Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particle Energy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Particle Energy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Particle Energy"

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da Silva, Mariana Vale, Victor Ferreira, and Carlos Pinho. "Determination of biomass combustion rate in a domestic fixed bed boiler." AIMS Energy 9, no. 5 (2021): 1067–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021049.

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<abstract> <p>This manuscript presents an experimental study on the combustion rate of biomass briquettes or logs in a domestic boiler, by monitoring the time decay of its mass and the temperature of the flame inside the boiler. Assuming close to steady state conditions, two combustion models were studied: the constant particle density-burning model and the constant particle diameter-burning model. For each model, the evolution of the global combustion resistance with the decay of the particle diameter was analyzed, and it was possible to conclude that the burning occurred approximately with constant particle size and that the heterogeneous C to CO reaction takes place at the surface of the inner carbonaceous core. The high values obtained for the Sherwood number revealed that there were significant convective effects inside the furnace and compare well with a previously developed Sherwood number correlation for a packed bed of active particles.</p> </abstract>
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Franji?, Siniša. "In Shortly about Energy and Energy Sources." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n4p1.

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Energy is an effective force, a life activity, a determination. Energy in physics is the ability of a body or system to do some work; a quantity that characterizes the motion, rest, or position of a body, liquid, particle, or system of particles, and a quantity to describe field particles transmitted by natural forces and particle interactions. Energy appears in nature, technology and industry in various forms that are transformed into each other according to the principle of energy conservation: it cannot be spend or created, but only change its form. An energy source is any substance which serves as a raw material in the process of obtaining energy.
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Zhao, Lihao, Helge I. Andersson, and Jurriaan J. J. Gillissen. "Interphasial energy transfer and particle dissipation in particle-laden wall turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 715 (January 9, 2013): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.492.

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AbstractTransfer of mechanical energy between solid spherical particles and a Newtonian carrier fluid has been explored in two-way coupled direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow. The inertial particles have been treated as individual point particles in a Lagrangian framework and their feedback on the fluid phase has been incorporated in the Navier–Stokes equations. At sufficiently large particle response times the Reynolds shear stress and the turbulence intensities in the spanwise and wall-normal directions were attenuated whereas the velocity fluctuations were augmented in the streamwise direction. The physical mechanisms involved in the particle–fluid interactions were analysed in detail, and it was observed that the fluid transferred energy to the particles in the core region of the channel whereas the fluid received kinetic energy from the particles in the wall region. A local imbalance in the work performed by the particles on the fluid and the work exerted by the fluid on the particles was observed. This imbalance gave rise to a particle-induced energy dissipation which represents a loss of mechanical energy from the fluid–particle suspension. An independent examination of the work associated with the different directional components of the Stokes force revealed that the dominating energy transfer was associated with the streamwise component. Both the mean and fluctuating parts of the Stokes force promoted streamwise fluctuations in the near-wall region. The kinetic energy associated with the cross-sectional velocity components was damped due to work done by the particles, and the energy was dissipated rather than recovered as particle kinetic energy. Componentwise scatter plots of the instantaneous velocity versus the instantaneous slip-velocity provided further insight into the energy transfer mechanisms, and the observed modulations of the flow field could thereby be explained.
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Hirosawa, Fumie, Tomohiro Iwasaki, and Masashi Iwata. "Particle Impact Energy Variation with the Size and Number of Particles in a Planetary Ball Mill." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133302016.

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To investigate the mechanical energy applying to the particles in a grinding process using a planetary ball mill, the impact energy of particles was estimated by simulating the behavior of the particles and grinding balls using the discrete element method (DEM) under different conditions of the size and number of particles, corresponding to their variations during milling. As the impact energy contributing to the particle breakage, we focused on the particle impact energy generated at particle-to-grinding ball/wall and particle-to-particle collisions. The particle size and the number of particles affected the level of particle impact energy at a single collision and the number of collisions of particles, respectively, resulting in an increase of the total impact energy of particles with decreasing particle size and increasing number of particles. The result suggests that milling conditions such as the size of grinding balls should be adjusted appropriately based on the variation of the size and number of particles so that the particles can receive large amounts of the impact energy during milling.
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Hirosawa, Fumie, Tomohiro Iwasaki, and Masashi Iwata. "Particle Impact Energy Variation with the Size and Number of Particles in a Planetary Ball Mill." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133302016.

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To investigate the mechanical energy applying to the particles in a grinding process using a planetary ball mill, the impact energy of particles was estimated by simulating the behavior of the particles and grinding balls using the discrete element method (DEM) under different conditions of the size and number of particles, corresponding to their variations during milling. As the impact energy contributing to the particle breakage, we focused on the particle impact energy generated at particle-to-grinding ball/wall and particle-to-particle collisions. The particle size and the number of particles affected the level of particle impact energy at a single collision and the number of collisions of particles, respectively, resulting in an increase of the total impact energy of particles with decreasing particle size and increasing number of particles. The result suggests that milling conditions such as the size of grinding balls should be adjusted appropriately based on the variation of the size and number of particles so that the particles can receive large amounts of the impact energy during milling.
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XU, YONGFU, and YIDONG WANG. "SIZE EFFECT ON SPECIFIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN PARTICLE COMMINUTION." Fractals 25, no. 02 (April 2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x17500165.

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A theoretical study is made to derive an energy distribution equation for the size reduction process from the fractal model for the particle comminution. Fractal model is employed as a valid measure of the self-similar size distribution of comminution daughter products. The tensile strength of particles varies with particle size in the manner of a power function law. The energy consumption for comminuting single particle is found to be proportional to the 5(D−3)/3rd order of the particle size, [Formula: see text] being the fractal dimension of particle comminution daughter. The Weibull statistics is applied to describe the relationship between the breakage probability and specific energy of particle comminution. A simple equation is derived for the breakage probability of particles in view of the dependence of fracture energy on particle size. The calculated exponents and Weibull coefficients are generally in conformity with published data for fracture of particles.
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Williams, Sarah G. W., and David J. Furbish. "Particle energy partitioning and transverse diffusion during rarefied travel on an experimental hillslope." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 4 (July 14, 2021): 701–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-701-2021.

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Abstract. Rarefied particle motions on rough hillslope surfaces are controlled by the balance between gravitational heating of particles due to conversion of potential to kinetic energy and frictional cooling of the particles due to collisions with the surface. Here we elaborate on how particle energy is partitioned between kinetic, rotational, and frictional forms during downslope travel using measurements of particle travel distances on a laboratory-scale hillslope, supplemented with high-speed imaging of drop–impact–rebound experiments. The drop–impact–rebound experiments indicate that particle shape has a dominant role in energy conversion during impact with a surface. Relative to spherical and natural rounded particles, angular particles give greater variability in rebound behavior, resulting in more effective conversion of translational to rotational energy. The effects of particle shape on energy conversion are especially pronounced on a sloping sand-roughened surface. Angular particles travel shorter distances downslope than rounded particles, though travel distance data for both groups are well fit by generalized Pareto distributions. Moreover, particle–surface collisions during downslope motion lead to a transverse random-walk behavior and transverse particle diffusion. Transverse spreading increases with surface slope as there is more available energy to be partitioned into the downslope or transverse directions during collision due to increased gravitational heating. Rounded particles exhibit greater transverse diffusion than angular particles, as less energy is lost during collision with the surface. Because the experimental surface is relatively smooth, this random-walk behavior represents a top-down control on the randomization of particle trajectories due to particle shape, which is in contrast to a bottom-up control on randomization of particle trajectories associated with motions over rough surfaces. Importantly, transverse particle diffusion during downslope motion may contribute to a cross-slope particle flux and likely contributes to topographic smoothing of irregular hillslope surfaces such as scree slopes.
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Dufner, D. C., S. Danczyk, and M. Wooldridge. "Characterization Of SiOx Smoke Particles by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Energy-Filtering Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016512.

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Combustion synthesis has led to many advances in materials science, in part via the synthesis of powders consisting of particles of nanometer dimensions. Particle morphology is a key concern regarding the powders produced, but also of comparable importance is particle composition. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtering imaging (EFI) can be used to interrogate the gas-phase combustion synthesis environment for elemental particle composition information. Once established, this diagnostic approach can be used to address control of particle composition and other issues associated with particle formation and growth in flames. The evolution of the particle morphology in a laboratory scale combustion synthesis facility can be examined by passing TEM grids directly through the combustion synthesis flame at various heights above the burner surface, as shown in Fig. la. For the current work, SiOx particle samples are obtained from a SilL/^/FL/Ar flame using a rapid probe insertion technique.
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Schneiders, Lennart, Konstantin Fröhlich, Matthias Meinke, and Wolfgang Schröder. "The decay of isotropic turbulence carrying non-spherical finite-size particles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 875 (July 22, 2019): 520–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.516.

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Direct particle–fluid simulations of heavy spheres and ellipsoids interacting with decaying isotropic turbulence are conducted. This is the rigorous extension of the spherical particle analysis in Schneiders et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 819, 2017, pp. 188–227) to $O(10^{4})$ non-spherical particles. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first particle-resolved study on turbulence modulation by non-spherical particles of near-Kolmogorov-scale size. The modulation of the turbulent flow is precisely captured by explicitly resolving the stresses acting on the fluid–particle interfaces. The decay rates of the fluid and particle kinetic energy are found to increase with the particle aspect ratio. This is due to the particle-induced dissipation rate and the direct transfer of kinetic energy, both of which can be substantially larger than for spherical particles depending on the particle orientation. The extra dissipation rate resulting from the translational and rotational particle motion is quantified to detail the impact of the particles on the fluid kinetic energy budget and the influence of the particle shape. It is demonstrated that the previously derived analytical model for the particle-induced dissipation rate of smaller particles is valid for the present cases albeit these involve significant finite-size effects. This generic expression allows us to assess the impact of individual inertial particles on the local energy balance independent of the particle shape and to quantify the share of the rotational particle motion in the kinetic energy budget. To enable the examination of this mechanistic model in particle-resolved simulations, a method is proposed to reconstruct the so-called undisturbed fluid velocity and fluid rotation rate close to a particle. The accuracy and robustness of the scheme are corroborated via a parameter study. The subsequent discussion emphasizes the necessity to account for the orientation-dependent drag and torque in Lagrangian point-particle models, including corrections for finite particle Reynolds numbers, to reproduce the local and global energy balance of the multiphase system.
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Aleksandrin, S. Yu, A. M. Galper, L. A. Grishantzeva, S. V. Koldashov, L. V. Maslennikov, A. M. Murashov, P. Picozza, V. Sgrigna, and S. A. Voronov. "High-energy charged particle bursts in the near-Earth space as earthquake precursors." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2003): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-597-2003.

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Abstract. The experimental data on high-energy charged particle fluxes, obtained in various near-Earth space experiments (MIR orbital station, METEOR-3, GAMMA and SAMPEX satellites) were processed and analyzed with the goal to search for particle bursts. Particle bursts have been selected in every experiment considered. It was shown that the significant part of high-energy charged particle bursts correlates with seismic activity. Moreover, the particle bursts are observed several hours before strong earthquakes; L-shells of particle bursts and corresponding earthquakes are practically the same. Some features of a seismo-magnetosphere connection model, based on the interaction of electromagnetic emission of seismic origin and radiation belt particles, were considered. Key words. Ionospheric physics (energetic particles, trapped; energetic particles, precipitating; magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle Energy"

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Grönqvist, Hanna. "Fluctuations in High-Energy Particle Collisions." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS155/document.

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Nous étudions des fluctuations qui sont omniprésentes dans des collisions entre particules aux hautes énergies. Ces fluctuations peuvent être de nature classique ou quantique et nous allons considérer ces deux cas. D'abord, nous étudions les fluctuations quantiques qui sont présentes dans des collisions entre protons. Celles-ci sont calculables en théorie quantique des champs, et nous allons nous concentrer sur une certaine classe de diagrammes dans ce cadre. Dans un second temps nous allons étudier des fluctuations qui sont présentes dans des collisions entre particules plus lourdes que le proton. Celles-ci sont décrites par les lois quantiques de la nature qui donnent les positions des nucléons dans le noyau, ou bien des fluctuations classiques, d'origine thermique, qui affectent l'évolution hydrodynamique du milieu produit dans une collision. Les fluctuations dans des collisions entre protons peuvent être calculées analytiquement jusqu'à un certain ordre en théorie quantique des champs. Nous allons nous concentrer sur des diagrammes à une boucle, d'une topologie donnée. Ces diagrammes aux boucles donnent des intégrales, qui typiquement sont difficiles à calculer. Nous allons démontrer comment des outils des mathématiques modernes peuvent être utilisés pour faciliter leur évaluation. En particulier, nous allons étudier des relations entre des coupures d'un diagramme, la discontinuité à travers d'un branchement et le coproduit. Nous allons démontrer comment l'intégrale originale peut être reconstruit à partir de l'information contenue dans le coproduit. Nous nous attendons à ce que ces méthodes seront utiles pour le calcul des diagrammes avec des topologies plus difficiles et ainsi aident au calcul des nouvelles amplitudes de diffusion. A la fin, nous étudions les deux types de fluctuations qui ont lieu dans des collisions entre ions lourds. Celles-ci sont liées soit à l'état initial de la matière, soit à l'état intermédiaire produit dans une telle collision. Les fluctuations de l'état initial ont été mesurées expérimentalement, et on voit qu'elles donnent lieu à des non-Gaussianités dans le spectre final de particules. Nous allons démontrer comment ces non-Gaussianités peuvent être comprises comme des positions et des énergies d'interaction aléatoires des 'sources' dans les noyaux entrant en collision. En plus, nous étudions le bruit hydrodynamique dans le milieu produit juste après une collision. Le comportement de ce milieu est celui d'un fluide à basse viscosité
We study fluctuations that are omnipresent in high-energy particle collisions. These fluctuations can be either of either classical or quantum origin and we will study both. Firstly, we consider the type of quantum fluctuations that arise in proton-proton collisions. These are computable perturbatively in quantum field theory and we will focus on a specific class of diagrams in this set-up. Secondly, we will consider the fluctuations that are present in collisions between nuclei that can be heavier than protons. These are the quantum laws of nature that describe the positions of nucleons within a nucleus, but also the hydrodynamic fluctuations of classical, thermal origin that affect the evolution of the medium produced in heavy-ion collisions. The fluctuations arising in proton-proton collisions can be computed analytically up to a certain order in perturbative quantum field theory. We will focus on one-loop diagrams of a fixed topology. Loop diagrams give rise to integrals that typically are hard to evaluate. We show how modern mathematical methods can be used to ease their computation. We will study the relations among unitarity cuts of a diagram, the discontinuity across the corresponding branch cut and the coproduct. We show how the original integral corresponding to a given diagram can be reconstructed from the information contained in the coproduct. We expect that these methods can be applied to solve more complicated topologies and help in the computation of new amplitudes in the future. Finally, we study the two types of fluctuations arising in heavy-ion collisions. These are related either to the initial state or the intermediate state of matter produced in such collisions. The initial state fluctuations are experimentally observed to give rise to non-Gaussianities in the final-state spectra. We show how these non-Gaussianities can be explained by the random position and interaction energy of `sources' in the colliding nuclei. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of hydrodynamical noise in the evolution of the medium produced just after a collision. This medium behaves like a fluid with a very low viscosity, and so the corresponding evolution is hydrodynamical
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Droubi, Mohamad Ghazi. "Monitoring particle impact energy using acoustic emission technique." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2661.

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The estimation of energy dissipated during multiple particle impact is a key aspect in evaluating the abrasive potential of particle-laden streams. A systematic investigation of particle impact energy using acoustic emission (AE) measurements is presented in this thesis with experiments carried out over a range of particle sizes, particle densities and configurations. A model of the AE impact time series is developed and validated on sparse streams where there are few particle overlaps and good control over particle kinetic energies. The approach is shown to be robust and extensible to cases where the individual particle energies cannot be distinguished. For airborne particles, a series of impact tests was carried out over a wide range of particle sizes (from 125 microns to 1500 microns) and incident velocities (from 0.9 ms-1 to 16 ms-1). Two parameters, particle diameter and particle impact speed, both of which affect the energy dissipated into the material, were investigated and correlated with AE energy. The results show that AE increases with the third power of particle diameter, i.e. the mass, and with the second power of the velocity, as would be expected. The diameter exponent was only valid up to particle sizes of around 1.5mm, an observation which was attributed to different energy dissipation mechanisms with the higher associated momentum. The velocity exponent, and the general level of the energy were lower for multiple impacts than for single impacts, and this was attributed to particle interactions in the guide tube and/or near the surface leading to an underestimate of the actual impact velocity in magnitude and direction. In order to develop a model of the stream as the cumulation of individual particle arrival events, the probability distribution of particle impact energy was obtained for a range of particle sizes and impact velocities. Two methods of time series processing were investigated to isolate the individual particles arrivals from the background noise and from particle noise associated with contact of the particles with the target after their first arrival. For the conditions where it was possible to resolve individual impacts, the probability distribution of particle arrival AE energy was determined by the best-fit lognormal probability distribution function. The mean and variance of this function was then calibrated against the known nominal mass and impact speed. A pulse shape function was devised for the target plate by inspection of the records, backed up by pencil lead tests and this, coupled with the energy distribution functions allowed the iv records to be simulated knowing the arrival rate and the nominal mass and velocity of the particles. A comparison of the AE energy between the recorded and simulated records showed that the principle of accumulating individual particle impact signatures could be applied to records even when the individual impacts could not be resolved. For particle-laden liquid, a second series of experiments was carried out to investigate the influence of particle size, free stream velocity, particle impact angle, and nominal particle concentration on the amount of energy dissipated in the target using both a slurry impingement erosion test rig and a flow loop test rig. As with airborne particles, the measured AE energy was found overall to be proportional to the incident kinetic energy of the particles. The high arrival rate involved in a slurry jet or real industrial flows poses challenges in resolving individual particle impact signatures in the AE record, hence, and so the model has been further developed and modified (extended) to account for different particle carrier-fluids and to situations where arrivals cannot necessarily be resolved. In combining the fluid mechanics of particles suspended in liquid and the model, this model of AE energy can be used as a semi-quantitative diagnostic indicator for particle impingement in industrial equipments such as pipe bends.
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Schimann, Hubert C. R. "Force and Energy Measurement of Bubble-Particle Detachment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9963.

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Possibilities for increasing the upper limit of floatable particle sizs in the froth flotation process have been examined since the early beginnings of mineral flotation. The economic implications of such an incresae are far ranging; from decreased grinding costs and increased recoveries to simplified flow-sheet design and increased throughput, all leading to increased revenue. Bubble-particle detachment has been studied to better understand the factors influencing the strength of attachment and the energies involved. Direct measurements of bubble particle detachment were performed using a hanging balance apparatus (KSV Sigma 70 tensiometer) and using a submerged hydrophobic plate in water. Three experiments were used; direct force measurement of bubble-particle detachment, detachment force and energy of a bubble from a submerged hydrophobic plate, and detachment force and energy of a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coated silica sphere from a flat bubble. Octadecyltrichlorosilane was used as a hydrophobic coating in the first two experimental methods. These experiments were recorded with a CCD camera to identify the detachment processes involved. Energies for both methods were calculated and divided into the two main steps of the detachment process: Three-Phase-Contact pinning and three phase contact line sliding. The first step represents the energy barrier which must be overcome before detachment can begin. It is directly related to contact angle hysteresis. Detachment occurs during the second step, where the solid-vapor interface is replaced by solid-liquid and liquid-vapor. This step corresponds to the work of adhesion. The effects of surface tension, contact angle and hysteresis were well demonstrated with the three experimental methods. Good correlation was found between theoretical work of adhesion and measured energies.
Master of Science
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Olvegård, Maja. "Emittance and Energy Diagnostics for Electron Beams with Large Momentum Spread." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Högenergifysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198080.

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Following the discovery of the Higgs-like boson at the Large Hadron Collider, there is demand for precision measurements on recent findings. The Compact Linear Collider, CLIC, is a candidate for a future linear electron-positron collider for such precision measurements. In CLIC, the beams will be brought to collisions in the multi-TeV regime through high gradient acceleration with high frequency RF power. A high intensity electron beam, the so-called drive beam, will serve as the power source for the main beam, as the drive beam is decelerated in special structures, from which power is extracted and transfered to the main beam. When the drive beam is decelerated the beam quality deteriorates and the momentum spread increases, which makes the beam transport challenging. Dedicated diagnostics to monitor the momentum profile along each bunch train and transverse profile diagnostics will be needed to guarantee the reliability of the decelerator and consequently the power source of the main beam acceleration. A test facility, CTF3, has been constructed at CERN to validate key technical aspects of the CLIC concept. The beam quality in the decelerator will be investigated in the test beam line, TBL, where several power extraction structures reduce the drive beam energy by up to 55%. At the same time, the single-bunch rms energy spread grows from the initial value of 1% to almost 6%. To monitor the parameters of such a beam is challenging but crucial for the optimization of the beamline. In this thesis we report on progress made on adapting generally used methods for beam profile measurements to the demanding conditions of a wide momentum profile. Two detector technologies are used for measuring transverse profile and momentum profile and we discuss the performance of these instruments, in the view of the large momentum spread and with the outlook towards equivalent beam profile monitors in the CLIC decelerator.
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Ding, Ailin. "Particle Assisted Wetting." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200701494.

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Die Benetzbarkeit und Nichtbenetzbarkeit von Oberflächen durch eine Flüssigkeit sind faszinierende und wichtige Phänomene in Wissenschaft und Technologie. Jüngst wurde entdeckt, dass Partikel die Benetzung einer Wasseroberfläche durch ein Öl unterstützen können. Es wurde eine Theorie entwickelt, das Prinzip der zu beschreiben. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wurde diese Theorie im Experiment sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ untersucht, wobei zwei Arten von Kieselgelpartikeln Verwendung fanden. Mit Hilfe einer Reihe unregelmäßig geformter Partikel mit variierender Hydrophobie wurde der Einfluss der Oberflächenhydrophobie der Partikel auf die partikel-assistierte Benetzung untersucht. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass die Partikel mit höchster Hydrophilie Linsen aus reinem Öl bilden, während die Partikel in die Wasserphase abtauchen. Die Partikel mit größter Hydrophobie hingegen bewirken die Ausbildung von kleinen Bereichen, in denen Öl und Partikel eine stabile homogene Schicht formen. Für Partikel mit mittlerer Hydrophobie wurden beide Phänomene beobachtet. Diese drei verschiedenen Beobachtungen bestätigen, dass die Oberflächenhydrophobie der Partikel das Benetzungsverhalten des Öls auf der Wasseroberfläche bestimmen. Für die unregelmäßig geformten Partikel war aufgrund des unbekannten Kontaktwinkels ein direkter Vergleich zur Theorie nicht möglich. Um die Theorie quantitativ zu prüfen, wurden sphärische Partikel synthetisiert und ihre Oberflächen mit Hilfe von zehn Silanisierungsmittel modifiziert. Anschließend wurde ein Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit dem entsprechenden theoretischen Phasendiagramm durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die theoretischen Vorhersagen zum Großteil mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen übereinstimmen. Es wurden alle Fälle der Benetzung beobachtet, die auch in der theoretischen Beschreibung berücksichtigt wurden. Darüber hinaus wurden auch Abweichungen von der Theorie festgestellt. Haben die Partikel ähnliche Affinitäten zur Luft/Öl- und Öl/Wasser-Grenzfläche, hängt die Beschaffenheit der Benetzungsfilme zusätzlich vom Oberflächendruck ab. Deshalb könnte es notwendig sein, die einfache Theorie zu erweitern um den beschriebenen Beobachtungen Rechnung zu tragen
Wetting and de-wetting of surfaces by a liquid are fascinating and important phenomena in science and technology. Recently, it was discovered that particles can assist the wetting of a water surface by an oil, and a theory describing the principle behind particle assisted wetting was developed. In this thesis, the theory was experimentally investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by using two series of silica particles. The influence of the surface hydrophobicity of the particles on particle assisted wetting was investigated by a series of irregular shaped particles with varying hydrophobicity. By applying mixtures of particles and oil to a water surface, it was found that for the most hydrophilic particles, only lenses of pure oil formed, with the particles being submerged into the aqueous phase. The most hydrophobic particles helped to form patches of stable homogenous mixed layers composed of oil and particles. For particles with intermediate hydrophobicity, lenses and patches of mixed layers were observed. These three different observations verified that the hydrophobicity of the particle surface determines the wetting behaviour of the oil at the water surface. For the irregular shaped particles with unknown contact angles with liquid interfaces, no direct comparison to the theory was possible. To test the theory quantitatively, a series of spherical particles was synthesized and their surfaces were modified by ten kinds of silane coupling agents; then the experimental results were compared with the corresponding theoretical phase diagram. It indicated that the theory agrees at large with the experimental results. All scenarios of wetting layers taken into account in the theoretical description were observed. In the fine print, deviations from the theory were also observed. If the particles have similar affinities to air/oil and oil/water interfaces, the experimentally observed morphology of the wetting layers depends in addition on the surface pressure. It might therefore be necessary to extend the simple theoretical picture to take these observations into accounts
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Webb, S. "Unusual effects in particle diffraction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234226.

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Jiang, Min. "Energy based dissolution simulation using smoothed particle hydrodynamic sampling." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2016. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/24744/.

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Fluid simulation plays an important role in Computer Graphics and has wide applications in film and games. The desire for an improved physically-based fluid simulation solver has grown hand in hand with the advances made in Computer Graphics. Interesting fluid behaviours emerge when solid objects are added to a simulation: when fluid and solid make contact, they do not only have a physical interaction (e.g., buoyancy), but also a chemical reaction (e.g., dissolution) under the right conditions. Dissolution is one of the most common natural phenomena which is an important visual effect in fluid simulation. However this phe- nomenon is difficult to simulate due to the complexity of the behaviour and there are only few techniques available. A novel unified particle-based method for approximating chemical dis- solution is introduced in this thesis which is fast, predictable and visually plausible. The dissolution algorithm is derived using chemical Collision Theory and integrated into a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) framework. The Collision Theory of chemistry is used as an analogy to the dissolution process modelling. Dissolution occurs when solute submerges into solvent. Physical laws govern the local excitation of so- lute particles based on the relative motion with solvent particles. When the local excitation energy exceeds a user specified threshold (activation energy), the particle will be dislodged from the solid. Unlike previous methods, this dissolution model ensures that the dissolution result is in- dependent of solute sampling resolution. A mathematical relationship is also established between the activation energy, the interfacial surface area, and the total dissolution time — allowing for intuitive artistic con- trol over the global dissolution rate. Applications of this method are demonstrated using a number of practical examples, including antacid pills dissolving in water and hydraulic erosion of non-homogeneous ter- rains. Both solutes and solvents are represented by particles, and the dis- tribution of the solute particles greatly affects the plausibility of the dissolution simulation. An even but stochastic distribution of particles on both the surface and within the volume of the solute is essential for a good visual simulation of the dynamic process of dissolution. A new iterative particle-based sampling method derived from SPH is introduced in this thesis which can generate a range of blue noise pat- terns and is computationally efficient, controllable and has a variety of applications. This approach resolves many of the limitations of classic blue noise methods, such as the lack of controllability or varying the dis- tribution properties of the generated samples. Fast sampling is achieved in general dimensions for curves, surfaces and volumes. By varying a sin- gle parameter, the proposed method can generate a range of controllable blue noise samples with different distribution properties which are suit- able for various applications such as adaptive sampling and multi-class sampling. The SPH sampling approach is used for solute particle distribution which guarantees a predictable and smooth dissolution process thanks to the evenly distributed density and also gives the user control of the volume change during the phase transition. The proposed SPH sampling method achieves better visual effects compared with simple grid sampling and other blue noise sampling methods. Our energy based dissolution simulation with SPH sampled solute and solvent ensures that the dissolution behaviour is physically and chemi- cally plausible, while supporting features such as object separation and sharp feature rounding. The simulation is parallelized per particle on a GPU to enhance the performance.
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Wilkason, Thomas Frederick Jr. "Exclusive cone jet algorithms for high energy particle colliders." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100326.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-62).
In this thesis, I develop an exclusive cone jet algorithm based on the principles of jet substructure and demonstrate its use for physics analyses at the Large Hadron Collider. Based on the event shape N-jettiness, this algorithm, called "XCone," partitions the event into a fixed number of conical jets of size RO in the rapidity-azimuth plane. This algorithm is designed to locate substructure independent of momentum, allowing accurate resolution of jets at both low and high energy scales. I present three potential analyses using XCone to search for heavy resonances, Higgs bosons, and top quarks at various momenta and show that it reconstructs these particles with efficiencies between 60% and 80% without any additional substructure techniques, and maintains this efficiency over a wide kinematic range. This algorithm provides many key advantages over traditional jet algorithms that make it appealing for use at the LHC and other high energy particle colliders.
by Thomas Frederick Wilkason, Jr.
S.B.
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Bylin, Johan. "Analysis of a spin-particle tunnelling junction." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialteori, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254984.

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This project is to analyse the energy spectrum of a spin-molecular tunnelling junction which is composed of molecules confined between two conducting metallic leads. By letting a continuous stream of electrons flow across the junction the molecules can interact with each other with an indirect force called exchange interaction, and those exchange interactions which are of interest in this project are described by models called the Heisenberg, the Ising and the Dzyaloshinski-Moriya models. The molecules may also interact with themselves anisotropically and if there is an external magnetic field there will be yet another kind of interaction. The goal of this project is to see the contribution of all these spin interactions and how they affect the resulting energy spectrum under the variation of the junction's chemical potential and the voltage bias between the leads. This project is of a theoretical nature where the models are analytically adapted for a restricted scenario and is later on numerically calculated to be graphed and analysed. The models are restricted to only consider molecules of same spin and approximated to only consider interactions between closest neighbouring molecules. The results are composed of both analytically derived energy values and numerical computed values which show that there exists certain critical values of the variation parameters which naturally splits the ground state of the system and that the self-interaction may further split the degenerate ground state. A possible outcome of these result could be the possibility to control the magnetic order of the molecules to either be locked in an anti-ferromagnetic configuration or be easily mixed by manipulating the chemical potential or the voltage bias.
Detta projekt handlar om att analysera energispektrumet från en spinn-molekyl-tunnelkor-sning som består av molekyler instängda mellan två ledande metaller. När en kontinuerlig elektronström korsar tunnelkorsningen så kan molekylerna växelverka med varandra via en indirekt kraft kallad utbytesinteraktion, och de utbytesinteraktioner som är relevanta i denna uppställning beskrivs av de så kallade Heisenberg-, Ising- och Dzyaloshinski-Moriya-modellerna. Molekylerna kan också växelverka med sig själva anisotropt och om det finns ett externt magnetfält så tillkommer ytterligare en interaktionsterm. Målet för detta projekt är att se hur alla dessa spinnbidrag påverkar det slutliga energispektrumet under variation av korsningens kemiska potential och spänningen mellan metalledarna.       Projektet är teoretiskt lagt på så sätt att modellerna är analytiskt anpassade för ett begränsat scenario samt att de är numeriskt beräknade så att energispektrumet kan plottas i grafer och analyseras. Modellerna är begränsade för molekyler av samma spinn och är approximerade så att endast närmsta-granne-interaktioner är beaktade.       Resultaten är uppdelade i både analytiskt framtagna energivärden samt numeriskt beräknande energinivåer och båda visar att det finns kritiska värden på variationsparametrarna som automatiskt delar grundtillståndet för systemet samt att självinteraktionerna ytterligare kan dela det degenererade grundtillståndet. Ett möjligt utfall av dessa resultat är att de kan användas till att kontrollera systemets magnetiska ordning på så sätt att det antingen är låst i en antiferromagnetisk konfiguration eller med enkelhet kan mixas genom att ändra den kemiska potentialen eller spänningen mellan metalledarna.
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Blanco-Pillado, José Juan. "Topological defects and ultra-high energy cosmic rays /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2001.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2001.
Adviser: Alexander Vilenkin. Submitted to the Dept. of Physics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-114). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Books on the topic "Particle Energy"

1

Barone, Vincenzo, and Enrico Predazzi. High-Energy Particle Diffraction. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04724-8.

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Barone, Vincenzo. High-Energy Particle Diffraction. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002.

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Faccioli, Pietro, and Carlos Lourenço. Particle Polarization in High Energy Physics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08876-6.

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1954-, Foster B., and Institute of Physics (Great Britain). High Energy Particle Physics Group, eds. Topics in high energy particle physics. Bristol: Institute of Physics, 1988.

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Edwards, D. A. An introduction to the physics of high energy accelerators. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Melvin, Month, Dahl Per F. 1932-, Dienes Margaret, and Symposium on the State of High Energy Physics (1983 : Brookhaven National Laboratory and State University of New York at Stony Brook), eds. The state of high energy physics. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1985.

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1968-, Qin Hong, ed. Physics of intense charged particle beams in high energy accelerators. London: Imperial College Press, 2001.

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C, Rana N., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, eds. Ultrahigh-energy particle flux from cosmic strings. Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1990.

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C, Rana N., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, eds. Ultrahigh-energy particle flux from cosmic strings. Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1990.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Elementary-Particle Physics., ed. Elementary-particle physics: Revealing the secrets of energy and matter. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Particle Energy"

1

Hanagaki, Kazunori, Junichi Tanaka, Makoto Tomoto, and Yuji Yamazaki. "Particle Identification." In Experimental Techniques in Modern High-Energy Physics, 69–114. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56931-2_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss the method of particle identification, which is also called object identification because what we reconstruct or identify is usually not a particle but an object such as a charged particle trajectory, a jet that is a cluster of many particles, missing transverse energy and so on.
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Courvoisier, Thierry J. L. "Particle Acceleration." In High Energy Astrophysics, 111–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30970-0_9.

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Muvdi, Bichara B., Amir W. Al-Khafaji, and J. W. McNabb. "Particle Kinetics: Energy." In Dynamics for Engineers, 191–249. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1914-9_3.

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Segre, Gino C. "Low Energy Physics from Superstrings." In Particle Physics, 105–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1877-4_6.

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Sonderegger, Peter. "Physics with High Energy Ion Beams." In Particle Physics, 79–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5790-2_4.

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Hanagaki, Kazunori, Junichi Tanaka, Makoto Tomoto, and Yuji Yamazaki. "Basic Idea of Measurements in Particle Collisions." In Experimental Techniques in Modern High-Energy Physics, 7–20. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56931-2_2.

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AbstractSome of the readers of this book may have seen a so-called “event display”, visualisation of a particle collision. An example from the ATLAS experiment is given in Fig. 2.1. There, what we see are many curves from a particular point, which indicates the location of two particles colliding with each other. The curves emerging from the point are charged tracks, and the traces of charged particles are identified from detector responses. Also seen are many colourful boxes, which look like histograms, with the direction of the height of the histograms pointing to a radial direction. These indicate the amount of energy from particles produced via the collision, measured in particle detectors.
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Di Mitri, Simone. "Low Energy Accelerators." In Fundamentals of Particle Accelerator Physics, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07662-6_2.

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Di Mitri, Simone. "High Energy Accelerators." In Fundamentals of Particle Accelerator Physics, 55–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07662-6_4.

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Otto, Thomas. "Risks and Hazards of Particle Accelerator Technologies." In Safety for Particle Accelerators, 5–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57031-6_2.

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AbstractIn this section, the motivation and operation of particle accelerators are briefly introduced. Then, safety aspects of the key building blocks are treated. Magnets provide the steering forces for accelerated particles. Cryogenics provides the low temperatures required for the operation of superconducting magnets; radiofrequency technologies impart energy to accelerated particles. A byproduct of their operation is Non-ionising radiation. Another type of NIR is represented by lasers which find increasing use in accelerator applications. Finally, collimators shape the particle beams and protect sensitive elements, while dumps absorb the particles at the end of their course.
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Barone, Vincenzo, and Enrico Predazzi. "Introduction." In High-Energy Particle Diffraction, 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04724-8_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Particle Energy"

1

Chen, Huajun, Yitung Chen, Hsuan-Tsung Hsieh, and Nathan Siegel. "CFD Modeling of Gas Particle Flow Within a Solid Particle Solar Receiver." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99044.

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A detailed three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on gas-particle flow and heat transfer inside a solid particle solar receiver, which utilizes free-falling particles for direct absorption of concentrated solar radiation, is presented. The two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange method is implemented and includes the exchange of heat and momentum between the gas phase and solid particles. A two band discrete ordinate method is included to investigate radiation heat transfer within the particle cloud and between the cloud and the internal surfaces of the receiver. The direct illumination energy source that results from incident solar radiation was predicted by a solar load model using a solar ray tracing algorithm. Two kinds of solid particle receivers, each having a different exit condition for the solid particles, are modeled to evaluate the thermal performance of the receiver. Parametric studies, where the particle size and mass flow rate are varied, are made to determine the optimal operating conditions. The results also include detailed information for the particle and gas velocity, temperature, particle solid volume fraction, and cavity efficiency.
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Gaisser, T. K. "Origin of high energy galactic cosmic rays." In Particle astrophysics. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.39149.

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Chen, Huajun, Yitung Chen, Hsuan-Tsung Hsieh, Greg Kolb, and Nathan Siegel. "Numerical Investigation on Optimal Design of Solid Particle Solar Receiver." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36134.

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Solar thermo-chemical processes often require high temperatures that can be achieved by direct absorption of solar energy. The solid particle solar receiver can be used to heat ceramic particles that may serve as a heat transfer and storage medium or as a substrate on which chemical reaction may be performed directly. Using solid particles enclosed in a cavity to absorb concentrated solar radiation can provide efficient absorption of concentrated sunlight. In this work, different solid particle solar receiver designs have been investigated by using computation fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The gas particle flow with the solid particle solar receiver was simulated by using two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange method. The direct illumination energy source that results from incident solar radiation was predicted by a solar load model using a solar ray tracing algorithm. The detailed information to guide the experiment, such as the particle and gas velocity, temperature, particle solid volume fraction, and cavity efficiency under different designs has been analyzed.
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McNutt, Jr., Ralph L., Donald G. Mitchell, Edwin P. Keath, Nicholas P. Paschalidis, Robert E. Gold, and Richard W. McEntire. "Compact particle detector for low-energy particle measurements." In SPIE's 1996 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by David M. Rust. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.259708.

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Siegel, Nathan, Greg Kolb, Kibum Kim, Vijayarangan Rangaswamy, and Samir Moujaes. "Solid Particle Receiver Flow Characerization Studies." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36118.

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The solid particle receiver (SPR) is a direct absorption central receiver that can provide a solar interface with thermal storage for thermochemical hydrogen production processes requiring heat input at temperatures up to 1000 C. In operation, a curtain consisting of ∼690 μm ceramic particles is dropped within the receiver cavity and directly illuminated by concentrated solar energy. The heated particles exit the receiver and may either be stored or sent through a heat exchanger to provide process heat input. The performance of the receiver is dependent on the characteristics of the particle flow including velocity and opacity (optical density). In addition, because the SPR will have an open aperture there is also a possibility that the flow may be disturbed by high ambient winds. Computational models have been and are currently being used to simulate receiver performance at power levels up to several MWt. However, due to the complex two-phase nature of the solid particle flow, such models rely on experimental data both to provide physical input, such as boundary conditions, as well as to provide a point of comparison for model validation. In this paper, we present experimental results from tests performed using a small scale unheated solid particle curtain. These tests focus on the measurement of the flow characteristics of the solid particle curtain as it falls from a near-zero velocity discharge slot to a collection point three meters below. The results include measured values for the variation of velocity, solids volume fraction, curtain width, and curtain opacity along the length of the curtain.
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Wang, J. W., M. A. van der Hoef, J. A. M. Kuipers, Liejin Guo, D. D. Joseph, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Sommerfeld, and Yueshe Wang. "The role of particle-particle interactions in bubbling gas-fluidized beds of Geldart A particles: A discrete particle study." In THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIPHASE FLOW, HEAT MASS TRANSFER AND ENERGY CONVERSION. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3366461.

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Gress, J., Y. Lu, A. Anagnostopoulos, J. Kochocki, J. Olson, J. Poirier, S. Mikocki, and A. Trzupek. "Grand particle identification." In High Energy Gamma−Ray Astronomy. AIP, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.40302.

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Carr, John. "Particle astrophysics." In International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.007.0300.

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Yue, Lindsey, Nathan Schroeder, and Clifford K. Ho. "Particle Flow Testing of a Multistage Falling Particle Receiver Concept: Staggered Angle Iron Receiver (STAIR)." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1666.

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Abstract Falling particle receivers are an emerging technology for use in concentrating solar power systems. In this work, a staggered angle iron receiver concept is investigated, with the goals of increasing particle curtain stability and opacity in a receiver. The concept consists of angle iron-shaped troughs placed in line with a falling particle curtain in order to collect particles and rerelease them, decreasing the downward velocity of the particles and the curtain spread. A particle flow test apparatus has been fabricated. The effect of staggered angle iron trough geometry, orientation, and position on the opacity and uniformity of a falling particle curtain for different particle linear mass flow rates is investigated using the particle flow test apparatus. For the baseline free falling curtain and for different trough configurations, particle curtain transmissivity is measured, and profile images of the particle curtain are taken. Particle mass flow rate and trough position affect curtain transmissivity more than trough orientation and geometry. Optimal trough position for a given particle mass flow rate can result in improved curtain stability and decreased transmissivity. The case with a slot depth of 1/4″, hybrid trough geometry at 36″ below the slot resulted in the largest improvement over the baseline curtain: 0.40 transmissivity for the baseline and 0.14 transmissivity with the trough. However, some trough configurations have a detrimental effect on curtain stability and result in increased curtain transmissivity and/or substantial particle bouncing.
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Lenters, Geoffrey, and James A. Miller. "Charged particle diffusive transport." In High energy solar physics. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.50986.

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Reports on the topic "Particle Energy"

1

Albert, Andrea. High-energy Particle Physics -- In Space! Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1469489.

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Nitz, David F., and Brian E. Fick. Studies of High Energy Particle Astrophysics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1145912.

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Rafelski, J. Energy related applications of elementary particle physics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6694614.

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Keung, Wai Yee. Studies In Theoretical High Energy Particle Physics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1369642.

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Aratyn, H., L. Brekke, Wai-Yee, Panigrahi, P. Keung, and U. Sukhatme. Studies in theoretical high energy particle physics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6312025.

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Hughes, V. W. Medium Energy Particle Physics - Muonium/RHIC - SPIN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836598.

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Barker, A. R., J. P. Cumalat, S. P. de Alwis, T. A. DeGrand, W. T. Ford, K. T. Mahanthappa, U. Nauenberg, P. Rankin, and J. G. Smith. Elementary particle physics and high energy phenomena. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7278109.

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Bhattacharjee, P. Ultrahigh-energy particle flux from cosmic strings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6966653.

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Heinz, M. Improving High-Energy Particle Detectorswith Machine Learning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670544.

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Aratyn, H., L. Brekke, Wai-Yee Keung, and U. Sukhatme. Studies in theoretical high energy particle physics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5813351.

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