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Journal articles on the topic 'Particles in cell (PIC)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Cao, Zhe, and Ming Li. "INCLUSION OF CONTACT FRICTION FOR PARTICLE-BASED SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT OVER MOBILE BED." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.sediment.34.

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The particle based approach, including the particle resolving method, such as CFD-DEM, e.g. Drake and Calantoni (2001), Schmeeckle (2014), and the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method, e.g. Patankar and Joseph (2001); Finn, M. Li, and Apte (2016); Y. Li et al. (2014), has become important tool for simulation of sediment transport in recent years. The latter is advantageous in the required computing resources when large amount of particles are involved and hence is more suitable for simulation of sediment transport over mobile bed. However, unlike that in CFD-DEM, special treatment is needed in the PI

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Savard, N., G. Fubiani, R. Baartman, and M. Dehnel. "Implicit particle-in-cell development for ion source plasmas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2743, no. 1 (2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012003.

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Abstract Particle-in-Cell (PIC) codes used to study plasma dynamics within ion sources typically use an explicit scheme. These methods can be slow when simulating regions of high electron density in ion sources, which require resolving the Debye length in space and the plasma frequency in time. Recent developments on fully-implicit PIC models in curvilinear geometries have shown that these spatial/time scales can be significantly decreased/increased respectively, allowing for notable speed-ups in simulation time, and thus making it a potential tool for studying the physics of ion sources. For

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Che, Ju, Pei Yun Yi, Yu Jun Deng, Lin Fa Peng, and Xin Min Lai. "The Effect of Electrode Voltage on Acetylene Plasma Deposition Particles during the Preparation of PECVD Carbon Film Based on PIC-MCC Simulation." Materials Science Forum 1102 (October 24, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ayra6n.

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At present, the preparation of conductive and corrosion-resistant carbon coatings by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has received extensive research. In this paper, the acetylene plasma model was established by using the Particle in Cell/Monte Carlo method (PIC/MCC) to study the influence of different electrode voltages on the composition and particle energy of deposited particles, and explore the corresponding relationship between acetylene gas and deposited particles. The results show that increasing the electrode voltage can reduce the density of acetylene particles in the

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COULAUD, O., E. SONNENDRÜCKER, E. DILLON, P. BERTRAND, and A. GHIZZO. "Parallelization of semi-Lagrangian Vlasov codes." Journal of Plasma Physics 61, no. 3 (1999): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377899007527.

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We describe the parallel implementation of semi-Lagrangian Vlasov solvers, which are an alternative to particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for the numerical investigation of the behaviour of charged particles in their self-consistent electromagnetic fields. The semi-Lagrangian method, which couples the Lagrangian and Eulerian points of view, is particularly interesting on parallel computers, since the solution is computed on grid points, the number of which remains constant in time on each processor, unlike the number of particles in PIC simulations, and thus greatly simplifies the parallelizat

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Konior, Wojciech. "Particle-In-Cell Electrostatic Numerical Algorithm." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2017, no. 3 (2017): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2017-0020.

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Abstract Existing global models of interaction between the solar wind (SW) and the local interstellar medium (LISM) describe the heliosphere that arises as a result of this interaction. There is a strong motivation to develop a kinetic model using the Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method to describe phenomena which appear in the heliosphere. This is however a long term scientific goal. This paper describes an electrostatic Particle-in-Cell numerical model developed in the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, which includes mechanical and charge exchange collisions between particles in the probabilistic m

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Trotta, D., D. Burgess, G. Prete, S. Perri, and G. Zimbardo. "Particle transport in hybrid PIC shock simulations: A comparison of diagnostics." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 1 (2019): 580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2760.

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ABSTRACT Recent in situ and remote observations suggest that the transport regime associated with shock-accelerated particles may be anomalous i.e. the mean square displacement (MSD) of such particles scales non-linearly with time. We use self-consistent hybrid particle-in-cell plasma simulations to simulate a quasi-parallel shock with parameters compatible with heliospheric shocks, and gain insights about the particle transport in such a system. For suprathermal particles interacting with the shock we compute the MSD separately in the upstream and downstream regions. Tracking suprathermal par

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van Marle, Allard Jan, Artem Bohdan, Paul J. Morris, Martin Pohl, and Alexandre Marcowith. "Diffusive Shock Acceleration at Oblique High Mach Number Shocks." Astrophysical Journal 929, no. 1 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5962.

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Abstract The current paradigm of cosmic-ray (CR) origin states that the greater part of galactic CRs is produced by supernova remnants. The interaction of supernova ejecta with the interstellar medium after a supernova's explosions results in shocks responsible for CR acceleration via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). We use particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and a combined PIC-magnetohydrodynamic (PIC-MHD) technique to investigate whether DSA can occur in oblique high Mach number shocks. Using the PIC method, we follow the formation of the shock and determine the fraction of the particles t

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Takahashi, Hiroyuki, Eiji Asano, and Ryoji Matsumoto. "Particle acceleration by relativistic expansion of magnetic arcades." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (2006): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307010022.

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AbstractWe carried out relativistic force free simulations and Particle In Cell (PIC) simulations of twist injection into the magnetic arcades emerging on the surface of a magnetar. As the magnetic energy is accumulated in the arcades, they expand self-similarly. In the arcades, a current sheet is formed and magnetic reconnection takes place. We also carried out 2-dimensional PIC simulations for the study of particle acceleration through magnetic reconnection. As a result, the energy spectrum of particles can be fitted by a power-law.

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Tomita, Sara, Yutaka Ohira, Shigeo S. Kimura, Kengo Tomida, and Kenji Toma. "Interaction of a Relativistic Magnetized Collisionless Shock with a Dense Clump." Astrophysical Journal Letters 936, no. 1 (2022): L9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac88be.

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Abstract The interactions between a relativistic magnetized collisionless shock and dense clumps have been expected to play a crucial role in magnetic field amplification and cosmic-ray acceleration. We investigate this process using two-dimensional Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations, for the first time, where the clump size is much larger than the gyroradius of the downstream particles. We also perform relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for the same condition, to see the kinetic effects. We find that particles escape from the shocked clump along magnetic field lines in the PIC

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Parsons, Jasmine, Anatoly Spitkovsky, and Arno Vanthieghem. "Microphysics of Particle Reflection in Weibel-mediated Shocks." Astrophysical Journal 971, no. 1 (2024): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad527d.

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Abstract Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown that relativistic collisionless shocks mediated by the Weibel instability accelerate ∼1% of incoming particles, while the majority are transmitted through the shock and become thermalized. The microphysical processes that determine whether an incoming particle will be transmitted or reflected are poorly understood. We study the microphysics of particle reflection in Weibel-mediated shocks by tracking a shell of test particles in a PIC simulation of a shock in pair plasma. We find that electrons in positron-dominated filaments and positrons

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Marle, Allard Jan van, Artem Bohdan, Anabella Araudo, Fabien Casse, and Alexandre Marcowith. "Diffusive shock acceleration in relativistic, oblique shocks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2742, no. 1 (2024): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2742/1/012008.

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Abstract Cosmic rays are charged particles that are accelerated to relativistic speeds by astrophysical shocks. Numerical models have been successful in confirming the acceleration process for (quasi-)parallel shocks, which have the magnetic field aligned with the direction of the shock motion. However, the process is less clear when it comes to (quasi-)perpendicular shocks, where the field makes a large angle with the shock-normal. For such shocks, the angle between the magnetic field and flow ensures that only highly energetic particles can travel upstream at all, reducing the upstream curre

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Gomez, Sara, Jaime Humberto Hoyos, and Juan Alejandro Valdivia. "Particle-in-cell method for plasmas in the one-dimensional electrostatic limit." American Journal of Physics 91, no. 3 (2023): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0135515.

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We discuss the particle-in-cell (PIC) method, which is one of the most widely used approaches for the kinetic description of plasmas. The positions and velocities of the charged particles take continuous values in phase space, and spatial macroscopic quantities, such as the charge density and self-generated electric fields, are calculated at discrete spatial points of a grid. We discuss the computer implementation of the PIC method for one-dimensional plasmas in the electrostatic regime and discuss a desktop application (PlasmAPP), which includes the implementation of different numerical and i

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Chang, L., G. Bourianoff, B. Cole, and S. Machida. "A Parallel Implementation of Particle Tracking with Space Charge Effects on an Intel iPSC/860." Scientific Programming 2, no. 3 (1993): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/397679.

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Particle-tracking simulation is one of the scientific applications that is well suited to parallel computations. At the Superconducting Super Collider, it has been theoretically and empirically demonstrated that particle tracking on a designed lattice can achieve very high parallel efficiency on a MIMD Intel iPSC/860 machine. The key to such success is the realization that the particles can be tracked independently without considering their interaction. The perfectly parallel nature of particle tracking is broken if the interaction effects between particles are included. The space charge intro

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14

Lu, Yingchao, Fan Guo, Patrick Kilian, Hui Li, Chengkun Huang, and Edison Liang. "Studying particle acceleration from driven magnetic reconnection at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind using particle-in-cell simulations." EPJ Web of Conferences 235 (2020): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023507003.

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A rotating pulsar creates a surrounding pulsar wind nebula (PWN) by steadily releasing an energetic wind into the interior of the expanding shockwave of supernova remnant or interstellar medium. At the termination shock of a PWN, the Poynting-flux- dominated relativistic striped wind is compressed. Magnetic reconnection is driven by the compression and converts magnetic energy into particle kinetic energy and accelerating particles to high energies. We carrying out particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to study the shock structure as well as the energy conversion and particle acceleration mechani

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Gallo, Giuseppe, Adriano Isoldi, Dario Del Gatto, et al. "Numerical Aspects of Particle-in-Cell Simulations for Plasma-Motion Modeling of Electric Thrusters." Aerospace 8, no. 5 (2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8050138.

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The present work is focused on a detailed description of an in-house, particle-in-cell code developed by the authors, whose main aim is to perform highly accurate plasma simulations on an off-the-shelf computing platform in a relatively short computational time, despite the large number of macro-particles employed in the computation. A smart strategy to set up the code is proposed, and in particular, the parallel calculation in GPU is explored as a possible solution for the reduction in computing time. An application on a Hall-effect thruster is shown to validate the PIC numerical model and to

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Wang, Yao-Ting, Jian Chen, He-Ping Li, Dong-Jun Jiang, and Ming-Sheng Zhou. "Analysis and particle-in-cell simulation on the similarity relation during an ion extraction process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2147, no. 1 (2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2147/1/012013.

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Abstract Ion extraction time is one of the key parameters for an ion extraction process. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation can provide a detailed description on the charged-particle behaviours during the ion extraction process in a decaying plasma. However, the PIC modelling is a very time-consuming task with very small space step (~ Debye length) and time step (~ inverse of plasma frequency), as well as a massive number of macro-particles, especially for the cases in multi-dimensions and large geometrical sizes. In this paper, based on the sheath expansion and ion-acoustic rarefaction wave pr

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Yang, Fuxiang, Jie Li, Chuanfu Xu, Dali Li, Haozhong Qiu, and Ao Xu. "MPI Parallelization of Numerical Simulations for Pulsed Vacuum Arc Plasma Plumes Based on a Hybrid DSMC/PIC Algorithm." Aerospace 9, no. 10 (2022): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9100538.

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The transport characteristics of the unsteady flow field in rarefied plasma plumes is crucial for a pulsed vacuum arc in which the particle distribution varies from 1016 to 1022 m−3. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and particle-in-cell (PIC) method are generally combined to study this kind of flow field. The DSMC method simulates the motion of neutral particles, while the PIC method simulates the motion of charged ions. A hybrid DSMC/PIC algorithm is investigated here to determine the unsteady axisymmetric flow characteristics of vacuum arc plasma plume expansion. Numerical sim

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Hasegawa, Hiroki, and Seiji Ishiguro. "Microscopic Effect on Filamentary Coherent Structure Dynamics in Boundary Layer Plasmas." Plasma 1, no. 1 (2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma1010006.

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This study has demonstrated kinetic behaviors on the plasma filament propagation with the three-dimensional (3D) Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation. When the ion-to-electron temperature ratio T i / T e is higher, the poloidal symmetry breaking in the filament propagation occurs. The poloidal symmetry breaking is thought to be induced by the unbalanced potential structure that arises from the effect of the gyro motion of plasma particles.

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19

Li, Zhang, Wu, Cheng, and Du. "Particle Simulation Model for Self-Field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster." Energies 12, no. 8 (2019): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081579.

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In order to clarify the discharge principle of the self-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT), a two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) model is proposed. The spatial distribution and the collision characteristics of discharge plasma were calculated using this model. In addition, the influence of the operation parameters on the plasma was analyzed including the voltage and mass flow rate. The effectiveness of the model was verified by comparison to the experimentally induced magnetic field. It was found that the electrons were mainly accelerated by t

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Xia, Q., and V. Zharkova. "Particle acceleration in coalescent and squashed magnetic islands." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936420.

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Aims. Particles are known to have efficient acceleration in reconnecting current sheets with multiple magnetic islands that are formed during a reconnection process. Using the test-particle approach, the recent investigation of particle dynamics in 3D magnetic islands, or current sheets with multiple X- and O-null points revealed that the particle energy gains are higher in squashed magnetic islands than in coalescent ones. However, this approach did not factor in the ambient plasma feedback to the presence of accelerated particles, which affects their distributions within the acceleration reg

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Jiang, Youshi, Zhibin He, Shuxia Jiang, Mouxiang Cai, Fujian Liu, and Ying Yuan. "Numerical Simulation of Particle Migration and Settlement in Hydraulic Fractures Using the Multiphase Particle-in-Cell Method." Processes 13, no. 2 (2025): 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020363.

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Solid–liquid two-phase flow often occurs when pumping proppant or temporary plugging agents into hydraulically fractured wells. The final distribution of these injected particles in the fracture has an important influence on the well productivity after hydraulic fracturing. This paper focuses on simulating and analyzing particle migration within slug injection hydraulic fractures in the Sulige gas reservoir. In this study, a particle migration and settlement model in hydraulic fractures is established based on the Multiphase Particle-in-Cell (MP-PIC) method, allowing for effective simulation o

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J, Ananthanarasimhan, Anand M.S., and Lakshminarayana R. "Simulation of Velocity Evolution of a Cold Collision-less Non-Magnetised Plasma by Particle-in-Cell Method." Frontiers in Advanced Materials Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/famr2023.

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This work presents simple numerical simulation algorithm to analyse the velocity evolution of high density non-magnetized glow discharge (cold) collision-less plasma using Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method. In the place of millions of physical electrons and background ions, fewer particles called super particles are used for simulation to capture the plasma properties such as particle velocity, particle energy and electrical field of the plasma system. The plasma system which is of interest in this work is weakly coupled plasma having quasi-neutrality nature. Simulation results showed symmetric ve

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Kovalev, D. V., A. P. Smirnov, and Y. S. Dimant. "Modeling of the Farley-Buneman instability in the E-region ionosphere: a new hybrid approach." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 9 (2008): 2853–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2853-2008.

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Abstract. A novel approach to nonlinear simulations of the Farley-Buneman (FB) instability in the E-region ionosphere is developed. The mathematical model includes a fluid description of electrons and a simplified kinetic description of ions based on a kinetic equation with the Bhatnagar-Gross-Crook (BGK) collision term. This hybrid model takes into account all major factors crucial for development and nonlinear stabilization of the instability (collisional drag forces, ion inertia and Landau damping, dominant electron nonlinearity, etc.). At the same time, these simulations are free of noises

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Petrov, George M., and Jack Davis. "Parallelization of an Implicit Algorithm for Multi-Dimensional Particle-in-Cell Simulations." Communications in Computational Physics 16, no. 3 (2014): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.070813.280214a.

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AbstractThe implicit 2D3V particle-in-cell (PIC) code developed to study the interaction of ultrashort pulse lasers with matter [G. M. Petrov and J. Davis, Computer Phys. Comm. 179, 868 (2008); Phys. Plasmas 18, 073102 (2011)] has been parallelized using MPI (Message Passing Interface). The parallelization strategy is optimized for a small number of computer cores, up to about 64. Details on the algorithm implementation are given with emphasis on code optimization by overlapping computations with communications. Performance evaluation for 1D domain decomposition has been made on a small Linux

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Zhang, Ling-Yu, Xiao-Ying Zhao, Xin Qi, Guo-Qing Xiao, Wen-Shan Duan, and Lei Yang. "Wakefield and stopping power of a hydrogen ion beam pulse with low drift velocity in hydrogen plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 33, no. 2 (2015): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034615000270.

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AbstractA two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation is carried out to study the wakefield and stopping power for a hydrogen ion beam pulse with low drift velocity propagation in hydrogen plasmas. The plasma is assumed to be collisionless, uniform, non-magnetized, and in a steady state. Both the pulse ions and plasma particles are treated by the PIC method. The effects of the beam density on the wakefield and stopping power are then obtained and discussed. It is found that as the beam densities increase, the oscillation wakefield induced by the beam become stronger. Besides, the first o

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Gassama, Salimou, Éric Sonnendrücker, Kai Schneider, Marie Farge, and Margarete O. Domingues. "Wavelet denoising for postprocessing of a 2D Particle - In - Cell code." ESAIM: Proceedings 16 (January 1, 2007): 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1051/proc:2007013.

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In this paper, we aim at improving the accuracy of a Vlasov-Poisson solver using a 2D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) scheme, by denoising its charge density field. To this end, we have used an improvement of Donoho and Johnstone's wavelet denoising technique. To some extent, our work is a continuation of that performed by Chehab et al. [Chehab, Cohen, Roche, Jennequin, Nieto and Roland, CEMRACS 2003, IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, EMS, pp. 29-42]. Indeed, they made such a study in the one dimensional case and validated their analysis by considering the simulation of the Landau d

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MELZANI, MICKAËL, ROLF WALDER, DORIS FOLINI, and CHRISTOPHE WINISDOERFFER. "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REAL AND PARTICLE-IN-CELL PLASMAS: EFFECTS OF COARSE-GRAINING." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 28 (January 2014): 1460194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451460194x.

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The PIC model relies on two building blocks. The first stems from the capability of computers to handle only up to ~ 1010 particles, while real plasmas contain from 104 to 1020 particles per Debye sphere: a coarse-graining step must be used, whereby of the order of p ~ 1010 real particles are represented by a single computer superparticle. The second is field storage on a grid with its subsequent finite superparticle size. We introduce the notion of coarse-graining dependent quantities, i.e. physical quantities depending on the number p. They all derive from the plasma parameter Λ, which we sh

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Lei, Li, Xiaolin Jin, Jibo Li, Lixuan Li, and Bin Li. "Some aspects of the plasma potential in 3D simulation of ECRIS operation." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 7 (2022): 073904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097141.

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A 3D particle-in-cell plus Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) code is developed for the simulation of electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS). The self-consistent interaction between the plasma and the potential field is taken into account, as well as Coulomb collisions, stepwise ionization, and charge exchange collisions between particles. In addition, a precalculation module based on a single-particle approach is introduced to speed up simulations. The stable distributions of the high-energy electrons are obtained and then sent to the subsequent simulation of ECRIS operation as the well

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Siddhamshetty, Prashanth, Shaowen Mao, Kan Wu, and Joseph Sang-Il Kwon. "Multi-Size Proppant Pumping Schedule of Hydraulic Fracturing: Application to a MP-PIC Model of Unconventional Reservoir for Enhanced Gas Production." Processes 8, no. 5 (2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050570.

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Slickwater hydraulic fracturing is becoming a prevalent approach to economically recovering shale hydrocarbon. It is very important to understand the proppant’s transport behavior during slickwater hydraulic fracturing treatment for effective creation of a desired propped fracture geometry. The currently available models are either oversimplified or have been performed at limited length scales to avoid high computational requirements. Another limitation is that the currently available hydraulic fracturing simulators are developed using only single-sized proppant particles. Motivated by this, i

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Kin, Koki, Shota Kisaka, Kenji Toma, Shigeo S. Kimura, and Amir Levinson. "One-dimensional General Relativistic Particle-in-cell Simulations of Stellar-mass Black Hole Magnetospheres: A Semianalytic Model of Gamma-Rays from Gaps." Astrophysical Journal 964, no. 1 (2024): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad20cd.

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Abstract In the absence of a sufficient amount of plasma injection into the black hole (BH) magnetosphere, the force-free state of the magnetosphere cannot be maintained, leading to the emergence of strong, time-dependent, longitudinal electric fields (i.e., spark gaps). Recent studies of supermassive BH magnetospheres using analytical methods and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations propose the possibility of efficient particle acceleration and consequent gamma-ray emission in the spark gap. In this work, we perform 1D general relativistic PIC simulations to examine the gamma-ray emission from

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Bacchini, Fabio. "RelSIM: A Relativistic Semi-implicit Method for Particle-in-cell Simulations." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 268, no. 2 (2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acefba.

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Abstract We present a novel Relativistic Semi-Implicit Method (RelSIM) for particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of astrophysical plasmas, implemented in a code framework ready for production runs. While explicit PIC methods have gained widespread recognition in the astrophysical community as a reliable tool to simulate plasma phenomena, implicit methods have been seldom explored. This is partly due to the lack of a reliable relativistic implicit PIC formulation that is applicable to state-of-the-art simulations. We propose the RelSIM to fill this gap: our new method is relatively simple, being f

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Semenov, V., D. Korovinskiy, A. Divin, N. Erkaev, and H. Biernat. "Collisionless magnetic reconnection: analytical model and PIC simulation comparison." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 3 (2009): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-905-2009.

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Abstract. Magnetic reconnection is believed to be responsible for various explosive processes in the space plasma including magnetospheric substorms. The Hall effect is proved to play a key role in the reconnection process. An analytical model of steady-state magnetic reconnection in a collisionless incompressible plasma is developed using the electron Hall MHD approximation. It is shown that the initial complicated system of equations may split into a system of independent equations, and the solution of the problem is based on the Grad-Shafranov equation for the magnetic potential. The result

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Alhakamy, Nabil A., Giuseppe Caruso, Mohammed W. Al-Rabia, et al. "Piceatannol-Loaded Bilosome-Stabilized Zein Protein Exhibits Enhanced Cytostatic and Apoptotic Activities in Lung Cancer Cells." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050638.

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Piceatannol (PIC) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic stilbene, and it has pleiotropic pharmacological properties. Moreover, PIC has cytotoxic actions among various cancer cells. In this work, preparations of PIC-loaded bilosome–zein (PIC-BZ) were designed, formulated, and characterized, and the optimized PIC-BZ cytotoxic activities, measured as half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), against lung cancer cell line was investigated. Box–Behnken design was utilized in order to examine the effect of preparation factors on drug entrapment and particle size. PIC-BZ showed a spherical shape

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Kang, Sang Hun. "PIC-DSMC Simulation of a Hall Thruster Plume with Charge Exchange Effects Using pdFOAM." Aerospace 10, no. 1 (2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010044.

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To develop technologies for the stable operation of electric propulsion systems, the effects of charge exchange (CEX) on the exhaust plume of a Hall thruster were studied using the particle-in-cell direct simulation Monte Carlo (PIC-DSMC) method. For the numerical analysis, an OpenFOAM-based code, pdFOAM, with a simple electron fluid model was employed. In an example problem using the D55 Hall thruster exhaust plume, the results showed good agreement with experimental measurements of the plasma potential. In the results, CEX effects enhanced Xe+ particle scattering near the thruster exit. Howe

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ABUDUREXITI, A., Y. MIKADO, and T. OKADA. "ENERGETIC PROTON ACCELERATION BY ULTRAINTENSE LASER PULSES IN INHOMOGENEOUS PLASMA TARGETS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 03n04 (2007): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920704246x.

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Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations of fast particles produced by a short laser pulse with duration of 40 fs and an intensity of 1020W/cm2 interacting with a foil target are performed. The experimental process is numerically simulated by considering a triangular concave target illuminated by an ultraintense laser. We have demonstrated increased acceleration and higher proton energies for triangular concave targets. We also determined the optimum target plasma conditions for maximum proton acceleration. The results indicated that a change in the plasma target shape directly affects the degree of

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Medina-Torrejón, Tania E., Elisabete M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, and Grzegorz Kowal. "Particle Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection in Relativistic Jets: The Transition from Small to Large Scales." Astrophysical Journal 952, no. 2 (2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd699.

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Abstract Several MHD works, and, in particular, the recent one by Medina-Torrejón et al. based on three-dimensional MHD simulations of relativistic jets, have evidenced that particle acceleration by magnetic reconnection driven by the turbulence in the flow occurs from the resistive up to the large injection scale of the turbulence. Particles experience Fermi-type acceleration up to ultrahigh energies, predominantly of the parallel velocity component to the local magnetic field, in the reconnection layers in all scales due to the ideal electric fields of the background fluctuations (V × B, whe

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Veitzer, Seth A., and Daniel Main. "Advances in Particle-In-Cell Modeling of Low-Temperature Plasma Ion Sources." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2743, no. 1 (2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012021.

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Abstract Ion sources that use low-temperature plasma (LTP) discharges are used in a variety of applications, including ion implantation, mass spectrometry, and plasma processing. In recent years there has been a growing interest in using particle-in-cell (PIC) modeling to improve the performance and optimization of LTP-based ion sources. PIC modeling is a powerful tool for simulating the dynamics of plasmas because it accurately models the effects of self-consistent fields, charge deposition, plasma chemistry, magnetic confinement, and accurate sheath physics. However, PIC simulations can be c

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Geiser, Jürgen, and Sven Blankenburg. "Plasma and BIAS Modeling: Self-Consistent Electrostatic Particle-in-Cell with Low-Density Argon Plasma for TiC." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/931415.

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We motivate our study by simulating the particle transport of a thin film deposition process done by PVD (physical vapor deposition) processes. In this paper we present a new model taken into account a self-consistent electrostatic-particle in cell model with low density Argon plasma. The collision model are based of Monte Carlo simulations is discussed for DC sputtering in lower pressure regimes. In order to simulate transport phenomena within sputtering processes realistically, a spatial and temporal knowledge of the plasma density and electrostatic field configuration is needed. Due to rela

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Leboeuf, Jean-Noel G., Viktor K. Decyk, David E. Newman, and Raul Sanchez. "Implementation of 2D Domain Decomposition in the UCAN Gyrokinetic Particle-in-Cell Code and Resulting Performance of UCAN2." Communications in Computational Physics 19, no. 1 (2016): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.070115.030715a.

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AbstractThe massively parallel, nonlinear, three-dimensional (3D), toroidal, electrostatic, gyrokinetic, particle-in-cell (PIC), Cartesian geometry UCAN code, with particle ions and adiabatic electrons, has been successfully exercised to identify non-diffusive transport characteristics in present day tokamak discharges. The limitation in applying UCAN to larger scale discharges is the 1D domain decomposition in the toroidal (or z-) direction for massively parallel implementation using MPI which has restricted the calculations to a few hundred ion Larmor radii or gyroradii per plasma minor radi

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Hoshi, Kento, Hirotsugu Kojima, Takanobu Muranaka, and Hiroshi Yamakawa. "Thrust calculation of electric solar wind sail by particle-in-cell simulation." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 9 (2016): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-845-2016.

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Abstract. In this study, thrust characteristics of an electric solar wind sail were numerically evaluated using full three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The thrust obtained from the PIC simulation was lower than the thrust estimations obtained in previous studies. The PIC simulation indicated that ambient electrons strongly shield the electrostatic potential of the tether of the sail, and the strong shield effect causes a greater thrust reduction than has been obtained in previous studies. Additionally, previous expressions of the thrust estimation were modified by using the s

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CHUTOV, Yu I., O. Yu KRAVCHENKO, R. D. SMIRNOV, and P. P. J. M. SCHRAM. "Relaxation of dusty plasmas in plasma crystals." Journal of Plasma Physics 63, no. 1 (2000): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377899008107.

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Relaxation phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals have been investigated, including both the self-consistent electric charge of dust particles and the electron and ion velocity distribution functions, by means of a modified 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The results obtained show that the mutual interaction of dust particles in such crystals leads to special properties of the background electrons and ions due to their selective collection by dust particles during the relaxation. These electrons and ions can behave as non-ideal components of dusty plasmas in plasma crystals even i

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Bashirova, Karina I., and Constantin I. Mikhaylenko. "A method for estimating the residence time of dispersed particles in the channel of a counter-current vortex tube." Вестник Пермского университета. Физика, no. 3 (2024): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-3598-2024-3-60-66.

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In this paper, the process of removing spherical particles from an incompressible fluid through the hot outlet of a vortex tube is investigated. The removal rate was estimated through computational simulations using OpenFOAM software. The numerical solution was carried out using denseParticleFoam solver of OpenFOAM, which implements the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method using the Eulerian approach for the continuous phase and the Lagrangian approach for the dispersed phase. Five series of numerical experiments were carried out, with variations in the initial particle position in the

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Alhakamy, Nabil A., Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin, Osama A. A. Ahmed, et al. "Piceatannol-Loaded Emulsomes Exhibit Enhanced Cytostatic and Apoptotic Activities in Colon Cancer Cells." Antioxidants 9, no. 5 (2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050419.

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Piceatannol (PIC), a naturally occurring polyphenolic stilbene, has pleiotropic pharmacological activities. It has reported cytotoxic activities against different cancer cells. In the present study, PIC emulsomes (PIC-E) were formulated and assessed for cytotoxic activity. A Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the influence of formulation factors on particle size and drug entrapment. After optimization, the formulation had a spherical shape with a particle size of 125.45 ± 1.62 nm and entrapment efficiency of 93.14% ± 2.15%. Assessment of cytotoxic activities indicated that the opti

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Grunwald, Joschka, and Paolo Mercorelli. "Visualization of the Plasma Frequency by means of a Particle Simulation using a Normalized Periodic Model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2162, no. 1 (2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2162/1/012016.

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Abstract In plasmas the atoms are dissociated into ions and free electrons. Due to the high mobility of the electrons, plasmas are a vibrating medium. As a result, a plasma frequency can be determined, which is an important parameter for characterizing a material. In this study, the plasma frequency is to be visualized. For this purpose, a mathematical model will be set up to describe the electron kinetics. The electrons are briefly deflected with a force against the static ion background in order to examine the interaction between the particles in the form of electrostatic fields. The discret

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Henríquez-Vargas, Luis, Pablo Donoso-García, Lawrence Lackey, et al. "Modeling of the Solid Stress Tensor in the MP-PIC Method: A Review of Methods and Applications." Mathematics 12, no. 23 (2024): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12233700.

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In recent years, the fast growth of computational power has allowed the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in a wide range of areas of interest, such as gas–solid unit operations. In this context, the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method appears as an option to represent fluid–particle and particle–particle interactions, avoiding the complexity of tracking each particle and the high computational cost derived from this. The MP-PIC method can represent the particles as a group with the same characteristics, allowing the simulation of gas–solid systems at different scales.

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Kumar, Atul, and Juan F. Caneses Marin. "Kinetic simulations of collision-less plasmas in open magnetic geometries ^*." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 64, no. 3 (2022): 035012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac3dee.

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Abstract Laboratory plasmas in open magnetic geometries can be found in many different applications such as (a) scrape-of-layer (SOL) and divertor regions in toroidal confinement fusion devices, (b) linear divertor simulators, (c) plasma-based thrusters and (d) magnetic mirrors etc. A common feature of these plasma systems is the need to resolve, in addition to velocity space, at least one physical dimension (e.g. along flux lines) to capture the relevant physics. In general, this requires a kinetic treatment. Fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations can be applied but at the expense o

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Tavassoli, Arash, Mina Papahn Zadeh, Andrei Smolyakov, Magdi Shoucri, and Raymond J. Spiteri. "The electron cyclotron drift instability: A comparison of particle-in-cell and continuum Vlasov simulations." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 3 (2023): 033905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134457.

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The linear and nonlinear characteristics of the electron cyclotron drift instability (ECDI) have been studied through the particle-in-cell (PIC) and continuum Vlasov simulation methods in connection with the effects of the azimuthal length (in the [Formula: see text] direction) on the simulations. Simulation results for a long azimuthal length (17.82 cm [Formula: see text], where ωce is the electron cyclotron frequency and vd is the E × B drift of the electrons) are reported, for which a high resolution is achieved in Fourier space. For simulations with a long azimuthal length, the linear grow

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Wu, Hao, Zhaoyu Chen, Lin Yi, Wei Jiang, and Ya Zhang. "Note on the energy transport in capacitively coupled plasmas." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (2022): 047001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac5c60.

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Abstract Particle and energy balance relations are the key to understanding the discharge in low-temperature plasmas. In this note, we derived the energy transport balances in capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) based on the electromagnetic theory. Then we calculated the energy transport terms in CCPs from particle-in-cell/MonteCarlo (PIC/MC) simulations, including the energy absorption, energy density, energy flow, and the energy dissipation terms, both for the particles and the field. The spatial-temporal dependant and averaged distributions of energy transport terms are shown at different p

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Lin, H., and C. P. Liu. "Interpolation-free particle simulation." Laser and Particle Beams 38, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034619000806.

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AbstractParticle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation is an interpolation-based method on the Newton–Maxwell (N–M) system. Its well-known drawback is its shape/interpolation functions often causing the violation of continuity equations (CEs) at mesh nodes and that of Maxwell equations (MEs) at particles' positions. Whether this drawback can be overcome by choosing/solving suitable shape/interpolation functions is of fundamental importance for the PIC simulation. Until now, these shape/interpolation functions are usually subjectively chosen and, hence, always invoke the drawback. Here, we first investigate

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Jipa, Florin, Laura Ionel, and Marian Zamfirescu. "Advances in Design and Fabrication of Micro-Structured Solid Targets for High-Power Laser-Matter Interaction." Photonics 11, no. 11 (2024): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111008.

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Accelerated particles have multiple applications in materials research, medicine, and the space industry. In contrast to classical particle accelerators, laser-driven acceleration at intensities greater than 1018 W/cm2, currently achieved at TW and PW laser facilities, allow for much larger electric field gradients at the laser focus point, several orders of magnitude higher than those found in conventional kilometer-sized accelerators. It has been demonstrated that target design becomes an important factor to consider in ultra-intense laser experiments. The energetic and spatial distribution

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