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Books on the topic 'Partie principale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Mikalef-Toudic, Véronique. Le ministère public, partie principale dans le procès civil. PUAM. Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2006.

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2

Partir, revenir. In Press, 2012.

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3

Luc, Brunet, ed. Le rôle du directeur d'école au Québec: 1ère partie. Université de Montréal, Faculté des sciences de l'éducation, Section d'administration scolaire, 1985.

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4

Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, ed. The party type principle. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, 1993.

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5

American Political Science Association. Meeting, ed. Competing principals: Committees, parties, and the organization of Congress. University of Michigan Press, 1997.

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6

Muñoz Maya, >Carlos Mario. Métodos de valoración de empresas. Universidad de La Salle. Ediciones Unisalle, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/9789585148246.

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La valoración de empresas hace parte de la formación profesional y tiene como objetivo principal, enseñar y poner en práctica herramientas que apoyan la gerencia financiera de las empresas en la simulación de situaciones futuras a partir de hechos pasados, para lograr planear y tomar decisiones de corto (táctica) y largo (estratégicas) impacto en las operaciones futuras del negocio y en la creación de valor corporativo con responsabilidad social empresarial.

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7

Herlitz, Carl. Parties to a crime and the notion of a complicity object: A comparative study of the alternatives provided by the Model Penal Code, Swedish law and Claus Roxin. Iustus Förlag, 1992.

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8

Jenkins, Roy. Partnership of principle: Writings and speeches on the making of the alliance. Radical Centre in association with Secker & Warburg, London, 1985.

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9

Lapointe, Réjean. Le parti québécois: Principal obstacle à l'indépendance ; suivi de, La république démarchique du Québec. 3rd ed. Virage, 1993.

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10

Brumath, A. Leblond de. Manuel du baccalauréat, ou, Programmes et résumés des principales matières exigées pour les différents examens dans la province de Québec: Partie littéraire. Cadieux & Derome, 1993.

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11

Rupturas en el vértice: Análisis del Partido Acción Nacional a partir de sus principales escisiones o salidas : desde su fundación hasta 2015. Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Escuela de Ciencias Sociales, 2016.

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12

Minnesota. Campaign Finance & Public Disclosure Board. and Minnesota. Dept. of Administration. Management Analysis Division., eds. Fees for lobbyists, political committees, political funds, principal campaign committees, and political party units: Report to the Minnesota Legislature. Minnesota Dept. of Administration, Management Analysis Division, 2003.

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13

Bonari, Enrico, and Giampiero Maracchi, eds. Le biomasse lignocellulosiche. Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-985-6.

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Il volume presenta un’esauriente analisi delle biomasse lignocellulosiche producibili dal comparto agricolo. In una prima parte viene descritto l’inquadramento territoriale e politico della produzione di energie rinnovabili da parte del settore agricolo. In una parte generale si inquadrano le filiere lignocellulosiche, si presenta una descrizione analitica delle principali colture dedicate per la produzione di biomasse e le tecniche agronomiche di coltivazione e si analizzano le potenzialità dei residui colturali. Infine vengono presi in esame gli aspetti legati alla vocazionalità territoriale

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14

Maria Benedita Malaquias Pires Urbano. Representação política e parlamento: Contributo para uma teoria político-constitucional dos principais mecanismos de protecção do mandato parlamentar. Almedina, 2009.

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15

Roderick, Munday. 10 Legal Relations Between Principal and Third Party. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.003.0010.

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This chapter considers how and when direct contractual relations are created. The primary purpose of agency is to bring principals and third parties into such relations. In the first section, disclosed agency is considered—that is, situations in which the third party is aware of the existence of a principal, whether that principal is identified or not. The second section deals with the more anomalous situation, where the agent acts for a principal whose very existence is concealed from the third party. Finally, the third section explores two exceptions to the principle, nemo dat quod non habet

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16

Maltzman, Forrest. Competing Principals: Committees, Parties, and the Organization of Congress. University of Michigan Press, 1999.

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17

Richard, Calnan. Part I The Guiding Principle, 1 Principle 1: Objective Common Intention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0002.

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This chapter explains that the purpose of contractual interpretation is to establish the intention of the parties to the contract. This is done objectively: what would a reasonable person understand their common intention to be from what they have written, said, and done? The chapter discusses what we mean when we talk about the intention of the parties. It explains how the objective approach to interpretation works, and why it is preferred to the subjective approach. Interpretation is important in practice because of the breath of the principle of freedom of contract. The chapter discusses th

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18

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Mitigation Principle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 concerns cases in which two parties, A and B, are in a contractual relationship, A is at risk of incurring a significant loss caused by her breach, and B could prevent or reduce A’s loss by taking a low-cost, low-risk action. Under the mitigation principle B should take that action. The mitigation principle is a special case of the duty to rescue in contract law. In the area of contract-law remedies the principle is supported by fairness, causation, and efficiency. The discussion in this Chapter concerns the mitigation principle of contracts, as reflected in the case law, Restatemen

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19

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions I: Arts 1.1–1.3—Fundamental principles, Art.1.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0007.

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This commentary focuses on Article 1.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) regarding a fundamental principle of contract law: the principle of bindingness of contract, also known as ‘sanctity of contract’ or pacta sunt servanda — contracts validly concluded under the law are enforced by the law. The underlying rationale of the principle of bindingness of contract, and thus of Art 1.3, may be contested in contract theory. The bindingness of contracts allows parties to arrange their affairs and thus promotes legal certainty. The contract is only binding ‘upon

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20

Richard, Calnan. Part V Changing Words, 9 Principle 9: Rectification. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0010.

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This chapter considers the circumstances in which a court can change the meaning of the words which the parties have used in their contract. If a written contract does not record the parties’ common intention at the time it was entered into, it will be amended to reflect that intention. The principles concerning rectification are controversial, with different judges expressing different views about the importance of objective or subjective common intention. This chapter discusses the different approaches to rectification—the subjective view and the objective view—and then discusses the current

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21

Walton, Charles. Clubs, Parties, Factions. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.021.

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Historical debate over the political clubs of the French Revolution over the past two centuries has turned on the question of whether factionalism grew out of their democratic principles or from external circumstances. This chapter suggests that neither ideology nor circumstances can fully account for this radicalization. Instead, the conditions of a ‘weak state’ must be addressed. When authorities were unable or unwilling to implement legislation or to respond to demands coming from society, the clubs often intervened, militating for action to be taken. Tax collection and the crisis of subsis

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22

Kandawasvika-Nhundu, Rumbidzai. Participation et représentation des femmes : Le rôle des partis politiques. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.7.

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Tous les accords et engagements internationaux de référence reconnaissent et affirment la nécessité de corriger les inégalités entre les genres et d’éliminer toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes de tous âges dans tous les domaines de la vie, y compris la présence et la représentation aux postes à responsabilités et dans la prise de décisions à tous les niveaux. Les principes du droit à l’égalité et de l’interdiction de la discrimination, qui sont à la base de l’égalité des genres et de la participation et de la représentation politiques des femmes dans la vie politique et l

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23

Richard, Calnan. Part III Understanding Words, 7 Principle 7: Unnatural Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the circumstances in which the courts do not give words their natural meaning. Very occasionally, it is clear that the parties cannot objectively have intended words they have used to have their ordinary meaning. If so, they are given the meaning which the parties must objectively have intended. The more unreasonable the result, the more unlikely it is that the parties can have intended it. This is a very controversial principle and different judges take a more—or less—expansive view of it. The chapter discusses the different views, and why they are held. It analyses the

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24

Richard, Calnan. Part II Text and Context, 4 Principle 4: The Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0005.

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This chapter explains that contracts are read in the context of their background facts. These are the facts reasonably available to the parties which are relevant to establishing how a reasonable person would understand what the parties intended by the contract when it was entered into. It discusses the different approaches to context. Some judges are keen to use the context fully. Others would rather limit the extent to which external factors can influence the words of the contract. This is an important practical issue on which there are divergent views, and the chapter discusses the issues c

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25

Roderick, Munday. 9 Legal Relations Between Principal and Agent: Rights of the Agent against the Principal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the three principal rights enjoyed by the agent specific to the principal–agent relationship. The first is the agent’s entitlement to remuneration: if it is a term of the contract, the agent will be entitled to remuneration in accordance with what the parties have expressly or impliedly agreed in their contract. Alternatively, the agent may be entitled to recover from the principal on the basis of a quantum meruit. Next is the right to indemnity: regardless of whether or not there is a contract, an agent is entitled to be indemnified for expenses incurred and losses occas

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26

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Principle of Substantial Performance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0051.

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Chapter 51 concerns the principle of substantial performance. Suppose a promisor has committed a breach but has substantially performed the contract. Under the principle of substantial performance the promisor can recover expectation damages, subject to an offset for damages resulting from the breach. There are good reasons for this rule. If the parties had addressed the issue when the contract was made, it is unlikely they would have agreed that any imperfection in performance, no matter how immaterial, would bar a suit for expectation damages. Indeed, in the case of complex performances it i

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27

Deakin, Simon, Angus Johnston, and Basil Markesinis. 3. Establishing Liability in Principle: Duty of Care. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199591985.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the following: the duty concept and the elements of the tort of negligence; formulating the duty of care; kinds of damage; the manner of infliction; and the way in which the notion of duty confines liability by reference to the nature of the parties involved.

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28

Roderick, Munday. 8 Legal Relations Between Principal and Agent: Duties the Agent Owes to his Principal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.003.0008.

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This chapter describes the duties the agent owes to his principal, which fall into two broad categories. On the one hand, because the majority of agencies will arise out of a contract between principal and agent, the latter will owe well recognized duties at common law—most notably, a duty to perform the mandate with reasonable skill and care. On the other hand, however, equity also wields strong influence over the development of agents’ duties. Therefore, agents have often to be considered both as contracting parties, under customary contractual duties to their principals, and also as fiducia

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29

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions I: Arts 1.1–1.3—Fundamental principles, Art.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0006.

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This commentary focuses on Article 1.2, which spells out a fundamental principle of contract law: the principle of freedom from form, or ‘principle of informality’. No contract, statement, or other act made under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) requires a particular formality in order to be valid and enforceable; it is sufficient if these are made orally or by mere conduct. While the PICC admit for exceptions to some of their other fundamental contract law principles, the principle of freedom from form is executed in the purest form possible. It applies to

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30

Paul J, Conderman, and Sari Aurel. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 20 Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0020.

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This chapter concerns the exercise of jurisdiction over Visiting Forces. Here, Sending States and Receiving States rely on competing jurisdictional principles, the territorial principle, and that of service jurisdiction, in order to claim the right to exercise their regulatory authority over Visiting Forces. Neither principle can be allowed to triumph over the other without denying a legitimate and vital interest of one of the parties. This is why agreements providing for the exercise of exclusive jurisdiction are rare. The vast majority of status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs) strike some balan

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31

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.2: Third party rights, Art.5.2.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0098.

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This commentary focuses on Article 5.2.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the right of the parties to modify or revoke the beneficiary's right. Art 5.2.5 enables the parties to deviate from the principle pacta sunt servanda. According to Art 5.2.5, the parties may modify or revoke the rights conferred by the contract on the beneficiary until the beneficiary has accepted them or reasonably acted in reliance on them. This commentary discusses the consequences of modification and revocation of the beneficiary's right, joint agreement of the partie

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32

Basso, María Florencia. Volver a entrar saltando. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de Misiones y Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/80994.

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Muchos argentinos abandonaron el país por razones políticas, forzados por la violencia desplegada por el terrorismo de Estado en la Argentina durante el tercer peronismo y, especialmente, en la dictadura cívico-militar de 1976 a 1983. El exilio formó parte de las violaciones a los derechos humanos tal como la persecución, detención, tortura sistematizada, apropiación de niños y desaparición forzada de personas. México fue uno de los principales países receptores de las familias exiliadas y allí los hijos debieron transitar entre las dos culturas. En este libro nos centramos en las relaciones e

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33

Clark, J. C. D. Church, Parties, and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0016.

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Was the Church of England, between the Restoration and the Oxford movement, divided into parties? W. J. Conybeare, in a famous article of 1853, claimed that High and Low Church faded away, leaving a complacent worldliness. This chapter traces the emergence and track record of the identities ‘High Church’, ‘Latitudinarian’, and ‘Low Church’, shows their origin in polemic, traces their trajectories in political and religious conflict, and concludes that Conybeare’s reifications of identities were partly retrojections. Both the assertion and the denial of party labels were tactically motivated, b

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34

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Principle of Adequate Assurance of Performance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0049.

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Chapter 49 concerns cases in which although a promisor does not explicitly repudiate a contract, the promisee has justifiable insecurity about whether the promisor will perform. There are several kinds of cases of this sort. They include an apparent repudiation, an apparent material breach, and a breach by the promisor of other contracts with the promisee or comparable contracts with third parties. The governing principle in such cases is that the promisee can require the promisor to provide adequate assurance that her performance will be forthcoming, and the promisor’s failure to provide such

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35

Richard, Calnan. Part III Understanding Words, 6 Principle 6: Ambiguities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0007.

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This chapter considers how ambiguous phrases are interpreted. It discusses the basic principle that, if words are ambiguous in their context, they are given the meaning the parties are most likely objectively to have intended. The chapter considers what we mean by ‘ambiguity’, and discusses how it is resolved. It contains examples of the way in which these issues have been dealt with in practice. It also discusses the contra proferentem rule.

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36

Informe Técnico 103: Disponibilidad de madera de pino radiata en Chile 1986-2015. INFOR : CORFO, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/20.500.12220/6588.

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Análisis que permite visualizar el potencial de crecimiento de las plantaciones de Pino radiata de acuerdo a su actual y heterogénea esctructura de edades. por tanto no apropiado para dimensionar la instalación de industrias forestales, dado las grandes fluctuaciones que tienen la disponibilidad de madera. En la segunda parte se analiza la disponibilidad de madera bajo la restricción de no ser decreciente para 30 años. En la tercera parte se analiza el impacto de un vector de demanda "real" de productos principales elaborado sobre consideraciones de mercado permitiendo dimensionar la oferta de

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37

Richard, Calnan. Part II Text and Context, 2 Principle 2: The Text. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0003.

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This chapter explains that, where the contract is in writing, it is the writing which the primary source of the parties’ objective intention. It discusses what we mean when we talk about ‘the contract’ and, in doing so, considers the parol evidence rule and entire agreement clauses. It also considers categorization and shams.

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38

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Principle of Hadley v. Baxendale. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0019.

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This chapter concerns the principle of Hadley v. Baxendale. Under this principle a promisee injured by a breach of contract can recover only those damages that either should “reasonably be considered . . . as arising naturally, i.e., according to the usual course of things” from the breach, or might “reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties, at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it.” On the basis of Hadley v. Baxendale contract law has conventionally distinguished between general and consequential damages. General damages ar

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39

Toro Bonilla, Miguel. Fundamentos de programación: JAVA. 2022nd ed. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447223596.

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Aunque cada lenguaje tiene sus particularidades, es posible afirmar que van convergiendo hacia elementos compartidos por todos ellos; de ahí que intentemos partir de esas ideas comunes a los principales lenguajes actuales para ir extrapolando posteriormente conceptos de unos a otros. En este volumen se abordan los conceptos básicos de la programación en general, centrándose particularmente en los fundamentos de Java a partir de dos estilos: el estilo funcional usando streams y el más clásico estilo imperativo usando iterables. El diseño de tipos ocupará un lugar central en este volumen en cuya

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40

Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part IV Law and Applicable Principles, 18 Substantive Contractual Principles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0018.

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The mining industry relies on a myriad of contractual agreements to organize relations between the different actors involved in mining projects and transactions. It follows naturally that international mining disputes will often concern the respective obligations of the different parties involved in these agreements. This chapter discusses the principal substantive principles applicable to international contractual mining disputes. It notes the importance of considering the applicable law when drafting an agreement. It pays particular attention to the principles invoked by parties seeking to a

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41

Roderick, Munday. 4 Apparent Authority. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.003.0004.

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This chapter describes ‘apparent authority’—otherwise known as ‘ostensible authority’. It arises when a third party is induced to enter into a transaction with a principal by a party who appears to have authority to act but who in fact lacks such authority. It is not authority, as such. Rather, the law gives effect to the appearance of authority, despite the fact that in reality there is no actual authority to act. The appearance may be created by the principal’s specifically misrepresenting to third parties that the agent enjoys authority to perform certain acts or by the principal’s allowing

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42

Paola, Gaeta. Part III The Right to Justice, B Distribution of Jurisdiction between National, Foreign, International, and Internationalized Courts, Principle 21 Measures for Strengthening the Effectiveness of International Legal Principles Concerning Universal and International Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0025.

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Principle 21 outlines measures for strengthening the effectiveness of international legal principles concerning universal and international jurisdiction. In particular, it requires states to establish universal criminal jurisdiction and highlights their obligations to prosecute or to extradite (aut dedere aut judicare) states may possess under treaty law. The relationship between dedere and judicare might vary depending on the formulation of the relevant treaty obligation. A controversial issue is whether states can assert ‘pure’ universal criminal jurisdiction, and whether the aut dedere aut

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43

Fogliata, Ana S., José P. López, María D. Aldonate, and AL Ortiz. Colección virtual de láminas delgadas de rocas de la Fundación Miguel Lillo. Fundación Miguel Lillo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30550/w.col/2022-cvrocas.

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El objetivo principal de esta contribución es exponer parte de las láminas delgadas de rocas de la colección de la Fundación Miguel Lillo (FML) que representan los principales cuerpos plutónicos de las regiones montañosas de nuestra provincia, Sierra de Aconquija, Cumbres Calchaquíes y Sierra de Quilmes. En las siguientes publicaciones se ampliarán las zonas de estudio a modo de contribuir con el conocimiento geológico de nuestra región, poniendo a disposición de investigadores este material de gran valor científico.

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44

Yesim, Atamer. Ch.6 Performance, s.1: Performance in general, Art.6.1.10. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0115.

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This commentary analyses Article 6.1.10 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning monetary obligation that is not expressed in a particular currency. In principle, the parties define in their contract in which currency the debt is to be calculated. If the contract is silent in this respect and the common intention of the parties cannot be established by interpretation, Art 6.1.10 stipulates that the currency at the place of performance is decisive. The need to apply the subsidiary rule of Art 6.1.10 arises, for example, when parties have not fixed the p

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45

Richard, Calnan. Part IV Adding Words, 8 Principle 8: Implied Terms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0009.

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This chapter considers the circumstances in which the courts will imply terms into contracts. Words are implied into a contract if the parties must objectively have intended them. This will be the case either if they are so obvious that there was no need to express them, or if they are necessary to make the contract work in a business context. The chapter discusses the controversies which have arisen in recent years concerning the scope of a court’s ability to imply terms into a contract. It discusses the tests for the implication of terms and gives practical examples of when they have been ap

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46

Richard, Calnan. Part V Changing Words, 10 Principle 10: Estoppel by Convention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0011.

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This chapter considers the circumstances in which one party to a contract can be prevented from relying on the words of the contract. If the parties to a contract have dealt with each other on the basis of a common understanding about the meaning or effect of the contract, that interpretation will bind them if it would be unjust to go back on it. The chapter discusses the principles concerned, and the test for the application of estoppel by convention. It also gives examples.

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47

William A, Schabas. Part 12 Financing: Financement, Art.117 Assessment of contributions/Calcul des contributions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0122.

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This chapter comments on Article 117 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 115(a) of the Rome Statute declares that one of the two sources of the funds of the Court shall be assessed contributions made by States Parties. Article 117 recognizes the principle of differential assessment, using the United Nations scale of assessments as the model, but it does not impose a precise formula. The task of specifying the assessed contributions falls, by implication, to the Assembly of States Parties. Each year, the Assembly of States Parties adopts a resolution on the assessme

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48

Eisenberg, Melvin A. Four Underlying Principles of Contract Law and the Foundational Contract-Law Standard. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 develops four underlying principles of contract law and the foundational contract law standard. Under the most fundamental principle of contract law the aim of contract law should be to effectuate the objectives of parties to promissory transactions, provided that appropriate policy and moral conditions, such as freedom from duress and fraud, are satisfied, and subject to appropriate constraints, such as capacity and legality. The normative theory of contract law, taken together with the four underlying principles described in this chapter, comprise the foundational contract-law stan

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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions I: Arts 1.1–1.3—Fundamental principles, Art.1.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0005.

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This commentary focuses on Article 1.1, which deals with freedom of contract, the most important fundamental principle of contract law for contracts governed by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Art 1.1 restates a general principle of law in the technical sense; that is, a principle common to the laws of all — or at least most — jurisdictions in the world. All modern contract laws recognize freedom of contract, albeit for different reasons and to varying degrees. Art 1.1 covers two aspects of contractual freedom: the first is the freedom to decide whether to

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Sime, Stuart. 46. Costs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823100.003.5605.

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This chapter focuses on legal costs. It discusses the two main principles for deciding which party should pay the costs of an application or of the whole proceedings; the rule that costs follow the event; range of possible costs orders; interim costs orders; indemnity principle; basis of quantification; proportionality; summary and detailed assessments; fast track fixed costs; fixed and scale costs; costs and track allocation; publicly funded litigants; pro bono costs orders; costs against non-parties; and wasted costs orders.

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