterious impacts of the economic crisis that hit the nation in 1997. This thesis aims to assess how the SSN accommodated the needs and aspirations of poor women, particularly those who live in rural areas. The rural poor deserve attention because poverty in rural areas is widespread and often intractable, and because poverty in rural areas tends to be more invisible than in urban areas. The urban poor are more visible, because they are “in the face” of the powerful every day, and they are more likely to be able to access agencies of power than the rural poor.
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Mukherjee, Parameswari. "Analyzing the Discourse of Community Participation within a Multi-stakeholder Arsenic Remediation and Intervention in West Bengal." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563873454876855.
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Morales, Ernesto J. "Self-recruiting species in farmer managed aquatic systems : their importance to the livelihoods of the rural poor in Southeast Asia." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/250.
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The self-recruiting species (SRS) are aquatic animals that can be harvested regularly from a farmer managed system without regular stocking as described by Little (2002a, b). The potential and current role of self-recruiting species from farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS) is often overlooked, whilst much attention has been given to stocked species (often associated in conventional culture ponds and cages) as well as the fisheries sector (often relates to large water bodies i.e. river lakes and reservoirs). Using the combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches, the current status, the important contribution of SRS and factors undermining this contribution to the livelihoods of rural households in mainland Southeast (SE) Asia were investigated. The overall analysis of this research was done based from the sustainable livelihood (SL) framework (Scoones, 1998; DFID, 1999) in order to have a broader understanding of the importance of SRS as well as the rural livelihoods in selected areas of mainland SE Asia which often benefit from this resource. The research was carried out in rural villages of southeast Cambodia (SEC), northeast Thailand (NET) and Red River Delta in northern Vietnam (RRD). The sites (region of the country) were selected based from the intensity of aquaculture practices (less established and mainly relying on natural production, aquaculture established but also relying on natural production and mainly aquaculture dependent) as well as the agriculture i.e. intensiveness of rice production. Eighteen villages (6 villages/ country) were selected to represent the two agro-ecological zones (i.e. LOW and DRY areas) of the study sites. In order to fully assess the situation and meet the objectives of the research, the study was carried out using three stages which dealt with different approaches and sets of participants/respondents; i) participatory community appraisal (PCA), ii) baseline survey and iii) longitudinal study. The different stages of the research were carried out during the period of April 2001 until September 2004. During the first stage, a series of community appraisals using participatory methods were conducted in all of the participating villages in the three study sites. The participatory appraisal was conducted in order to understand the general rural context in the villages as well as the importance of aquatic resources. Moreover, the PCA in a way helped build rapport between the researcher and the communities. The series of appraisals were conducted with different wellbeing and gender groups (better-off men, better-off women, poor men and poor women). The various shocks, trends and seasonality that influenced the status of living in the community, diversified livelihoods and the differences in preference of socioeconomic and gender groups were analysed in this stage. The important aquatic animals (AA) and the local criteria for determing their importance were the highlights of this stage of the research. The important AA identified were composed of large fish (Channa spp., Clarias spp., Hemibagrus sp, Common, Indian, Silver and Grass carps), small fish (Anabas testudineus, Rasbora spp., Mystus spp., Carassius auratus) as well as non-fish (Macrobrachium spp., Rana spp., Somanniathelpusa sp., Sinotaia spp.) which were particularly important to poorer groups in the community. The local criteria used were mainly food and nutrition related (good taste, easy to cook, versatility in preparation), abundance (availability, ease of catching) as well as economic value (good price). Significant differences were found between various interactions of sites, agro-ecological zones, gender and wellbeing groups. The second stage of the research was the baseline survey (cross-sectional survey) which was also carried out in the same communities and collected information from a total of 540 respondents (30 respondents per village or 180 per country). This stage of the study was carried out in order to generate household level information (mostly quantitative) regarding the socio-economic indicators to triangulate the information generated during the participatory appraisal and the different aquatic systems that existed in the community as well as the various management practices used (not limited to stocking hatchery seed and feeding). The different livelihood resources (human, physical, financial, natural and social capital) and the diversified strategies of rural households in SE Asia were analysed in this phase. Another highlight of this phase was the understanding of the various aquatic systems that rural farmers managed and how they related to the existence of self-recruiting species. The common aquatic resources identified during this phase included farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS) and openwater bodies (OWB) where rural households usually obtained their aquatic products. The various types of FMAS which included ricefields, trap ponds, household ponds, culture ponds and ditches were identified as important aquatic resources which mainly provide food as well as additional income to the rural poor. All of these FMAS were being managed at various levels which directly affected the SRS population. Different types of farmers were identified based on their attitudes towards and management of SRS: i) SRS positive, farmers who allow and attract SRS into the system, ii) SRS negative, farmers who prevent or eliminate SRS and iii) SRS neutral, farmers doing nothing that would encourage or prevent SRS from entering into the system. Variations were related to the main factors (i.e sites, agroecological zones, wellbeing groups) and their interactions. The final stage of this study was the year-long household survey (longitudinal study) that investigated the seasonality of various aspects of rural livelihoods, status of the different aquatic systems and the important contribution of AA in general, and SRS in particular, to the overall livelihood strategies employed by rural farmers. This phase involved a total of 162 households (9 per village or 54 per country) selected based on the aquatic systems they managed and had access to. Other socio-economic factors (gender and wellbeing) were also considered during the selection of participants in this phase of the study. The results of the year long household survey highlighted the important contributions of SRS: i) to the total AA collections which were utilised in various ways, ii) contribution to overall food consumption in general and AA consumption in particular (which was found to be the most important contribution of SRS), iii) contribution to household nutrition (as a major source of animal protein and essential micro nutrients in rural areas), iv) contribution to income and expenditures, and v) improving the social capital of rural households (through sharing of production and mobilizing community in local resources user group management). Moreover, the social context and the dynamics of inter and intra household relationships were understood, especially the gender issues on division of labour (where women and children played an important part on the production), access and benefits (how women and children were being marginalised in terms of making decision and controlling benefits). The various results of the combined approaches that were utilised in all stages of the research were analysed and presented in this thesis. The results of the community appraisals and the baseline survey were used in setting the context (background) of each topic (e.g. livelihood activities, AA importance, etc). Meanwhile, the results of the longitudinal survey were used in illustrating the trends and highlighted the seasonality of particular issues. Overall the study contributed to knowledge by elucidating the status and roles of self-recruiting species in maintaining/ improving the overall livelihoods of rural farmers in Southeast Asia.
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"The application of a large group method for participation in rural development." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13531.
Full text
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Dipholo, Kenneth. "Reducing dependency and promoting community participation in development?: Four case studies of participatory rural appraisal and community action plans in Botswana." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4567.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
Since independence in 1966, centralized development planning has ensured the availability of basic facilities and services in rural areas of Botswana but has also contributed to over-reliance on the government for the majority of rural people. The consequence of this centralized and accelerated approach to rural development has been the exclusion of rural communities from planning and implementation of facilities meant to benefit them.
The international debate on sustainable rural development led the Botswana government to re-think its rural development policy with a view to establishing more effective strategies for rural development. The Community Based Strategy for Rural Development, introduced in 1997 emphasizes the important role of communities in their own development, by promoting Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA).
This study sought to discover insights into the implementation of PRA in Botswana by questioning extension workers and community members in four villages about the application and impact of PRA on their communities. The research uses the frameworks of qualitative research and critical adult education theory to enquire into the basis for participatory rural development in Botswana and the implementation of Community Action Plans (CAPs). Case studies of the four villages were conducted to illuminate problematic areas of programme design and implementation. Interviews with thirty-two people and observations were the main methods of collecting data. Documents, reports and records on PRA training and application in the four villages and from outside were consulted.
The research results show that the application of PRA in the participating villages has had negligible impact in reversing the state-dominated approach to development. PRA facilitators seem disinterested in its application and sustenance. However, the findings also suggest that PRA application in Botswana is not hopeless, but needs a different kind of investment, for example, introducing measures of accountability, addressing paternalistic attitudes among development workers, and exploiting key principles of adult education.
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Khanye, Bhekimpilo. "Some issues affecting participation of the poor in development projects in Inkosikazi communal lands in Zimbabwe." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2524.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates some of the issues affecting participation of the poor in two development projects in Inkosikazi communal lands in Zimbabwe. Recent trends in participatory development are reviewed and discussed in the study. Some definitions of the concept of participation are explored, including its historical background, importance and challenges.
Fieldwork was undertaken in Inkosikazi communal lands in July 2004. Two projects were randomly sampled, and in one of them involving goat-rearing, some of the participants were classified as being very poor, while in the other, a heifer loan-scheme project, none of the participants could be classified as very poor. The possible reasons for these variations are explored in the study.
The conclusion of the thesis is that the study succeeds in examining certain key issues affecting participation of the poor in Inkosikazi communal lands in Zimbabwe and recommendations thereof are made.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Were, Woyengo Vincent. "Cassava breeding through complementary conventional and participatory approaches in western Kenya." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8573.
Full textAbstract:
Participation of farmers in plant breeding programmes has been reported to increase
breeding efficiency. Farmers’ participation bridges the gap between variety development and
dissemination and provides an opportunity for farmers to select varieties they prefer. The
breeders on the others hand learn more about the farmers’ preferences and the environment
in which the new varieties will be grown. However, the advantages of participatory breeding
can best be realized when farmers’ indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) and experience
complement the breeder’s scientific knowledge and skills. Cassava (Manihot esculenta
Crantz) is a clonally propagated crop grown in diverse environments by small scale farmers
for subsistence. Information on the roles of farmers and breeders at various stages of
breeding and their ability to effectively participate in breeding programmes is limited. The
objectives of this study were to determine: (1) cassava farmers’ preferences, production
constraints and systems; (2) farmers’ selection criteria of cassava varieties; (3) genetic
inheritance of farmer preferred traits; (4) how farmers and breeders complement each other
at all stages and activities of cassava breeding.
Participatory rural appraisal was conducted in three purposefully sampled districts of western
Kenya based on ethnicity and agro-ecology. The results reveal that cassava is
predominantly grown by small scale farmers with mean land size of 1.6 ha mainly under
mixed cropping system for subsistence. The storage roots are eaten either after boiling or
processing to flour. The majority of farmers (over 60%) are aware of the improved varieties
but adoption rate is low (18% in some districts). The effects of pests and diseases, and the
lack of high yielding varieties, capital, land, and disease free planting material are the most
important constraints to cassava production. Farmers prefer tall, high yielding varieties that
are resistant to diseases and pests, early maturing and long underground storability of
harvestable storage roots. The districts surveyed significantly differed in popularity of
utilization methods, traits preferences and relative ranking of the production constraints
indicative of differences in ethnicity and agro-ecology.
Three farmer groups from the three districts selected in western Kenya were used to study
farmers’ variety selection criteria based on their own indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).
The groups evaluated 15 (10 landraces and five improved) popular cassava varieties with
concealed identities on their farms. The results revealed that farmers have effective methods
of selecting varieties for most of their preferred traits. However, ITK alone cannot be used to
evaluate all the important traits, such as cyanide content.
The genetic inheritance of farmer preferred traits was determined through a genetic study.
Six landraces and four improved varieties popular in western Kenya were crossed using the
North Carolina mating design II to generate 24 full-sib families. The 24 families, represented
by 40 siblings each, were evaluated at two sites, Kakamega and Alupe research station
farms, in a 24 x 40 a-lattice design. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining
ability (SCA) mean squares were significant (P<0.05) for all traits evaluated except dry
matter content and cyanide content. However, non-additive gene action predominated over
additive gene for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistance, height to first branching, total
number of storage roots per plant and fresh storage root yield in all environments. The best
crosses were not necessarily obtained from parents with high general combining ability
confirming the presence of non-additive gene action. The best performing parents per se did
not necessarily have high GCA effects implying that selection based on the per se
performance of parents may not always lead to development of superior hybrids.
The clonal evaluation trial (CET) was established at Alupe research station and evaluated by
the breeder and farmers from two districts independently. Three selection criteria were
tested to determine the most appropriate approach to selection of varieties that meet both
farmers’ and breeder’s preferences. The selection criteria were; farmers’ independent
selection index (SI) derived from farmers’ selection criteria from each district, breeder’s
negative selection and independent SI, and a participatory SI which combines farmers’ and
breeder’s selection criteria. There was 14% overlap among the top 100 varieties selected by
farmers from all districts and the breeder when independent SI were used. However, there
was 49% overlap among the top 100 varieties selected by farmers using participatory SI and
the breeder’s SI. The farmers and the breeder have a role to play in the variety development
process. Varieties with traits preferred by both the farmers and the breeder are likely to
enhance breeding efficiency and effectiveness.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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Kosoris, Justin Michael. "A new framework for African smallholder agriculture : harnessing innovation and the private sector to drive sustainable development." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1237.
Full textAbstract:
This report will outline a new framework for improved yields and increased sustainability in Sub-Saharan African smallholder agriculture. Given the failures of agricultural development aid and policy in the past, cross-sector collaboration among local farmer networks, national governments, and private corporations could represent a new model to foster sustainable agricultural production and growth, as each has had past successes but have not traditionally come together to work as a collaborative unit. This paper will examine each sector to look at best practices and then develop a framework for such collaboration. After a normative case with a positive outlook as to the potential for implementing the framework to Senegal‘s groundnut sector, the paper concludes that the framework can work in a variety of settings as long as one is aware of and respects local conditions.text
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Ngorima, Gabriel T. "Towards sustainable use of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) in the Savannah woodlands of Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/2354.
Full textAbstract:
STUDENT NUMBER: 0516082G
Master of Science in Resource Conservation Biology
Faculty of ScienceThe aim was to determine the availability of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) (A.Rich.) Hochst. Subsp.cafra (Sond.) Kokwaro trees for the harvesting of nut oils, through determining abundance, population structure and regeneration capacity, within the context of the socioeconomic and biophysical dimensions of villages in Zvishavane, Zimbabwe. Both arable and non arable lands in the study area were sampled within four randomly selected villages to measure species abundance, regeneration and population dynamics of the trees. The socioeconomic factors influencing marula commercialisation were determined through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and household questionnaire survey techniques. Vegetation characteristics were assessed through the point centre quarter (PCQ) method by placement of transects across sampled villages. All households (100%) collected marula fruit for their household use, mainly for brewing marula beer, making jam and selling kernels for snacks or oil pressing. In 2005, the mass of marula harvest per household averaged 160 ± 18 (SD) kg, with a range of 50-800 kg within the study area. A linear regression analysis indicates no increase in mass of marula harvest with larger sizes of household (r2 = 0.0089, d.f = 50, p = 0.4048). In addition, household interviews revealed that there was no association between level of household wealth status and the household’s use of traditional medicine from marula trees (χ2 = 0.2233, d.f = 2, p = 0.8944). The vegetation survey indicated a elatively high density of marula within the study area of 8.03 ± 3.19 stems ha-1. There was a significant difference in marula densities between arable and non arable land uses (F1, 197 = 11.92, p=0.001). The arable land had 6.40 ± 5.29 stems ha-1 while non arable land had three times more at 19.63 ± 11.82 stems ha-1. However there was no significant difference in densities between the villages in the study area (F 3, 195 =1.063, p= 0.366). There was a significant difference between marula tree diameters between arable and non arable land (t 92, 107 = 1.69, p = 0.0401). The arable land had generally bigger tree diameters (31.2 ± 25.3 cm) than non arable land (26.5 ± 20.8 cm), suggesting a form of domestication through allowing marula to grow around homesteads and crop fields. The investigation of marula size class profiles shows a large proportion of smaller diameter trees and this indicates ongoing recruitment of trees into the population. A closer analysis of the smallest diameter class shows a higher proportion of saplings (> 6cm diameter) than of seedlings (< 4cm diameter). Fruit harvesting seems to have a low potential for any negative impact, compared to other uses of marula trees. However fruits have the highest economic return and therefore should be targeted for the commercialisation activities. The management of some destructive forms of marula tree use (such as harvesting for bark, firewood, and carving wood) however, do need to be monitored to limit negative impacts on the population. There is also a need to determine the annual quantity of harvestable marula fruits and also the sex ratio of marula trees (a dioecious species) on this particular site, as a prelude to developing sustainable harvesting quotas, so that harvesting rates do not exceed the capacity of populations to replace the individuals extracted. There are some non governmental organisations (NGOs) and local institutions that are working towards natural resources conservation in the area. Zvishavane water project (ZWP) and Phytotrade Africa are assisting the rural producers in marula commercialisation activities through providing information on processing, packaging and marketing. At a current value of US$1 kg-1of fruit, the 3200 ha study area is estimated to yield a total harvest of 1 120 000 kg of marula fruit per year, and this should translate to an approximate total value of $1 120 000 per year for the whole area. There is still a need to expand the supply of processed goods with added value to wider markets locally, nationally, and internationally. There is therefore an indication that marula products offer a promising economic alternative for the people in the rural areas of Zvishavane area and southern Africa as a whole. The cash injection earned from selling fresh marula products comes at a particularly crucial time of the year, when money is required for school fees, uniforms and books. However there is a need for long-term monitoring and evaluation of socio-economic and environmental impacts of marula commercialisation so as to achieve sustainable resource utilisation in the region.
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Mulwa, Francis Wambua. "The efficacy of participatory strategic planning approaches to organisation building: process, problems and prospects." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1288.
Full textAbstract:
The study has established that modernisation development paradigm is currently governing the contemporary world of conventional development. Globalisation is the tool currently in use for modernisation, drummed up by the North, largely targeting the resources of the Southern hemisphere, through Structural Adjustment Programmes. Social welfare development interventions have been devised to provide safety-net for the poor, social casualities of modernisation process. The short cut has been to bail them out through relief handouts.
Participatory development concept, is built on the belief that the world had the means to improve the situation of the poor through fair redistribution of wealth, technology, knowledge, and ideas accruing from modernisation. But this calls for the political will to address the issue of inequality, power imbalance and social injustice as a primary goal. Achieving economic growth and ensuring equitable distribution should, of necessity, be compatible. Participatory development approach is to be preferred as it is accommodative, open and creative, drawing heavily from life experiences of those involved. It also puts people at the centre of development process. It is a paradigm that seeks to empower people to assume full responsibility for their own development including the consequences of their decisions and actions.
It has been established that management boards and staff are the main prime movers of strategic planning activities in an organisation. Strategic planning was appreciated by the organisational staff as an opportunity to converge their views and towards influencing organisational policy, a precious window of opportunity for them to participate in causing organisational change. Notably, donor partners generally played a minimal role in this regard. Ironically, community constituency played the least role in the planning activities owing to their often marginal disposition among stakeholders. The most satisfactory outcome of participatory strategic planning was the clarity in the future direction of an organisations and more refined planning with sense of collective responsibility.
It can authoritatively be declared here that participatory strategic planning is significantly efficacious as a tool for organisation building, but under certain conditions discussed in the concluding Chapter of the thesis.Development Studies
D. Litt et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Treurnicht, Stephanus Philippus. "Beskouings oor volhoubare ontwikkeling en die krisis in die natuur." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1215.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansDuring the last few decades the need existed for a new framework to give direction to development and ecological thought in respect of the sustaining of nature in order to place development and ecological thought within the limits of nature. However, development thought and the debate relating to nature are to some extent still treated in theory and practice as two separate entities. One of the current challenges for sustainable development is to reconcile the development and ecological branches of this debate. The thesis firstly explains the origin and characteristics of sustainable development. Secondly, the crisis in nature is discussed, followed by a discussion of the most important ecological views relating to sustainable development. Then issues in development thought that relates to sustainable development is discussed, as well as the changing emphasis in development thought that stimulated the growth of sustainable development. The mainstream development view, as the other main branch of sustainable development thinking, is then discussed. In conclusion, some issues relating to the operationalisation of sustainable development is discussed.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingstudies)
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Ali, Adem Chanie. "Participatory development communication in Ethiopia : a local development organization in focus." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22071.
Full textAbstract:
This research explores the perception and practice of participatory communication for development. To this end, the study focuses on a leading local Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) named Organisation for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara (ORDA), Ethiopia. This qualitative case study was based on the participatory development communication model which has been assumed to bring about sustainable socio-economic change of a country (Melkote & Steeves, 2001; Mefalopulos, 2008; Servaes, 2008). The data were collected using in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), document analysis and field observation. The collected data were organised and analysed in the form of content and thematic analysis. The results revealed economic oriented and top down approach to development communication as the dominant conceptions, and majority of the research participants perceived the concept ‘participation’ as mere contributions of labour and materials which are not real participation, but co-option. Only a few of the management members of ORDA conceptualized the idea of ‘participation’ as an empowerment process in which the organisation’s official document is also stated. Besides, the results showed no genuine participation of the local community in ORDA’s development process. Generally, these results could lead us to conclude that participatory communication was the missing link in the development process. That is, communication was perceived as a transmission of development information and an image building activity, not a process of empowerment. The major communications practices of ORDA were also best described as one-way top down which could reveal the legacy of modernisation and dependency theories of the development literature. The study further indicated pressing factors such as individual, organisational and environmental related affecting the implementation of ORDA’s participatory development communication.
The results of study further indicated that participatory development communication was not used a means of liberation from the chain of poverty, dependency syndrome and other underdevelopment problems which deeply persist in the region. Based on the findings, the study commends the mainstreaming of participatory development communication both at the perceptual and practical level for achieving sustainable development in rural Amhara region, Ethiopia.D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)
Communication
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Mashaba, Mahwahwatse Johanna. "A geographical investigation into women empowerment within the Makhuduthamaga local municipality, Limpopo, South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13616.
Full textAbstract:
There is a noticeable improvement in the quality of the lives of women engaged in economic activities beyond the home. In a democratic South Africa, women – including those in rural areas – are being freed from their fixed gender roles.
Today women are regarded as co-participants in any undertaking, whether as organisers, natural environmentalists or economists, in order to achieve sustainable development. It is for this reason that a number of laws and statutory bodies are in place to speed up the empowerment of women. Consequently, women as individuals or groups are doing their best to respond to the call of democracy in order to balance the equation which has for long remained skewed.
In the study area of the Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality, women have initiated projects through mobilisation of their capabilities and available resources to sustain their personal needs, and those of their households. Hence, their well-being with regard to health, nutrition, mobility and social connectivity has improved. There is no doubt that these women are primary breadwinners for their families on a daily basis, as the majority have no other source of income or their husbands’ jobs are taken by migrant labour. The research reveals that, unless women stand up and take action to disprove what is known as ‘feminisation of poverty’, nothing good can happen.
Through Participatory Rural Appraisal and Community Asset Mapping techniques, an observation of ethical considerations, participants responded willingly and exposed the realities of their lives.
One remaining challenge that needs to be constantly monitored is that there should be a balance between policies and practices with men needing to be empowered to understand, accept and assist in the empowerment of women with a view to achieving sustainability in almost every undertaking.Geography
D.Litt. et Phil. (Geography)
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Thamaga-Chitja, Joyce Magoshi. "Determining the potential for smallholder organic production among three farming groups through the development of an empirical and participatory decision support tool." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/752.
Full textAbstract:
Organic farming is increasingly viewed as a plausible production system for sustainable agriculture for smallholder farmers. However, there is not enough scientific evidence and knowledge to advocate certified organic farming for African smallholder farmers who face several constraints related to production, storage and marketing. The potential for organic farming for smallholder farmers, faced by these constraints, is not clearly defined. As a result, this study set out to evaluate the production potential of organic agriculture among three smallholder farmer groups. Production questions were used to investigate and evaluate the potential for organic agriculture among three smallholder farmer groups and constituted the following subproblems: · What crops can be grown in the three study areas, based on climatic data ? · Do farmers concur that these are the most suitable potential organic crops? · How useful do the farmers find the decision making tool? · What constraints threaten commercial production of the identified crops for these farmers? Participatory methodologies that included the use of Force Field Analysis, discussions and workshops were used to identify organic production constraints related to production decisions. Farmers faced constraints related to finance, capacity enhancement, technical knowledge, fencing, irrigation, and a lack of, or inappropriately trained extension officers. As a response to identified production constraints, a decision support tool was developed. Natural resource data, including climatic and agronomic data, was used to create a specially calibrated Microsoft Excel spreadsheet interface that functions as an empirical organic production decision support tool for organic and aspirant organic smallholder farmers, by providing answers for farmer-prioritised production constraints. A list of potential crops for each of the three study areas was subjected to a series of checks against suitability for climate and disease conditions and nutrient requirements. A limited supply of manure, to meet the enormously high requirements for organic production in the poor soils of these areas, is the major constraint to exclusive organic production and renders certified organic production difficult and unsustainable. Farmers disagreed with some of the crops on the list, arguing that familiar crops were rejected by the model, but they were excited by the prospects for production of “new” crops suggested as suitable by the decision support tool, but not yet grown in the study areas. End users welcomed the model and expressed the opinion that it would be useful in decision making related to organic crop production. The study concludes that, although a number of agronomically-suitable crops can grow in the study areas, organic production is restricted by rather high manure requirements, lack of compost making skills, lack of knowledge on natural pest and disease control and poorly nourished soils, leading to poor yields. The rainy season creates a disease-supporting environment, rendering organic farming risky for rain-fed smallholder farming. Risk in certified organic farming for smallholders was further exacerbated by a hardly inconducive policy environment that low literacy levels exist amongst farmers. This study is innovative for three reasons. First, farmers were true participants and drivers of the research. Second, trans-disciplinary expert seminars were attended by experts from different disciplines who critiqued the conceptualisation, design, and implementation of the study. Third, the development of a practical decision-support tool shows innovation towards solving complex smallholder farmers decisions. If organic farming is to be promoted, commitment by government is needed in order to establish policy and legislation on organic farming to direct and govern training, information provision and marketing. Intensive training and knowledge building of organic production for smallholder farmers and extension officers is critical. There are also agroecological risks associated with organic farming for smallholder farmers. Recommendations for future research include comparison between organic agriculture and conventional agriculture, where sustainability of certified organic farming and economic viability can be conducted in the South African context. Improvement of the decision making tool will require involving information technology specialists so that the tool can be installed in community centres, extension offices and other accessible places for farmers and others.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
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Efisue, Andrew A. "Studies of drought tolerance in interspecific progenies of Oryza glaberrima (Steud) and O. Sativa (L) and an appraisal of the use of male gametocides in rice hybridisation." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4560.
Full textAbstract:
Rice production in Sub-Sahara Africa is hampered by drought stress, low farmer adoption of improved varieties, un-adapted germplasm, problems of crossability between species and
problems of efficient emasculation. This study was initiated to: (1) determine farmer
preferences for rice varieties and production practices, (2) identify drought tolerant parental
lines for use in interspecific crosses, (3) determine crossability between different rice
species, (4) identify drought tolerant interspecific segregants from crosses, and (5) study the
efficacy of ethrel and gibberrilic acid (GA3) as chemical hybridising agents.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted in Sikasso region in the month of
September 2005 to determine farmer preferences for varieties and production constraints. A
total of 125 rice farmers from 10 villages participated. This study found that farmer
preferences for rice traits did not coincide with the breeders' objectives and trait preferences
varied across ecologies. In upland and lowland rice ecologies, the most preferred
characteristic was short duration. In the lowland tall plants was most preferred and short
duration trait ranked second. Long duration ranked as the second most preferred trait after
yield in the irrigated rice ecology. The estimated grain yield reduction was 60% due to
drought stress from all ecologies.
Sixteen genotypes including seven Oryza glaberrima Steud, six interspecific (0.
saliva x 0. glaberrima) inbred genotypes and two improved 0. saliva L. subsp Gaponica)
genotypes, with OS 6, as drought tolerant check were screened for drought tolerance at the
vegetative stage during the dry seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Samanko research station, in
Mali. Most of the genotypes could be regarded as exhibiting drought tolerance and
avoidance mechanisms for most of the morpho-physiological characters under study. High
selection index was observed for WAB 450-I-B-P-103-HB in the two season experiments.
Drought stress tolerance (little leaf drying) was significantly correlated with leaf rolling, leaf
area index, and plant height. Fast drought recovery was significantly correlated with drought
tolerance, tiller number and leaf area index. Effects of genotypes, environment and their
interactions were significant for tiller number, root dry weight and relative leaf water
content. The most stable genotype was RAM 3 for tiller number and relative leaf water
content. Thirteen genotypes were selected on the basis of these traits for rice hybridisation.
A factorial arrangement involving three levels of gametocide concentrations and five
application stages of the female rice parent was undertaken for each gametocide ethrel and
GA3 for two seasons. Per cent empty spikelets and male sterility increased with
concentration of ethrel. Male sterility induction of 41.5% and 42.8% at 2000 ppm was
achieved in 2004 and 2005, respectively, while at 4000 ppm male sterility induction was
40.5 % and 46.1% in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The best application stage of ethrel that
induced highest male sterility was at P4 (panicle primordium differentiation + spikelet
primordium differentiation) of 46.6% in 2004 and 49.2% at PI (panicle primordium
differentiation) in 2005. There was no measurement on GA3 for sterility due to lodging.
Total male sterility was not achieved therefore, these gametocides could not be
recommended for use as hybridising agents.
Crossability was studied in four groups: group A (0. glaberrima x 0. saliva), group
B (0. glaberrima x Interspecific), group C (Interspecific x 0. saliva) and group D
(Interspecifics x Interspecific). High percent seed set was obtained in group D of 19.08%
and group A had 9.29%, in group B the seed set was 11.26% and group Chad 6.62 %. The
three best combiners as female parents based on percentage seed set were CG 14 (0.glaberrima), WAB 450-IBP-I05-HB and WAB450-I-B-P-I03-HB (interspecifics), and for
male parents were NERICA 3, NERICA 2 (interspecifics) and WAB 375-B-9-H3-2 (0.
sativa).
Genetic components of variance and heritability estimates were studied in F3 and F4
generation progenies from North Carolina II design mating scheme. General combining
ability (GCA), manly due to female and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant
for tiller number, plant height and specific leaf dry weight indicating that additive and non-additive
genetic effects controlled these traits. Heritability estimates for drought tolerance
and leaf rolling were highly significant for all the populations examined, ranging from 0.32
to 0.72 and 0.22 to 0.56, respectively. Drought tolerance expressed as little leaf drying was
significantly associated with less leaf rolling, larger leaf area index, and taller plants. Some
genotypes and progenies such as WBK 39-B-B-B, WBK 30-B-B and WAB 450-I-B-P-I03-HB
were identified as being drought tolerant with the ability to recover quickly from
drought stress.
There was a strong desire for tall plants and short duration rice in upland and
lowland ecologies, while high yield was preferred in irrigated ecology. Therefore, the best
breeding strategy would be ecosystem breeding targeting each of the ecologies. Screening
for secondary traits that have been identified to be significantly associated with rice grain
yield could be used for direct selection for grain yield under drought stressed conditions.
Progenies identified, as drought tolerant would be considered for use as source germplasm
in breeding that target Sikasso region and any other similar ecologies. This study therefore
suggested that participatory research approaches that involve all stakeholders in rice
production would be valuable in identifying and generating drought tolerant and adoptable
rice cultivars in the tropics of Africa with considerable impact on food security.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Diale, Nkgodi Race. "Community group environment for people participation and empowerment." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3434.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores participatory development methods which may
be engaged with a smaller community interest group to create an
environment conducive to free and effective participation towards
empowering more participants in rural communities. The study was
conducted in Makhuduthamaga Municipal area in Sekhukhune
District of Limpopo Province. The data was collected through
participants observation during application of Participatory Rural
Appraisal techniques , community groups, documents reviews, and
groups and individual interviews. The study looked into
participation procedures and pattern during Participatory Rural
Appraisal techniques, groups' institutionalisation and internal
participation environment. The study also conducted comparative
analysis between community interest groups and organisational
linkage structures, in order to establish how free and conducive the
groups' internal environments are between the cases.
The study found that: interest groups are more common, accessible
and empowering in rural communities than organisational linkage
structures. People participate and attain self-esteem and selfreliance,
making them participate and develop a sense of
responsibility and ownership. The findings will therefore inform
development agents in government departments and NGOs about the
elements to consider in the implementation of development
programmes, and to make appropriate choice of partic ipatory
models for effective partic ipation and empowerment. The stud y's
theoretical contribution is in sustenance participation theory,
which argues that for people to effectively participate in their
development, they should be made to participate by being given
responsibilities which may motivate them to participate in finding
solutions, own the outcomes, and participate toward sustaining
them.Development Studies
D.Phil. (Development Studies)
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Nicolau, Melanie Desiree. "A community asset mapping programme for roots-driven sustainable socio-economic change in rural South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13790.
Full textAbstract:
Apartheid left a legacy that is spatially skewed. This is reflected in the present patterns of poverty and inequality in South Africa. While a number of global and national initiatives are in place to reduce the levels of poverty and inequality in rural South Africa, this research aimed at the development of a tool that would be able to assist communities themselves in reducing their own levels of poverty and inequality. This research was undertaken in collaboration with the Greater Rustenburg Community Foundation and a variety of rural communities in South Africa. The Community Asset Mapping Programme (CAMP) has as its purpose the achievement of sustainable and responsible high impact social change within communities. CAMP enables community members to map their own assets and empowers them to use these assets sustainably to create a better life for themselves. Communities are empowered to identify their own entrepreneurship and livelihood strategies and opportunities in an attempt to generate their own wealth. Unlike many existing asset mapping applications, CAMP advocates that the success of any roots-driven change depends on the inclusion of processes that will provide a cognitive shift in terms of a variety of processes such as wishes, fears, trust, self-worth, and power mapping, all providing different components that ensure a process of sustainable change within communities. The research presents an argument that if communities are to achieve effective roots-driven change they would require partnerships with Non Profit Organisations, government, civil society, business, and institutes of higher learning, who are willing to stand aside and allow communities to decide their own priorities in their journey to achieve their own wealth, but who would be willing to provide funding, mentorship, skills, and a continuous monitoring process over the medium to long term.Sociology
Ph.D. (Geography)
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Mahlangu, Isaiah Mahlolani. "Understanding environmental assessment and public participation process challenges among the vulnerable interested and affected parties : five cases studies from rural KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/260.
Full textAbstract:
The Public Participation Process (PPP) for Environmental Assessment (EA) is a mandatory procedure to facilitate participation of Interested and Affected Parties (IAAPs) in decision making for proposed development projects. Participation of the vulnerable IAAPs in the PPP is affected by complex challenges. These challenges make it difficult or impossible for Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs) to successfully conduct and complete PPPs. This study investigated the nature and impact of the challenges in the decision making process. The study sought to develop an understanding of the challenges and suggest better approaches. Based on purposive sampling, a case study approach was adopted to analyse five PPP cases conducted in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Five key challenges: lack of EA legislation awareness; imbalanced power relations; negative past experience; threat to environmental autonomy; and poor project planning affected the PPP cases analysed in this study. These challenges emanate from internal and environmental factors. The study argues that internal challenges such as a lack of EA legislation awareness can be managed better during the PPPs. However, external challenges such as imbalanced power relations are usually impossible to resolve during the PPP. The modes of communication play a key role in public participation. Word of mouth is appropriate to facilitate participation of the vulnerable IAAPs. A key finding was the combined impact of the challenges and appropriateness of communication mode determines the PPP outcome, with the challenges being significant determining factor. The study maintains that a good understanding of potential challenges associated with development project sites will enable EAPs to design better and more responsive PPP approaches. To achieve this, the study recommends a Dual Approach Planning Model (DAPM). This approach recommends designing the PPP through preplanning information appraisal and prediction of potential challenges to create awareness about potential challenges. The DAPM argues that this awareness will assist EAPs to better estimate the time and to mobilise tools and resources required to manage the challenges, while focusing on successful completion of the PPP. This approach is also adaptive in nature.Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
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Bucheyeki, Tulole Lugendo. "Characterization and genetic analysis of maize germplasm for resistance to northern corn leaf blight disease in Tanzania." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8730.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of farmers in Tanzania have not yet adopted modern maize varieties and still
cultivate landraces and open pollinated varieties (OPVs) with low production potential and
susceptible to diseases like maize streak virus (MSV), grey leaf spot (GLS) and northern corn
leaf blight (NLB). The NLB disease is among the major causes of low yield and has been
reported in all 21 maize growing regions in Tanzania. Breeding for host plant resistance with
high yielding potential and involving the community in the breeding process is expected to
address the problem of low yield, NLB disease susceptibility and low rate of F1 hybrid adoption.
Therefore, the study was conducted to obtain additional sources of resistance to NLB disease,
high yielding cultivars with community acceptable traits adapted to Tanzanian conditions. The
main objective was to contribute to increased maize productivity in the western zone of
Tanzania. The specific objectives of this study were therefore to : 1) investigate maize
production limiting factors for smallholder farmers in western Tanzania, 2) identify farmers and
stockist perceptions, opinions and maize variety selection criteria in western Tanzania, 3)
establish NLB disease status in farmers’ fields of western Tanzania, 4) determine the genetic
relationships among landraces and assess maize landraces as sources of breeding materials,
5) determine the combining ability and heterosis for NLB disease resistance of eleven maize
inbred lines adapted to Tanzanian conditions, and 6) determine the gene action and inheritance
of resistance to NLB disease in five maize inbred lines adapted to Tanzanian conditions. The
study was conducted from 2008-2011 in three diverse environments which represent all the
maize growing regions in the country
The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted in three districts to investigate farmers’
and stockists preferred traits for maize selection in western Tanzania, determine maize
production constraints facing farmers and assess NLB disease prevalence in the same area. A
focus group of 30 farmers was selected in each of the three villages. Transect walks, wealth
ranking and historical profiles were used in an informal survey. One hundred and fifty
questionnaires were used in a formal survey. The recorded yield was only 1 t haˉ¹. Thirteen
major maize production constraints, 13 insect pests and vermin and, 11 diseases were
recorded. The NLB disease was reported to be increasing in severity in all farmers’ fields.
Farmers’ preferred traits included resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, early maturity,
preferred milling qualities, high storage qualities and high yielding potential. Stockists mentioned
12 preferred maize variety traits which included high yielding, disease and insect pest
resistance, heavy grain, large cob size and large grain sizes. Similarity between farmers and
stockist variety preference ranking were found to exist.
The occurrence and distribution of northern leaf blight (NLB) disease study was conducted to
assess the incidence and severity of NLB disease in farmers’ fields in seven districts. The study
was conducted for two seasons. In each season, 175 fields with 5600 plants were sampled.
There were sixteen varieties grown with wide NLB disease reaction variation. Gembe, a
landrace, was among the three observed resistant varieties. The NLB disease has changed its
distribution pattern affecting all districts of the western zone. The disease incidence in season
two (2009/2010) significantly increased from season one (2008/2009) t= -3.25 (348), P= 0.001.
About 30% of both means of blight incidence and severity were recorded in the area.
Characterization and screening of maize landraces for northern leaf blight disease resistance was
conducted to determine the genetic relationships among landraces, assess maize landraces as
sources of NLB disease resistance and assess important agronomic traits for future maize
improvement. Ninety breeding materials consisting of 71 landraces and 19 commercial varieties
were evaluated. The average yield of landraces under research management was 2.3 t haˉ¹.
Landrace TZA 3075 was identified as NLB disease resistant. Yield potential, dent grain texture,
white endosperm and husk cover were important agronomic traits observed among landraces.
There were high variations in terms of morphology and NLB disease resistance among the
landraces. Five principal components contributed to 71.98 % of total variation. Clusters analysis
revealed five distinct groups of landraces. Leaves/plant, infested leaves/plant, lesion number,
lesion length, lesion width and NLB disease incidence traits highly contributed to variation and
grouping of landraces.
Combining ability analysis for northern leaf blight disease resistance was conducted to estimate
the combining ability for NLB disease resistance of 11 maize inbred lines adapted to Tanzanian
conditions, determine maternal effects which are involved in NLB disease resistance in maize
germplasm, and determine the heterosis in the F1 hybrids. A full 11 x 11 diallel cross was
performed. All top ten experimental hybrids in each of the three sites had negative midparent
heterosis for NLB disease severity. The overall mid-parent heterosis means for yield across
sites was 152%. The mean sum of squares for GCA was highly significant (P< 0.001) on
disease severity indicating additive gene action effects. Mean sum of squares for SCA were
highly significant for disease severity and yield implying non-additive gene action effects.
The mean squares for reciprocal effects were highly significant on yield and non-maternal sum
of squares had significant effect (P<0.05) on yield. The GCA contribution was high for disease
severity (91%) and lesion number (85%). Almost, all GCA effects for NLB disease resistance
were negative implying contribution to disease resistance. Due to preponderance of the additive
gene action, recurrent selection could be used to improve the resistance of inbred lines while
the non-additive gene action could be exploited in breeding for disease resistant hybrids.
Generation mean analysis of northern leaf blight disease resistance was conducted to
determine the mode of gene action involved in the inheritance of resistance to NLB disease in
five inbred lines adapted to Tanzania at contrasting environments, estimate heterosis and
heritability in five tropical inbred lines. Generation mean analysis was conducted using a six
parameter model comprising P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2 generation progenies. The mean
sum of squares for environment, replication with the nested environment, generations,
generations x environment interactions were highly significant (P<0.001). The full model of
additive, dominance, additive x additive and additive x dominance epistatic effects was highly
significant (P<0.001). Nonetheless, the additive gene effects were predominant ranging
between 57% and 89% which was matched by large heritability (54%-85%). The average
degree of dominance ranged between -0.52 and 0.88 supporting observations of partial
dominance. The NLB disease severity showed a continuous distribution in all three sets for F2,
BCP1 and BCP2 populations which is an indication of quantitative nature of inheritance and
additive gene effects. The mid parent heterosis ranged from -19 to 1%. Therefore, resistance to
NLB disease could be improved through selection by exploiting the additive gene effects. The
epistatic gene effects would cause less complications because they were negligible (<25%).
The client oriented breeding for maize northern leaf blight disease resistance was carried out to
perform farmers and stockists assessment on the 110 F1 experimental maize hybrids and
compare them with breeders selection criteria. Breeders selection criteria ranked 10 top high
yielding experimental hybrids. Farmers developed 14 while stockists developed 13 selection
criteria. The most preferred hybrids by farmers were VL 05616 x CML 159, CML 159 x KS03-
0B15-47 and EB04-0A01-304 x CML 442 while stockists preferred VL 05616 x CML 395,
EB04-0A01-304 x CML 442 and VL 05616 x CML 159. Two F1 experimental hybrids EB04-
0A01-304 x CML 442 and CML 159 x CML 442 appeared in all top five ranked hybrids by
breeders, farmers and stockists. Generally, findings showed that, farmers, stockists and
breeders coincide in some selection criteria but also differ in other cases.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Mudzanani, Lufuno Robert. "Public participation as a tool to Enhance Service Delivery in Local Government : A case study of Capricorn District Municipality in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/680.
Full textAbstract:
PhD (Public Adminiistration)Department of Public and Development Administration
This study examines the notion of public participation as a tool to enhance service delivery in the Capricorn District Municipality. Public participation is a milestone of democracy and local governance. Local government – which is closest to the people – provides an ideal forum for the flourishing of participatory democracy. The centrality of public participation in the development of policies and programmes or action plans has been widely recognised by both government and the private sector. However, involving the public in the development of any policy, programme or action plan is a daunting task. Indeed, if not well-managed, public involvement often leads to protests, litigation, criticisms, and delays in service delivery to the people. Thus, the extent to which public participation can be a tool for the enhancement of service delivery in Limpopo – especially in the Capricorn District Municipality – is the focus of this study. This study is guided by the following questions: What are the key concepts that relate to public participation as a tool to enhance service delivery? What impact does the Constitution of South Africa, Act 08 of 1996, and other government legal frameworks have on public participation as a tool to enhance service delivery in South Africa, particularly in the Capricorn District Municipality? What modes and models of public participation are used to enhance service delivery in the Capricorn District Municipality? What are the main factors that influence public participation as a tool to enhance service delivery in the Capricorn District Municipality? The study adopts both qualitative and quantitative research approaches whereby the use of primary and secondary sources was augmented by interviews with local government actors. Moreover, questionnaires were administered by the researcher and his assistant researchers. A purposive sampling method was used. The researcher ensured that all relevant elements of 5 research ethics were observed. The data generated by the questionnaires and interviews were analysed and interpreted using the latest statistical tools. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were used. Data collected using questionnaires were analysed by means of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The information was presented in the form of tabulations, frequencies, and percentages. Data collected through interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of this study reflect that public participation mainly serves the purpose of meeting the statutory requirements for the development of best value initiatives and gaining information from citizens. The majority of the respondents were of the view that the Ward Committee system is fully functional in their municipalities. All Capricorn District municipalities have officers responsible for public participation; however, not all of them are accessible to the public. It was revealed that the public participation budget in Lepelle-Nkumpi and Mollemole is insufficient. The other main constrains identified are the serious lack of personal and working tools and resources. The study also found that not all documents were translated into the languages spoken in the Capricorn District and that there is a lack of feedback mechanisms on the issues raised by members of public during the IDP and Budget Fora.These findings were discussed in relation to the study’s objectives and research questions.
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Chawa, Anif Fatma. "Mining and Community Development in Indonesia: a Case Study." Thesis, 2014. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25076/.
Full textAbstract:
Mining industries are widely perceived as damaging the environment and local communities. The Indonesian government requires mining industries to undertake Corporate Social Responsibility including community development activities. This study investigated the implementation of community development by a mining company on Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. It focussed on the participation of the local community in decision making processes for the implementation of the mining company’s community development programs. The study also examined how the mining company has involved other parties, including NGOs and local government in its community development program implementation.
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Mathada, Humphrey. "Development of guidelines for dealing with morphological and environmental impacts of sand mining along the Nzhelele River, Limpopo Province of South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/221.
Full text