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Journal articles on the topic 'Particularised implicature and scalar implicature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

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1

SARI, PUSPITA, and ANNE JULITZA LITBAGAY. "Implicature in the Dialogue of 500 Days of Summer Movie by Marc Webb: the Study of Pragmatics." English Journal Literacy Utama 3, no. 1 (December 2, 2018): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33197/ejlutama.vol3.iss1.2019.32.

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The title of this research is ??Implicate in The Dialogue of 500 Days of Summer Movie by Marc Webb: Pragmatics Study??. The topic studied in this research is about implicature that is as a tool of meaning submission implicitly in an utterance. This research aims to identify and analyze types of implicature and levels of intended meaning that appear in the dialog of 500 Days of Summer movie. The method of this research is descriptive analysis method. The descriptive analysis method is a method that explains or describes an object research through analyzed data. The source of data used is taken from the dialog of 500 Days of Summer movie, derived from the website. The results of this research show that there are four types of implicature appear in the dialog of 500 Days of Summer and there are 30 data have been analyzed as implicatures. There are data as generalized conversational implicature, 2 data as scalar implicature, 19 data as particularized conversational implicature, and 8 data as conventional implicature. Besides that, the results show that the implicatures contain intended meanings that have been classified according to the levels of intended meaning. There are 6 data as speaker??s literal meaning, 2 data as speaker??s occasion meaning, 13 data as the hint level, 6 data as the manipulation level, 2 data as the secret deception level, and one utterance as the subconscious or self-deception level. Therefore, it can be concluded that particularized conversational implicature is a dominant implicature and the hint level as a dominant level of intended meaning that appear in the dialog of 500 Days of Summer movie.

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2

Kurniawan, Eko, and Shofi Mahmudah Budi Utami. "Conversational Implicature Of Women’s Language By Shin Tanokura In Drama Series Of Oshin." IZUMI 10, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.1.184-192.

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This study aims to describe the conversational implicature of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin. Research-based on a theory of Azuma (2009) for implicature as women’s language and Yule (2006) for conversational implicature. It is a kind of qualitative research. The data collection technique used is the observing method. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis with Connect and Compare Equation Technique and Connect and Distinguishing Technique. The result showed that the conversational implicature of women’s language by Shin Tanokura in the drama series of Oshin is generalized conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature, and scalar implicature. These three implicatures present markers that confirm the utterances belong to the variety of women’s language. In conclusion, the use of the implicature with high intensity is a marker of the utterance that belongs to the variety of women’s language. The variety of women’s language with the use of implicature gives an impression and an image about the characteristic of women and the variety of women’s language.

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3

Widya Kusuma, Ni Made Yunita, and Ngurah Indra Pradhana. "Daya Perlokusi pada Implikatur Percakapan dalam Anime Tsuki Ga Kirei." Jurnal SAKURA : Sastra, Bahasa, Kebudayaan dan Pranata Jepang 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/js.2022.v04.i01.p02.

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The goals of this research are to find and describe the kinds of conversational implicature and the power of perlocutionary effect on conversational implicature in Anime Tsuki Ga Kirei. The theories that are used come from Yule about classification of implicature and perlocutionary act from Austin. The method that used is descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that particularized conversational implicature were found to be more than generalized conversational implicature. Because, the additional knowledge possessed by each character was not equal. Meanwhile, scalar implicature and conventional implicature were not found. The perlocutionary effect on generalized implicature is in line with the implications of utterance. Then, perlocutionary effect in particularized conversational implicature are 11 data know the special knowledges and in line with the implications of utterance, 3 data know the special knowledges but not in line with the implications, and 1 data did not know the special knowledges and not in line with the implications.

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Rosyiidah, Afiifah Al. "AN ANALYSIS OF IMPLICATURES FOUND IN WHATSAPP STORIES." Prosodi 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/prosodi.v14i1.7195.

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This study focuses on implicatures found in the WhatsApp stories. This study aims to find and explain types of implicatures found in WhatsApp stories using the theory proposed by Yule (1996). This study employs qualitative design as the research design. In addition, content analysis is applied to obtain the data in which the writer becomes the key instrument of the study. Interactive data analysis, then, is conducted to analyze and explain the data. The data of the study are taken from WhatsApp stories that appears in the writer’s WhatsApp application. This study shows the findings of the types of implicatures. The data are classified into four types of implicatures: generalized conversational implicatures (5 data), particularized conversational implicatures (7 data), scalar implicature (2 data), and conventional implicatures (1 datum).

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5

McNabb, Yaron. "Differences and similarities between scalar inferences and scalar modifiers: The case of quantifiers." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 25 (November 17, 2015): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v25i0.3124.

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Despite the rich theoretical and experimental work on scalar implicature, many of the studies on this topic were limited to some vs. all, neglecting the cross-categorial pervasiveness of the phenomena. The few experimental studies involving a more diverse group of scalar implicatures have found variation among expressions in the likelihood they give rise to scalar implicature, thereby challenging the assumption that scalar implicature (and generalized conversational implicature) is a uniform phenomenon (Doran, Baker, McNabb, Larson & Ward 2009; Doran, Ward, Larson, McNabb & Baker 2012; Van Tiel, Van Miltenburg, Zevakhina & Geurts 2014). This paper presents a first, systematic investigation of the degree to which a large group of quantifiers give rise to the implicature ‘not all’ using an utterance compatibility task with a modified Likert scale. Two accounts for the variation among quantifiers are proposed: (i) Shared semantic properties among three coherent groups of quantifiers account for the degree they give rise to upper- bound implicature; or (ii) the likelihood of an implicature is a function of the scalar distance between the various quantifiers and ‘all’. The predictions these two accounts make are discussed, charting the way to a future investigation of the heterogeneity of scalar implicature.

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6

Liu, Si, and Chunmei Wang. "Testing the Cognitive Processing Model of Chinese Scalar Implicatures." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 3 (March 16, 2016): 1074–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i3.4675.

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This paper reports our experimental study of the cognitive processing of scalar implicature in the Chinese language. Our experiments tested the two processing models: the Default model proposed by the neo-Gricean theorists and the Context-Driven model supported by the post-Gricean, which has long been debated in the pragmatic research field. Our Experiment 1 investigated whether scalar implicature might be generated in neutral contexts (neither enabling nor canceling the processing of scalar implicature). By manipulating the scalar trigger yixie (some) in sentence-initial and sentence-final conditions, the reading times on the target phrase qiyude/qitade (the rest/the others) showed facilitation in the sentence-initial. In Experiment 2, a picture-sentence verification of under-informative utterance was performed in order to test the cost of generating scalar implicature. The results showed the significant effects of the two factors (Quantifiers <all, some> and Picture-Match/NoMatch). The yes/no responses showed that native speakers of Chinese were sensitive to scalar implicature. However, the role of context in processing scalar implicature was not supported. Experiment 3 was designed to test the processing of scalar implicature in Upper-Bound (enabling the processing) and Lower-Bound (canceling the processing) contexts. The result of this online experiment was slightly in favor of the Context-Driven model. The findings of the three experiments were significantly in agreement with neither the CM nor the DM. We presumed that the processing of scalar implicature might be accounted for with an alternative model. This was the first study to use this experimental paradigm in the Chinese language, whose findings were expected to highlight a need for further studies in order to investigate the meaning processing models with various languages and cultures.

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7

Abbott, Barbara, and Laurence R. Horn. "Nonfamiliarity and indefinite descriptions." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.551.

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Kehler & Ward (2006) argue for the existence of NONFAMILIARITY IMPLICATURES, including one that results from the use of English a/an rather than the. This implicature appears intended to subsume the scalar implicature of nonuniqueness postulated by Hawkins (1991). In this paper we try to clarify the nature of such a nonfamiliarity implicature, and we present evidence that such an implicature does not supplant Hawkins’ nonuniqueness implicature for indefinites.

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8

Yong-Beom Kim and 이일재. "-Nun/-Un and Scalar Implicature." Linguistic Research 27, no. 1 (April 2010): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17250/khisli.27.1.201004.008.

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9

GEURTS, BART. "Scalar Implicature and Local Pragmatics." Mind & Language 24, no. 1 (February 2009): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.01353.x.

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10

Chien, Arnold. "Scalar implicature and contrastive explanation." Synthese 161, no. 1 (January 30, 2007): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-006-9153-6.

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11

Yasinta, Yasinta, Lelly Suhartini, and Rohmana Rohmana. "AN ANALYSIS OF IMPLICATURE IN “ICE AGE 3 MOVIE”." Journal of Teaching English 5, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/jte.v5i1.13593.

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This study investigated the types and the functions of conversational implicature were used in Ice Age 3 movie. The objectives of this study have identified the types and described the functions of conversational implicature were used in "Ice Age 3 Movie''. The technique of data analysis was the researcher identified the utterances which are containing conversational implicature in ice age 3 movie based on the theory of implicature which purposed by Yule and classified the utterances based on the types of conversational implicature, namely particular implicature, scalar implicature, and generalized implicature. The researcher described the function implicature are used in ice age 3 movie based on the theory of speech act classification which is proposed by Searle. The result of this study showed that there are three types of conversational implicature found on Ice Age 3 movie based on implicature theory by Yule and the researcher also found there are four functions of conversational implicature were used in Ice Age 3 movie based on a theory of speech act by Searle.

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12

Gotzner, Nicole, Stephanie Solt, and Anton Benz. "Adjectival scales and three types of implicature." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28 (November 19, 2018): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v28i0.4445.

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In this work, we explore the relationship between three different inferencestriggered by gradable adjectives. In particular, we look at scalar implicature andtwo competing inferences occuring under negation - scale reversal (indirect scalarimplicature) and a type of manner implicature called negative strengthening. In aseries of experiments, we test a variety of adjectival scales and explore correlationsbetween different inferences. Our results show that some scales are more likelyto generate scalar implicature while others lean more towards generating negativestrengthening. The extent to which scalar implicature and scale reversal correlate forthe same scales, in turn, is lower than expected. We discuss our findings with respectto the mechanisms underlying the three types of inferences and factors accountingfor differences across scales, with a focus on semantic distance, boundedness, thetype of standard of comparison and adjectival extremeness.

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Benz, Anton, Carla Bombi, and Nicole Gotzner. "Scalar diversity and negative strengthening." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 60 (January 1, 2018): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.60.2018.462.

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In recent years, experimental research has demontrated great variability in the ratesof scalar inferences across different triggering expressions (Doran et al. 2009, 2012, van Tielet al. 2016). These studies have been taken as evidence against the so-called uniformity assumption,which posits that scalar implicature is triggered by a single mechanism and that thebehaviour of one scale should generalize to the whole family of scales. In the following, wepresent an experimental study that tests negative strengthening for a variety of strong scalarterms, following up on van Tiel et al. (2016). For example, we tested whether the statementJohn is not brilliant is strengthened to mean that John is not intelligent (see especially Horn1989). We show that endorsement rates of the scalar implicature (e.g., John is intelligent butnot brilliant) are anti-correlated with endorsements of negative strengthening. Further, wedemonstrate that a modified version of the uniformity hypothesis taking into account negativestrengthening is consistent with van Tiel et al.’s data. Therefore, variation across scales may bemore systematic than suggested by the van Tiel et al. study.Keywords: Scalar diversity, scalar implicature, manner implicature, negative strengthening,inferencing task.

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14

Rett, Jessica. "Manner implicatures and how to spot them." International Review of Pragmatics 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 44–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-01201105.

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Abstract The goal of this paper is to help develop a general picture of conversational implicature (Grice, 1975) by looking beyond scalar implicature to see how the phenomenon behaves in a general sense. I focus on non-scalar Quantity implicatures and Manner implicatures. I review canonical examples of Manner implicature, as well as a more recent, productive one involving gradable adjective antonym pairs (Rett, 2015). Based on these data, I argue that Manner implicatures—and conversational implicatures generally—are distinguishable primarily by their calculability; their reinforceability; their discourse sensitivity (to the Question Under Discussion; Roberts, 1990; van Kuppevelt, 1995; Simons et al., 2011); and their embeddability (under negation, propositional attitude verbs, quantifiers, etc.). I use these data to draw conclusions about the usefulness of implicature-specific operators and about ways to compositionally represent conversational implicatures.

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15

Hartshorne, Joshua K., Jesse Snedeker, Stephanie Yen-Mun Liem Azar, and Albert E. Kim. "The neural computation of scalar implicature." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30, no. 5 (December 24, 2014): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.981195.

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16

Reich, Jodi, Kelly Nedwick, Teodora Niculae-Caxi, Yang Liu, and Elena L. Grigorenko. "Scalar implicature in Chitonga-speaking children." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (July 8, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4112.

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Research on the acquisition of scalar implicature (SI) has provided evidence that young children interpret SI differently from adults. However, results have varied, and there is now mounting evidence that around six years of age, children are able to derive the pragmatic inferences associated with SI (Foppolo, Guasti, and Chierchia, 2012). Variability in results across studies could be due to factors such as data collection methods and language-specific differences. In order to add to the growing body of literature in a meaningful way, this research investigated the interpretation of sentences that include SI by Chitonga-speaking children (7-15 years old) in rural Southern Province, Zambia, who were notably beyond the key age of six. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the interpretation of SI in a Bantu language and suggest that the acquisition of pragmatic felicity with words on a scale follows the order of acquisition identified in previous research, but may emerge at a later age in this linguistic context.

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17

Horsten, Leon. "On the Quantitative Scalar or-Implicature." Synthese 146, no. 1-2 (August 2005): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-005-9076-7.

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18

Khairat, Mutia El. "Implicatures in Political Discourse on Indonesia Lawyers Club Show." Journal Polingua : Scientific Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Education 5, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/polingua.v5i1.18.

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Implicature in political discourse is one of interesting problem to be studied in linguistics. Sometimes, many politicians usesentences which imply something different than the literal meaning for certain political purposes. Mass media is one of intercessionbetween political doer and people, such as a talk show or dialogue of politics on television. Indonesia Lawyers Club is one of dialoguein television, which discuss about political issues in Indonesia. This article aimed at describing and explaining forms and kinds ofimplicature used in political discourse by using implicature theory from Grice (1975) and Gazdar (1979). The method use in collectingthe data is observational method and technique of Non Participant Observation (NPO) followed by recording and note takingtechnique. Furthermore, this study uses referential and pragmatic identity method in analyzing data. It is a descriptive research inwhich using a qualitative approach. The data of the research are taken from utterances as found in the political dialogue entitledIndonesia Lawyers Club, as TV programs. The result of research shows that implicature has found and used in political discourse inIndonesia Lawyers Club by breaking the cooperation principle in declarative and negative form, while interogative is not found inthis show. Besides, the use of implicature also found in the kinds of conventional implicature, generalized conversational andparticularized conventional implicature, and scalar implicature. Furthermore, the meaning of implicature consists of criticism,teasing, obscurity of meaning, image projection, agree, disagree, and euphemism. Pragmatics functions in implicature consist ofassertive, directive, expressive and commisive. Finally, the value in implicature consists of political value, those are self-image ofideology, power, aversion, democracy, and protection, and morality value.

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Baker, Rachel, Ryan Doran, Yaron McNabb, Meredith Larson, and Gregory Ward. "On the Non-Unified Nature of Scalar Implicature: An Empirical Investigation." International Review of Pragmatics 1, no. 2 (2009): 211–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187730909x12538045489854.

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AbstractScalar implicaure is often offered as the exemplar of generalized conversational implicature. However, despite the wealth of literature devoted to both the phenomenon in general and to specific examples, little attention has been paid to the various factors that may influence the generation and interpretation of scalar implicatures. This study employs the “Literal Lucy” methodology developed in Larson et al. (in press) to further investigate these factors in a controlled experimental setting. The results of our empirical investigation suggest that the type of scale employed affects whether or not speakers judge a particular scalar implicature to be part of the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance. Moreover, we found that features of the conversational context in which the implicature is situated also play an important role. Specifically, we have found that the number of scalar values evoked in the discourse context plays a significant role in the interpretation of scalar implicatures generated from gradable adjective scales but not other scale types. With respect to the effects of scale type, we have found that gradable adjectives were less frequently incorporated into truth-conditional meaning than cardinals, quantificational items, and ranked orderings. Additionally, ranked orderings were incorporated less than cardinals. Thus, the results from the current study show that the interpretation of scalar implicature is sensitive to both the associated scale type and discourse context.

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20

Yoon-kyoung Joh. "The Definiteness Effect as a Scalar Implicature." English21 27, no. 1 (March 2014): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2014.27.1.010.

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21

Degen, Judith, and Michael K. Tanenhaus. "Processing Scalar Implicature: A Constraint-Based Approach." Cognitive Science 39, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 667–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12171.

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22

Zhang, Shaojie, and Yanfei Zhang. "Scalar implicature: a Saussurean system-based approach." Language Sciences 51 (September 2015): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2015.05.003.

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23

Cummins, Chris, Uli Sauerland, and Stephanie Solt. "Granularity and scalar implicature in numerical expressions." Linguistics and Philosophy 35, no. 2 (April 2012): 135–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10988-012-9114-0.

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24

Liu, Si, and Jianan Liu. "Processing Scalar Implicatures in Mandarin Chinese: Testing the Processing Models." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 3 (June 22, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i3.11432.

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This study first adopted a participant-perception test to assess the processing model of scalar implicature in Chinese. Our main aim is to distinguish among the three possible processing mechanisms: the context-driven account, the default account and the standardized account. We designed two experiments to testify these three models mentioned above: one without any context and the other one with upper and lower contexts. In our Experiment 1, we conducted test items without contexts in child and adult groups, whose aim is to test the necessity of context to scalar implicature and thus clearly discern the three models. We found though without context, both children and adults group processed scalar implicature at a medium rate, which was an evidence to deny the context driven account. However, some adults tended to be confused about the experiment purpose when facing testing items totally without context constraints, and the children participants might get help from other developed linguistic ability in their processing, like the improved numeral ability. Thus it would be clear that the context account is unreliable, but it would still be early to tell whether the results support the default account or the standardization. In Experiment 2, we added the context constraints, the upper bound context and the lower bound context. Our final results, the still processing of utterance with SI in lower bound context and a similar reaction time to the scalar implicature processing in both upper and lower bound contexts denied the default account and showed a closer relation to the standardization account.

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25

Benz, Anton, Nicole Gotzner, and Lisa Raithel. "Embedded implicature in a new interactive paradigm." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 60 (January 1, 2018): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.60.2018.463.

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Previous research on scalar implicature has primarily relied on metalinguistic judgmenttasks and found varying rates of such inferences depending on the nature of the task andcontextual manipulations. This paper introduces a novel interactive paradigm involving both aproduction and a comprehension component, thereby fixing a precise conversational context.The main research question is what is reliably communicated by some in this communicativesetting, when the quantifier occurs in unembedded positions as well as embedded positions.Our new paradigm involves an action-based task from which participants’ interpretation of utterancescan be inferred. It incorporates a game–theoretic design, including a precise modelto predict participants’ behaviour in the experimental context. Our study shows that embeddedand unembedded implicatures are reliably communicated by some. We propose two cognitiveprinciples which describe what can be left unsaid. In our experimental context, a productionstrategy based on these principles is more efficient (with equal communicative success andshorter utterances) than a strategy based on literal descriptions.Keywords: scalar implicature, embedded implicature, experimental pragmatics, game–theoreticpragmatics.

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26

Shetreet, Einat, Gennaro Chierchia, and Nadine Gaab. "Whensomeis notevery: Dissociating scalar implicature generation and mismatch." Human Brain Mapping 35, no. 4 (April 9, 2013): 1503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22269.

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27

Romoli, Jacopo. "A scalar implicature-based approach to neg-raising." Linguistics and Philosophy 36, no. 4 (August 2013): 291–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10988-013-9136-2.

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28

Horn, Laurence. "WJ-40: Implicature, truth, and meaning." International Review of Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (2009): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187731009x455820.

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Abstract40-plus years ago Paul Grice initiated modern pragmatics by defining a relation of conversational implicature within a general theory of cooperation and rationality. While critics have disputed the formulation and derivation of Gricean principles, the overall framework, with appropriate emendations, remains the most natural and explanatory approach to predicting constraints on lexical incorporation, the behavior of scalar predicates, pragmatic strengthening, and other linguistic phenomena. Despite recent arguments for an enriched conception of propositional content, a range of real and fictional exchanges bearing on the distinction between lying and misleading supports the neo-Gricean view of an austere conception of what is said.

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29

PAPAFRAGOU, ANNA. "From scalar semantics to implicature: children's interpretation of aspectuals." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 721–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007550.

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One of the tasks of language learning is the discovery of the intricate division of labour between the lexical-semantic content of an expression and the pragmatic inferences the expression can be used to convey. Here we investigate experimentally the development of the semantics–pragmatics interface, focusing on Greek-speaking five-year-olds' interpretation of aspectual expressions such as arxizo (‘start’) and degree modifiers such as miso (‘half’) and mexri ti mesi (‘halfway’). Such expressions are known to give rise to scalar inferences crosslinguistically: for instance, start, even though compatible with expressions denoting completion (e.g. finish), is typically taken to implicate non-completion. Overall, our experiments reveal that children have limited success in deriving scalar implicatures from the use of aspectual verbs but they succeed with ‘discrete’ degree modifiers such as ‘half’. Furthermore, children are better at spontaneously computing scalar implicatures than judging the pragmatic appropriateness of scalar statements. Finally, children can suspend scalar implicatures in environments where they are not supported. We discuss implications of these results for the scope and limitations of children's ability to both acquire the lexical semantics of aspectuals and to compute implicatures as part of what the speaker means.

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30

SULLIVAN, Jessica, Kathryn DAVIDSON, Shirlene WADE, and David BARNER. "Differentiating scalar implicature from exclusion inferences in language acquisition." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 04 (April 10, 2019): 733–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000096.

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AbstractDuring acquisition, children must learn both the meanings of words and how to interpret them in context. For example, children must learn the logical semantics of the scalar quantifier some and its pragmatically enriched meaning: ‘some but not all’. Some studies have shown that ‘scalar implicature’ – that some implies ‘some but not all’ – poses a challenge even to nine-year-olds, while others find success by age three. We asked whether reports of children's successes might be due to the computation of exclusion inferences (like contrast or mutual exclusivity) rather than scalar implicatures. We found that young children (N = 214; ages 4;0–7;11) sometimes compute symmetrical exclusion inferences rather than asymmetric scalar inferences. These data suggest that a stronger burden of evidence is required in studies of implicature; before concluding that children compute implicatures, researchers should first show that children exhibit sensitivity to asymmetric entailment in the task.

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31

Zhao, Ming, Xiufeng Liu, Xiaoxiao Dai, Shuang Dong, and Zongliang Han. "Scalar implicature is not a default process: An ERP study of the scalar implicature processing under the effect of focus factor." Brain Research 1765 (August 2021): 147499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147499.

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32

Parrish, Alicia, and Ailís Cournane. "A within-subjects comparison of the acquisition of quantity-related inferences." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4731.

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This study directly compares quantity inferences from scalar implicatures (‘Some of the ducks are black’) and uniqueness presuppositions in deﬁnites (‘the duck is black’) to exhaustivity inferences in English it-clefts (‘It’s the duck that’s black’) for which the theoretical literature disagrees on the source of inference – pragmatic (like scalar implicatures), or semantic (like presuppositions). We investigate whether within-subjects correlations in acquisition can inform us about the source of exhaustivity inferences. Assuming comprehension is achieved once the necessary basis for meaning is acquired, it-clefts should pattern with presupposition judgments if computing a presupposition is involved and should pattern with scalar implicature judgments if computing an implicature is involved. We conduct three experiments to test how closely it-cleft judgments pattern with other quantityrelated inferences, keeping materials maximally similar. The ﬁrst two experiments test adult participants using a Truth Value Judgment Task and then a 3-point Rating Task; we ﬁnd that adults’ response patterns to under-informative uses of these constructions differ both across individuals and across inference types, with the Rating Task giving more informative results. In the third experiment, we use the 3-point Rating Task with 4-, 5-, and 6- year olds to characterize response patterns across the three inference types for each individual subject. We ﬁnd that the individual response patterns children exhibit are consistent with the theory that it-cleft exhaustivity shares an underlying cognitive source with the computation of presupposition inferences, but not with scalar implicature inferences.

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Choi, Youngju, and Yoon-kyoung Joh. "Implicature Clash and Its Resolution : The Scalar Adjective chakhata." Lingua Humanitatis 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.16945/201719111.

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Romoli, Jacopo, and Agata Renans. "Multiplicity and Modifiers." Journal of Semantics 37, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffaa005.

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Abstract A sentence with an adverbial modifier under negation like Mike didn’t wash the window with soap gives rise to an inference that Mike did wash the window. A sentence with a plural noun like Mike washed windows gives rise to a so-called ‘multiplicity’ inference that Mike washed multiple windows. In this note, we focus on the interaction between these two inferences in sentences containing both an adverbial modifier and a plural noun under negation, like Mike didn’t wash windows with soap. We observe that this sentence has a reading conveying that Mike didn’t wash any window with soap but that he did wash multiple windows (albeit not with soap). As we discuss, this reading is not predicted by any version of the implicature approach to the multiplicity inference, in combination with the implicature treatment of the inference of adverbial modifiers. We sketch two solutions for this problem. The first keeps the implicature approach to adverbial modifiers but adopts a non-implicature approach to multiplicity based on homogeneity. The second solution holds on to the implicature approach to the multiplicity inference but accounts for the inference of adverbial modifiers as a presupposition. In addition, it adopts the idea that presuppositions can be strengthened via implicatures, as proposed recently in the literature. Either way, the interaction between multiplicity and the inference of adverbial modifiers suggests that we cannot treat both as implicatures: if we want to treat either one as an implicature, we need to do something different for the other. We end by comparing the case above to analogous cases involving different scalar inferences and showing that the ambiguity approach to the multiplicity inference does not provide a solution to our problem.

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Bale, Alan Clinton, Neon Brooks, and David Barner. "Quantity implicature and access to scalar alternatives in language acquisition." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2571.

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When faced with a sentence like "Some of the toys are on the table," adults, but not preschoolers, compute a scalar implicature, taking the sentence to imply that not all the toys are on the table. This paper explores the hypothesis that children fail to compute scalar implicatures because they lack knowledge of the relevant scalar alternatives to words like "some." Four-year-olds were shown pictures in which three out of three objects fit a description (e.g., three animals reading), and were asked to evaluate statements that relied on context-independent alternatives (e.g., knowing that "all" is an alternative to "some" for the utterance "Some of the animals are reading") or contextual alternatives (e.g., knowing that the set of all three visible animals is an alternative to a set of two for the utterance "Only the cat and the dog are reading"). Children failed to reject the false statements containing context-independent scales even when the word "only" was used (e.g., "only some"), but correctly rejected equivalent statements containing contextual alternatives (e.g., "only the cat and dog"). These results support the hypothesis that children’s difficulties with scalar implicature are due to a failure to generate relevant alternatives for specific scales. Consequences for number word learning are also discussed.

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Bale, Alan Clinton, Neon Brooks, and David Barner. "Quantity implicature and access to scalar alternatives in language acquisition." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2571.

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When faced with a sentence like "Some of the toys are on the table," adults, but not preschoolers, compute a scalar implicature, taking the sentence to imply that not all the toys are on the table. This paper explores the hypothesis that children fail to compute scalar implicatures because they lack knowledge of the relevant scalar alternatives to words like "some." Four-year-olds were shown pictures in which three out of three objects fit a description (e.g., three animals reading), and were asked to evaluate statements that relied on context-independent alternatives (e.g., knowing that "all" is an alternative to "some" for the utterance "Some of the animals are reading") or contextual alternatives (e.g., knowing that the set of all three visible animals is an alternative to a set of two for the utterance "Only the cat and the dog are reading"). Children failed to reject the false statements containing context-independent scales even when the word "only" was used (e.g., "only some"), but correctly rejected equivalent statements containing contextual alternatives (e.g., "only the cat and dog"). These results support the hypothesis that children’s difficulties with scalar implicature are due to a failure to generate relevant alternatives for specific scales. Consequences for number word learning are also discussed.

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Dionne, Danielle, and Elizabeth Coppock. "Tattoos as a window onto cross-linguistic differences in scalar implicature." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 1 (July 30, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.5013.

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This paper addresses the question of how to predict which alternatives are active in scalar implicature calculation, and the nature of this activation. It has been observed that finger implicates 'not thumb', and a Manner-based explanation for this has been proposed, predicting that if English had the simplex Latin word pollex meaning 'thumb or big toe', then finger would cease to have the implicature 'not thumb' that it has. It has also been suggested that this hypothetical pollex would have to be sufficiently colloquial in order to figure in scalar implicature calculation. This paper makes this thought experiment into a real one by using a language that behaves in exactly this way: Spanish has pulgar 'thumb' (< pollex), a non-colloquial form. We first use a fill-in-the-blank production task with both English and Spanish speakers to guage the likelihood with which a speaker will produce a given form as a way of describing a given digit. Production frequency does not perfectly track complexity, so we can then ask whether comprehension follows production frequency or complexity. We do so using a forced choice comprehension task, which reveals cross-linguistic differences in comprehension tracking production probabilities. A comparison between two RSA models -- one in which the speaker perfectly replicates our production data and a standard one in which the speaker chooses based on a standard cost/accuracy trade-off -- illustrates the fact that comprehension is much more closely tied to production probability than to the mere existence of sufficiently simple alternatives.

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Patson, Nikole D. "Evidence in support of a scalar implicature account of plurality." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 42, no. 7 (2016): 1140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000224.

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Horowitz, Alexandra C., Rose M. Schneider, and Michael C. Frank. "The Trouble With Quantifiers: Exploring Children's Deficits in Scalar Implicature." Child Development 89, no. 6 (December 29, 2017): e572-e593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13014.

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Fretheim, Thorstein. "The effect of intonation on a type of scalar implicature." Journal of Pragmatics 18, no. 1 (July 1992): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(92)90105-k.

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Long, Madeleine, Vishakha Shukla, and Paula Rubio‐Fernandez. "The Development of Simile Comprehension: From Similarity to Scalar Implicature." Child Development 92, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 1439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13507.

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Choi, Youngju, and Yoon-kyoung Joh. "Culture-based Resolution of Implicature Clash : Korean and English Scalar Adjectives1." Lingua Humanitatis 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.16945/201820209.

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Noveck, Ira A. "When children are more logical than adults: experimental investigations of scalar implicature." Cognition 78, no. 2 (February 2001): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00114-1.

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Alatawi, Haifa. "Empirical evidence on scalar implicature processing at the behavioural and neural levels." International Review of Pragmatics 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-201810011.

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Abstract The Default hypothesis on implicature processing suggests that a rapid, automatic mechanism is used to process utterances such as “some of his family are attending the wedding” to infer that “not all of them are attending”, an inference subject to cancellation if additional contextual information is provided (e.g. “actually, they are all attending”). In contrast, the Relevance hypothesis suggests that only context-dependent inferences are computed and this process is cognitively effortful. This article reviews findings on behavioural and neural processing of scalar implicatures to clarify the cognitive effort involved.

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Schaeffer, Jeannette C., Merel van Witteloostuijn, and Doatske de Haan. "Article choice in children with High Functioning Autism (HFA) and in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI)." Linguistics in the Netherlands 31 (November 10, 2014): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.31.09sch.

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This study reports on the choice between a definite and an indefinite article by children with High Functioning Autism (HFA) and children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). We carried out an elicited production task with 16 Dutch-speaking non-grammatically impaired children with HFA aged 6–13, 16 age-matched Dutch-speaking children with SLI, and 16 typically developing (TD) age controls. The results in the indefinite conditions reveal virtually no errors across groups. However, in the definite condition the HFA group, but NOT the SLI group, incorrectly produces indefinite articles significantly more often than the TD group. A more detailed analysis shows that 38% (6/16) of the children with HFA vs. 13% (2/16) of the children with SLI regularly produce indefinite articles in definite contexts. We propose that these children do not always calculate the additional (pragmatic) meaning of indefinites derived by scalar implicature (Horn 2006). Furthermore, development by age in the SLI group, but NOT in the HFA group, suggests that the failure to draw a scalar implicature is more persistent in children with HFA than in children with SLI. Concluding, our results show that non-grammatically impaired children with HFA are more prone to pragmatic impairments than children with SLI, suggesting a dissociation between grammar and pragmatics.

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Magri, Giorgio. "Another argument for embedded scalar implicatures based on oddness in downward entailing contexts." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2547.

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In Magri (2009), I argue that a sentence such as 'Some Italians come from a warm country' sounds odd because it triggers the scalar implicature that not all Italians come from a warm country, which mismatches with the common knowledge that all Italians come from the same country. If this proposal is on the right track, then oddness can be used as a diagnostic for scalar implicatures. In this paper, I use this diagnostic to provide one more argument that scalar implicatures are computed not only at the matrix level but also in embedded position. The argument is based on a puzzling pattern of oddness in downward entailing contexts.

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Magri, Giorgio. "Another argument for embedded scalar implicatures based on oddness in downward entailing contexts." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2547.

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In Magri (2009), I argue that a sentence such as 'Some Italians come from a warm country' sounds odd because it triggers the scalar implicature that not all Italians come from a warm country, which mismatches with the common knowledge that all Italians come from the same country. If this proposal is on the right track, then oddness can be used as a diagnostic for scalar implicatures. In this paper, I use this diagnostic to provide one more argument that scalar implicatures are computed not only at the matrix level but also in embedded position. The argument is based on a puzzling pattern of oddness in downward entailing contexts.

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Oikonomou, Despina. "Imperatives are existential modals: Deriving the strong reading as an Implicature." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (December 14, 2016): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3949.

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The variety in the interpretation of Imperatives has received different accounts in the literature (Wilson & Sperber 1988, Han 2000, Schwager 2006/Kaufmann 2012, Portner 2007, Grosz 2009, Condoravdi & Lauer 2012, von Fintel & Iatridou 2015). In this paper, I argue that Imperatives involve an existential modal. I present evidence for the existential analysis of the Imperative operator from scopal ambiguities with \emph{only}. The universal reading is explained on the basis of two factors; i) lack of a scalar counterpart as opposed to overt modals (cf. Deal 2011) ii) strengthening via an Implicature derived in the presence of certain Focus Alternatives (cf. Schwager 2005, 2006, Kaufmann 2012).

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Khorsheed, Ahmed, Sabariah Md. Rashid, Vahid Nimehchisalem, Lee Geok Imm, Jessica Price, and Camilo R. Ronderos. "What second-language speakers can tell us about pragmatic processing." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): e0263724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263724.

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Upon hearing the phrase Some cats meow, a listener might pragmatically infer that ‘Some but not all cats meow’. This is known as a scalar implicature and it often arises when a speaker produces a weak linguistic expression instead of a stronger one. Several L2 studies claim that pragmatic inferences are generated by default and their comprehension presents no challenges to L2 learners. However, the evidence obtained from these studies largely stems from offline-based tasks that provide limited information about how scalar implicatures are processed. This study investigated scalar implicature processing among L2 speakers of English and the degree to which differences in L2 proficiency and Theory of Mind abilities would modulate pragmatic responding. The experiment used an online sentence verification paradigm that required participants to judge, among multiple control items, the veracity of under-informative sentences, such as Some cats are mammals, and to respond as quickly as possible. A true response to this item is indicative of a logical some and perhaps all reading and a false response to a pragmatic some but not all reading. Our results showed evidence that scalar inferences are not generated by default. The answer linked to the pragmatic reading some but not all took significantly longer to make relative to the answer that relies on the logical interpretation some and perhaps all. This processing slowdown was also significantly larger among participants with lower English proficiency. Further exploratory analyses of participants’ Theory of Mind, as measured by the Social Skill subscale in the Autism Spectrum Quotient, revealed that socially inclined participants are more likely than the socially disinclined to derive a scalar inference. These results together provide new empirical insights into how L2 learners process scalar implicatures and thus implications for processing theories in experimental pragmatics and second language acquisition.

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Denić, Milica, Emmanuel Chemla, and Lyn Tieu. "Intervention effects in NPI licensing: A quantitative assessment of the scalar implicature explanation." Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.388.

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