Academic literature on the topic 'Partner Switching Mechanism'
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Journal articles on the topic "Partner Switching Mechanism"
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Wubs, Matthias, Redouan Bshary, and Laurent Lehmann. "Coevolution between positive reciprocity, punishment, and partner switching in repeated interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1832 (June 15, 2016): 20160488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0488.
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Cooperation based on mutual investments can occur between unrelated individuals when they are engaged in repeated interactions. Individuals then need to use a conditional strategy to deter their interaction partners from defecting. Responding to defection such that the future payoff of a defector is reduced relative to cooperating with it is called a partner control mechanism. Three main partner control mechanisms are (i) to switch from cooperation to defection when being defected (‘positive reciprocity’), (ii) to actively reduce the payoff of a defecting partner (‘punishment’), or (iii) to stop interacting and switch partner (‘partner switching’). However, such mechanisms to stabilize cooperation are often studied in isolation from each other. In order to better understand the conditions under which each partner control mechanism tends to be favoured by selection, we here analyse by way of individual-based simulations the coevolution between positive reciprocity, punishment, and partner switching. We show that random interactions in an unstructured population and a high number of rounds increase the likelihood that selection favours partner switching. In contrast, interactions localized in small groups (without genetic structure) increase the likelihood that selection favours punishment and/or positive reciprocity. This study thus highlights the importance of comparing different control mechanisms for cooperation under different conditions.
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He, Li-Jen, and Jianxiong Chen. "Does Mandatory Audit Partner Rotation Influence Auditor Selection Strategies?" Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042058.
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Under mandatory rotation, the switching cost may be the most influential factor to be considered for experienced mandatory audit rotations. This study attempts to explore the impacts of the mandatory rotation mechanism on company information disclosure and signaling strategies by examining the audit partner and audit firm switching activities of the mandatory rotation company. Are companies that experience mandatory audit rotation more likely to engage industry specialist auditors with better industry-specific knowledge and reputations to minimize the costs of mandatory rotations? Furthermore, in the case of being required to rotate audit partners, do companies rotate only audit partners, rather than changing both audit partners and audit firms at the same time, to minimize switching costs? To explore these problems, this study examined auditor rotations of listed companies in Taiwan from 2004 to 2016; and expected that, to minimize switching costs, mandatory rotation companies are more likely to select industry specialist auditors to be their successor auditors, and are less likely to rotate audit partners and audit firms at the same time. For the audit partner rotations, we find that, compared to voluntarily rotated companies, a higher percentage of companies choose industry specialist auditors to be their successor audit partners under mandatory rotation. Furthermore, the empirical results support our expectations that companies that experience mandatory audit partner rotation are significantly more likely to engage industry specialists to be their successor audit partners and are more likely to rotate only audit partners rather than rotating both audit partners and audit firms around mandatory audit rotation periods.
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Kang, Hongwei, Mie Wang, Yong Shen, Xingping Sun, and Qingyi Chen. "Trust-based partner switching among partitioned regions promotes cooperation in public goods game." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): e0253527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253527.
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In this paper, the coevolution mechanism of trust-based partner switching among partitioned regions on an adaptive network is studied. We investigate a low-information approach to building trust and cooperation in public goods games. Unlike reputation, trust scores are only given to players by those with whom they have a relationship in the game, depending on the game they play together. A player’s trust score for a certain neighbor is given and known by that player only. Players can adjust their connections to neighbors with low trust scores by switching their partners to other players. When switching partners, players divide other nodes in the network into three regions: immediate neighbors as the known region, indirectly connected second-order neighbors as the intermediate region, and other nodes as the unknown region. Such choices and compartmentalization often occur in global and regional economies. Our results show that preference for switching to partners in the intermediate region is not conducive to spreading cooperation, while random selection has the disadvantage of protecting the cooperator. However, selecting new partners in the remaining two regions based on the average trust score of the known region performs well in both protecting partners and finding potential cooperators. Meanwhile, by analyzing the parameters, we find that the influence of vigilance increasing against unsatisfactory behavior on evolution direction depends on the level of cooperation reward.
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Sevcikova, Beatrica, Bronislava Rezuchova, Dagmar Homerova, and Jan Kormanec. "The Anti-Anti-Sigma Factor BldG Is Involved in Activation of the Stress Response Sigma Factor σH in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 21 (September 3, 2010): 5674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00828-10.
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ABSTRACT The alternative stress response sigma factor σH has a role in regulation of the osmotic stress response and in morphological differentiation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Its gene, sigH, is located in an operon with the gene that encodes its anti-sigma factor UshX (PrsH). However, no gene with similarity to an anti-anti-sigma factor which may have a role in σH activation by a “partner-switching” mechanism is located in the operon. By using a combination of several approaches, including pull-down and bacterial two-hybrid assays and visualization of the complex by native polyacrylamide electrophoresis, we demonstrated a direct interaction between UshX and the pleiotropic sporulation-specific anti-anti-sigma factor BldG. Osmotic induction of transcription of the sigHp2 promoter that is specifically recognized by RNA polymerase containing σH was absent in an S. coelicolor bldG mutant, indicating a role of BldG in σH activation by a partner-switching-like mechanism.
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Hua, Lei, P. Scott Hefty, Young Jin Lee, Young Moo Lee, Richard S. Stephens, and Chester W. Price. "Core of the partner switching signalling mechanism is conserved in the obligate intracellular pathogenChlamydia trachomatis." Molecular Microbiology 59, no. 2 (November 17, 2005): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04962.x.
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Chen, Jung-Chi, Chuan-Fu Chang, Duen-Wei Hsu, Jwu-Ching Shu, Hong-Yi Chen, Chien-Yen Chen, Chi-Yu Lu, and Chien-Cheng Chen. "Temporal regulation of σ B by partner-switching mechanism at a distinct growth stage in Bacillus cereus." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 307, no. 8 (December 2017): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.005.
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Okuyama, Teruhiro, Saori Yokoi, Hideki Abe, Yasuko Isoe, Yuji Suehiro, Haruka Imada, Minoru Tanaka, et al. "A Neural Mechanism Underlying Mating Preferences for Familiar Individuals in Medaka Fish." Science 343, no. 6166 (January 2, 2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1244724.
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Social familiarity affects mating preference among various vertebrates. Here, we show that visual contact of a potential mating partner before mating (visual familiarization) enhances female preference for the familiarized male, but not for an unfamiliarized male, in medaka fish. Terminal-nerve gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3 (TN-GnRH3) neurons, an extrahypothalamic neuromodulatory system, function as a gate for activating mating preferences based on familiarity. Basal levels of TN-GnRH3 neuronal activity suppress female receptivity for any male (default mode). Visual familiarization facilitates TN-GnRH3 neuron activity (preference mode), which correlates with female preference for the familiarized male. GnRH3 peptides, which are synthesized specifically in TN-GnRH3 neurons, are required for the mode-switching via self-facilitation. Our study demonstrates the central neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of medaka female mating preference based on visual social familiarity.
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Blagotinsek, Vitan, Meike Schwan, Wieland Steinchen, Devid Mrusek, John C. Hook, Florian Rossmann, Sven A. Freibert, et al. "An ATP-dependent partner switch links flagellar C-ring assembly with gene expression." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 34 (August 11, 2020): 20826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006470117.
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Bacterial flagella differ in their number and spatial arrangement. In many species, the MinD-type ATPase FlhG (also YlxH/FleN) is central to the numerical control of bacterial flagella, and its deletion in polarly flagellated bacteria typically leads to hyperflagellation. The molecular mechanism underlying this numerical control, however, remains enigmatic. Using the model speciesShewanella putrefaciens, we show that FlhG links assembly of the flagellar C ring with the action of the master transcriptional regulator FlrA (named FleQ in other species). While FlrA and the flagellar C-ring protein FliM have an overlapping binding site on FlhG, their binding depends on the ATP-dependent dimerization state of FlhG. FliM interacts with FlhG independent of nucleotide binding, while FlrA exclusively interacts with the ATP-dependent FlhG dimer and stimulates FlhG ATPase activity. Our in vivo analysis of FlhG partner switching between FliM and FlrA reveals its mechanism in the numerical restriction of flagella, in which the transcriptional activity of FlrA is down-regulated through a negative feedback loop. Our study demonstrates another level of regulatory complexity underlying the spationumerical regulation of flagellar biogenesis and implies that flagellar assembly transcriptionally regulates the production of more initial building blocks.
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Mukherjee, Sampriti, Paul Babitzke, and Daniel B. Kearns. "FliW and FliS Function Independently To Control Cytoplasmic Flagellin Levels in Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 195, no. 2 (November 9, 2012): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01654-12.
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ABSTRACTThe cytoplasmic level of flagellin (called Hag) is homeostatically regulated in the Gram-positive bacteriumBacillus subtilisby a partner-switching mechanism between the protein FliW and either the Hag structural protein or CsrA, an RNA binding protein that represseshagtranslation. Here we show that FliW and the putative secretion chaperone FliS bind to Hag simultaneously but control Hag translation by different mechanisms. While FliW directly inhibits CsrA activity, FliS antagonizes CsrA indirectly by binding to Hag, enhancing Hag secretion, and depleting Hag in the cytoplasm to trigger the FliW partner switch. Consistent with a role for FliS in potentiating Hag secretion, the mutation offliScrippled both motility and flagellar filament assembly, and both phenotypes could be partially rescued by artificially increasing the concentration of the Hag substrate through the absence of CsrA. Furthermore, the absence of FliS resulted in an approximately 30-fold reduction in extracellular Hag accumulation in cells mutated for CsrA (to relieve homeostatic control) and the filament cap protein FliD (to secrete flagellin into the supernatant). Thus, we mechanistically discriminate between the FliW regulator and the FliS chaperone to show that secretion disrupts flagellin homeostasis and promotes high-level flagellin synthesis during the period of filament assembly inB. subtilis.
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Wooding, Amy L., Michael J. Wingfield, Brett P. Hurley, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Peter de Groot, and Bernard Slippers. "Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect–fungal mutualism after invasion." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0342.
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Symbiont fidelity is an important mechanism in the evolution and stability of mutualisms. Strict fidelity has been assumed for the obligate mutualism between Sirex woodwasps and their mutualistic Amylostereum fungi. This assumption has been challenged in North America where the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio , and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum , have recently been introduced. We investigate the specificity of the mutualism between Sirex and Amylostereum species in Canada, where S. noctilio co-infests Pinus with native Sirex nigricornis and its mutualist, Amylostereum chailletii . Using phylogenetic and culture methods, we show that extensive, reciprocal exchange of fungal species and strains is occurring, with 75.3 per cent of S. nigricornis carrying A. areolatum and 3.5 per cent of S. noctilio carrying A. chailletii . These findings show that the apparent specificity of the mutualism between Sirex spp. and their associated Amylostereum spp. is not the result of specific biological mechanisms that maintain symbiont fidelity. Rather, partner switching may be common when shifting geographical distributions driven by ecological or anthropogenic forces bring host and mutualist pairs into sympatry. Such novel associations have potentially profound consequences for fitness and virulence. Symbiont sharing, if it occurs commonly, may represent an important but overlooked mechanism of community change linked to biological invasions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Partner Switching Mechanism"
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Hua, Lei. "Partner switching signaling mechanism in bacteria /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Al-Saadi, Aamal Ghazi. "THE ROLE OF THE PARTNER SWITCHING MECHANISM IN REGULATION OF THE CHLAMYDIAL DEVELOPMENTAL CYCLE." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1028.
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Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular gram negative bacterial pathogens that cause infertility, blindness, and pneumonia in humans. The unique developmental cycle of Chlamydia spp. requires these bacteria to possess a mechanism(s) to control differentiation between two forms: the elementary body (EB) and the reticulate body (RB). Although the transition between these two phases is essential for the chlamydial infectious cycle (making the steps ideal drug targets), the signals triggering and the mechanisms carrying out differentiation are unclear. We hypothesize that the pan-chlamydial partner switching mechanism (PSM) is involved in RB to EB morphogenesis through the conversion of external signals into phenotypic changes via regulation of sigma28. The putative chlamydial PSM is composed of two sensor phosphatases (SPs: RsbU and CTL0852), two anti-anti-sigma factors (AASFs: RsbV1 and RsbV2), an anti-sigma factor (ASF: RsbW), and sigma28. Using the Bacterial Adenylate Cyclase Two Hybrid System (BACTH) and alternative protein protein interaction methods, we mapped the PSM interactome. Results revealed interactions between RsbU and both RsbV1 and RsbV2. Interestingly, while AASF partners for CTL0852 were not identified, interactions between CTL0852 and RsbU were observed indicating that CTL0852 may have a regulatory role for the phosphatase function assigned to RsbU. Our results also showed that the interaction between RsbV1 and RsbW was stronger than interactions between RsbV2 and RsbW. Further characterization of these interactions revealed that RsbV1 and RsbV2 compete to regulate RsbW and the AASFs and SF can form homo and hetero dimers. rsbW transcripts were detected 4-48 hours post infection, while rsbV2 transcripts were detectable 8-48 hours post infection. In contrast, rsbV1 and ctl0852 transcripts were found 24-48 hours post infection, while rsbU transcripts were detectable at 12, 24, 30 hours post infection. Our findings suggest that RsbW is present early during infection to bind sigma28 and prevent premature transcription of late genes. Late during infection (prior to RB to EB transition), ctl0852, rsbU, and rsbV1 are transcribed. CTL0852 may bind and regulate the activity of RsbU (potentially during stress responses), while RsbU may sense a signal(s) during normal growth stimulating it to dephosphorylate RsbV1 and RsbV2 leading to the dissociation of RsbW from sigma28. Sigma28 would then be free to initiate transcription of late genes needed for RB to EB conversion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the top half of the PSM interactome. In addition, we demonstrated competition between the chlamydial AASFs for binding the ASF and revealed dimerization of the ASF and AASFs. Finally, we tested the timing of PSM component transcription during normal infection. Our results will allow future studies to: 1) search for signals controlling the PSM system, 2) define its exact role in development, and 3) screen for inhibitors.
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Landers, Evan. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHLAMYDIAL PARTNER SWITCHING MECHANISM USING IN VITRO, IN VIVO, AND IN SILICO APPROACHES." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2326.
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Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of sexually transmitted infections and the ocular disease trachoma. Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle differentiating between the infectious elementary body (EB) and the replicative reticulate body (RB). Under certain stress conditions, C. trachomatis can stall its developmental cycle and enter an aberrant state termed persistence. While in a persistent state, C. trachomatis is refractory toward antibiotics, can evade the host immune response, and becomes undetectable using standard clinical detection methods. Environmental and other pathogenic microbes are known to utilize partner switching mechanisms (PSM) to regulate sigma factors used to initiate a stress response. For this reason, this study focuses on the chlamydial PSM, its role in regulating the availability of the housekeeping sigma factor σ66, and its role in the developmental cycle and stress response of C. trachomatis. The chlamydial PSM is composed of five known proteins: the anti-sigma factor RsbW, two anti-anti-sigma factors RsbV1 and RsbV2, a regulatory phosphatase RsbU, and a second phosphatase-like protein CTL0852. In order to test the role of the PSM in the chlamydial stress response, a panel of C. trachomatis rsbV1 mutants were generated, persistence inducing iron starvation and tryptophan starvation cell culture conditions were optimized, and growth of the rsbV1 mutants under iron starvation conditions were assayed. No significant differences were seen between rsbV1 mutants under iron starvation nor recovery conditions as determined by progeny production and inclusion size analysis. Furthermore, this study generated PSM protein producing Escherichia coli strains for in vitro protein work and performed operon mapping of the PSM genes of C. trachomatis to help aid in future studies of the chlamydial PSM by facilitating the development of new chlamydial PSM mutants. This study gives phylogenetic support to the classification of ctl0852 as a chlamydial PSM gene by comparing relative mutations rates of PSM genes across chlamydial species.
Conference papers on the topic "Partner Switching Mechanism"
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Huang, Jihua, and Masayoshi Tomizuka. "Degraded Mode Vehicle Lateral Control Under Fault in Rear Sensors." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41713.
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This paper is concerned with vehicle lateral control for Automated Highway Systems (AHS) studied as a part of the California PATH (Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways) Program. In the PATH lateral control system, magnetometers are installed under both the front and the rear bumpers of the vehicle; these magnetometers measure the lateral deviation of the vehicle relative to the magnets buried along the centerline of each automated lane. Lateral controllers have been designed and tested successfully provided that there is no fault in magnetometers. It has been argued that these controllers are NOT tolerant to the fault in magnetometers. The focus of this paper is the degraded mode lateral control under fault in rear magnetometers. The aim of the controller design is to accomplish adequate performance with the remaining set of magnetometers: the front magnetometers. The effects of the fault are examined, and the significance of the linear time varying (LTV) property of the front magnetometer based vehicle lateral dynamics is recognized. Popular control methods for LTV systems generally involve gain scheduling by switching between several LTI controllers. Such controllers are complicated and it is difficult to prove the stability of the switching mechanism. To derive a simple, effective LTV controller, feedback linearization is applied to approximately cancel out the time varying terms in the plant and to function as a gain scheduler. However, due to the weakly damped zeros of the plant, feedback linearization with state feedback or matched observer state feedback results in weakly damped internal dynamics. In order to tune the internal dynamics, a mismatched observer is designed based on H-infinity optimal control techniques. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the controller design.