Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Particles (Nuclear physics) Scattering amplitude (Nuclear physics)'

A relativistic equation, known as the Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau (KDP) equation, for spin-0 particles is used to study low energy pion-nucleus scattering. This equation is linear and the optical potential is completely local in contrast to the quadratic Klein-Gordon equation which contains gradient terms in the p-wave part of the potential when applied to pion-nucleus scattering. Specifically, if we use an almost minimal coupling scheme (scalar and vector potentials), then this equation is equivalent to the Klein-Gordon equation with a Kisslinger potential and an effective Ericson-Ericson-Lorentz-Lorenz parameter $ lambda$ = 3. Experimentally, the $ lambda$ parameter is subject to uncertainty and no agreement has been reached about its value, though it must be greater than 1.6. The full KDP optical potential is obtained by taking the impulse terms from $ pi$-N scattering data and folding this with the nuclear density and then adding a true absorption contribution which is quadratic in the densities. It is shown that good agreement can be obtained for elastic scattering on light nuclei at low energies.

A phase-shift analysis of elastic pion-nucleon scattering data g from threshold to a pion kinetic energy of 1100 MeV was performed. The resulting partial-wave amplitudes were investigated in the complex energy plane, and the resonance states with their associated zeros and poles were determined. Particular emphasis was given on elucidating the nature of the P₁₁ partial wave. The phase-shift analysis consisted of both energy-independent and energy-dependent analyses. The energy dependent partial waves were parametrized as a coupled channel K-matrix whose elements are polynomials in energy plus an explicit pole term. A complete description of the investigation and the experimental data used are included as is a description of the theoretical models used for interpretation of the results.
Ph. D.

Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
In this thesis a general relativistic formalism for neutrino-induced weak production of strange particles is presented. In our formalism it is shown that the differential cross section is constructed as a contraction between a leptonic tensor and a hadronic tensor. The electroweak theory of Glashow, Salam and Weinberg is used to calculate the leptonic tensor exactly. The hadronic current is determined from the newly derived general form of the weak hadronic current which is expressed in terms of eighteen invariant amplitudes that parametrize the hadron vertex. The Born diagram is used to approximate the unknown hadronic vertex and the numerical calculation is made by evaluating the tree diagrams in terms of standard weak form factors and the strong coupling constants in the framework of the Cabibbo theory and SU(3) symmetry. The investigation is made for charged current reactions in terms of the angular distribution of the differential cross section with respect to the outgoing kaon angle and the results are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 143 p.; also contains graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: L. Stanley Durkin, Dept. of Physics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-143).

We study elastic and inelastic (2 cluster) - (2 cluster) scattering amplitudes for N-body quantum systems. For potentials falling off like r⁻^-1-E we prove that below the lowest 3-cluster threshold these amplitudes exist, are continuous and that asymptotic completeness holds. Moreover, if potentials fall off exponentially we prove that these amplitudes can be meromorphically continued in the energy, with square root branch points at the 2 cluster thresholds.
Ph. D.

Orientador: Marcio José Menon
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: A Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD) constitui a teoria quântica de campos da interação forte. Apesar do seu sucesso na descrição de diversos processos envolvendo hádrons, o espalhamento elástico ainda é um desafio para a teoria. Este processo é caracterizado por pequeno momento transferido e, nessa escala, não é possível utilizar a abordagem perturbativa. Embora resultados não-perturbativos tenham sido obtidos recentemente, ainda não possuímos uma descrição completa (para qualquer energia e momento transferido) no âmbito da QCD para grandezas físicas associadas ao espalhamento elástico, por exemplo, a seção de choque total ($\sigmatot$), o parâmetro $\rho$, a seção de choque elástica ($\sigmael$) e a seção de choque diferencial. As descrições dos dados experimentais associados baseiam-se em abordagens empíricas e fenomenológicas tais como o Formalismo de Regge-Gribov e modelos inspirados em QCD. Desde o início das operações do LHC, nós tivemos a oportunidade de estudar essas grandezas nas energias mais altas disponíveis em experimentos de aceleradores, especificamente 7 e 8 TeV para o espalhamento próton-próton ($pp$). Nesta tese, o interesse principal é a dependência com a energia de três grandezas, especificamente a razão $X=\sigmael/\sigmatot$, $\sigmatot$ e o parâmetro $\rho$, ou seja, o comportamento destas grandezas em energias altas e assintóticas, bem como a influência de contribuições sub-dominantes para $\sigmatot$. Estes tópicos estão divididos em três estudos independentes, mas complementares, envolvendo aspectos empíricos, fenomenológicos e teóricos. No primeiro tópico, desenvolvemos uma análise empírica da razão $\sigmael/\sigmatot$, a qual está relacionada com a função perfil com parâmetro de impacto nulo (opacidade hadrônica central). Através de parametrizações apropriadas, com um número pequeno de parâmetros livres, obtivemos boas descrições dos dados experimentais dos espalhamentos $pp$ e antipróton-próton ($\ppbar$). A partir dos ajustes aos dados utilizando quatro variantes, concluímos que o cenário assintótico de disco negro não é a única solução e, além disso, os resultados favorecem um cenário de disco cinza. No segundo tópico, estudamos o crescimento de $\sigmatot$ em função da energia através de parametrizações baseadas no formalismo de Regge-Gribov e testamos dois termos dominantes, um logaritmo ao quadrado e um logaritmo elevado a um número real $\gamma$, onde $\gamma$ é um parâmetro livre de ajuste. Adicionalmente, discutimos dois métodos analíticos para conectar as partes real e imaginária da amplitude de espalhamento elástico, especificamente Relações de Dispersão Derivativas (RDD) e Unicidade Assintótica (UA), os quais resultam em diferentes parametrizações para $\sigmatot$ e parâmetro $\rho$. Por sua vez, essas diferenças são também discutidas. Os resultados favorecem a método RDD tanto no contexto formal, quanto no contexto prático. A recente tensão entre os dados das Colaborações TOTEM e ATLAS em 7 e 8 TeV também é discutida e considerada nas reduções de dados. No terceiro e último tópico, dois termos subdominantes de $\sigmatot$ obtidos em uma abordagem não-perturbativa da QCD para o espalhamento elástico são considerados em ajustes aos dados de $pp$ e $\ppbar$, bem como em ajustes aos dados de outras reações bárion-bárion e méson-bárion. Nesta análise, com um parâmetro extra e com informações teóricas adicionais, também obtemos um cenário assintótico de disco cinza
Abstract: Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) constitutes the quantum field theory of the strong interaction. Despite the success of this theory in the description of several processes involving hadrons, the elastic scattering is still a theoretical challenge. This process is characterized by a small transferred momentum and, in this range, the perturbative techniques are not applicable. Although nonperturbative results have been obtained in recent years, we still do not have a full description within QCD of the quantities related to the elastic scattering, valid for all the energies and transferred momentum, for example, the total cross section ($\sigmatot$), the $\rho$ parameter, the elastic cross section ($\sigmael$) and the differential cross section. The attempts to describe experimental data rely on empirical and phenomenological approaches such as Regge-Gribov Formalism and QCD inspired models. Since the start of Run 1 at the LHC, we have the opportunity to study the quantities above in the largest energies available in accelerator experiments, namely 7 and 8 TeV for proton-proton ($pp$) scattering. In this thesis, the main interest is in the energy dependence of three quantities, the ratio $X=\sigmael/\sigmatot$, the $\sigmatot$ and the $\rho$ parameter, namely the behaviour at high and asymptotic energies, as well as the influence of sub-leading contributions to $\sigmatot$. These topics are divided into three different, but complementary studies, involving empirical, phenomenological and theoretical aspects. In the first topic, we develop an empirical analysis on the ratio $\sigmael/\sigmatot$, a quantity related to the profile function at impact parameter zero (the hadronic central opacity). By means of suitable parameterizations, with a small number of free parameters, we have obtained good descriptions of the experimental data on $pp$ and antiproton-proton ($\ppbar$) data. From the fits with four variants, we conclude that the asymptotic black-disk scenario is not a unique solution and, moreover, the results favour a grey-disk scenario. In the second topic, we study the rise of $\sigmatot$ with the energy through parameterizations based on the Regge-Gribov formalism and we consider two options for the leading terms: a log-square and a log-raised-to-$\gamma$, with $\gamma$ a free fit parameter. In addition, we discuss two analytic methods to connect the real and imaginary parts of the elastic scattering amplitude, namely Derivative Dispersion Relations (DDR) and Asymptotic Uniqueness (AU), which lead to different parameterizations for $\sigmatot$ and the $\rho$ parameter; these differences are critically discussed. The results favour the DDR method in both formal and practical contexts. The recent tension between the TOTEM and ATLAS data at 7 and 8 TeV is discussed and considered in the data reductions. In the third topic, two sub-leading terms for $\sigmatot$, obtained in a nonperturbative QCD approach to the elastic scattering, are considered in fits to $pp$ and $\ppbar$ data and also in fits to data from meson-baryon and other baryon-baryon scattering. In this analysis, with an extra parameter, and with theoretical inputs, we also obtain an asymptotic grey-disk scenario for the colliding particles
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências
152985/2013-1
2013/27060-3, 2015/21855-0
CNPQ
FAPESP

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Physics and Astronomy.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 259-265). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR51493

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006.
Advisor: Paul Eugenio, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Physics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 8, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 155 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

The quark-connected part of the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment is computed using lattice QCD with chiral fermions. We report several significant algorithmic improvements and demonstrate their effectiveness through specific calculations which show a reduction in statistical errors by more than an order of magnitude. The most realistic of these calculations is performed with a near-physical, 139 MeV pion mass on a (5.5 fm)³ spatial volume using the 48³ × 96 Iwasaki gauge ensemble of the RBC/UKQCD Collaboration.

In this thesis, we construct two QCD based energy loss models to perform quantitative analysis of jet quenching observables in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and the LHC. We first build up a perturbative QCD based CUJET2.0 jet flavor tomography model that couples the dynamical running coupling DGLV opacity series to bulk data constrained relativistic viscous hydrodynamic backgrounds. It solves the strong heavy quark energy loss puzzle at RHIC and explains the surprising transparency of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) at the LHC. The observed azimuthal anisotropy of hard leading hadrons requires a path dependent jet-medium coupling in CUJET2.0 that implies physics of nonperturbative origin. To explore the nonperturbative chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic structure of the strongly-coupled QGP through jet probes, we build up a new CUJET3.0 framework that includes in CUJET2.0 both Polyakov loop suppressed semi-QGP chromo-electric charges and emergent chromo-magnetic monopoles in the critical transition regime. CUJET3.0 quantitatively describes the anisotropic hadron suppression at RHIC and the LHC. More significantly, it provides a robust connection between the long wavelength "perfect fluidity'' of the QGP and the short distance jet transport in the QGP. This framework paves the way for ``measuring'' both perturbative and nonperturbative properties of the QGP, and more importantly for probing color confinement through jet quenching.

The Spin Muon Collaboration (SMC) measures the spin dependent structure function $g\sb1$ of the proton and nentron by measuring the scattering asymmetry of polarized 200 GeV muons off polarized protons and deuterons. The structure functions enable tests of theoretical sum rules, and a measurement of the spin contribution of the quarks to the nucleon. The uncertainty of the muon beam polarization was a major source of error in preliminary measurements of proton structure functions. A muon polarimeter measuring the shape of the Michel spectrum of positrons from muon decay was built. In this polarimeter muons enter and are allowed to decay $(\mu\sp+ \to e\sp+\nu\sb{e}\bar\nu\sb{\mu})$ in a 35 meter length. The shape of the momentum spectrum of electrons is sensitive to the muon polarization. The decay positrons are momentum-analyzed and the measured spectrum is fit to the Michel formula to determine the polarization. A data sample with a $\mu\sp-$ beam was used to estimate the effects of background events in the spectrum. Careful analysis of the polarimeter data determined the polarization to within 3%. The muon polarization was found to be stable in time and to vary with muon momentum. This variation will be included in the structure function analysis. A second polarimeter measuring the scattering asymmetry of polarized muons off polarized electrons obtained consistent results. The two independent polarization measurements were combined to give a polarization of $-$0.778 $\pm$ 0.019 at 186.9 GeV. With the improved structure function measurements, the Bjorken sum rule was tested and confirmed. Assuming that the gluons are unpolarized, the contribution of the quarks to the nucleon spin was estimated to be 20%, and the strange quark sea negatively polarized.