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1
EKİN, Orçun. "A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON THE SUBMICRON- AND MICRON-SIZED PARTICLE SEDIMENTATION IN A WIRE-TO-PLATE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR." Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 27, no. 1 (2024): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1354863.
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Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are frequently utilized in collecting fine organic and inorganic materials from continuous liquid with few moving parts and high efficiency using electrically charging the particles. In this study, cross-sectional 2D geometry of a wire-to-plate electrostatic precipitator the parametric data of which originally published elsewhere was numerically modeled and validated to investigate submicron-micron particle charging in terms of diffusion and field charging mechanisms and precipitation behavior of particles with detailed electric field properties. Electric field, gas flow, and particle trajectory equations are coupled and solved in a multiphysics solver. Particle tracking is realized with the Lagrangian approach. Results indicate variations in electric field strength and space charge density between corona electrodes, with space charge present in the entire precipitation channel. Between two different charging mechanisms, diffusion charging prevails for charge accumulated on submicron particles, whereas field charging becomes dominant for particles larger than 1μm diameter. However, for the ESP configuration considered in this study, particles reach a charge saturation in less than 0.7 seconds, regardless of their size. Although calculated precipitation efficiencies for micron-sized particles can reach to 100%, efficiencies for submicron particle range drop with increasing particle size, as diffusion charging rapidly loses its effectiveness, in 50-250nm range.
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Vishnyakov, V. I., S. A. Kiro, M. V. Oprya, and A. A. Ennan. "Theory of unipolar charging of particles in dust-ion plasmas." Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, no. 52 (March 15, 2015): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2015.52.159786.
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The theoretical model for description of the unipolar charging of aerosol particles in the dust-ion plasma is proposed. The dependencies of particle charging on the charging time, ion number density, particle sizes and number density are analyzed.
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Fang, Guofeng, Liang Chen, Weidong Shi, Changyou Xie, and Kaichuang Zhang. "Experimental study on DC corona charging characteristics of powder particles with different properties." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2541, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2541/1/012012.
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Abstract In this paper, the charging characteristics of powder particles with different properties under DC discharge corona conditions were studied experimentally. The influence of different charging voltages and different charging structures on the charge-mass ratio of particles was analyzed through ELPI measurement. The experimental results show that the far-field charging structure of the electrode can effectively charge powder materials like Graphite micro powder, copper sulfide, talcum powder, and porous material (Si Al) within the particle size range of 0.1 μm−10 μm; When there is no streamer or spark between the charging electrode and the grounding electrode of the charging device, the higher the charging voltage is, the higher the degree of air ionization is, and the better the charging effect on particles is; Under the same charge condition, the charge-mass ratio of particles decreases with the increase of particle size.
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Huang, He, Xiao Zhang, Xue Xiao, and Song Ye. "Influence of negative corona discharge on the Zeta potential of diesel particles." Science Progress 103, no. 3 (2020): 003685042094616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420946164.
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Electrical agglomeration as a pretreatment means can reduce the exhaust particle number concentration of diesel engine. The charge of particle is an important factor affecting the coagulation process. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to study the charging characteristic of diesel particles. Zeta potential for diesel particle was used to represent the charged state and the charge of particles could be calculated according to the value of Zeta potential. Influences of various factors on the charge of particle were investigated by changing the charged voltage, internal temperature of charging zone, and the load of engine. Experimental results show that the increase of charged voltage can improve the charge and the absolute value of diesel particles. With increase of charging zone temperature, corona inception voltage declines and the charge of particle increases. The load of engine has a positive effect on the charge of particles which reaches its peak at full load.
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Cao, Huiying, Baichao An, Yong Wang, Kun Zhou, and Naiyan Lu. "Investigation of Surfactant AOT Mediated Charging of PS Particles Dispersed in Aqueous Solutions." Coatings 9, no. 8 (2019): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080471.
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Nano/submicron particles can be activated by surfactants and aggregate at the air-water interface to generate and stabilize foams. Such systems have been applied extensively in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries. Studying particle charging behavior in a particle/surfactant/water system is a fundamental way to understand the activation of the particle surface. This paper presents an investigation of the charging behavior of polystyrene (PS) particles dispersed in aqueous solutions of the surfactant sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT). The results showed that zeta potential of PS was related to the AOT concentration with two different concentration regions. Below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the charging of PS particles was effected by AOT ions; while above the CMC, it came from both AOT ions and AOT micelles. This behavior was different from that observed for PS in aqueous salt solutions. Additionally, the particle concentration and size were found to affect the zeta potential differently in the two AOT concentration regions. By analyzing these results, the charging mechanism of the PS/AOT/water system was revealed to be preferential adsorption. In summary, the study disclosed the internal connection between the PS charging in aqueous AOT solution and the activation of PS particles, as well as their influence to foam formation and stability.
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Luo, Mei, Guanyi Wang, Aleksandar S. Mijailovic, et al. "How Graphite Particle Sizes Affect Fast Charging Performance of Ultra-Thin Layer Electrodes for Li- Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 2 (2023): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012504mtgabs.
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Extreme fast charging (XFC, ≤15 min) of lithium-ion batteries is highly desirable to accelerate mass market adoption of electric vehicles.[1] However, great capacity fading, as well as safety issues due to the lithium plating, limit its implementation. In this study, we investigated the fast-charging capability of graphite materials with various particle sizes under different charging currents up to 6C. To eliminate Li+ ion gradients effects across the thickness of electrode[2], ultra-thin layer graphite electrodes were developed to investigate the “real" fast-charging capability of graphite at particle level by assessing its lithium plating limit. Observations derived from the electrochemical results as well as microscopy characterization revealed that smaller particles exhibited a superior fast-charging performance including better capacity reversibility, less polarization and less lithium plating. Moreover, smaller particles are observed to be able to handle higher C rate charging without Li plating, graphite electrodes with particle size of ~5μm can be safely charged to 80% SOC at 4C. While with particle size of ~15 μm, Li plating occurred on the graphite electrode at 2C. According to pseudo-2-dimensional (P2D) model, the superiority of the small particles might be due to the faster diffusion and intercalation through the particle because of their smaller size and faster rate kinetics due to their larger surface area. This work can help us to better understand the fast-charging behavior and provide the guidance to design the optimum electrode architecture for high-rate of lithium-ion batteries. Keywords: Ultra-thin electrode, Graphite Electrode, Particle Size, Fast Charging, Li-Ion Batteries [1] D. Howell et al., “Enabling Fast Charging: A Technology Gap Assessment,” 2017. [2] K. P. C. Yao, J. S. Okasinski, K. Kalaga, I. A. Shkrob, and D. P. Abraham, “Quantifying lithium concentration gradients in the graphite electrode of Li-ion cells using operando energy dispersive X-ray diffraction,” Energy Environ Sci, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 656–665, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1039/C8EE02373E.
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Min, Jinhong, and Yiyang Li. "Cracks in Polycrystalline Li(NiMnCo)O2 Particles Enable Rapid Discharging of Li-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 2 (2024): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-012491mtgabs.
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The degradation of capacity in Li-ion batteries during charging and discharging cycles has been a persistent challenge in advancing battery lifetime. Among the commonly accepted causes of capacity degradation is the formation of cracking along the grain boundaries of polycrystalline NMC particles. These cracks are known to occur from the anisotropic expansion and contraction of the crystal lattice induced by the (de)intercalation of lithium. To address this issue, single crystalline NMC particles were introduced, lacking grain boundaries and seemingly less prone to developing cracks. batteries utilizing single crystalline particles exhibited improved capacity retention. However, in terms of rapid charging and discharging, these single particle batteries experienced a sudden increase in overpotential compared to polycrystalline particle batteries. Yet, a clear explanation for this abrupt rise in overpotential during rapid charging and discharging in single crystalline particle batteries has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the rate-capability of individual single and polycrystalline NMC particles using an innovative high-throughput single-particle electrochemistry platform. Based on our rate-capability findings, we argue that the cracks, previously identified as a factor contributing to capacity degradation, are actually a crucial element enabling rapid charging and discharging in polycrystalline particles.
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Jantač, S., та H. Grosshans. "Influence of the Reynolds number from Reτ = 150 to 210 on size-dependent bipolar charging". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2702, № 1 (2024): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2702/1/012027.
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Abstract We recently found wall-bounded turbulence to suppress and control bipolar triboelectric charging of particles of identical material. This control is due to fluid modifying the motion of light particles. Thus, the particles’ charge distribution depends on their Stokes number distribution. More specifically, fluid forces narrow the bandwidth of the charge distribution, and bipolar charging reduces dramatically. Consequently, not the smallest but mid-sized particles collect the most negative charge. However, the influence of the Reynolds number or particle concentration on bipolar charging of polydisperse particles is unknown. This paper presents the charging simulations of same-material particles the in different wall-bounded flows. In a comprehensive study, we vary the Reynolds number from Reτ = 150 to 210 and the particle number density from 4 × 109m-3 to 1 × 1010m-3 to further explore the influence of the carrier flow on bipolar charging. We model charge transfer based on the balance of transferable charge species. Such species can represent adsorbed ions transferred during collisions or free electrons captured into a lower energy state on the other surface. The turbulent flow is modeled via Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and is coupled to the particulate phase modeled via the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Overall, our multiphysics approach couples the fluid dynamics, electric field, triboelectric charging, and particle momentum into one complex simulation.
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Grosshans, Holger, and Miltiadis V. Papalexandris. "Direct numerical simulation of triboelectric charging in particle-laden turbulent channel flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 818 (April 5, 2017): 465–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.157.
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The electrification of particles embedded in a turbulent flow may cause hazards such as spark discharges but is also exploited in several industrial applications. Nonetheless, due to its complexity and sensitivity to the initial conditions, the process of build-up of particle charge is currently not well understood. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, we performed fully resolved numerical simulations of particle charging. More specifically, our study concerned the charging process of particles dispersed in a turbulent channel flow at a friction Reynolds number of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$. Emphasis was placed on the analysis of the interplay between the different physical mechanisms underlying particle electrification, such as fluid turbulence, particle dynamics and particle collisions. Further, we investigated the influence of some important physical parameters. According to our simulations the charge build-up depends strongly on the particle Stokes number, $Stk$. In particular, at small Stokes numbers, $Stk=0.2$, the turbopheretic drift inhibits particle charging. By contrast, at moderate Stokes numbers, $Stk=2$, and low particle number densities, the electric charge builds up but cannot escape the viscous sublayer due to limited particle migration. However, in the case of high particle number densities, the charge is transported away from the wall via inter-particle charge diffusion. A further increase to $Stk=20$ leads to strong charging and particle-bound charge transport towards the bulk of the channel.
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Landauer, Johann, and Petra Foerst. "Influence of Particle Charge and Size Distribution on Triboelectric Separation—New Evidence Revealed by In Situ Particle Size Measurements." Processes 7, no. 6 (2019): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060381.
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Triboelectric charging is a potentially suitable tool for separating fine dry powders, but the charging process is not yet completely understood. Although physical descriptions of triboelectric charging have been proposed, these proposals generally assume the standard conditions of particles and surfaces without considering dispersity. To better understand the influence of particle charge on particle size distribution, we determined the in situ particle size in a protein–starch mixture injected into a separation chamber. The particle size distribution of the mixture was determined near the electrodes at different distances from the separation chamber inlet. The particle size decreased along both electrodes, indicating a higher protein than starch content near the electrodes. Moreover, the height distribution of the powder deposition and protein content along the electrodes were determined in further experiments, and the minimum charge of a particle that ensures its separation in a given region of the separation chamber was determined in a computational fluid dynamics simulation. According to the results, the charge on the particles is distributed and apparently independent of particle size.
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Schriefl, Mario Anton, Matthias Longin, and Alexander Bergmann. "Charging-Based PN Sensing of Automotive Exhaust Particles." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130805.
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Mobile measurement of particle number concentration (PN) in the exhaust of motor vehicles has recently become an integral part of emission legislation. Charge-based sensing techniques for the examination of PN, like Diffusion Charging (DC), represent a promising alternative to condensational particle counters (CPCs) as established PN sensors, because they enable to build robust, compact and energy efficient systems. However, due to the charging process, particle properties like size and morphology have a big impact on the sensor’s PN response. For particles of different size and shape we experimentally investigated those impacts using own-built charging-based sensors. The PN response of the DC sensor showed desired behavior for compact NaCl particles, but less satisfying behavior for combustion aerosol standard (CAST) particles, which is a widely used test aerosol for automotive applications. With a photoelectric charger, the PN response of CAST particles was significantly better.
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Vishnyakov, V. I., S. A. Kiro, M. V. Oprya, and A. A. Ennan. "Unipolar charging of welding fume particles and their charge distribution." Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, no. 51 (March 19, 2014): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2014.51.160096.
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The experimental technique including the differential mobility analyzer and laser aerosol spectrometer is proposed for determining the charge distribution of aerosol particles charging by the corona discharge. The procedure of the experimental data processing, which does not require any theory of particle charging, also proposed. The welding fume particle size and charge distributions based only on the experimental data are demonstrated.
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Song, Yao, Xiangyu Pei, Huichao Liu, Jiajia Zhou, and Zhibin Wang. "Characterization of tandem aerosol classifiers for selecting particles: implication for eliminating the multiple charging effect." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 11 (2022): 3513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3513-2022.
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Abstract. Accurate particle classification plays a vital role in aerosol studies. Differential mobility analyzers (DMAs), centrifugal particle mass analyzers (CPMAs) and aerodynamic aerosol classifiers (AACs) are commonly used to select particles with a specific mobility diameter, aerodynamic diameter or mass, respectively. However, multiple charging effects cannot be entirely avoided when using either individual techniques or tandem systems such as DMA–CPMA, especially when selecting soot particles with fractal structures. In this study, we calculate the transfer functions of the DMA–CPMA and DMA–AAC in static configurations for flame-generated soot particles. We propose an equation that constrains the resolutions of the DMA and CPMA to eliminate the multiple charging effect when selecting particles with a certain mass–mobility relationship using the DMA–CPMA system. The equation for the DMA–AAC system is also derived. For DMA–CPMA in a static configuration, our results show that the ability to remove multiply charged particles mainly depends on the particle morphology and resolution settings of the DMA and CPMA. Using measurements from soot experiments and literature data, a general trend in the appearance of the multiple charging effect with decreasing size when selecting aspherical particles is observed. As for DMA–AAC in a static configuration, the ability to eliminate particles with multiple charges is mainly related to the resolutions of the classifiers. In most cases, the DMA–AAC in a static configuration can eliminate the multiple charging effect regardless of the particle morphology, but multiply charged particles will be selected when decreasing the resolution of the DMA or AAC. We propose that the potential influence of the multiple charging effect should be considered when using the DMA–CPMA or DMA–AAC systems in estimating size- and mass-resolved optical properties in field and lab experiments.
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Ma, Huaqing, Xiuhao Xia, Lianyong Zhou, et al. "A Comparative Study of the Performance of Different Particle Models in Simulating Particle Charging and Burden Distribution in a Blast Furnace within the DEM Framework." Energies 16, no. 9 (2023): 3890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093890.
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There has been growing interest in applying the DEM (discrete element method) to study the charging and burden distribution in a BF (blast furnace). In practice, the real particles in a BF are non-spherical. However, spherical particles have mostly been used in previous DEM investigations. Furthermore, various particle models have been developed to describe non-spherical particles. However, the effects of using different particle models on particle behavior in a BF are still unclear. Therefore, a comparative study of how the particle shape model impacts the burden charging in a BF was conducted. Specifically, the DEM using a multi-sphere model, polyhedral model, and super-ellipsoid model was first established. Then, experiments and DEM simulations of the charging and burden distribution of non-spherical quartz sand particles in a lab-scale bell-less top BF were performed. The results indicated that the number of sub-spheres, the principle of creating the particle for multi-spheres, the number of planes for polyhedrons, and the shape indices for super-ellipsoids could all affect the accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, applying the super-ellipsoid model and multi-sphere model could achieve reasonable accuracy and efficiency, with the highest simulation accuracy for the polyhedral model but at the cost of a rather heavy computational burden.
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GRIMANI, CATIA. "IMPLICATIONS OF GALACTIC AND SOLAR PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD INTERFEROMETERS FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION IN SPACE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 01 (2013): 1341006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827181341006x.
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Test-mass charging due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) represents one of the major sources of noise for missions devoted to gravitational wave detection in space. Particle detectors on board future space interferometers will help in monitoring the test-mass charging process. Variations and fluctuations of GCRs and evolution of SEP events of different intensities are discussed here for the correlation of SEP radiation monitor observations and particle fluxes charging the test masses. We consider the performance of the radiation monitors designed for the LISA Pathfinder mission for the results presented in this work. We point out that in addition to the primary use of test-mass charging monitoring, particle detectors on board space interferometers will naturally provide SEP observations at different intervals in heliolongitude and distances from Earth for space weather applications.
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Yue, Dong, Ke Li, Lixin Guo, Jiangting Li, and Yan Zheng. "Charging Process in Dusty Plasma of Large-Size Dust Particles." Remote Sensing 16, no. 5 (2024): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16050815.
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During reentry, the high temperatures experienced by near-space hypersonic vehicles result in surface ablation, generating ablative particles. These particles become part of a plasma, commonly referred to as a “dusty plasma sheath” in radar remote sensing. The dusty plasma model, integral in radar studies, involves extensive charge and dynamic interactions among dust particles. Previous derivations assumed that the dust particle radius significantly surpassed the Debye radius, leading to the neglect of dust radius effects. This study, however, explores scenarios where the dust particle radius is not markedly smaller than the Debye radius, thereby deducing the charging process of dusty plasma. The derived equations encompass the Debye radius, charging process, surface potential, and charging frequency, particularly considering larger dust particle radii. Comparative analysis of the dusty plasma model, both before and after modification, reveals improvements when dust particles approach or exceed the Debye length. In essence, our study provides essential equations for understanding dusty plasma under realistic conditions, offering potential advancements in predicting electromagnetic properties and behaviors, especially in scenarios where dust particles closely align with or surpass the Debye radius.
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Sun, Jixing, Sibo Song, Xiyu Li, et al. "Restraining Surface Charge Accumulation and Enhancing Surface Flashover Voltage through Dielectric Coating." Coatings 11, no. 7 (2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070750.
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A conductive metallic particle in a gas-insulated metal-enclosed system can charge through conduction or induction and move between electrodes or on insulating surfaces, which may lead to breakdown and flashover. The charge on the metallic particle and the charging time vary depending on the spatial electric field intensity, the particle shape, and the electrode surface coating. The charged metallic particle can move between the electrodes under the influence of the spatial electric field, and it can discharge and become electrically conductive when colliding with the electrodes, thus changing its charge. This process and its factors are mainly affected by the coating condition of the colliding electrode. In addition, the interface characteristics affect the particle when it is near the insulator. The charge transition process also changes due to the electric field strength and the particle charging state. This paper explores the impact of the coating material on particle charging characteristics, movement, and discharge. Particle charging, movement, and charge transfer in DC, AC, and superimposed electric fields are summarized. Furthermore, the effects of conductive particles on discharge characteristics are compared between coated and bare electrodes. The reviewed studies demonstrate that the coating can effectively reduce particle charge and thus the probability of discharge. The presented research results can provide theoretical support and data for studying charge transfer theory and design optimization in a gas-insulated system.
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Panich, Intra, Wanusbodeepaisarn Paisarn, and Siri-achawawath Thanesvorn. "Performance evaluation of corona discharger for unipolar chargingof submicron aerosol particles in the size range of 20–300 nm." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (2021): 335–50. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v14i4.1878.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> In this study, a unipolar corona discharger was developed and experimentally evaluated for its intrinsic and extrinsic charging efficiencies, and electrostatic and diffusion losses of submicron aerosol particles in the size range of 20–300 nm at different corona and ion trap voltages. <strong>Method:</strong> The applied voltage of the discharger ranged between 2.4 and 3.2 kV, corresponding to a discharge current of 0.19 nA–2.0 mA, and an ion number concentration of 1.88X1011–1.97X1015 ions/m3. <strong>Findings:</strong> Increasing the corona voltage could lead to a higher discharge current and ion concentration inside the discharger. In the proposed discharger, intrinsic charging efficiencies of aerosol particles between 76.9% and 93.0% were obtained for particle sizes ranging between 20 and 100 nm for the given corona and ion trap voltages. The extrinsic charging efficiency decreased as the ion trap voltage increased at a given corona voltage. <strong>Novelty:</strong> The optimal extrinsic charging efficiency of the discharger was observed to be approximately 20.8–58.6% for particle sizes ranging from 20 to 300 nm at a corona voltage and ion trap voltage of approximately 2.8 kV and 200 V, respectively. In this discharger, the highest electrostatic losses (approximately 73.5%, 83.7%, and 54.0%) were observed corresponding to corona voltages of 2.8, 3.0, and 3.2 kV, respectively at a particle diameter of 20 nm and an ion trap voltage of 300 V. Finally, the highest diffusion loss (approximately 18.9%) was observed at a particle diameter of 20 nm. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Corona discharge; particle charging; aerosol discharger; particle loss
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Han, Chun, Qun Zhou, Jiawei Hu, Cai Liang, Xiaoping Chen, and Jiliang Ma. "The charging characteristics of particle–particle contact." Journal of Electrostatics 112 (July 2021): 103582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2021.103582.
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Ali, Yasir, Imran Shah, Tariq Amin Khan, and Noman Iqbal. "A Multiphysics-Multiscale Model for Particle–Binder Interactions in Electrode of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 16, no. 15 (2023): 5823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155823.
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Understanding the electrochemical and mechanical degradations inside the electrodes of lithium-ion battery is crucial for the design of robust electrodes. A typical lithium-ion battery electrode consists of active particles enclosed with conductive binder and an electrolyte. During the charging and discharging process, these adjacent materials create a mechanical confinement which suppresses the expansion and contraction of the particles and affects overall performance. The electrochemical and mechanical response mutually affect each other. The particle level expansion/contraction alters the electrochemical response at the electrode level. In return, the electrode level kinetics affect the stress at the particle level. In this paper, we developed a multiphysics–multiscale model to analyze the electrochemical and mechanical responses at both the particle and cell level. The 1D Li-ion battery model is fully coupled with 2D representative volume element (RVE) model, where the particles are covered in binder layers and bridged through the binder. The simulation results show that when the binder constraint is incorporated, the particles achieve a lower surface state of charge during charging. Further, the cell charging time increases by 7.4% and the discharge capacity reduces by 1.4% for 1 C-rate charge/discharge. In addition, mechanical interaction creates inhomogeneous stress inside the particle, which results in particle fracture and particle–binder debonding. The developed model will provide insights into the mechanisms of battery degradation for improving the performance of Li-ion batteries.
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Sippola, Petteri, Jari Kolehmainen, Ali Ozel, Xiaoyu Liu, Pentti Saarenrinne, and Sankaran Sundaresan. "Experimental and numerical study of wall layer development in a tribocharged fluidized bed." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 849 (June 26, 2018): 860–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.412.
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The effects of triboelectricity in a small-scale fluidized bed of polyethylene particles were investigated by imaging the particle layer in the vicinity of the column wall and by measuring the pressure drop across the bed. The average charge on the particles was altered by changing the relative humidity of the gas. A triboelectric charging model coupled with a computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model was utilized to simulate gas–particle flow in the bed. The electrostatic forces were evaluated based on a particle–particle particle–mesh method, accounting for the surface charge on the insulating walls. It was found that simulations with fixed and uniform charge distribution among the particles capture remarkably well both the agglomeration of the particles on the wall and the associated decrease in the pressure drop across the bed. With a dynamic tribocharging model, the charging rate had to be accelerated to render the computations affordable. Such simulations with an artificial acceleration significantly over-predict charge segregation and the wall becomes rapidly sheeted with a single layer of strongly charged particles.
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Makhofane, Milton, Hertzog Bissett, and Andrei Kolesnikov. "Effects of powder particle charging during RF plasma spheroidisation process." MATEC Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338803014.
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Plasma spheroidisation converts irregular shaped particles to spherical morphology. The transformation occurs rapidly due to the high temperature of the plasma. This study highlights the effects of particle charging during spheroidisation of Ti6Al4V utilising a 15 kW radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled Tekna plasma system. Particles introduced into the RF plasma system acquire an equilibrium charge below 10-9 seconds. The determined Coulomb coupling parameters of the particle in the RF plasma indicates that the particle will form a Coulomb crystal when flowing through the plasma section.
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RESENDES, D. P., R. BINGHAM, A. GUERREIO, and V. N. TSYTOVICH. "New low-frequency waves and negative mass instability in dusty plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 69, no. 5 (2003): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377803002228.
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Low-frequency dusty plasma waves with frequencies much smaller than the frequency of charging collisions of plasma particles with dust particles are considered, taking into account elastic and charging collisions of plasma particles with dust and with neutrals. The usual dust sound waves with an upper frequency equal to the dust plasma frequency are found to be present only for wavelengths much smaller than the plasma particle effective mean free path due to the effective collision frequency. The effective collision frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the charging frequency and the frequency of particle momentum losses, involving processes due to elastic plasma particle–dust collisions, and collisions with neutrals. It is shown that when the wavelength of the wave is much larger than the mean free path for effective collisions the properties of the waves are different from those previously considered. A negative mass instability is found in this domain of frequencies when the effective mean free path of ions is larger than the effective mean free path of electrons. In the absence of neutrals this appears to be possible only if the temperature of ions exceeds the electron temperature. This can occur in laboratory experiments and space plasmas but not in plasma-etching experiments. In the absence of instability a new dust oscillation, a dust charging mode, is found the frequency of which is almost constant over a certain range of wavenumbers. It is inversely proportional to the dust mass and charging frequency of the dust. A new dust electron sound wave is found for frequencies less than the frequency of the dust charging mode. The velocity of the dust electron sound wave is determined by the electron temperature but not the ion temperatures, as for the usual dust sound waves, with the electron temperature exceeding the ion temperature substantially.
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RESENDES, D. P., R. BINGHAM, S. MOTA, and V. N. TSYTOVICH. "New low-frequency waves and negative mass instability in dusty plasmas." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 6 (2010): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237781000036x.
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AbstractLow-frequency dusty plasma waves with frequencies much smaller than the frequency of charging collisions of plasma particles with dust particles are considered taking into account elastic and charging collisions of plasma particles with dust and neutrals. The usual dust sound waves with an upper frequency equal to the dust plasma frequency are found to be present only for wavelengths much smaller than the plasma particle effective mean free path due to the effective collision frequency. The effectice collision frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the charging frequency and the frequency of particle momentum losses, involving processes due to elastic plasma particle–dust collisions and collisions with neutrals. It is shown that when the wavelength of the wave is much larger than the mean free path for effective collisions, the properties of the waves are different from those considered previously. A negative mass instability is found in this domain of frequencies when the effective mean free path of ions is larger than the effective mean free path of electrons. In the absence of neutrals, this appears to be possible only if the temperature of ions exceeds the electron temperature. This can occur in laboratory experiments and space plasmas but not in plasma-etching experiments. In the absence of instability, a new dust oscillation, a dust charging mode, is found, whose frequency is almost constant over a certain range of wave numbers. It is inversely proportional to the dust mass and charging frequency of the dust. A new dust electron sound wave is found for frequencies less than the frequency of the dust charging mode. The velocity of the dust electron sound wave is determined by the electron temperature but not the ion temperature, as for the usual dust sound waves, with the electron temperature substantially exceeding the ion temperature.
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Kılıç, Muhsin, Mustafa Mutlu, and Ayşe Fidan Altun. "Numerical Simulation and Analytical Evaluation of the Collection Efficiency of the Particles in a Gas by the Wire-Plate Electrostatic Precipitators." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (2022): 6401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136401.
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In this study, a numerical simulation model and an analytical method are introduced to evaluate the particle collection efficiency and transport phenomena in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Several complicated physical processes are involved in an ESP, including the turbulent flow, the ionization of gas by corona discharge, particles’ movement, and the displacement of electric charge. The attachment of ions charges suspended particles in the gas media. Then, charged particles in the fluid move towards the collection plate and stick on it. The numerical model comprises the gas flow, electrostatic field, and particle motions. The collection efficiency of the wire-plate type ESP is investigated for the particle diameter range of 0.02 to 10 µm. It is observed that electric field strengths and current densities show considerable variation in the solution domain. Meanwhile, changing supply voltage and charging wire diameters significantly affect the acquired charges on the electrostatic field and particle collecting efficiencies. Simultaneously, the distance between the charging and collecting electrodes and the main fluid inlet velocity has an important effect on the particle collection efficiency. The influence of the different ESP working conditions and particle dimensions on the performance of ESP are investigated and discussed.
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Alfano, Francesca Orsola, Alberto Di Renzo, and Francesco Paolo Di Maio. "Discrete Element Method Evaluation of Triboelectric Charging Due to Powder Handling in the Capsule of a DPI." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 6 (2023): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061762.
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The generation and accumulation of an electrostatic charge from handling pharmaceutical powders is a well-known phenomenon, given the insulating nature of most APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) and excipients. In capsule-based DPIs (Dry Powder Inhalers), the formulation is stored in a gelatine capsule placed in the inhaler just before inhalation. The action of capsule filling, as well as tumbling or vibration effects during the capsule life cycle, implies a consistent amount of particle–particle and particle–wall contacts. A significant contact-induced electrostatic charging can then take place, potentially affecting the inhaler’s efficiency. DEM (Discrete Element Method) simulations were performed on a carrier-based DPI formulation (salbutamol–lactose) to evaluate such effects. After performing a comparison with the experimental data on a carrier-only system under similar conditions, a detailed analysis was conducted on two carrier–API configurations with different API loadings per carrier particle. The charge acquired by the two solid phases was tracked in both the initial particle settling and the capsule shaking process. Alternating positive–negative charging was observed. Particle charging was then investigated in relation to the collision statistics, tracking the particle–particle and particle–wall events for the carrier and API. Finally, an analysis of the relative importance of electrostatic, cohesive/adhesive, and inertial forces allowed the importance of each term in determining the trajectory of the powder particles to be estimated.
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Liu, Benjamin, David Pui, Warren Kinstley, and Wayne Fisher. "Aerosol Charging and Neutralization and Electrostatic Discharge in Clean Rooms." Journal of the IEST 30, no. 2 (1987): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.30.2.wx17682658p58871.
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This paper describes the role of electrical charge on particle transport and deposition and the neutralization of particle electrostatic charge by ionized air. The level of electrical charge on airborne particles and the rate of charge neutralization by bipolar ions have been reviewed and the effect of charge on particle deposition on semiconductor waters discussed. Finally, the use of high voltage ionizers for electrostatic control in clean rooms is discussed.
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Tanaka, Mai, Yuta Kimura, Nozomu Ishiguro, et al. "Three-Dimensional Visualization of Inhomogeneous Reaction within Individual Active Material Particles in Composite Solid-State Battery Electrodes Using Nano CT-XANES." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 4 (2024): 422. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-024422mtgabs.
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Introduction Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are next-generation batteries that are expected to exhibit higher energy density, power density, and safety than current lithium-ion batteries. In composite SSB electrodes, randomly distributed particles of active material (AM) and solid electrolyte (SE), and voids form three-dimensionally complicated ion/electron conduction paths and AM/SE interfaces. Such complex mass transport paths and limited AM/SE interfaces can locally impede the ion/electron supply to AM particles particularly under the rapid (dis)charging, potentially leading to a three-dimensional (3D) inhomogeneous reaction within each AM particle, as well as between particles. The occurrence of such inhomogeneous reaction can severely deteriorate the capacity, power output, and cycle life of SSBs. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism of the occurrence of the inhomogeneous reaction and to design electrodes that enable uniform reaction progression. The most effective approach for this is the direct observation of the 3D inhomogeneous reaction within individual AM particles in actual composite SSB electrodes. However, most of existing methods enables only one- or two-dimensional observation of the inhomogeneous reaction1, 2, offering limited insight into the 3D reaction inhomogeneity in AM particles in SSB electrodes. With this background, in this work, we developed a 3D visualization technique of inhomogeneous reaction within individual AM particles in a composite SSB electrode using X-ray nano computed tomography technique combined with X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (nano CT-XANES). Using this technique, we three-dimensionally observed the inhomogeneous reaction in each of thousands of AM particles in composite SSB electrodes. Furthermore, based on the obtained information, we discussed the optimal AM particle parameters (e.g., size, shape, particle distribution) that can alleviate the inhomogeneous reaction within and between AM particles, thereby maximizing electrode performance. Experimental The composite cathodes to be observed were prepared by mixing LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) primary particle powders and Li2.2C0.8B0.2O3 (LCBO) solid electrolyte powders in a 1:1 weight ratio. The model SSBs were fabricated with the composite cathode (~50 μm thickness), LCBO solid electrolyte, poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolyte, and Li metal anode. The model SSBs were charged to 100 mAh/g at 0.1~0.2 C, and the inhomogeneous reactions within AM particles in the composite cathodes after charging were visualized using nano CT-XANES. In the nano CT-XANES measurements, CT measurements were conducted near the Ni K-edge (8345.9-8352.4 eV) by incrementing the X-ray energy in 0.2 eV steps, with the entire set of measurements requiring approximately 25 minutes. The state-of-charge (SOC) of NMC (x in Li x Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) in each voxel in the 3D CT images was evaluated based on the peak top energy shift of the Ni K-edge XANES spectrum in the respective voxels. Results and discussion Figures 1(a) and (b) show 3D SOC maps of the composite cathode after charging to 100 mAh/g at 0.2 C viewed from two different angles, and the corresponding charging curve, respectively. The observation area was approximately 34 × 47 μm in the in-plane direction of the electrode and approximately 34 μm thick with the voxel size of approximately 0.3 μm. The red/blue colored regions represent the charged (x = 0.45)/uncharged (x = 1.0) AM particles, respectively, while the transparent regions correspond to the SE or voids. As shown in this figure, the SOC of individual AM particles after charging varied significantly among the particles. While some particles, such as particle A, were charged to a Li content corresponding to the charging capacity of the entire electrode of 100 mAh/g (x = 0.64), there were also insufficiently charged particles (particle B) and excessively charged ones (particle C) relative to the average capacity of the entire electrode. These results indicates that the charge reactions proceeded inhomogeneously between AM particles. Furthermore, as shown in the 3D SOC maps of representative AM particles in Fig. 1(c), the reaction proceeded inhomogeneously within a particle. While the reaction progressed relatively uniformly within particles 1 and 2, the reaction proceeded quite inhomogeneously within particles 3 and 4. As described above, the charging state and its intra-particle inhomogeneity varied significantly among AM particles. To identify the characteristics of AM particles that determine the charging state and its inhomogeneity in each particle, in the presentation, we will statistically investigate the correlation between reaction states of each particle and morphological characteristics such as size and shape, for thousands of AM particles in the observation area. References [1] C. Xu, et al., Joule, 6, 2535 (2022). [2] D. A. Shapiro, et al., Nat. Photonics, 8, 765 (2014). Acknowledgements This work was supported by JST PRESTO Grant Number JPMJPR23J3, JST Mirai Program Grant Number JPMJMI21G3, and JST GteX Grant Number JPMJGX23S2, Japan. Figure 1
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Fillipov, A. V. "Particle charging in ?hot? aerosols." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 28, no. 2 (1987): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00918711.
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Niu, Liyong, and Di Zhang. "Charging Guidance of Electric Taxis Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/354952.
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Electric taxis are playing an important role in the application of electric vehicles. The actual operational data of electric taxis in Shenzhen, China, is analyzed, and, in allusion to the unbalanced time availability of the charging station equipment, the electric taxis charging guidance system is proposed basing on the charging station information and vehicle information. An electric taxis charging guidance model is established and guides the charging based on the positions of taxis and charging stations with adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization. The simulation is based on the actual data of Shenzhen charging stations, and the results show that electric taxis can be evenly distributed to the appropriate charging stations according to the charging pile numbers in charging stations after the charging guidance. The even distribution among the charging stations in the area will be achieved and the utilization of charging equipment will be improved, so the proposed charging guidance method is verified to be feasible. The improved utilization of charging equipment can save public charging infrastructure resources greatly.
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Miloch, W. J., H. L. Pécseli, and J. Trulsen. "Numerical simulations of the charging of dust particles by contact with hot plasmas." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 14, no. 5 (2007): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-14-575-2007.
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Abstract. Charging of individual dust particles in contact with hot plasmas is studied by numerical methods. The dust particle is treated as a rigid solid body, composed by either perfectly insulating or conducting material. The collisionless plasma, consisting of electrons and singly charged ions, is simulated by Particle-in-Cell methods in two spatial dimensions. It is demonstrated that the surface conditions, i.e. roughness, of the dust particles are significant for the charging. In a streaming plasma, a dust grain develops an electric dipole moment which varies systematically with the relative plasma flow. The strength and direction of this dipole moment depends critically on the material. We observe also Langmuir oscillations excited in the vicinity of the particles, and analyze the spatial variation of their spectral distribution.
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Zhang, Jian Ping, Ai Xi Zhou, Yu Ying Du, Helen Wu, Jian Xing Ren, and Dan Mei Hu. "Influences of Gas Velocity and Particle Distribution on PM10 Collection in Wire-Plate ESP under Diffusion Charging Mechanisms." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1399.
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To study the PM10 collection in a wire-plate ESP, a numerical model was built and performed by FLUENT software. Deutsch-Anderson Equation was subsequently applied to collection efficiency calculation. The numerical results under different gas velocities at inlet and particle distributions indicate that the collection efficiency of PM10 increases with a decrease in gas velocity, and that the increment of grade efficiency will become bigger if particle diameter gets smaller. By comparing with a decrease in gas velocity, diffusion charging mechanism is found to be valuable for PM10 in aspect of collection. As two parameters of Rosin-Rammler distribution decrease, grade efficiency will increase, especially for fine particles, and a larger positive effect the diffusion charging mechanism will have on collection efficiency, but overall efficiency will decrease. Finally, the effect of particle distributions on grade efficiency is much smaller than that of diffusion charging mechanism or the gas velocity at inlet.
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Yu, Yi, Di Pan, Kai Kang, et al. "Effect of Oily Aerosol Charge Characteristics on the Filtration Efficiency of an Electrostatically Enhanced Fibrous Filter System." Separations 9, no. 10 (2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9100320.
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The synergistic effect of electrostatically enhanced fibrous filtration originates from the charging characteristics of aerosol particles and electret fibers in an electric field. Two electrostatically enhanced fibrous filter systems are designed in this study to investigate the mechanism of the effects of the charging characteristics of oily aerosol on the filtration efficiency. We investigate the charging characteristics and their effects on the filtration efficiency of dioctyl-phthalate (DOP) aerosol particles of various sizes by setting different filter systems and electric field intensities. The experimental results show that the charge of DOP particles increases with the strength of the electric field, and the average charge increases with the particle size. The maximum charge of DOP particles reaches 4760 eC/P, and the filtration efficiency of the coupled system improves when DOP particles are amply charged. For 0.25 μm DOP particles as the most penetrating particle size, the system had good long-term stability, and the filtration efficiency is approximately 72% higher than that of the fiber acting alone. Meanwhile, the problem of oily aerosol deposition reducing the electret filtration efficiency is solved, providing a basis for long-term filtration and oily aerosol purification by electret fiber.
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Hansen, Leonard, Martin Weers, Annett Wollmann, and Alfred P. Weber. "Forced Triboelectrification of Fine Powders in Particle Wall Collisions." Minerals 12, no. 2 (2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020132.
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Triboelectric separation as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly technique could contribute to material-specific sorting. However, the application as a widespread method is limited due to the complexity of the process. In particle wall collisions, various parameters like collision energy and angle, work function of the contact partners, humidity, surface roughness, etc. influence the particle charging in a hardly predictable way. This study investigates the possibilities of forced triboelectric particle charging by applying an electrical potential to the metal contact partner (copper/steel pipe). The variations included different pipe lengths (0.5 m–3 m), particle materials, and particle sizes for limestone. A distinction is made between the net charge of the particles and the positive, negative, and neutral mass fractions. The work functions of the investigated materials vary from about 3.2 eV to >8.5 eV for glass, limestone, artificial slag, and lithium aluminate particles. With the applied high-voltage potential, the particle net charge can be shifted linearly. For limestone, it is shown that the neutral fraction is highest at the Point of Zero Net Charge (PZNC). This observation may identify an approach for the material selective separation of one target component from a multi-material mixture.
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Kolehmainen, Jari, Ali Ozel, and Sankaran Sundaresan. "Eulerian modelling of gas–solid flows with triboelectric charging." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 848 (June 5, 2018): 340–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.361.
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Particles subjected to flow are known to acquire electrostatic charges through repeated contacts with each other and with other surfaces. These charges alter gas–particle flow behaviour at different scales. In this work, we present a continuum framework for analysing the interplay between tribocharging and the flow of a monodisperse assembly of particles characterized by a single effective work function. Specifically, we have derived the continuum, kinetic theory transport equations for gas–particle flow and local-averaged charge on particles directly from the Boltzmann equation. We also derive the auxiliary conditions to capture tribocharging at bounding conducting walls. The resulting two-fluid model with tribocharging and boundary conditions has then been validated against results from discrete element simulations that have been specially designed to probe specific terms in the models.
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Laakso, L., S. Gagné, T. Petäjä, et al. "Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 5 (2007): 1333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1333-2007.
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Abstract. The importance of ion-induced nucleation in the lower atmosphere has been discussed for a long time. In this article we describe a new instrumental setup – Ion-DMPS – which can be used to detect contribution of ion-induced nucleation on atmospheric new particle formation events. The device measures positively and negatively charged particles with and without a bipolar charger. The ratio between "charger off" to "charger on" describes the charging state of aerosol particle population with respect to equilibrium. Values above one represent more charges than in an equilibrium (overcharged state), and values below unity stand for undercharged situation, when there is less charges in the particles than in the equilibrium. We performed several laboratory experiments to test the operation of the instrument. After the laboratory tests, we used the device to observe particle size distributions during atmospheric new particle formation in a boreal forest. We found that some of the events were clearly dominated by neutral nucleation but in some cases also ion-induced nucleation contributed to the new particle formation. We also found that negative and positive ions (charged particles) behaved in a different manner, days with negative overcharging were more frequent than days with positive overcharging.
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Toth, Joseph R., Siddharth Rajupet, Henry Squire, et al. "Electrostatic charging of wind-blown dust and implications on dust transport." E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199902011.
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It is well known that electric fields occur in wind-blown dust, due to the triboelectric charging of particles as they collide. Triboelectric charging, or contact electrification, is a poorly understood and complex phenomenon. It is especially important in granular systems, as the high surface-to-volume ratio can lead to the build-up of large amounts of charge. A particularly surprising effect, which is important in dust systems, is that charge transfer occurs in systems of a single composition, such that there is a particle-size dependent polarity of the particles. Here, we use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to elucidate the electrostatic charging that occurs during dust storms, and the effects of this electrostatic charging on dust transport. We create laboratory-scale wind-blown dust systems, and study the electrostatic charging. We find that larger particles tend to charge positive and to stay at or near the sand bed, while smaller particles tend to charge negative and get lofted to higher elevations. This self-segregating of charged particles would lead to electric fields within a dust storm. Our results show that electric fields then increase the dust transport by more easily lofting charged particles.
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Zhao, Shuyi, Chenshuo Ma, and Zhiao Cao. "Improved Multi-Objective Strategy Diversity Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization of Ordered Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles Considering User Behavior." Energies 18, no. 3 (2025): 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030690.
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With the development of the EV industry, the number of EVs is increasing, and the random charging and discharging causes a great burden on the power grid. Meanwhile, the increasing electricity bills reduce user satisfaction. This article proposes an algorithm that considers user satisfaction to solve the charging and discharging scheduling problem of EVs. This article adds an objective function to quantify user satisfaction and addresses the issues of premature local optima and insufficient diversity in the MOPSO algorithm. Based on the performance of different particles, the algorithm assigns elite particle, general particle, and learning particle roles to the particles and assigns strategies for maintaining search, developing search, and learning search, respectively. In order to avoid falling into local optima, chaotic sequence perturbations are added during each iteration process avoiding premature falling into local optima. Finally, case studies are implemented and the comparison analysis is performed in terms of the use and benefit of each design feature of the algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of achieving up to 23% microgrid load reduction and up to 20% improvement in convergence speed compared to other algorithms. It is superior to other algorithms in solving the problem of orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles and has strong usability and feasibility.
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Kim, Yong-ha, Sotira Yiacoumi, Athanasios Nenes, and Costas Tsouris. "Charging and coagulation of radioactive and nonradioactive particles in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (2016): 3449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3449-2016.
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Abstract. Charging and coagulation influence one another and impact the particle charge and size distributions in the atmosphere. However, few investigations to date have focused on the coagulation kinetics of atmospheric particles accumulating charge. This study presents three approaches to include mutual effects of charging and coagulation on the microphysical evolution of atmospheric particles such as radioactive particles. The first approach employs ion balance, charge balance, and a bivariate population balance model (PBM) to comprehensively calculate both charge accumulation and coagulation rates of particles. The second approach involves a much simpler description of charging, and uses a monovariate PBM and subsequent effects of charge on particle coagulation. The third approach is further simplified assuming that particles instantaneously reach their steady-state charge distributions. It is found that compared to the other two approaches, the first approach can accurately predict time-dependent changes in the size and charge distributions of particles over a wide size range covering from the free molecule to continuum regimes. The other two approaches can reliably predict both charge accumulation and coagulation rates for particles larger than about 0.04 micrometers and atmospherically relevant conditions. These approaches are applied to investigate coagulation kinetics of particles accumulating charge in a radioactive neutralizer, the urban atmosphere, and an atmospheric system containing radioactive particles. Limitations of the approaches are discussed.
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Camus, G. M., D. J. Duquette, and N. S. Stoloff. "Effect of an oxide dispersion on the hydrogen embrittlement of a Ni3Al base alloy." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 5 (1990): 950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.0950.
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The susceptibility of a hot isostatically pressed Ni3AI, Cr, Zr alloy to hydrogen embrittlement has been studied. The base alloy and a second alloy containing 5 vol. % Y2O3 particles were tested by cathodically charging with hydrogen prior to or simultaneously with tensile testing. Embrittlement of both alloys was noted under both charging conditions, but was much more severe for simultaneous charging. Intergranular fracture due to hydrogen was noted in the base alloy, while the dispersoid-containing alloy failed along prior particle boundaries. The results are explained by a dislocation transport mechanism in which hydrogen is delivered to interior fracture sites by mobile dislocations. Much greater penetration of hydrogen is achieved under simultaneous charging conditions.
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Kim, Y. H., S. Yiacoumi, A. Nenes, and C. Tsouris. "Charging and coagulation of radioactive and nonradioactive particles in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (2015): 23795–840. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-23795-2015.
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Abstract. Charging and coagulation influence one another and impact the particle charge and size distributions in the atmosphere. However, few investigations to date have focused on the coagulation kinetics of atmospheric particles accumulating charge. This study presents three approaches to include mutual effects of charging and coagulation on the microphysical evolution of atmospheric particles such as radioactive particles. The first approach employs ion balance, charge balance, and a bivariate population balance model (PBM) to comprehensively calculate both charge accumulation and coagulation rates of particles. The second approach involves a much simpler description of charging, and uses a monovariate PBM and subsequent effects of charge on particle coagulation. The third approach is further simplified assuming that particles instantaneously reach their steady-state charge distributions. It is found that compared to the other two approaches, the first approach can accurately predict time-dependent changes in the size and charge distributions of particles over a wide size range covering from the free molecule to continuum regimes. The other two approaches can reliably predict both charge accumulation and coagulation rates for particles larger than about 40 nm and atmospherically relevant conditions. These approaches are applied to investigate coagulation kinetics of particles accumulating charge in a radioactive neutralizer, the urban atmosphere, and a radioactive plume. Limitations of the approaches are discussed.
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Liu, Shao-Xun, Ya-Fu Zhou, Yan-Liang Liu, Jing Lian, and Li-Jian Huang. "A Method for Battery Health Estimation Based on Charging Time Segment." Energies 14, no. 9 (2021): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092612.
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The problem of low accuracy and low convenience in the existing state of health (SOH) estimation method for vehicle lithium-ion batteries has become one of the important problems in the electric vehicle field. This paper proposes an improved cuckoo search particle filter (ICS-PF) algorithm based on a charging time segment from equal voltage data to estimate battery health status. Appropriate voltage ranges of charging time segments are selected according to the battery charging law, and in the meantime, the charging time segments are collected as a health indicator to establish the corresponding relationship with battery capacity attenuation value. An improved cuckoo search particle filter algorithm based on the traditional particle filter (PF) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is proposed by enhancing the search step size and discovery probability to estimate the capacity attenuation. The estimation result shows that this method is superior to the traditional particle filter and cuckoo search particle filter (CS-PF) method, as the maximum estimation error is less than 2%.
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Mio, Hiroshi, Yoichi Narita, Kaoru Nakano, and Seiji Nomura. "Validation of the Burden Distribution of the 1/3-Scale of a Blast Furnace Simulated by the Discrete Element Method." Processes 8, no. 1 (2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010006.
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The objective of this paper was to develop a prediction tool for the burden distribution in a charging process of a bell-less-type blast furnace using the discrete element method (DEM). The particle behavior on the rotating chute and on the burden surface was modeled, and the burden distribution was analyzed. Furthermore, the measurements of the burden distribution in a 1/3-scale experimental blast furnace were performed to validate the simulated results. Particle size segregation occurred during conveying to the experimental blast furnace. The smaller particles were initially discharged followed by the larger ones later. This result was used as an input in the simulation. The burden profile simulated using DEM was similar to the experimental one. The terrace was found at the burden surface subsequent to ore-charging, and its simulated position simulated agreed with that of the experimental result. The surface angle of the ore layer was mostly similar. The simulated ore to coke mass ratio (O/C) distribution in the radial direction and the mean particle diameter distribution correlated with the experimental results very well. It can be concluded that this method of particle simulation of the bell-less charging process is highly reliable in the prediction of the burden distribution in a blast furnace.
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Matsoukas, Themis, and Marc Russell. "Particle charging in low‐pressure plasmas." Journal of Applied Physics 77, no. 9 (1995): 4285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359451.
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Ponto, Benjamin S., and John C. Berg. "Clay particle charging in apolar media." Applied Clay Science 161 (September 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.016.
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O'Hara, David B., J. Sidney Clements, Wright C. Finney, and Robert H. Davis. "Aerosol particle charging by free electrons." Journal of Aerosol Science 20, no. 3 (1989): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(89)90007-4.
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Matsoukas, Themis. "Charge distributions in bipolar particle charging." Journal of Aerosol Science 25, no. 4 (1994): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(94)90001-9.
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Hu, Haopeng, and Yunbing Wei. "Electric vehicle charging optimization strategy based on the mopso algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2704, no. 1 (2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2704/1/012003.
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Abstract Aiming at the problems of electric vehicle disorderly charging on grid load stability and charging cost, this study considers the grid load pressure and presents a multi-faceted optimized model for electric vehicle charging. The model is addressed by utilizing a particle swarm optimization algorithm designed for multiple objectives. The outcomes demonstrate that the charging framework built upon the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm has a fast convergence speed and can avoid the limitation of the local optimal solutions. Under the premise of reducing by managing the grid load fluctuation, the model effectively curbs the expense of vehicle charging while also minimizing peak-to-valley disparities in grid load.
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SODHA, MAHENDRA SINGH, AMRIT DIXIT, and GYAN PRAKASH. "Effect of electric field emission on charging of dust particles in a plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 2 (2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990183.
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AbstractThe authors have considered the charging of spherical particles in a plasma, taking into account the electric field emission of electrons from the dust particles and the change in the electron/ion densities in the plasma. The dependence of the charge of a particle and electron/ion densities on the radius and number of dust particles and the density of electrons/ions and the temperature in the undisturbed plasma has been studied numerically without and with the inclusion of the electric field emission of electrons from the particles. It is seen that both the electric field emission and the electron/ion kinetics significantly affect the charging process.
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Hou, Hui, Junyi Tang, Bo Zhao, Leiqi Zhang, Yifan Wang, and Changjun Xie. "Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Considering Mutual Benefit of Users and Power Grid." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040244.
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A reasonable plan for charging stations is critical to the widespread use of electric vehicles. In this paper, we propose an optimal planning method for electric vehicle charging stations. First of all, we put forward a forecasting method for the distribution of electric vehicle fast charging demand in urban areas. Next, a new mathematical model that considers the mutual benefit of electric vehicle users and the power grid is set up, aiming to minimize the social cost of charging stations. Then, the model is solved by the Voronoi diagram combined with improved particle swarm optimization. In the end, the proposed method is applied to an urban area, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can yield optimal location and capacity of each charging station. A contrasting case is carried out to verify that improved particle swarm optimization is more effective in finding the global optimal solution than particle swarm optimization.