Journal articles: 'Particle engineering'

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Lee, Alfred Y., and Allan S. Myerson. "Particle Engineering: Fundamentals of Particle Formation and Crystal Growth." MRS Bulletin 31, no. 11 (November 2006): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.207.

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AbstractThe engineering of particles with customized properties optimized for dosage form manufacture (tablet, capsule, ointment, etc.) has long been a goal of the pharmaceutical industry. Particles can be designed through modification in the size, morphology, and packing arrangement of the solids. The most common approach in achieving this is through crystallization. In this bottom-up process, the two main steps, nucleation and crystal growth, both play a decisive role in shaping the quality of the final crystalline product. In this review, the role of nucleation and crystal growth in controlling particle properties is discussed, and examples are provided that demonstrate the variation in solid-state properties as a function of size, habit (morphology), and internal structure of the particles. In addition, the role of particle properties in product performance and dosage form development of pharmaceuticals is also discussed.

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Li, Zhe, Xiao Lin, Lan Shen, YanLong Hong, and Yi Feng. "Composite particles based on particle engineering for direct compaction." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 519, no. 1-2 (March 2017): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.030.

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Nourhani, Amir, Daniel Brown, Nicholas Pletzer, and John G. Gibbs. "Engineering Contactless Particle-Particle Interactions in Active Microswimmers." Advanced Materials 29, no. 47 (November 2, 2017): 1703910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703910.

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Bungert, Nicholas, Mirjam Kobler, and Regina Scherließ. "In-Depth Comparison of Dry Particle Coating Processes Used in DPI Particle Engineering." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040580.

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High-shear mixer coatings as well as mechanofusion processes are used in the particle-engineering of dry powder inhalation carrier systems. The aim of coating the carrier particle is usually to decrease carrier–drug adhesion. This study comprises the in-depth comparison of two established dry particle coating options. Both processes were conducted with and without a model additive (magnesium stearate). In doing so, changes in the behaviour of the processed particles can be traced back to either the process or the additive. It can be stated that the coarse model carrier showed no significant changes when processed without additives. By coating the particles with magnesium stearate, the surface energy decreased significantly. This leads to a significant enhancement of the aerodynamic performance of the respective carrier-based blends. Comparing the engineered carriers with each other, the high-shear mixer coating shows significant benefits, namely, lower drug–carrier adhesion and the higher efficiency of the coating process.

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Kan, Hiroyuki, Hideya Nakamura, and Satoru Watano. "Effect of particle wettability on particle-particle adhesion of colliding particles through droplet." Powder Technology 302 (November 2016): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.066.

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Sindhu, S., S. Jegadesan, R. Renu, and S. Valiyaveettil. "Design of Novel Nanocomposites through Interfacial Engineering." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.327.

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Two classes of nanocomposites involving polymers and magnetic particles or silica were synthesized and characterized. Effect of polymer on the morphology of the composites and the matrix filler interactions were studied in detail. Different analytical tools were used to characterize these composites and show a core-shell structure for the novel nanocomposites reported in this paper. TEM studies on these composites gave particle size distribution in nanometer range. The morphology and size of the particle changed significantly with the polymer used.

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Wang, Xiaoyu, Jun Yao, Liang Gong, Hai Sun, Yongfei Yang, Wenchao Liu, and Yang Li. "Numerical study on particle transport and deposition in rough fractures." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020015.

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The transport and deposition of particulate materials through fractures is widely involved in environmental engineering and resource development engineering. A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) coupling method was used to investigate the particle and fluid flow. The Gauss Model was applied to construct the rough surfaces. First, the numerical results were compared with the previous results and reasonable agreements were obtained. Second, the results indicated a novel flow pattern of particles in rough fractures. Then, a comprehensive particle sedimentary analysis indicated that the deposition distance of particles was inversely proportional to the particle size and density ratio. In addition, the particle deposition rates were increased by the mean roughness and there was an uneven sediment distribution impacted by roughness. Reasons for this uneven sediment distribution were analyzed in detail. Moreover, the bridge plugs of particles considering the closure of fractures were simulated as well. A part of particulate materials would be filtered at the inlet due to size effect and the transport distance of entered particles decreased significantly when the particle was large. A critical particle radius (R < 0.27 mm) that can flow through closure fracture in this work was found. This work can provide a clear insight into the migration and deposition characteristics of particles in the rough fractures underground.

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Baktybekov, K. "PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH INDIVIDUALLY BIASED PARTICLES FOR RELIABLE AND ROBUST MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 17, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020no2/128-137.

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Efficient power control techniques are an integral part of photovoltaic system design. One of the means of managing power delivery is regulating the duty cycle of the DC to DC converter by various algorithms to operate only at points where power is maximum power point. Search has to be done as fast as possible to minimize power loss, especially under dynamically changing irradiance. The challenge of the task is the nonlinear behavior of the PV system under partial shading conditions. Depending on the size and structure of the photovoltaic panels, PSC creates an immense amount of possible P-V curves with numerous local maximums - requiring an intelligent algorithm for determining the optimal operating point. Existing benchmark maximum power point tracking algorithms cannot handle multiple peaks, and in this paper, we offer an adaptation of particle swarm optimization for the specific task.

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Metzner, Christoph, Feliks Kochan, and John A. Dangerfield. "PostexitSurface Engineering of Retroviral/Lentiviral Vectors." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/253521.

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Gene delivery vectors based on retroviral or lentiviral particles are considered powerful tools for biomedicine and biotechnology applications. Such vectors require modification at the genomic level in the form of rearrangements to allow introduction of desired genes and regulatory elements (genotypic modification) as well as engineering of the physical virus particle (phenotypic modification) in order to mediate efficient and safe delivery of the genetic information to the target cell nucleus. Phenotypic modifications are typically introduced at the genomic level through genetic manipulation of the virus producing cells. However, this paper focuses on methods which allow modification of viral particle surfaces after they have exited the cell, that is, directly on the viral particles in suspension. These methods fall into three categories: (i) direct covalent chemical modification, (ii) membrane-topic reagents, and (iii) adaptor systems. Current applications of such techniques will be introduced and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.

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Du, Min, Changsui Zhao, Bin Zhou, and Yingli Hao. "DSMC Prediction of Particle Behavior in Gas-Particle Two-Phase Impinging Streams." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/254082.

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Devices with impinging streams have been employed in various fields of chemical engineering, as a means of intensifying heat and mass transfer processes. The particle behavior in gas-particle two-phase impinging streams (GPISs), which is of essential importance for the research of transfer processes, was simulated by an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach in this paper. Collisional interaction of particles was taken into account by means of a modified direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method based on a Lagrangian approach and the modified Nanbu method. A quantitative agreement was obtained between the predicted results and the experimental data in the literature. The particle motion behavior and the distributions of particle concentration and particle collision positions were presented reasonably. The results indicate that the particle distribution in GPIS can be divided into three zones: particle-collision zone, particle-jetting zone, and particle-scattering zone. Particle collisions occur mainly in the particle-collision zone, which obviously results in a few particles penetrating into the opposite stream. The interparticle collision rate and the particle concentration reach their maximum values in the particle-collision zone, respectively. The maximum value of the particle concentration increases with the increasing inlet particle concentration according to a logarithmic function. The interparticle collision rate is directly proportional to the square of local particle concentration.

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Sibanda, Jonathan, Jemitias Chivavava, and Alison Emslie Lewis. "Crystal Engineering in Antisolvent Crystallization of Rare Earth Elements (REEs)." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121554.

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Antisolvent crystallization is a separation technology that separates the solute from the solvent by the addition of another solvent, in which the solute is sparingly soluble. High yields are achieved by using higher antisolvent-to-aqueous ratios, but this generates higher supersaturation, which causes excessive nucleation. This results in the production of smaller particles, which are difficult to handle in downstream processes. In this work, the effect of varying the organic (antisolvent)-to-aqueous (O/A) ratio and seed loading on the yield, particle size distribution, and morphology of neodymium sulphate product, during its recovery from an aqueous leach solution using antisolvent crystallization, was investigated. A batch crystallizer was used for the experiments, while ethanol was used as an antisolvent. Neodymium sulphate octahydrate [Nd2(SO4)3.8H2O] seeds were used to investigate the effect of seed loading. It was found that particle sizes increased as the O/A ratio increased. This was attributed to the agglomeration of smaller particles that formed at high supersaturation. An O/A ratio of 1.4 resulted in higher yields and particles with a plate-like morphology. The increase in yield was attributed to the increased interaction of ethanol molecules with the solvent, which reduced the solubility of neodymium sulphate. Increasing the seed loading resulted in smaller particle sizes with narrow particle size distribution and improved filtration performance. This was attributed to the promotion of crystal growth and suppression of agglomeration in the presence of seeds.

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Dennehy, Robert Daniel. "Particle Engineering Using Power Ultrasound1." Organic Process Research & Development 7, no. 6 (November 2003): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op034124i.

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Peng, Yubo, Guoqiang Xu, Xiang Luo, Jian He, and Dongdong Liu. "Particle Deposition in the Vicinity of Multiple Film Cooling Holes." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040523.

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Particle deposition on film cooling surface is an engineering issue that degrades the thermal protection of turbine blade. Here, we present a combined experimental and numerical investigation on the particle deposition in the vicinity of multiple film cooling holes to reveal the effect of interactions between cooling outflows on particle deposition. The numerical simulation of film cooling with a group of three rows of straight film cooling holes is conducted and validated by experimental data with blowing ratios ranging from 0 to 0.08. Wax particles with size range from 5 to 40 μm are added in the heated mainstream to simulate the particle deposition in the experiment. The simulation results show the decrease of particle deposition with blowing ratio and various deposition characteristics in different regions of the surface. The flow fields from numerical results are analyzed in detail to illustrate deposition mechanism of the particles in different regions under the interactions of cooling outflows. The cooling air from the holes in the first row reduces the particle concentration near the wall but causes particle deposition in or between the tail regions by the generated flow disturbance. The cooling air from the latter hole separates the diluted flow in the upstream from the wall, and creates a tail region without particle deposition. This revealed particle deposition characteristics under the effect of outflows interaction can benefit the understanding of particle deposition in engineering applications, where multi-row of cooling holes are utilized.

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Jin, Chang Ning, and Yu Hong Zhang. "Influences of Change of Plasma on CBR of Eolian Sand." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3120.

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The plasma in the eolian sand, included silt particle and clay particle, change easily and hugely. For studying their influences on the strength property of eolian sand, mixed silt particles and clay particles in different proportion into the eolian sand to carry out CBR test. The test result indicates that, along with the increase of silt particle and clay particle content the CBR value also increases within a certain range, which indicates the increase of silt particle and clay particle content can firstly improve the gradation of eolian sand; after the gradation is improved can obtain large compaction dry density, and at the same time also can enhance the earth strength, included the CBR value. The range of silt particle and clay particle content made the CBR value increase is also very large: ≤40% when formed under dry state, and ≤45% when formed under optimum or saturated water content; if the water content in forming could be retained at all times, the former could be ≤55% and the latter still ≤45%. The mechanism analysis further indicates that, when there were no excessive silt particles and clay particles, in the large range of silt particles and clay particles changing from small to large, the engineering nature of eolian sand will be improved due to the improvement of gradation, which is advantageous to the extensive application of dry compaction process; but the eolian sand formed by dry compaction is defective on microstructure, and so the requirements for silt particle and clay particle content should be more strict in practical works.

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Yi-Fang, Chang. "Final Simplest Model of Smallest Particles and Possibly Developed Directions of Particle Physics." Physical Science & Biophysics Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/psbj-16000196.

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First, so far the high energy experiments in the past sixty years have shown that the smallest mass fermions are proton, electron, neutrino and photon, which form the simplest model of particles. These fermions seem to be inseparable truth “atoms” (elements), because further experiments derive particles with bigger mass. They correspond to four interactions, and are also only stable particles. Next, the final simplest theory is based on leptons (e- e ν ) and nucleons (p-n) or (u-d) in quark model with SU(2) symmetry and corresponding Yang-Mills field. Other particles and quark-lepton are their excited states. Their spectrum is mass formula and symmetric lifetime formula. Some applications are discussed. Further, the simplest interactions and unification of weak-strong interactions by QCD are discussed. We research opposite continuous separable models. Finally, we propose some possibly developed directions of particle physics, for example, violation of basic principles, in particular, the uncertainty principle, and precision and systematization of the simplest model, etc.

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Sun, Jichao, and Yuefei Huang. "Modeling the Simultaneous Effects of Particle Size and Porosity in Simulating Geo-Materials." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041576.

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The particle discrete element method (PDEM) is widely used to simulate rock and soil materials to obtain stress and strain. However, there are three shortcomings: (1) Single sphere or ellipsoids directly replace the soil particles; (2) it treats the diameters of spheres or ellipsoids as the soil particle size; (3) the overlapping particle volume is not deducted in calculating the porosity. Hence, it is difficult for the simulation of the geological body to agree with reality. This research found a rotation calculation model and a pixel counting method to make joint soil particles more accurately simulate geological materials to solve the three shortcomings. The model successfully obtained the gradation curve and porosity of the simulated geological body with joint particles. This research will further enrich and broaden the application prospects of PDEM and provide a reference for scientific research and engineering fields in geological engineering, geotechnical engineering, and petroleum engineering.

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Sadrekarimi, Abouzar, and Scott M. Olson. "Particle damage observed in ring shear tests on sands." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 5 (May 2010): 497–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-117.

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In this paper, particle damage of three test sands with different mineralogical compositions is studied using stress–displacement response measured in ring shear tests, particle-size distributions of the original sand prior to shear and from the shear band after shear, and by examining particle shape changes determined by scanning electron microscope. Particle damage during shearing produced a wider particle-size distribution, and damage typically continued until the normal stress was small (about 28 kPa) in constant volume ring shear tests and the internal stresses were distributed among sufficient particle contacts such that damage practically ceased. The dominant damage mechanism (typically either particle abrasion and shearing-off asperities or particle splitting) depended strongly on the soil response (i.e., contraction or dilation), particle hardness, and particle-size distribution, but both mechanisms produced particles that were more angular and rougher than the original sand particles. The magnitude of particle damage observed in the ring shear tests was influenced by the consolidation normal stress, shear displacement, particle mineralogy, particle-size distribution, drainage conditions, and soil fabric (in constant volume tests). Lastly, the influence of particle damage on engineering properties including hydraulic conductivity, liquefaction resistance, stress–strain response, friction angle, and critical state are briefly discussed.

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Chen, Dongmei, Jianzhong Lin, and Xiao Hu. "Research on the Inertial Migration Characteristics of Bi-Disperse Particles in Channel Flow." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 8800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198800.

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The inertial focusing effect of particles in microchannels shows application potential in engineering practice. In order to study the mechanism of inertial migration of particles with different scales, the motion and distribution of two particles in Poiseuille flow are studied by the lattice Boltzmann method. The effects of particle size ratio, Reynolds number, and blocking rate on particle inertial migration are analyzed. The results show that, at a high blocking rate, after the same scale particles are released at the same height of the channel, the spacing between the two particles increases monotonically, and the change in the initial spacing has little effect on the final spacing of inertial migration. For two different size particles, when the smaller particle is downstream, the particle spacing will always increase and cannot remain stable. When the larger particle is downstream, the particle spacing increases firstly and then decreases, and finally tends to be stable.

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Tan, De Kun. "Application of Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization in Engineering Constrained Optimization Problems." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7208.

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To overcome the shortage of standard Particle Swarm Optimization(SPSO) on premature convergence, Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) is presented to solve engineering constrained optimization problem. QPSO algorithm is a novel PSO algorithm model in terms of quantum mechanics. The model is based on Delta potential, and we think the particle has the behavior of quanta. Because the particle doesn’t have a certain trajectory, it has more randomicity than the particle which has fixed path in PSO, thus the QPSO more easily escapes from local optima, and has more capability to seek the global optimal solution. In the period of iterative optimization, outside point method is used to deal with those particles that violate the constraints. Furthermore, compared with other intelligent algorithms, the QPSO is verified by two instances of engineering constrained optimization, experimental results indicate that the algorithm performs better in terms of accuracy and robustness.

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Xue, Rui, and Hou Qian Xu. "Investigation of Particle Flow Field in Pyrotechnic Flame Based on Particle Image and Particle Velocity." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2789.

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Study on burning particles in flame can help us to grasp the pyrotechnic decomposition mechanism. The high speed video (HSV) and particle image velocity (PIV) were used in this paper to analyze the flow field consist of high temperature burning particles during pyrotechnic combustion. The binary image was obtained through grayscale treatment and adaptive threshold segmentation from HSV and PIV data, by which the coordinate of each particle was marked. On the basis, the movement trajectory of each particle during combustion was pursued by the most recent guidelines algorithm of cancroids matching. Through the method proposed in this study, the velocity variation of each particle was obtained, the approximate distribution of particle quantity at each zone was visualized and the mathematical model of pyrotechnic particle velocity flow field was established.

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Dai, Minglu, Chengxu Tu, Pengfei Du, Zhongke Kuang, Jiaming Shan, Xu Wang, and Fubing Bao. "Near-Wall Settling Behavior of a Particle in Stratified Fluids." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122070.

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The phenomenon of near-wall particle settling in a stratified fluid is an emerging topic in the field of multiphase flow, and it is also widely found in nature and engineering applications. In stratified fluids, particle settling characteristics are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the upper and lower fluids, the particle size, the particle density, and the initial sedimentation conditions. In this study, the main objective is to determine the effect of liquid viscosity and particle density on the detaching process, and the trajectory and velocity of near-wall settling particles in stratified fluids. The inertia and velocity of the particle had a greater impact on the tail pinch-off model in low-viscosity lower fluids; that is, the lower the inertia and velocity, the more apparent the order between deep and shallow seal pinch-off. In comparison, in high-viscosity lower fluids, the tail pinch-off models of different inertia and velocity particles were similar. In terms of particle trajectory, the transverse motion of the particle in the low-viscosity lower fluid exhibited abrupt changes; that is, the particles moved away from the wall suddenly, whereas in the high-viscosity lower fluid, the transverse movement was gradual. Due to the existence of the wall, the transverse motion direction of the free settling particles in the stratified fluid, which is determined by the rotation direction of the particles, changed to a direction away from the wall regardless of the particle rotation direction. This transverse movement also caused the particle settling velocity to drop suddenly or its rising rate to decrease, this is because part of the energy was used for transverse motion and to increase the transverse velocity. In our study, the near-wall settling of particles in a stratified fluid mainly affected the particle trajectory; that is, forced movement away from the wall, thus changing the particle velocity. This characteristic provides a new approach to manipulate particles away from the wall.

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Wei, Xiao-peng, Jian-xia Zhang, Dong-sheng Zhou, and Qiang Zhang. "Multiswarm Particle Swarm Optimization with Transfer of the Best Particle." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/904713.

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We propose an improved algorithm, for a multiswarm particle swarm optimization with transfer of the best particle called BMPSO. In the proposed algorithm, we introduce parasitism into the standard particle swarm algorithm (PSO) in order to balance exploration and exploitation, as well as enhancing the capacity for global search to solve nonlinear optimization problems. First, the best particle guides other particles to prevent them from being trapped by local optima. We provide a detailed description of BMPSO. We also present a diversity analysis of the proposed BMPSO, which is explained based on the Sphere function. Finally, we tested the performance of the proposed algorithm with six standard test functions and an engineering problem. Compared with some other algorithms, the results showed that the proposed BMPSO performed better when applied to the test functions and the engineering problem. Furthermore, the proposed BMPSO can be applied to other nonlinear optimization problems.

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Liu, Ziang, and Tatsushi Nishi. "Multipopulation Ensemble Particle Swarm Optimizer for Engineering Design Problems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 11, 2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1450985.

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Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an efficient optimization algorithm and has been applied to solve various real-world problems. However, the performance of PSO on a specific problem highly depends on the velocity updating strategy. For a real-world engineering problem, the function landscapes are usually very complex and problem-specific knowledge is sometimes unavailable. To respond to this challenge, we propose a multipopulation ensemble particle swarm optimizer (MPEPSO). The proposed algorithm consists of three existing efficient and simple PSO searching strategies. The particles are divided into four subpopulations including three indicator subpopulations and one reward subpopulation. Particles in the three indicator subpopulations update their velocities by different strategies. During every learning period, the improved function values of the three strategies are recorded. At the end of a learning period, the reward subpopulation is allocated to the best-performed strategy. Therefore, the appropriate PSO searching strategy can have more computational expense. The performance of MPEPSO is evaluated by the CEC 2014 test suite and compared with six other efficient PSO variants. These results suggest that MPEPSO ranks the first among these algorithms. Moreover, MPEPSO is applied to solve four engineering design problems. The results show the advantages of MPEPSO. The MATLAB source codes of MPEPSO are available at https://github.com/zi-ang-liu/MPEPSO.

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Zhang, Yuekan, Meng Yang, Lanyue Jiang, Hui Wang, Jinguang Xu, and Junru Yang. "High Concentration Fine Particle Separation Performance in Hydrocyclones." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030307.

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The vast majority of current research on hydrocyclone field centrifugal separation focuses on low concentration fluids having volume fraction less than 3%. For high-concentration fluids having volume fractions greater than 10%, which are often encountered in engineering, the law governing particle motion and the classification mechanism are still unclear. In order to gain insights into the interaction between fine particles in the high concentration hydrocyclone field and to improve the hydrocyclone separation performance of these particles, a Dense Discrete Phase Model (DDPM) of the Euler-Eulerian method under the Ansys Fluent 14.5 software was employed. Numerical simulations were carried out to study the characteristics of the hydrocyclone field of dense particles and the influence of parameters, such as the diameter of the overflow outlet, diameter of the underflow outlet, and material concentration, on separation performance. The trajectories and separation efficiencies of two kinds of fine particles with different densities and six different particle sizes at high concentration were obtained. The results show that for the hydrocyclone classification of high-concentration fine particles, particles with large density and small particle size are more likely to enter the internal cyclone and discharge from the overflow. Particles with small density and large particle size are more likely to enter the external cyclone and discharge from the underflow. The research results of this topic could provide a feasible reference and theoretical basis for the centrifugal separation of high-concentration fine particle fluid.

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Qing, Yun, Zhenfeng Qiu, Yi Tang, Wenjie Deng, Xujin Zhang, Jilun Miu, and Shaoxian Song. "Effects of the Particle Shape and Size on the Single-Particle Breakage Strength." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (December 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3386025.

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The strength and deformation of a soil foundation are related to the strength of each particle. Maybe the shape affects the strength of a particle. In this study, single-particle breakage tests were conducted on limestone particles of different sizes to analyze the influence of limestone particle shapes on the particle crushing strength. The results showed that 90 percent of limestone particle shapes were oblate spherical, subspherical, and long spherical particles randomly selected from the soil foundation. The single-particle breakage test results showed that the characteristic stress of limestone particles increases with the increased particle size. The crushing strength of limestone particles increased with the increase in particle size. There was a significant size effect on the single-particle compressive strength. The relationship between the characteristic strength and the particle size can be fitted by a power exponential formulation of four types of limestone particle shapes. The more irregular the particle shape, the smaller the Weibull modulus (m) and the power index and the more obvious the particle strength size effect.

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Yang, Hongwei, Zhengyang Xu, and Yan Cheng. "Multi-Morphological Characteristics of a Crushed Granitic Rock of Varying Sizes." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050522.

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Crushed rock fragments are usually a mixture of particles with different sizes and morphologies comprising particle shape and surface texture scales. The significant role of particle morphology in the engineering behavior of granular materials has been increasingly appreciated. However, studies on morphology are mainly on particles of similar sizes, and the few studies that reported particles with varying sizes are limited to particle shape scale alone, especially when 3D morphological characteristics are considered. In this paper, we investigate the multi-scale morphological characteristics of crushed rock with a size ranging from sand to gravel by employing a 3D laser scanner and micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) using quantifiers of sphericity, aspect ratio, and roundness for particle shape, and fractal dimension for surface texture. Crushed granitic rock is used as the testing material to elucidate the morphological characteristics of crushed materials, which are not uncommon in geotechnical applications. For the tested crushed granitic rock, as particle size decreases, the overall shape becomes slightly angular, the corner of the particle becomes more rounded, and the surface becomes smoother. Differences in the morphological descriptors for small particles, mainly those with singular mineral composition, have also been observed and might be explained in terms of hardness and fracture features. The observed dependence of morphological descriptors on particle size and mineralogy bears significance for investigations using reconstructed particles of different sizes using 3D-printing techniques and numerical methods.

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Yang, Jian Chun, and Wen Long. "An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Constrained Chemical Engineering Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.746.

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An improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is proposed for solving constrained numerical and engineering optimization problems in this paper. In proposed algorithm, an initialization strategy based on the opposition learning is applied to diversity the initial particles in the search space. Self-adaptive inertia weight is introduced to balance the ability of exploration and exploitation. Diversity mutation strategy is employed for best of particles to introduce diversity in the swarm space. Simulation results and comparisons with other algorithms using two benchmark constrained test functions and chemical engineering optimization problem are provided.

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Ferguson, J. R., and D. E. Stock. "“Heavy” Particle Dispersion Measurements With Mono- and Polydisperse Particle Size Distributions." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910170.

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A method is presented to estimate the effects of a polydisperse particle size distribution on the measured turbulent dispersion of particles. In addition, the analysis provides a means to estimate the standard deviation of the size distribution for which a class of particles may be considered monodisperse. If monodisperse particles are unavailable because of practical considerations (e.g., the required standard deviation of particle size is too small to obtain a sufficient quantity) then the method provides a means to correct the data of near monodisperse size distributions to reflect the dispersion of monodisperse particles.

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Chen, Jie, Zhen Yao, Chang-bo Jiang, Zhi-yuan Wu, Bin Deng, Yuan-nan Long, and Cheng Bian. "Experiment Study of the Evolution of Coral Sand Particle Clouds in Water." China Ocean Engineering 36, no. 5 (October 2022): 720–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-022-0064-1.

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AbstractThe motion of particle clouds (i.e., sediment clouds) usually can be found in engineering applications such as wastewater discharge, land reclamation, and marine bed capping. In this paper, a series of laboratory tests are conducted on coral sand to investigate the shape feature of the single particle and the mixing processes of the coral sand particle clouds. The shape of coral sand particle is measured and quantified. The experimental results demonstrate that the shape of coral sand particles tends to be spherical as the particle size decreases, and empirical equations were established to explain the variation of D50 and fS,50 of coral sand. Compared with the silica sand, the evolution of the coral sand particle cloud still experiences three stages, but the threshold for the Reynolds number of particle clouds entering the next stage changes. Further, the normalized axial distance of the coral sand particle clouds is 58% smaller. The frontal velocity exhibits similar varying tendency for the coral sand particle cloud. Considering the difference in shape between coral sand particles and silica sand particles, a semi-empirical formula was proposed based on the original silica sand prediction formula by adding the shape factor and the experimental data of 122 µm⩽D50⩽842 µm. It can predict the frontal velocity of the coral sand particle clouds.

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Geng, Yina, Greg van Anders, Paul M. Dodd, Julia Dshemuchadse, and Sharon C. Glotzer. "Engineering entropy for the inverse design of colloidal crystals from hard shapes." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (July 2019): eaaw0514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0514.

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Throughout the physical sciences, entropy stands out as a pivotal but enigmatic concept that, in materials design, typically takes a backseat to energy. Here, we demonstrate how to precisely engineer entropy to achieve desired colloidal crystals via particle shapes that, importantly, can be made in the laboratory. We demonstrate the inverse design of symmetric hard particles that assemble six different target colloidal crystals due solely to entropy maximization. Our approach efficiently samples 108 particle shapes from 92- and 188-dimensional design spaces to discover thermodynamically optimal shapes. We design particle shapes that self-assemble into known crystals with optimized symmetry and thermodynamic stability, as well as new crystal structures with no known atomic or other equivalent.

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Liu, Linbo, Haoyan Xu, Haibo Xiu, Nan Xiang, and Zhonghua Ni. "Microfluidic on-demand engineering of longitudinal dynamic self-assembly of particles." Analyst 145, no. 15 (2020): 5128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an00653j.

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A viscoelasticity-induced self-assembling microfluidic system is proposed to increase the manoeuvrability and orderliness of longitudinal dynamic self-assembly of particles, achieving control of interparticle spacing's and particle frequency.

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Li, Jian, and Wei Feng Jin. "The Pressure Distribution around Particles in Fluid in Confined Wedge Space." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1511.

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The particle motion in fluid has attracted much attention in material engineering concerned the particle effects such as the debris in lubrication and the particles deposition in material processing. By taking the hydrodynamic effect into account, the pressure distribution around particles in fluid in confined wedge space is analyzed. The influences of the particle position, particle shape and its velocity on the pressure distribution are also investigated. Results show that in confined wedge space, the fluid pressure around the particle in the side near the upper slope plate is larger than that in another side, which may make the particle move downwards. And the pressure discrepancy between both sides of the particle increases with the particle shape, the particle velocity and the particle coordinates in both directions of x and z. These special phenomenons may be used in structured surfaces fabrication based on particle deposition by constructing special fluid field.

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Jackson, Dane N., and Barton L. Smith. "Theoretical Parameter Study of Aerodynamic Vectoring Particle Sorting." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 7 (January 10, 2007): 902–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2742732.

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A new particle sorting technique called aerodynamic vectoring particle sorting (AVPS) has recently been shown to be effective at sorting particles without particles contacting surfaces. The technique relies on turning a free jet sharply without extended control surfaces. The flow turning results in a balance of particle inertia and several forces (pressure, drag, added mass, and body forces) that depend on particle size and density. The present paper describes a theoretical study of particle sorting in a turning flow. The purpose of this study is to extend AVPS to parameter spaces other than those that are currently under investigation. Spherical particles are introduced into a turning flow in which the velocity magnitude increases like r. The trajectory of each particle is calculated using the particle equation of motion with drag laws that are appropriate for various Knudsen number regimes. Large data sets can be collected rapidly for various particle sizes, densities, turning radii, flow speeds, and fluid properties. Ranges of particle sizes that can be sorted are determined by finding an upper bound (where particles move in a straight line) and a lower bound (where particles follow flow streamlines). It is found that the size range of particles that can be sorted is larger for smaller turning radii, and that the range moves toward smaller particles as the flow speed and the particle-to-fluid density ratio are increased. Since this flow is laminar and 2-D, and particle loading effects are ignored, the results represent a “best case” scenario.

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Wang, Xiao-Bo, Wen-Jie Xu, Bing-Yin Zhang, and Qi-Cheng Sun. "Particle crushing simulations with improved discontinuous deformation analysis." Engineering Computations 31, no. 7 (September 30, 2014): 1321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-02-2013-0051.

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Purpose – Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth containing an impervious zone. Earth utilized in such dams often contains a high percentage of large particles – hence the term rock-fill. Mass stability of these dams results from friction and particle interactions rather than through a cementing agent binding the particles together. However, high-stress conditions and prolonged exposure to the elements can severely damage rock-fill. Therefore, understanding and modeling rock-fill breakage is important for dam engineering. The purpose of this paper is to improve discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) techniques for modeling rock-fill breakage, proving the new method using simulations of spherical particle crushing. Design/methodology/approach – This work models rock-fill as bonded ellipsoid particles, and develops an improved DDA method to model the breakage of particle assemblies. The paper starts by describing the principles of three-dimensional DDA for spherical particles, and then derives the submatrices for normal contact, shear contact, and frictional force. The new algorithm incorporates a bond model with a revised open-close iteration algorithm into the DDA method to simulate particle crushing. To validate the improved DDA method, calculated particle contacts and movements are validated against theoretical results. Finally, this work performs a series of point-loading experimental tests for cement ellipsoid particles of both high and low compression strengths, with the test results compared against the results from corresponding DDA simulations. Findings – In particle crushing tests, the force and displacement show an approximately linear relationship until the crushing point, at which point low compression ellipsoid particles split into several large pieces while the high-compression particles break into many small fragments. The DDA simulation results are in good agreement with the crushing tests, demonstrating the validity of the DDA method for solving particle crushing problems. Although the improved DDA model is applicable to rock-fill particle crushing studies, some issues remain, particularly in increasing calculation efficiency and performing large-scale computations and long real-time simulations. Future research should address these issues. Originality/value – A bond model with a revised open-close iteration algorithm is incorporated into the DDA method. The simulated results shed insight into rock-fill crushing mechanisms, an element of concern in engineering practices.

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He, Yong, Guojun Cai, Lei Gao, and Huan He. "Effect of Particle Size and Constraint Conditions on Single Particle Strength of Carbonate Sand." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030765.

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Carbonate sand is often encountered and utilized as construction material in offshore engineering projects. Carbonate sand particles, which are porous and angular, are found to be highly crushable under high stress conditions, whereas the mechanisms and controlling factors for the crushing of carbonate sand particles are not well developed. The crushability and particle strength of around 400 particles from three fractions (5–10 mm, 2–5 mm, and 1–2 mm) of carbonate sand from the South China Sea were investigated via grain-scale single particle crushing tests. Special emphasis was placed on the effect of external constraint conditions (i.e., coordination number) and intrinsic particle morphology characteristics on the particle strength of carbonate soil. The particle strength of carbonate sand was found to be around half of quartz sand in terms of characteristic stress. Negative correlations, which could be depicted by an exponential equation, were found between the particle size and particle strength. Due to elongated particle shape and tensile stress concentration, a higher coordination number may lower the particle strength, which contradicts what was reported for quartz sands. A series of seven fundamental particle dimensions and five particle shape descriptors was characterized, and the aspect ratio was found to be one of the more influential shape descriptors for particle strength. The results enriched the database for the analysis of highly irregular geomaterial and provided insights into controlling factors of particle strength and crushing mechanisms of the carbonate sand.

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Peng, Cheng, Orlando M. Ayala, and Lian-Ping Wang. "A direct numerical investigation of two-way interactions in a particle-laden turbulent channel flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 875 (July 26, 2019): 1096–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.509.

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Understanding the two-way interactions between finite-size solid particles and a wall-bounded turbulent flow is crucial in a variety of natural and engineering applications. Previous experimental measurements and particle-resolved direct numerical simulations revealed some interesting phenomena related to particle distribution and turbulence modulation, but their in-depth analyses are largely missing. In this study, turbulent channel flows laden with neutrally buoyant finite-size spherical particles are simulated using the lattice Boltzmann method. Two particle sizes are considered, with diameters equal to 14.45 and 28.9 wall units. To understand the roles played by the particle rotation, two additional simulations with the same particle sizes but no particle rotation are also presented for comparison. Particles of both sizes are found to form clusters. Under the Stokes lubrication corrections, small particles are found to have a stronger preference to form clusters, and their clusters orientate more in the streamwise direction. As a result, small particles reduce the mean flow velocity less than large particles. Particles are also found to result in a more homogeneous distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the wall-normal direction, as well as a more isotropic distribution of TKE among different spatial directions. To understand these turbulence modulation phenomena, we analyse in detail the total and component-wise volume-averaged budget equations of TKE with the simulation data. This budget analysis reveals several mechanisms through which the particles modulate local and global TKE in the particle-laden turbulent channel flow.

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Wang, Yidong, Wenjiao Dan, Yongfu Xu, and Yue Xi. "Fractal and Morphological Characteristics of Single Marble Particle Crushing in Uniaxial Compression Tests." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/537692.

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Crushing of rock particles is a phenomenon commonly encountered in geotechnical engineering practice. It is however difficult to study the crushing of rock particles using classical theory because the physical structure of the particles is complex and irregular. This paper aims at evaluating fractal and morphological characteristics of single rock particle. A large number of particle crushing tests are conducted on single rock particle. The force-displacement curves and the particle size distributions (PSD) of crushed particles are analysed based on particle crushing tests. Particle shape plays an important role in both the micro- and macroscale responses of a granular assembly. The PSD of an assortment of rocks are analysed by fractal methods, and the fractal dimension is obtained. A theoretical formula for particle crushing strength is derived, utilising the fractal model, and a simple method is proposed for predicting the probability of particle survival based on the Weibull statistics. Based on a few physical assumptions, simple equations are derived for determining particle crushing energy. The results of applying these equations are tested against the actual experimental data and prove to be very consistent. Fractal theory is therefore applicable for analysis of particle crushing.

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Farivar, Foad, Hu Zhang, Zhao F. Tian, Guo Q. Qi, and Stefan Lukas. "Capturing particle-particle interactions for cylindrical fibrous particles in different flow regimes." Powder Technology 330 (May 2018): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.02.050.

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Tsuji, Y., T. Tanaka, and S. Yonemura. "Particle Induced Turbulence." Applied Mechanics Reviews 47, no. 6S (June 1, 1994): S75—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3124444.

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A strong turbulent field produced by particle clouds was simulated in a numerical calculation based on the DSMC method. The flow studied was a gas-solid flow in a vertical channel. Particles were initially distributed homogeneously. Under the effects of particle-fluid and particle-particle interactions, the particle distribution gradually becomes inhomogeneous and finally leads to formation of particle clouds. These clouds are a kind of large obstacles for fluid motion, and produce large scale fluid turbulence.

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40

Hruby, J., R. Steeper, G. Evans, and C. Crowe. "An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow and Convective Heat Transfer in a Freely Falling Curtain of Particles." Journal of Fluids Engineering 110, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243531.

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The flow characteristics and convective heat transfer in a freely falling curtain of spherical particles with an average diameter of 650 μm has been studied experimentally and numerically. Both heated and unheated particle flows have been considered. This work is part of a larger study to determine the feasibility of using particles to directly absorb the insolation in a solar central receiver for high temperature applications. The particles of interest are Norton Master Beads™ which are primarily aluminum oxide. Measurements have been made of particle velocity in heated and unheated particle flows, and particle temperature and air temperature in heated particle flows. Comparison of the measurements with calculations has been made for two particle mass flow rates at room temperature and at two initial elevated particle temperatures. Excellent agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained for particle velocity in the unheated flow. For the heated particles, both data and predictions show the same trends with regard to particle velocity, particle temperature, and air temperature. However, the calculations of these quantities overpredict the data. The results suggest that the drag coefficient in flows where the particles are hot compared to the air is larger than predicted using conventional methods to account for nonisothermal effects. The prediction of particle temperature and air temperature attained with a drag coefficient that is larger than the standard drag coefficient agrees well with the data.

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41

Ulusoy, Ugur. "A Review of Particle Shape Effects on Material Properties for Various Engineering Applications: From Macro to Nanoscale." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010091.

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It is well known that most particle technology studies attempting to predict secondary properties based on primary properties such as size and shape begin with particle characterization, which means the process of determining the primary properties of particles in a wide spectrum from macro to nanoscale. It is a fact that the actual shape of engineering particles used in many industrial applications or processes is neglected, as they are assumed to be “homogeneous spheres” with easily understood behavior in any application or process. In addition, it is vital to control the granular materials used in various industries or to prepare them in desired shapes, to develop better processes or final products, and to make the processes practical and economical. Therefore, this review not only covers basic shape definitions, shape characterization methods, and the effect of particle shape on industrial material properties, but also provides insight into the development of the most suitably shaped materials for specific applications or processes (from nanomaterials used in pharmaceuticals to proppant particles used in hydrocarbon production) by understanding the behavior of particles.

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Momenimovahed, Ali, Fengshan Liu, Kevin A. Thomson, Gregory J. Smallwood, and Hongsheng Guo. "Effect of fuel composition on properties of particles emitted from a diesel–natural gas dual fuel engine." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419846018.

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The effective density and mixing state of particles emitted from a natural gas–diesel dual fuel engine are investigated. Measurements were conducted at three different fuel compositions including 100% diesel fuel (0% NG), 75% diesel–25% natural gas (25% NG) and 50% diesel–50% NG (50% NG). The particle effective density was measured using a differential mobility analyzer in series with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer. A catalytic stripper at 350 °C was employed upstream of the centrifugal particle mass analyzer in order to remove the semi-volatile material from the solid particles to measure the effective density of non-volatile particles as well as the particle mixing state. A scanning mobility particle sizer was used to measure the particle size distribution. The particle mass concentration was also measured using several techniques including cavity-attenuated phase-shift particulate matter single-scattering albedo, laser-induced incandescence, thermal-optical analysis, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and integrated particle size distribution. The semi-volatile number and mass fractions are found to be lower than 15%. The effective density functions of particles at 0% and 25% NG are within 6% of each other; however, the effective density values of particles at 50% NG are lower than those of the 0% NG by up to 35%. The mass-mobility exponent varies in the range of 2.42–2.51 and 2.38–2.54 for undenuded and denuded particles, respectively. For the mass concentration measurements, photoacoustic spectroscopy agrees with thermal-optical analysis within 5%, while all the other techniques measure up to 50% deviations relative to thermal-optical analysis.

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Burrows, P. "Engineering challenges of future particle accelerators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 105 (March 1, 2008): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/105/1/012008.

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Kang, Zhanxiao, Tiantian Kong, Leyan Lei, Pingan Zhu, Xiaowei Tian, and Liqiu Wang. "Engineering particle morphology with microfluidic droplets." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 26, no. 7 (June 20, 2016): 075011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/26/7/075011.

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Myers, Steve. "The engineering needed for particle physics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1973 (August 28, 2012): 3887–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0053.

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Today's particle accelerators and detectors are among the most complicated and expensive scientific instruments ever built, and they exploit almost every aspect of today's cutting-edge engineering technologies. In many cases, accelerator needs have been the driving force behind these new technologies, necessity being the mother of invention. This paper gives an overview of some engineering requirements for the construction and operation of present-day accelerators and detectors.

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Hansson, A. "Contributions from particle physics engineering developments." Acta Astronautica 44, no. 2-4 (January 1999): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(99)00050-8.

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Zhou, Jiajing, Zhixing Lin, Yi Ju, Md Arifur Rahim, Joseph J. Richardson, and Frank Caruso. "Polyphenol-Mediated Assembly for Particle Engineering." Accounts of Chemical Research 53, no. 7 (June 22, 2020): 1269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00150.

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Aran, A., B. Sanahuja, and D. Lario. "SOLPENCO: A solar particle engineering code." Advances in Space Research 37, no. 6 (January 2006): 1240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.019.

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Schulze, Stefan, and Claas-Jürgen Klasen. "Fine Particle Engineering by Pulse Drying." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 73, no. 6 (June 2001): 699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200106)73:6<699::aid-cite6994444>3.0.co;2-1.

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Vehring, Reinhard. "Pharmaceutical Particle Engineering via Spray Drying." Pharmaceutical Research 25, no. 5 (November 28, 2007): 999–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-007-9475-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Particle engineering'

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