Academic literature on the topic 'Particle engineering'
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Journal articles on the topic "Particle engineering"
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Lee, Alfred Y., and Allan S. Myerson. "Particle Engineering: Fundamentals of Particle Formation and Crystal Growth." MRS Bulletin 31, no. 11 (November 2006): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.207.
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AbstractThe engineering of particles with customized properties optimized for dosage form manufacture (tablet, capsule, ointment, etc.) has long been a goal of the pharmaceutical industry. Particles can be designed through modification in the size, morphology, and packing arrangement of the solids. The most common approach in achieving this is through crystallization. In this bottom-up process, the two main steps, nucleation and crystal growth, both play a decisive role in shaping the quality of the final crystalline product. In this review, the role of nucleation and crystal growth in controlling particle properties is discussed, and examples are provided that demonstrate the variation in solid-state properties as a function of size, habit (morphology), and internal structure of the particles. In addition, the role of particle properties in product performance and dosage form development of pharmaceuticals is also discussed.
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Li, Zhe, Xiao Lin, Lan Shen, YanLong Hong, and Yi Feng. "Composite particles based on particle engineering for direct compaction." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 519, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.030.
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Nourhani, Amir, Daniel Brown, Nicholas Pletzer, and John G. Gibbs. "Engineering Contactless Particle-Particle Interactions in Active Microswimmers." Advanced Materials 29, no. 47 (November 2, 2017): 1703910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703910.
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Bungert, Nicholas, Mirjam Kobler, and Regina Scherließ. "In-Depth Comparison of Dry Particle Coating Processes Used in DPI Particle Engineering." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040580.
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High-shear mixer coatings as well as mechanofusion processes are used in the particle-engineering of dry powder inhalation carrier systems. The aim of coating the carrier particle is usually to decrease carrier–drug adhesion. This study comprises the in-depth comparison of two established dry particle coating options. Both processes were conducted with and without a model additive (magnesium stearate). In doing so, changes in the behaviour of the processed particles can be traced back to either the process or the additive. It can be stated that the coarse model carrier showed no significant changes when processed without additives. By coating the particles with magnesium stearate, the surface energy decreased significantly. This leads to a significant enhancement of the aerodynamic performance of the respective carrier-based blends. Comparing the engineered carriers with each other, the high-shear mixer coating shows significant benefits, namely, lower drug–carrier adhesion and the higher efficiency of the coating process.
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Kan, Hiroyuki, Hideya Nakamura, and Satoru Watano. "Effect of particle wettability on particle-particle adhesion of colliding particles through droplet." Powder Technology 302 (November 2016): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.066.
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Sindhu, S., S. Jegadesan, R. Renu, and S. Valiyaveettil. "Design of Novel Nanocomposites through Interfacial Engineering." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.327.
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Two classes of nanocomposites involving polymers and magnetic particles or silica were synthesized and characterized. Effect of polymer on the morphology of the composites and the matrix filler interactions were studied in detail. Different analytical tools were used to characterize these composites and show a core-shell structure for the novel nanocomposites reported in this paper. TEM studies on these composites gave particle size distribution in nanometer range. The morphology and size of the particle changed significantly with the polymer used.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Jun Yao, Liang Gong, Hai Sun, Yongfei Yang, Wenchao Liu, and Yang Li. "Numerical study on particle transport and deposition in rough fractures." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020015.
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The transport and deposition of particulate materials through fractures is widely involved in environmental engineering and resource development engineering. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) coupling method was used to investigate the particle and fluid flow. The Gauss Model was applied to construct the rough surfaces. First, the numerical results were compared with the previous results and reasonable agreements were obtained. Second, the results indicated a novel flow pattern of particles in rough fractures. Then, a comprehensive particle sedimentary analysis indicated that the deposition distance of particles was inversely proportional to the particle size and density ratio. In addition, the particle deposition rates were increased by the mean roughness and there was an uneven sediment distribution impacted by roughness. Reasons for this uneven sediment distribution were analyzed in detail. Moreover, the bridge plugs of particles considering the closure of fractures were simulated as well. A part of particulate materials would be filtered at the inlet due to size effect and the transport distance of entered particles decreased significantly when the particle was large. A critical particle radius (R < 0.27 mm) that can flow through closure fracture in this work was found. This work can provide a clear insight into the migration and deposition characteristics of particles in the rough fractures underground.
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Baktybekov, K. "PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH INDIVIDUALLY BIASED PARTICLES FOR RELIABLE AND ROBUST MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 17, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020no2/128-137.
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Efficient power control techniques are an integral part of photovoltaic system design. One of the means of managing power delivery is regulating the duty cycle of the DC to DC converter by various algorithms to operate only at points where power is maximum power point. Search has to be done as fast as possible to minimize power loss, especially under dynamically changing irradiance. The challenge of the task is the nonlinear behavior of the PV system under partial shading conditions. Depending on the size and structure of the photovoltaic panels, PSC creates an immense amount of possible P-V curves with numerous local maximums - requiring an intelligent algorithm for determining the optimal operating point. Existing benchmark maximum power point tracking algorithms cannot handle multiple peaks, and in this paper, we offer an adaptation of particle swarm optimization for the specific task.
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Metzner, Christoph, Feliks Kochan, and John A. Dangerfield. "PostexitSurface Engineering of Retroviral/Lentiviral Vectors." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/253521.
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Gene delivery vectors based on retroviral or lentiviral particles are considered powerful tools for biomedicine and biotechnology applications. Such vectors require modification at the genomic level in the form of rearrangements to allow introduction of desired genes and regulatory elements (genotypic modification) as well as engineering of the physical virus particle (phenotypic modification) in order to mediate efficient and safe delivery of the genetic information to the target cell nucleus. Phenotypic modifications are typically introduced at the genomic level through genetic manipulation of the virus producing cells. However, this paper focuses on methods which allow modification of viral particle surfaces after they have exited the cell, that is, directly on the viral particles in suspension. These methods fall into three categories: (i) direct covalent chemical modification, (ii) membrane-topic reagents, and (iii) adaptor systems. Current applications of such techniques will be introduced and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.
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Du, Min, Changsui Zhao, Bin Zhou, and Yingli Hao. "DSMC Prediction of Particle Behavior in Gas-Particle Two-Phase Impinging Streams." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/254082.
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Devices with impinging streams have been employed in various fields of chemical engineering, as a means of intensifying heat and mass transfer processes. The particle behavior in gas-particle two-phase impinging streams (GPISs), which is of essential importance for the research of transfer processes, was simulated by an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach in this paper. Collisional interaction of particles was taken into account by means of a modified direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method based on a Lagrangian approach and the modified Nanbu method. A quantitative agreement was obtained between the predicted results and the experimental data in the literature. The particle motion behavior and the distributions of particle concentration and particle collision positions were presented reasonably. The results indicate that the particle distribution in GPIS can be divided into three zones: particle-collision zone, particle-jetting zone, and particle-scattering zone. Particle collisions occur mainly in the particle-collision zone, which obviously results in a few particles penetrating into the opposite stream. The interparticle collision rate and the particle concentration reach their maximum values in the particle-collision zone, respectively. The maximum value of the particle concentration increases with the increasing inlet particle concentration according to a logarithmic function. The interparticle collision rate is directly proportional to the square of local particle concentration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle engineering"
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Jin, Nanbo. "Particle swarm optimization in engineering electromagnetics." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1481677311&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Chen, Chi. "Engineering of inhalation aerosols combining theophylline and budesonide." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14072.
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In asthma therapy, the use of theophylline to prevent bronchial spasm and glucocorticoids to decrease inflammation is widely indicated. Apart from the acute asthma attack oral theophylline is treated for chronic therapy in order to minimize inflammation and to enhance the efficiency of corticosteroids and recover steroids’ anti-inflammatory actions in COPD treatment. The preferred application route for respiratory disease treatment is by inhalation, such as dry powder inhalers (DPI) being the delivery systems of first choice. As shown recently, there is an advantageous effect if the drugs are given simultaneously which is caused by a synergistic effect at the same target cell in the lung epithelia. Therefore, it seems rational to combine both substances in one particle. This type of particle has the advantage over a combination product containing both drugs in a physical mixture which occurs rather randomly deposition leading to API segregation and non-dose-uniformity. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is a type of therapeutic pharmaceutical formulations usually present in the solid form. Due to the nature of the solid-state, an understanding of chemical and physical properties must be established for acquiring optimum performance of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In recent year, generation of DPIs is a destructive procedure to meet the micron size. Such processes are inefficient and difficult to control. Moreover, according to current researches on combination APIs formulation, this type of DPIs performed a greater variability in does delivery of each active, leading to poor bioavailability and limit clinical efficient. This result suggest that combination formulations require advanced quality and functionality of particles with suitable physicochemical properties. Hence, in order to production of binary and combination DPIs products, the aim of this study was to develop the spray drying and ultrasonic process for engineering of combination drug particles that will be delivered more efficiently and independently of dose variations to the lung. Microparticles were produced by spray drying or/and ultrasonic technique. The processing parameters and addition of excipients (polymers) were optimized using a full factorial design such that microparticles were produced in a narrow size range suitable for inhalation. Employing excipients resulted in high saturation environment leading to minimized sphere particles when compared to conventional solvent. Solid state characterization of microparticles using powder x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the particles contained crystalline but no cocrystal. The combination particles comparable to or better than micronized drug when formulated as a powder blended with lactose. It was concluded that the use of HPMC enhanced crystallinity suitable for inhalation; and combination particles improved uniform distribution on the stage of NGI.
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Devarakonda, SaiPrasanth. "Particle Swarm Optimization." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1335827032.
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Gamboa-Marrufo, Mauricio. "Wind engineering applications of particle image velocimetry (PIV)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403974.
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Cheikh, Al Ghanami Racha. "Novel thermoresponsive particle gels for tissue engineering applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12318/.
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Biomaterials play an important role in tissue engineering, where they are used as scaffolds for the 3D culture of cells, to help the generation of neo tissues in-vitro and achieve superior tissue engraftment and regeneration in-vivo. The work presented in this thesis describes how thermoresponsive particle gels, a class of materials not previously investigated for tissue engineering applications, can find important applications in this field. The main gels developed and studied were the aqueous thermoresponsive particle gels prepared from poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate ethyl ether) (polyPEGMA246-EE) together with polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles. The thermoresponsive polymer polyPEGMA246-EE, synthesised by free radical polymerisation, was employed as an adsorbing steric stabiliser for polycaprolactone microparticles prepared by the single emulsion solvent evaporation method. The resulting suspensions exhibited reversible temperature induced gelation based on incipient flocculation, where they switched from being free flowing at temperatures below 19°C to form space filling gels at body temperature (37°C) over periods of ~1 minute. On cooling, the suspensions returned to a fluid state. The viscoelastic properties of the particle gels could be controlled by varying the temperature and composition, enabling these gels to be tailored for specific applications. Using NIH3T3 as a model cell line, PCL/polyPEGMA246-EE particle gels exhibited key characteristics advantageous for the 3D culture of cells. These were mainly the ability to assemble around the cells at temperatures, above the LCST of polyPEGMA246-EE, and the provision of a supportive scaffold with appropriate mechanical properties for growth, along with good cytocompatibility enabling cell spreading and proliferation over extended culture times, as well as the rapid return to a flowable state on cooling allowing for suspension transfer, for cell subculture and harvesting, without the need for enzymes. The latter property would also allow for the injectable delivery of the in-vitro conditioned cell-gel constructs for therapeutic applications. Another variant of thermoresponsive particle gels has also been presented in this thesis. Thermoresponsive magnetic-particle gels were developed from the combination of magnetic polystyrene microparticles and the thermoresponsive polymer polyPEGMA246-EE. These exhibited reversible thermogelling behaviour which allowed for cell encapsulation, while their magnetic sensitivity allowed for cell recovery through simple magnetic particle separation. The novel concept of scaffold deconstruction by temperature, and cell recovery through magnetic-particles separation is significant for applications where a scaffold-free outcome would be desired such as the commercial expansion of therapeutic cells. In this thesis, the preparation and application of first generation biocompatible thermoresponsive particle gels is described. The combination of ease of preparation, the potential for scale-up and positive cell response make thermoresponsive particle gels promising as a new class of materials for applications in cell culture, as supports for tissue growth and in cell delivery systems. The materials developed and studied in this thesis are believed to represent a significant contribution to the fields of biomaterials, drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Cairns, Malcolm. "Titanium particle combustion." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86572.
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In order to increase the validity of numerical models of the detonation of heterogeneous titanium explosives, experimental results are needed. The combustino of titanium is studied using two experimental techniques. The first technique is the study of the burn time for a single particle over a wide range of initial diameters while altering the oxygen concentration. To accomplish this a new flat flame burner to study particle burn time has been designed. Luminous tracks caused by the light emitted by the combustion of the particles are analyzed and burn time is inferred. Burn time in air and in an oxygen enriched atmosphere were determined. A second experiment involves the study of large scale detonation of heterogeneous charges. The charges are filled with nitromethane and a packed bed of titanium particles. The titanium particles varied in morphology and particles size. A critical charge diameter for charge ignition (CDPI) was found for irregularly shaped particles but was not found for spherical particles.Pour augmenter la validit des modles numriques sur dtonation d'explosifs htrognes contenants du titane , des rsultats exprimentaux sont ncessaires. Le combustino de titane est tudi en utilisant deux techniques exprimentales. La premire technique est l'tude du temps brle pour une particule sur une large gamme de diamtres initiaux en changeant la concentration d'oxygne. Pour l'accomplir un nouveau brleur de flamme plat pour tudier la particule brle le temps a t conu. Les empreintes lumineuses provoques par la lumire mise par la combustion des particules sont analyses et brlent le temps est dduit. Brlez le temps dans l'air et dans l'atmosphre enrichie d'un oxygne ont t dtermins. Une deuxime exprience implique l'tude de grande dtonation d'chelle de charges htrognes. Les charges sont remplies de nitromethane et un lit emball de particules de titane. Les particules de titane variaient dans la grandeur de particules et la morphologie. Un diamtre de charge critique pour l'ignition de charge (CDPI) a t trouv pour les particules irrgulirement en forme de, mais n'a pas t trouv pour pour les particules irrgulirement en forme de mais n'a pas t trouv pour les particules sphriques.
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Pitchayajittipong, Chonladda. "Engineering of particles for inhalation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501621.
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Current pharmaceutical engineering for the manufacture of binary and combined dry powder inhaler (DPI) dosage forms relies on destructive strategies such as micronisation to generate respirable drug particles. Such processes are inefficient and difficult to control to produce particles of defined quality and functionality for inhaled drug delivery, which can affect drug product performance throughout the shelf-life of the product. Furthermore, owing to current pharmaceutical manufacturing practises of combined inhalation products, these products are subject to greater variability in dose delivery of each active, which may be perpetuated as a function of product storage conditions and limit clinical efficacy of the drug product. Hence, there is a requirement of processes that may enable production of binary and combination DPI products that will allow actives to be delivered more efficiently and independently of dose variations. The aim, therefore, of this study was to develop the solution atomisation and crystallisation by sonication (SAX) process for engineering of single and combination drug particles with suitable physicochemical properties for delivery to the lungs. The SAX process consists of key stages, which include, solution atomisation to produce aerosol droplets, generation of highly supersaturated droplets by evaporation of carrier solvent from aerosol droplet, collection of droplets in a crystallisation vessel containing appropriate non-solvent and the application of ultrasonic waves to the crystallisation vessel. Atomisation of a 1.5% w/v solution of budesonide in dichloromethane resulted in particles with defined surface geometry, which were formulated in binary dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations and assessed using the next generation impactor.
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Chen, Rui. "Novel particle sizing techniques." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13492/.
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Two novel approaches to particle size measurement are investigated; these are designated as Particle Movement Displacement Distribution (PMDD) method and Separated Multiple Image Technique (SMIT). An advantage of these methods compared with the established particle sizing methods of Static Light Scattering (SLS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is that PMDD and SMIT do not suffer from the intensity weighting problem that affects SLS and DLS. The performance of the PMDD method is examined through computer simulations and through analysis of pre-existing experimental data. The SMIT method is investigated through computer simulations and through the construction and use of an optical system. The ability of both methods was measured through the assessment of an ‘area error’ measure which gives an estimate of the accuracy of a recovered particle size distribution. This area error measure varies between 0 and 2; with 0 corresponding to a perfectly recovered distribution. Typically a good inversion of DLS data can achieve an area-error value of 0.32 to 0.34 and this figure (along with the recovered mean particle size and standard deviation of the distribution) was used to judge quantitatively the success of the methods. The PMDD method measures the centre of individual particles in each image. A vector histogram is formed based on the connection between the centres in the first image and the centres in the next image. This vector histogram contains information about the particle size distribution. A maximum likelihood data inversion procedure is used to yield a particle size distribution from this data. The SMIT method is similar to the Static Light Scattering (SLS) method, but it combines angular dependent intensity method and individual visualisation method together to recover individual particle sizes without an intensity weighting. A multi-aperture mask and wedge prisms are utilised in this method to capture particle images formed from light scattered into a number of selected directions. A look-up table is then used to recover the individual particle sizes, which are then formed into a histogram. For the PMDD method, computer simulation results established the optimum values for parameters such as the time interval between frames, the exposure time and the particle concentration and also investigated the effects of different noise sources. For mono-modal size distributions, the PMDD method was shown through computer simulation to be capable of recovering a particle size distribution with an area error of around 0.27 which compares well with the typical DLS result. PMDD results were also recovered from mono-modal experimental data with mean particle sizes close to the manufacturers quoted particle mean size. However, recovery of bi-modal distributions was found to be not so successful; for bi-modal distributions, the recovered distributions generally had only a single peak, which, of course gives a very poor area-error figure. This result compares poorly with the particle tracking method ‘Nano Particle Tracking Analysis’ which is able to recover bi-modal distributions. For this reason further research was concentrated on an image intensity method (SMIT). For the SMIT method, computer simulation results established the optimum values for parameters such as the particle concentration and also investigated the effects of different noise sources and of aberrations in the optical system. The SMIT method was shown through computer simulation to be capable of recovering particle size distributions for both mono-modal and bi-modal distributions. The area error values obtained were in the range 0.24 to 0.45, and most of the results are good compared to the DLS value. The major problem with the SMIT method was found to be the presence of a small number of recovered particle radii much larger (or smaller) than the true sizes. These errors were attributed to ambiguities in the look-up table system used to convert the relative intensity data values into particle sizes. Two potential methods to reduce the influence of these ambiguities were investigated. These were, firstly by combining Brownian motion movement data from tracking individual particles over a few frames of data, and secondly by combining an estimate of the total scattered intensity from a particle with the normal SMIT data to constrain the look-up procedure. In computer simulations both approaches gave some improvement but the use of the total scattered intensity method gave the better results. In a computer simulation this method managed to improve the area-error from 0.37 for SMIT alone to 0.25 for SMIT combined with this extra information. Based on the success of these computer simulation results, an experimental SMIT system was constructed and tested. It was found necessary to first calibrate the optical system, to account for the different optical transmission coefficients of the different prisms/optical paths. But using a particle sample with particles of known size to calibrate; other particle sizes were successfully recovered from the experimental data using the original SMIT data processing. A majority of the recovered particle radius were close to the manufacturers quoted particle mean radius. Attempts to implement the total intensity approach to enhance the SMIT were found not be successful due to the difficulty in measuring the small displacements in particle positions required with sufficient accuracy. A possible alternative design to overcome this problem is suggested in the future work section 7.2.
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Radman, Jennifer. "Particle flow visualization in hydrocyclones using the positron emission particle tracking technique." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123037.
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The technique of Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT), developed at University of Birmingham in the late 1980s has become a powerful tool to track particles flowing in various industrial engineering applications. Hydrocyclones are extensively used in a widespread amount of applications for many industries, but are predominantly used in closed circuit grinding operations as classifiers in mineral processing. Many attempts have been made to capture the key relationships between hydrocyclone operating and geometrical variables in models, but hydrocyclone characterization is still heavily empirical and on a case-by-case basis. Due to their simplistic design, easy operation, low cost and maintenance, hydrocyclones have gained a widespread positive reputation for solid-liquid separations. Despite their wide use and long history in industry, the internal flow field of the hydrocyclone is complex in nature and remains a challenge to visualize under standard operating conditions. The work presented in this thesis project has looked at the feasibility and potential of PEPT to examine the flow in hydrocyclones. This study presents views of the real-time particle motion within small diameter hydrocyclones by PEPT. There is a need to develop a visualization method by which the velocity distributions can be quantified under realistic industrial conditions. Therefore, this thesis project will give an overview on current hydrocyclone flow field theory, and presents the experimental results of particle flow visualization inside two inch standard and stub hydrocyclones using PEPT under water and water-silica conditions.La technique de localisation des particules par l'émission de positons (PEPT), développée à l'université de Birmingham dans les années 1980s, est un outil puissant dans diverses applications de génie industriel. Les hydrocyclones sont largement utilisés dans une quantité répandue des applications pour de nombreuses industries, mais sont principalement utilisés dans les opérations de broyage en circuit fermé de classification dans le traitement des minerais. De nombreuses tentatives ont été faites pour capturer les relations clés entre hydrocyclone des variables géométriques et fonctionnement mais la caractérisation de l'hydrocyclone est encore largement empirique et au cas par cas. En raison de leur conception simpliste, l'opération facile et faible coût de maintenance, les hydrocyclones ont acquis une bonne réputation répandue pour les séparations solide-liquide. Malgré leur large utilisation et longue histoire dans l'industrie, le champ d'écoulement interne de l'hydrocyclone est de nature complexe et demeure un défi de visualiser dans des conditions d'utilisation normales. Les travaux présentés dans ce projet se sont penché sur la faisabilité et le potentiel de PEPT d'examiner le movement fluide des hydrocyclones. Cette étude présente le mouvement des particules en temps réel de petits hydrocyclones par PEPT. Il est nécessaire de développer une méthode de visualisation par lequel les distributions de vitesse peuvent être quantifiées dans des conditions industrielles réelles. Par conséquent, ce projet donnera un aperçu sur la théorie du champ d'écoulement de l'hydrocyclone actuel et présente les résultats expérimentaux de visualisation de movement de particules à l'intérieur de hydrocyclones en utilisant PEPT pour deux conditions : l'eau et la silice en suspension.
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Tabatabaei, Seyed Mahmood. "Electroviscous particle-wall interactions." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19517.
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A theoretical analysis is presented to determine the forces of interaction between an electrically charged cylindrical or spherical particle and a charged plane boundary wall when the particle translates parallel to the wall and rotates around its axis in a symmetric electrolyte at rest. The electroviscous effects, arising from the coupling between the electrical and hydrodynamic equations, are determined as a solution of three partial differential equations, derived from Cox's general theory, for electroviscous ion concentration, electroviscous potential and electroviscous flow field. It is a priori assumed that the double layer thickness surrounding each charged surfaces is much smaller than the length scale of the problem. Using the matched asymptotic expansion technique, the electroviscous forces experienced by the cylinder and by the sphere are explicitly determined analytically for low and intermediate Peclet numbers, but small particle-wall distances. The solution for the sphere-wall interactions is extended to arbitrary particle-wall distances analytically for the tangential component of the force and numerically for the normal component of the force by the use of a bipolar coordinate system. The tangential and normal components of the electroviscous force experienced by the sphere-wall interactions for both arbitrary particle-wall distances and arbitrary Peclet numbers are also determined numerically by the use of the finite difference approximation in the bipolar coordinate system. It is found that the tangential force usually increases the drag above the purely hydrodynamic drag, although for certain conditions the drag can be reduced. Similarly the normal force is usually repulsive, i.e. it is an electrokinetic lift force, but under certain conditions the normal force can be attractive.
Books on the topic "Particle engineering"
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Cai, Xiaoshu, and Jerry Heng, eds. Particle Science and Engineering. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782627432.
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Nadia, Nedjah, and Macedo Mourelle Luiza de, eds. Systems engineering using swarm particle optimisation. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006.
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Christou, Paul. Particle bombardment for genetic engineering of plants. Austin, Tex: R. G. Landes Company, 1996.
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author, Westerweel J. (Jerry), ed. Particle Image Velocimetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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Gouesbet, Gérard. Optical Particle Sizing: Theory and Practice. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Particle engineering"
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Gans, Roger F. "Particle Mechanics." In Engineering Dynamics, 1–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3930-1_1.
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O’Reilly, Oliver M. "Elementary Particle Dynamics." In Engineering Dynamics, 3–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11745-0_1.
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O’Reilly, Oliver M. "Elementary Particle Dynamics." In Engineering Dynamics, 1–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3495-9_1.
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O’Reilly, Oliver M. "Elementary Particle Dynamics." In Engineering Dynamics, 3–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6360-4_1.
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Kaptay, G., and N. Babcsán. "Particle Stabilized Foams." In Foam Engineering, 121–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119954620.ch7.
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Polyakhov, N. N., M. P. Yushkov, and S. A. Zegzhda. "Particle Dynamics." In Foundations of Engineering Mechanics, 73–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64061-3_4.
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Xu, Youhao, and Mingyuan He. "Engineering Aspects and Application of DTFB." In Particle Technology Series, 173–231. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47583-3_5.
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Bordry, F., L. Bottura, A. Milanese, D. Tommasini, E. Jensen, Ph Lebrun, L. Tavian, et al. "Accelerator Engineering and Technology: Accelerator Technology." In Particle Physics Reference Library, 337–517. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_8.
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AbstractMagnets are at the core of both circular and linear accelerators. The main function of a magnet is to guide the charged particle beam by virtue of the Lorentz force, given by the following expression:where q is the electrical charge of the particle, v its velocity, and B the magnetic field induction. The trajectory of a particle in the field depends hence on the particle velocity and on the space distribution of the field. The simplest case is that of a uniform magnetic field with a single component and velocity v normal to it, in which case the particle trajectory is a circle. A uniform field has thus a pure bending effect on a charged particle, and the magnet that generates it is generally referred to as a dipole.
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Parikh, Dilip M. "Emerging Technologies for Particle Engineering." In Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 219–43. 4th ed. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Series: Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429320057-7-8.
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Baysan, Ulaş, Mehmet Koç, and Banu Koç. "Food Powders Particle Properties." In Food Engineering Series, 37–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48908-3_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Particle engineering"
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Jubery, Talukder Z., Shiv G. Kapoor, and John E. Wentz. "Effect of Inter-Particle Interaction on Particle Deposition in a Cross-Flow Microfilter." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1211.
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Recent studies show that inter-particle interaction can affect particle trajectories and particle deposition causing fouling in the microfilters used for metal working fluids (MWFs). Inter-particle interaction depends on various factors: particle geometry and surface properties, membrane pore geometry and surface properties, MWF’s properties and system operating conditions, etc. A mathematical model with a Langevin equation for particle trajectory and a hard sphere model for particle deposition has been used to study the effect of particle’s size, particle’s surface zeta potential, inter-particle distance, and shape of membrane pore wall surface on particle trajectory and its deposition on membrane pore wall. The study reveals that bigger particles have a lesser tendency to be deposited on membrane pore walls than smaller particles. The shape of the membrane pore wall surface can also affect the particle deposition behavior.
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Nasr, H., G. Ahmadi, and J. B. McLaughlin. "Effects of Particle-Particle Collisions on Particle Concentration in a Turbulent Channel Flow." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98175.
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This study is concerned with the effect of inter particle collisions on the particle concentration in turbulent duct flows. The time history of the instantaneous turbulent velocity vector was generated by the two-way coupled direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equation via a pseudospectral method. The particle equation of motion included the Stokes drag, the Saffman lift, and the gravitational forces. The effect of particles on the flow is included in the analysis via a feedback force on the grid points. Several simulations for three classes of particles (28 μm Lycopodia, 50μm glass and 70μm copper) and different mass loadings were performed, and the effect of inter particle collisions on the particle concentration was evaluated and discussed. It was found that the particle-particle collisions reduce the tendency of particles to accumulate near the wall. This might be because collisions decorrelate particles with coherent eddies which are responsible for accumulation of particles near the wall. The spatial distribution of particles at the channel centerplane was compared with the experimental results of Fessler et al. (1994). The simulation results showed that the copper and glass particles had a random distribution while Lycopodium particles showed a non-random distribution with bands of particles that were preferentially concentrated.
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Adsawinnawanawa, Ekkarat, Boontee Kruatrachue, and Kritawan Siriboon. "Enhance Particle’s Exploration of Particle Swarm Optimization With Individual Particle Mutation." In 2019 7th International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieecon45304.2019.8939047.
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Cheng, W., K. Farhang, and Y. Kwon. "On the Dynamics of Particle-Particle Interaction." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81375.
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In numerous engineering and science applications understanding the dynamic behavior of two interacting particles plays an indispensable role as it is the foundation based upon which the behavior of a large number of particles may be predicted. When two particles interact, two prominent forces of adhesion and elasticity are at work and, in some respect, in competition. This is especially true when particle-particle collision dynamics is of interest. Upon collision, two particles either develop physical bond, coalesce to form an agglomeration or rebound, each following a distinct path. A promising theory to address particle-particle collision dynamics is due to Johnson, Kendal and Roberts [1] referred to as the JKR method. However, JKR suffers from two main shortcomings in application to particle dynamics. These are (1) implicit relations between force and displacement and (2) representation of a two-particle system as a conservative system. These shortcomings were treated in [2] by first deriving a highly accurate approximate equation based on the JKR theory in which force and displacement are explicitly related and the extension of the JKR theory wherein the Kelving-Voigt viscoelastic model is used instead of the elastic model. This formulation provides an opportunity to study particle-particle collision dynamics, which is the study in the present paper.
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Smith, Barton L., Zachary E. Humes, and Angela Minichiello. "Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98266.
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An experimental and numerical demonstration of a new, non-contact particle sorting technique called Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting (AVPS) is presented. AVPS uses secondary blowing and suction control flows to sharply turn a 2D, particle-laden jet. As the jet is turned, the inertia of particles present in the flow is balanced by a resultant force that is dependent upon their size and due to the combined effects of pressure, and drag. Since the balance of these forces determines the particle’s trajectory, turning the flow leads to a separation of particles downstream. This simple, low-pressure-drop sorting technique classifies particles with less risk of damage or contamination than currently available sorting devices. AVPS is experimentally demonstrated using a rectangular air jet. A single blower is used for the blowing and suction, thus requiring that their mass fluxes are equal. The unladen jet flow is examined using Particle Image Velocime-try. The experimental results demonstrate that while large blowing slot momentum flux is important (meaning that a smaller slot can be more effective for fixed mass flux), as the aspect ratio of the blowing slot becomes very large, the jet tends to suffer from 3-D instabilities resulting in large fluctuations in the vectoring angle (and thus a detrimental effect on sorting performance). The vectoring angle can be substantially improved introducing a modest angle in the blowing slot (toward the vectoring direction). Particle size and trajectory are measured using the Particle Shadow Imaging method. Numerical simulations are performed using a commercial CFD solver.
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Marchioli, Cristian, Maurizio Picciotto, and Alfredo Soldati. "Quantification of Particle and Fluid Scales in Particle-Laden Turbulent Channel Flow." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98164.
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In this work, we study the dispersion of inertial particles in fully-developed turbulent channel flow to evaluate the relationship between particle and fluid time scales, and to identify suitable scales for parametrization of near-wall particle behavior. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Lagrangian particle tracking are used to build a complete and homogeneous dataset which covers a large target parameter space and includes statistics of particle velocity and particle concentration at steady state. Our results show that the Lagrangian integral time scale of the fluid is adequate to characterize particle wall deposition and that such fluid time scale will be different when sampled at the position of either fluid particles or inertial particles. Differences become particularly evident in the range 5 < St < 25. These observations can be crucial to improve the accuracy of engineering models for particle deposition.
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Smith, Barton L., Zachary E. Humes, and Angela Minichiello. "Particle Size Classification Through Aerodynamic Jet Vectoring." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37267.
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An experimental and numerical demonstration of a new, non-contact particle sorting technique called Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting (AVPS) is presented. AVPS uses secondary blowing and suction control flows to sharply turn a 2D, particle-laden jet. As the jet is turned, particles present in the flow experience a resultant force, dependent upon their size and due to the combined effects of pressure, inertia, and drag. Since the balance of these forces determines the particle’s trajectory, turning the flow leads to a separation of particles downstream. This simple, low-pressure-drop sorting technique classifies particles with less risk of damage or contamination than currently available sorting devices. AVPS is experimentally demonstrated using a rectangular air jet. Particle size are measured using the Shadowgraphy method. Numerical simulations are performed using the commercial CFD solver FLUENT to calculate the 2D turbulent vectored jet flow field using a RANS approach. Examination of the mean and the standard deviation of measured and computed particle trajectories is used to determine the range of particle sizes that can be effectively sorted using AVPS. Our results indicate that while vectoring can be achieved with smaller control flow rates when blowing and suction are used together, fluctuations in the velocity field are much smaller when suction only is used. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the jet flow can be vectored 90 with pure suction and 180 using a new geometry that allows for modification of the blowing angle on the fly. Using pure suction, particles from 10–40 micron and 2.5 times the density of water have been sorted to an accuracy of 1.5 micrometers. Sorting of heavy particles such as these is accomplished at very low speeds, reducing the tendency of damage to the particles. Lighter particles are sorted at higher speeds. Also using pure suction, particles from 5–40 μm and 0.6 times the density of water were sorted to an accuracy of 6.6 μm.
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Portela, Lui´s M., and Rene´ V. A. Oliemans. "Subgrid Particle-Fluid Coupling Evaluation in Large-Eddy Simulations of Particle-Laden Flows." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33113.
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Point-particle Eulerian-Lagrangian DNS/LES simulations allow us to deal with a large number of small particles, using relatively modest computer resources. When doing LES, one can consider the subgrid particle-fluid coupling, using a subgrid model, or simply ignore it. We present a criterion to evaluate the importance of the subgrid particle-fluid coupling on: (i) the particle motion, and (ii) the resolved fluid-motion. The criterion assumes that the particles can be treated as point-particles, from the perspective of both the resolved and subgrid motions, and it is based on simple “local equilibrium” models for the interaction between the particles and the subgrid fluid-motion. The criterion was applied to a high-resolution channel flow LES, with a moderate particle-loading. The results indicate that: (i) for heavy particles, the common practice of ignoring the subgrid particle-fluid coupling is adequate, (ii) for very-light particles a model for the subgrid-driven particle-velocity fluctuations might be important.
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Chen, Jim S., and Jinho Kim. "Micro Particle Transport and Deposition in Human Upper Airways." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42928.
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The hazard caused by inhaled particles depends on the site at which they deposit within the respiratory system. Knowledge of respiratory aerosol deposition rates and locations is necessary to (1) evaluate potential health effects and establish critical exposure limits and (2) design effective inhaled medications that target specific lung regions. Particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter can be breathed into lungs and are known as inhalable particles, while most of larger particles settle in mouth and nose. Inhalable particles settle in different regions of the lungs and the settling regions depends on the particle size. The motion of a particle is mainly affected by the inertia of the particle and by the particle’s aerodynamic drag. The most important dimensionless parameters in the prediction of particle motion are the flow Reynolds number and the Stoke number, which combines the effects of particle diameter, particle density, shape factor and slip factor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the airflows in human respiratory airways. The influence of particle size on transport and deposition patterns in the 3-D lung model of the human airways is the primary concern of this research. The lung model developed for this research extends from the trachea to the segmental bronchi and it is based on Weibel’s model. The velocity field of air is studied and particle transport and deposition are compared for particles in the diameter range of 1 μm – 100 μm (G0 to G2) and 0.1 μm – 10 μm (G3 to G5) at airflow rates of 6.0, 16.7, and 30.0 L/min, which represent breathing at rest, light activity, and heavy activity, respectively. The investigation is carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using the software Fluent 6.2. Three-dimensional, steady, incompressible, laminar flow is simulated to obtain the flow field. The discrete phase model (DPM) is then employed to predict the particle trajectories and the deposition efficiency by considering drag and gravity forces. In the present study, the Reynolds number in the range of 200 – 2000 and the Stoke number in the range of 10−5 – 0.12 are investigated. For particle size over 10 μm, deposition mainly occurs by inertial impaction, where deposition generally increases with increases in particle size and flow rate. Most of the larger micron sized particles are captured at the bifurcations, while submicron sized particles flow with the fluid into the lung lower airways. The trajectories of submicron sized particles are strongly influenced by the secondary flow in daughter branches. The present results of particle deposition efficiency in the human upper airways compared well with data in the literature.
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Gorokhovski, Mikhael, and Anna Chtab. "LES of Particle-Laden Flow With Inter-Particle Collisions." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42663.
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By analogy with kinetic approach, the gas-solid turbulent flow was considered as an ensemble of interacting both stochastic liquid and solid particles. In this way, the motion equation for the solid particle along a smoothed trajectory has been derived. To close this equation, the statistical temperature of particles has been introduced and expressed by statistical properties of turbulence. The smoothed particles dynamics was then computed along with large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent channel gas flow with “two-way” coupling of momentum. The calculated results are compared with the experiment of Kulick et. al. (1994) and with computation of Yamomoto et. al. (2001), where the inter-particle interaction has been simulated by hard-sphere collisions with prescribed efficiency. It has been shown that our computation with smoothed motion of particle is relatively in agreement with experiment and computations of Yamomoto et. al. (2001). At the same time, the model presented in the paper has a following advantage: it, practically, does not require an additional CPU time to account for inter-particle interactions. The turbulence attenuation by particles and the preferential concentration of particles in the low-turbulence region have been shown.
Reports on the topic "Particle engineering"
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Huang, Haohang, Erol Tutumluer, Jiayi Luo, Kelin Ding, Issam Qamhia, and John Hart. 3D Image Analysis Using Deep Learning for Size and Shape Characterization of Stockpile Riprap Aggregates—Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-017.
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Riprap rock and aggregates are extensively used in structural, transportation, geotechnical, and hydraulic engineering applications. Field determination of morphological properties of aggregates such as size and shape can greatly facilitate the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process for proper aggregate material selection and engineering use. Many aggregate imaging approaches have been developed to characterize the size and morphology of individual aggregates by computer vision. However, 3D field characterization of aggregate particle morphology is challenging both during the quarry production process and at construction sites, particularly for aggregates in stockpile form. This research study presents a 3D reconstruction-segmentation-completion approach based on deep learning techniques by combining three developed research components: field 3D reconstruction procedures, 3D stockpile instance segmentation, and 3D shape completion. The approach was designed to reconstruct aggregate stockpiles from multi-view images, segment the stockpile into individual instances, and predict the unseen side of each instance (particle) based on the partial visible shapes. Based on the dataset constructed from individual aggregate models, a state-of-the-art 3D instance segmentation network and a 3D shape completion network were implemented and trained, respectively. The application of the integrated approach was demonstrated on re-engineered stockpiles and field stockpiles. The validation of results using ground-truth measurements showed satisfactory algorithm performance in capturing and predicting the unseen sides of aggregates. The algorithms are integrated into a software application with a user-friendly graphical user interface. Based on the findings of this study, this stockpile aggregate analysis approach is envisioned to provide efficient field evaluation of aggregate stockpiles by offering convenient and reliable solutions for on-site QA/QC tasks of riprap rock and aggregate stockpiles.
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Porat, Ron, Doron Holland, and Linda Walling. Identification of Citrus Fruit-Specific and Pathogen-Induced Promoters and Their Use in Molecular Engineering. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585202.bard.
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This one year BARD project was funded to develop methods to monitor promoter activity a gene expression patterns in citrus fruit. To fulfill this goal, we divided the research tasks between both labs so that the Israeli side evaluated the use of microprojectile bombardment ; a tool to evaluate transient gene expression in various citrus fruit tissues, and the US side optimized technical parameters required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various citrus cultivars. Microprojectile bombardment appeared to be a very efficient method for transient gene expression analysis in citrus leaf tissues but was somewhat less applicable in fruit tissues. Nevertheless, we did succeeded to achieve significant levels of 35S-GUS gene expression in young green flavedo tissue. However, only single random spots of 35S-GUS gene expression were detected mature flavedo and in juice sacs and albedo tissue. Overall, we assume that following some more technical improvements particle bombardment could provide a useful technique to rapidly analyze promoter activity at least in the flavedo tissue. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we found that shoot cultures of 'Washington' navel oranges,'Fairchild' mandarins,'Eureca' lemons,'Troyer' citrange and various grapefruits provided a more reliable and consistent source of tissue for transformation than germinated seedlings. Moreover, various growth media's (McCown, Quoirin & Lepoivre, DCR) further improved shoot and root growth relative to MS mineral media, which is commonly used. Also pure white light (using bulbs which do not emit UV or blue light) improved shoot growth in various citrus varieties, and paromomycin appeared to be a more efficient antibiotic for the selection of transgenic plants than Kanamycin. Overall, these optimizations improve transformation efficacy and shoot growth and rooting capacity. In addition to the development of transformation methods, both Israeli and US labs achieved progress in the identification of citrus fruit-specific promoters. In Israel, we isolated a 3.6 kb promoter fragment of the thiamine biosynthesis c-thi gene, which is highly expressed in fruit peel tissue, whereas in the US we isolated a 1.5 kb promoter fragment of the citrus seed-specific cDNA CssH. The identification of more fruit-specific cDNAs and their corresponding promoter regions is currently in progress.
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Adsit, Sarah E., Theodora Konstantinou, Konstantina Gkritza, and Jon D. Fricker. Public Acceptance of INDOT’s Traffic Engineering Treatments and Services. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317280.
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As a public agency, interacting with and understanding the public’s perspective regarding agency activities is an important endeavor for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). Although INDOT conducts a biennial customer satisfaction survey, it is occasionally necessary to capture public perception regarding more specific aspects of INDOT’s activities. In particular, INDOT needs an effective way to measure and track public opinions and awareness or understanding of a select set of its traffic engineering practices. To evaluate public acceptance of specific INDOT traffic engineering activities, a survey consisting of 1.000 adults residing within the State of Indiana was conducted. The survey population was representative in terms of age and gender of the state as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The survey was administered during the months of July and August 2020. Public awareness regarding emerging treatments not currently implemented in Indiana is low and opposition to the same new technologies is prominent. Older or female drivers are less likely to be aware of emerging treatments, and older drivers are more likely to oppose potential implementation of these treatments. Although roundabouts are commonplace in Indiana, multi-lane roundabouts remain controversial among the public. Regarding maintenance and protection of traffic during work zones and considering full or partial roadway closure, public preference is for partial closure; this preference is stronger in rural areas. The public equally agrees and disagrees that INDOT minimizes construction related traffic delays. Approximately 76% of Indiana drivers believe themselves to above average drivers, while an additional 23% believe themselves to be average. Driver perceptions of average highway speeds speed are not aligned with posted speed limit as the perceived average speed on Indiana’s urban freeways and rural and urban state highways is considerably higher than the actual speed limit.
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Velev, Orlin D., and Stephanie Lam. New Principles for Interfacial Engineering and Superstabilization of Biphase Systems by Using Particles with Engineered Structure and Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada616498.
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Gaugler, Randy, Itamar Glazer, Daniel Segal, and Sarwar Hashmi. Molecular Approach for Improving the Stability of Insecticidal Nematodes. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580680.bard.
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Our overall goal is to improve insecticidal nematodes by genetically engineering strains capable of entering an enhanced state of dormancy that provides improved stability. Objectives: 1. Clone and sequence tps-l homologue from Steinernema carpocapsae. (Revised: A failure to isolate the tps gene group from Steinernema precipitated a redirection to identifying other genes involved in insecticidal nematode desiccation process.) 2. Incorporate cloned tps-l gene into S. carpocapsae to obtain overexpression, thereby, enhancing desiccation tolerance. (Revised: Other stress genes in addition to tps-l genes were cloned and efforts at expression in S. carpocapsae were conducted) 3. Characterize the transgenic strains. No other biological control agent offers more impressive attributes than insecticidal nematodes. However, their potential is limited by the bane of nearly all biological control agents: poor stability. This leads to inadequate shelf-life and ultimately reduced field efficacy. Nematode storage is based on desiccation, yet insecticidal species are only capable of partial desiccation termed quiescent anhydrobiosis. Overwhelming evidence has shown that when the disaccharide compound trehalose is elevated in anhydrobiotic organisms such as yeast, plants, and nematodes it enables these organisms the ability to survive environmental stresses i.e., desiccation. Armed with this information our goal was to improve insecticidal nematodes stability by engineering trehalose overexpression.
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Mulrow, Jeri. Final Report - Partial Support of the Survey of Gradudate Students and Posdoctorates in Science and Engineering. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1079156.
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.
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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Modlo, Yevhenii O., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Stanislav L. Bondarevskyi, Stanislav T. Tolmachev, Oksana M. Markova, and Pavlo P. Nechypurenko. Methods of using mobile Internet devices in the formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3677.
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An analysis of the experience of professional training bachelors of electromechanics in Ukraine and abroad made it possible to determine that one of the leading trends in its modernization is the synergistic integration of various engineering branches (mechanical, electrical, electronic engineering and automation) in mechatronics for the purpose of design, manufacture, operation and maintenance electromechanical equipment. Teaching mechatronics provides for the meaningful integration of various disciplines of professional and practical training bachelors of electromechanics based on the concept of modeling and technological integration of various organizational forms and teaching methods based on the concept of mobility. Within this approach, the leading learning tools of bachelors of electromechanics are mobile Internet devices (MID) – a multimedia mobile devices that provide wireless access to information and communication Internet services for collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, presenting all kinds of messages and data. The authors reveals the main possibilities of using MID in learning to ensure equal access to education, personalized learning, instant feedback and evaluating learning outcomes, mobile learning, productive use of time spent in classrooms, creating mobile learning communities, support situated learning, development of continuous seamless learning, ensuring the gap between formal and informal learning, minimize educational disruption in conflict and disaster areas, assist learners with disabilities, improve the quality of the communication and the management of institution, and maximize the cost-efficiency. Bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects is a personal and vocational ability, which includes a system of knowledge, skills, experience in learning and research activities on modeling mechatronic systems and a positive value attitude towards it; bachelor of electromechanics should be ready and able to use methods and software/hardware modeling tools for processes analyzes, systems synthesis, evaluating their reliability and effectiveness for solving practical problems in professional field. The competency structure of the bachelor of electromechanics in the modeling of technical objects is reflected in three groups of competencies: general scientific, general professional and specialized professional. The implementation of the technique of using MID in learning bachelors of electromechanics in modeling of technical objects is the appropriate methodic of using, the component of which is partial methods for using MID in the formation of the general scientific component of the bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects, are disclosed by example academic disciplines “Higher mathematics”, “Computers and programming”, “Engineering mechanics”, “Electrical machines”. The leading tools of formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects are augmented reality mobile tools (to visualize the objects’ structure and modeling results), mobile computer mathematical systems (universal tools used at all stages of modeling learning), cloud based spreadsheets (as modeling tools) and text editors (to make the program description of model), mobile computer-aided design systems (to create and view the physical properties of models of technical objects) and mobile communication tools (to organize a joint activity in modeling).
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Fahima, Tzion, and Jorge Dubcovsky. Map-based cloning of the novel stripe rust resistance gene YrG303 and its use to engineer 1B chromosome with multiple beneficial traits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598147.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research problem: Bread wheat (Triticumaestivum) provides approximately 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humankind. As the world population continues to increase, it is necessary to improve wheat yields, increase grain quality, and minimize the losses produced by biotic and abiotic stresses. Stripe rust, caused by Pucciniastriiformisf. sp. tritici(Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. The new pathogen races are more virulent and aggressive than previous ones and have produced large economic losses. A rich source for stripe-rust resistance genes (Yr) was found in wild emmer wheat populations from Israel. Original Project goals: Our long term goal is to identify, map, clone, characterize and deploy in breeding, novel wild emmer Yr genes, and combine them with multiple beneficial traits. The current study was aiming to map and clone YrG303 and Yr15, located on chromosome 1BS and combine them with drought resistance and grain quality genes. Positional cloning of YrG303/Yr15: Fine mapping of these genes revealed that YrG303 is actually allelic to Yr15. Fine genetic mapping using large segregating populations resulted in reduction of the genetic interval spanning Yr15 to less than 0.1 cM. Physical mapping of the YrG303/Yr15 locus was based on the complete chromosome 1BS physical map of wheat constructed by our group. Screening of 1BS BAC library with Yr15 markers revealed a long BAC scaffold covering the target region. The screening of T. dicoccoidesaccession-specific BAC library with Yr15 markers resulted in direct landing on the target site. Sequencing of T. dicoccoidesBAC clones that cover the YrG303/Yr15 locus revealed a single candidate gene (CG) with conserved domains that may indicate a role in disease resistance response. Validation of the CG was carried out using EMS mutagenesis (loss-of- function approach). Sequencing of the CG in susceptible yr15/yrG303 plants revealed three independent mutants that harbour non-functional yr15/yrG303 alleles within the CG conserved domains, and therefore validated its function as a Pstresistance gene. Evaluation of marker-assisted-selection (MAS) for Yr15. Introgressions of Yr15 into cultivated wheat are widely used now. Recently, we have shown that DNA markers linked to Yr15 can be used as efficient tools for introgression of Yr15 into cultivated wheat via MAS. The developed markers were consistent and polymorphic in all 34 tested introgressions and are the most recommended markers for the introgression of Yr15. These markers will facilitate simultaneous selection for multiple Yr genes and help to avoid escapees during the selection process. Engineering of improved chromosome 1BS that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We have implemented the knowledge and genetic resources accumulated in this project for the engineering of 1B "super-chromosome" that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We completed the generation of a chromosome including the rye 1RS distal segment associated with improved drought tolerance with the Yr gene, Yr15, and the strong gluten allele 7Bx-over-expressor (7Bxᴼᴱ). We have completed the introgression of this improved chromosome into our recently released variety Patwin-515HP and our rain fed variety Kern, as well as to our top breeding lines UC1767 and UC1745. Elucidating the mechanism of resistance exhibited by Yr36 (WKS1). The WHEAT KINASE START1 (WKS1) resistance gene (Yr36) confers partial resistance to Pst. We have shown that wheat plants transformed with WKS1 transcript are resistant to Pst. WKS1 is targeted to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associatedascorbateperoxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides. Based on these results, we propose that the phosphorylation of tAPX by WKS1 reduces the ability of the cells to detoxify ROS and contributes to cell death. Distribution and diversity of WKS in wild emmer populations. We have shown that WKS1 is present only in the southern distribution range of wild emmer in the Fertile Crescent. Sequence analysis revealed a high level of WKS1 conservation among wild emmer populations, in contrast to the high level of diversity observed in NB-LRR genes. This phenomenon shed some light on the evolution of genes that confer partial resistance to Pst. Three new WKS1 haplotypes displayed a resistance response, suggesting that they can be useful to improve wheat resistance to Pst. In summary, we have improved our understanding of cereals’ resistance mechanisms to rusts and we have used that knowledge to develop improved wheat varieties.
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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, and James Giovannoni. Elucidating the ripening signaling pathway in banana for improved fruit quality, shelf-life and food security. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594401.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background : Banana being a monocot and having distinct peel and pulp tissues is unique among the fleshy fruits and hence can provide a more comprehensive understanding of fruit ripening. Our previous research which translated ripening discoveries from tomato, led to the identification of six banana fruit-associated MADS-box genes, and we confirmed the positive role of MaMADS1/2 in banana ripening. The overall goal was to further elucidate the banana ripening signaling pathway as mediated by MADS-boxtranscriptional regulators. Specific objectives were: 1) characterize transcriptional profiles and quality of MaMADS1/2 repressed fruit; 2) reveal the role of additional MaMADSgenes in ripening; 3) develop a model of fruit MaMADS-box mode of action; and 4) isolate new components of the banana ripening signaling pathway. Major conclusion: The functions of the banana MaMADS1-5 have been examined by complimenting the rinor the TAGL1-suppressed lines of tomato. Only MaMADS5 exhibited partial complementation of TAGL1-suppressed and rinlines, suggesting that while similar genes play corresponding roles in ripening, evolutionary divergence makes heterologous complementation studies challenging. Nevertheless, the partial complementation of tomato TAGL1-surpessed and rinlines with MaMADS5 suggests this gene is likely an important ripening regulator in banana, worthy of further study. RNA-seqtranscriptome analysis during ripening was performed on WT and MaMADS2-suppressed lines revealing additional candidate genes contributing to ripening control mechanisms. In summary, we discovered 39 MaMADS-box genes in addition to homologues of CNR, NOR and HB-1 expressed in banana fruits, and which were shown in tomato to play necessary roles in ripening. For most of these genes the expression in peel and pulp was similar. However, a number of key genes were differentially expressed between these tissues indicating that the regulatory components which are active in peel and pulp include both common and tissue-specific regulatory systems, a distinction as compared to the more uniform tomato fruit pericarp. Because plant hormones are well documented to affect fruit ripening, the expressions of genes within the auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic and ethylene signal transduction and synthesis pathways were targeted in our transcriptome analysis. Genes’ expression associated with these pathways generally declined during normal ripening in both peel and pulp, excluding cytokinin and ethylene, and this decline was delayed in MaMADS2-suppressed banana lines. Hence, we suggest that normal MaMADS2 activity promotes the observed downward expression within these non-ethylene pathways (especially in the pulp), thus enabling ripening progression. In contrast, the expressions of ACSand ACOof the ethylene biosynthesis pathway increase in peel and pulp during ripening and are delayed/inhibited in the transgenic bananas, explaining the reduced ethylene production of MaMADS2-suppressed lines. Inferred by the different genes’ expression in peel and pulp of the gibberellins, salicylic acid and cytokinins pathways, it is suggested that hormonal regulation in these tissues is diverse. These results provide important insights into possible avenues of ripening control in the diverse fruit tissues of banana which was not previously revealed in other ripening systems. As such, our transcriptome analysis of WT and ripening delayed banana mutants provides a starting point for further characterization of ripening. In this study we also developed novel evidence that the cytoskeleton may have a positive role in ripening as components of this pathway were down-regulated by MaMADS2 suppression. The mode of cytoskeleton involvement in fruit ripening remains unclear but presents a novel new frontier in ripening investigations. In summary, this project yielded functional understanding of the role and mode of action of MaMADS2 during ripening, pointing to both induction of ethylene and suppression of non-ethylene hormonal singling pathways. Furthermore, our data suggest important roles for cytoskeleton components and MaMADS5 in the overall banana ripening control network. Implications: The project revealed new molecular components/genes involved in banana ripening and refines our understanding of ripening responses in the peel and pulp tissues of this important species. This information is novel as compared to that derived from the more uniform carpel tissues of other highly studied ripening systems including tomato and grape. The work provides specific target genes for potential modification through genetic engineering or for exploration of useful genetic diversity in traditional breeding. The results from the project might point toward improved methods or new treatments to improve banana fruit storage and quality.