Academic literature on the topic 'Parts of speech. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Parts of speech. eng"
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Nir, Bracha, and Ruth A. Berman. "Parts of speech as constructions." Constructions and Frames 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 242–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.2.2.05nir.
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The paper re-appraises accepted classifications of linguistic elements into word-level constructions on the one hand and in terms of Parts-of-Speech systems on the other from the point of view of Construction Grammar (CxG). We focus on a particular adverbial construction in Hebrew, with the surface form PrepOC, where “Prep” is one of the four basic prepositions in the language and OC stands for fixed forms of a lexically restricted group of Nouns, Verbs, or Adjectives. We analyze these constructions as having an “intermediate” status, in terms of elements lying between those that express concrete conceptual content and those that activate an abstract grammatical schema. The special nature of these and other intermediate word-level constructions in Hebrew is demonstrated experimentally in sentential contexts, and their functional, structural, and distributional properties are analyzed in the discursive context of a large corpus of authentic texts, both oral and written. Evidence from on-line processing strategies and speaker judgments combines with discourse based usage to confirm the special status of Hebrew PrepOC expressions as word-level constructions occupying neither the atomic-substantive nor the complex-schematic end of the syntax-lexicon continuum. Furthermore, we propose that these constructions analyzed here as “pragmatically/discoursally motivated”, along with other “intermediate” constructions, function as textually motivated Parts-of-Discourse rather than as semantically autonomous or structurally dependent Parts-of-Speech.
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HENGEVELD, KEES, JAN RIJKHOFF, and ANNA SIEWIERSKA. "Parts-of-speech systems and word order." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 3 (November 2004): 527–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704002762.
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This paper argues that the word order possibilities of a language are partly determined by the parts-of-speech system of that language. In languages in which lexical items are specialized for certain functionally defined syntactic slots (e.g. the modifier slot within a noun phrase), the identifiability of these slots is ensured by the nature of the lexical items (e.g. adjectives) themselves. As a result, word order possibilities are relatively unrestricted in these languages. In languages in which lexical items are not specialized for certain syntactic slots, in that these items combine the functions of two or more of the traditional word classes, other strategies have to be invoked to enhance identifiability. In these languages word order constraints are used to make syntactic slots identifiable on the basis of their position within the clause or phrase. Hence the word order possibilities are rather restricted in these languages. Counterexamples to the latter claim all involve cases in which identifiability is ensured by morphological rather than syntactic means. This shows that there is a balanced trade-off between the syntactic, morphological, and lexical structure of a language.
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Kimmelman, Vadim. "Parts of speech in Russian Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.12.2.03kim.
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In this paper, we present data that shed light on the parts of speech system of Russian Sign Language (RSL), in particular, the noun-verb distinction. An experimental study revealed that in RSL, specific phonological differences distinguish between nouns and verbs; these include differences in movement, handshape, orientation, location, and mouthing. The attested differences, which are subject to variation among the signers, can co-occur with each other. The patterns we found cannot be accounted for by models that have previously been proposed for other sign languages (e.g. American Sign Language and Australian Sign Language). We argue that these differences may result from the higher iconicity of verbs and the higher economy of nouns.
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Wang, Lu, Yahui Guo, and Chengcheng Ren. "A Quantitative Study on English Polyfunctional Words." Glottometrics, no. 50 (May 1, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2021_50_387.
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This paper reports quantitative research on the parts of speech of English words using the data from British National Corpus. Most of the part-of-speech investigations focus on the rank-frequency distribution. However, in English and many other languages, we can find that partd of speech can be ambiguous. For example, hope can be a noun and a verb. Such words are called polyfunctional words, while other words, which belong to only one part of speech, are called monofunctional words. The number of parts of speech that a word belongs to is referred to as polyfunctionality. First, we study polyfunctionality distribution of English words and find that the Shenton-Skees-geometric and the Waring distributions capture the data very well. Then, we group words according to their part of speech,e.g., monofunctional nouns, like Saturday, and polyfunctional nouns, like hope (noun, verb) compose noun group, and try to work out a general model for all the groups. The result is that the extended positive binomial distribution captures all the groups except the article group, because of the sparsity of the data. Last, we study the diversification variants. Since there are polyfunctional words in each group, e.g., in a noun group, a polyfunctional noun may also be a verb, we consider the verb function as a diversification variant and try to model the rank-frequency distribution of variants with the Popescu-Altmann function, as used in the previous investigation. The results show very good fit for all groups exzept conjunction group.
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Mahajan, Dhruva, Ashish Gapat, Lalita Moharkar, Prathamesh Sawant, and Kapil Dongardive. "Artificial Generation of Realistic Voices." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies 03, no. 01 (June 21, 2021): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v3i1.2744.
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In this paper, we propose an end-to-end text-to-speech system deployment wherein a user feeds input text data which gets synthesized, variated, and altered into artificial voice at the output end. To create a text-to-speech model, that is, a model capable of generating speech with the help of trained datasets. It follows a process which organizes the entire function to present the output sequence in three parts. These three parts are Speaker Encoder, Synthesizer, and Vocoder. Subsequently, using datasets, the model accomplishes generation of voice with prior training and maintains the naturalness of speech throughout. For naturalness of speech we implement a zero-shot adaption technique. The primary capability of the model is to provide the ability of regeneration of voice, which has a variety of applications in the advancement of the domain of speech synthesis. With the help of speaker encoder, our model synthesizes user generated voice if the user wants the output trained on his/her voice which is feeded through the mic, present in GUI. Regeneration capabilities lie within the domain Voice Regeneration which generates similar voice waveforms for any text.
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Markovnikov, Nikita, and Irina Kipyatkova. "Encoder-decoder models for recognition of Russian speech." Information and Control Systems, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2019-4-45-53.
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Problem: Classical systems of automatic speech recognition are traditionally built using an acoustic model based on hidden Markovmodels and a statistical language model. Such systems demonstrate high recognition accuracy, but consist of several independentcomplex parts, which can cause problems when building models. Recently, an end-to-end recognition method has been spread, usingdeep artificial neural networks. This approach makes it easy to implement models using just one neural network. End-to-end modelsoften demonstrate better performance in terms of speed and accuracy of speech recognition. Purpose: Implementation of end-toendmodels for the recognition of continuous Russian speech, their adjustment and comparison with hybrid base models in terms ofrecognition accuracy and computational characteristics, such as the speed of learning and decoding. Methods: Creating an encoderdecodermodel of speech recognition using an attention mechanism; applying techniques of stabilization and regularization of neuralnetworks; augmentation of data for training; using parts of words as an output of a neural network. Results: An encoder-decodermodel was obtained using an attention mechanism for recognizing continuous Russian speech without extracting features or usinga language model. As elements of the output sequence, we used parts of words from the training set. The resulting model could notsurpass the basic hybrid models, but surpassed the other baseline end-to-end models, both in recognition accuracy and in decoding/learning speed. The word recognition error was 24.17% and the decoding speed was 0.3 of the real time, which is 6% faster than thebaseline end-to-end model and 46% faster than the basic hybrid model. We showed that end-to-end models could work without languagemodels for the Russian language, while demonstrating a higher decoding speed than hybrid models. The resulting model was trained onraw data without extracting any features. We found that for the Russian language the hybrid type of an attention mechanism gives thebest result compared to location-based or context-based attention mechanisms. Practical relevance: The resulting models require lessmemory and less speech decoding time than the traditional hybrid models. That fact can allow them to be used locally on mobile deviceswithout using calculations on remote servers.
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Rezaei Tabar, Yousef, and Ugur Halici. "Brain Computer Interfaces for Silent Speech." European Review 25, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000569.
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Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems provide control of external devices by using only brain activity. In recent years, there has been a great interest in developing BCI systems for different applications. These systems are capable of solving daily life problems for both healthy and disabled people. One of the most important applications of BCI is to provide communication for disabled people that are totally paralysed. In this paper, different parts of a BCI system and different methods used in each part are reviewed. Neuroimaging devices, with an emphasis on EEG (electroencephalography), are presented and brain activities as well as signal processing methods used in EEG-based BCIs are explained in detail. Current methods and paradigms in BCI based speech communication are considered.
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Börstell, Carl, Thomas Hörberg, and Robert Östling. "Distribution and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 143–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.19.2.01bor.
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In this paper, we investigate frequency and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language (SSL) using the SSL Corpus. The duration of signs is correlated with frequency, with high-frequency items having shorter duration than low-frequency items. Similarly, function words (e.g. pronouns) have shorter duration than content words (e.g. nouns). In compounds, forms annotated as reduced display shorter duration. Fingerspelling duration correlates with word length of corresponding Swedish words, and frequency and word length play a role in the lexicalization of fingerspellings. The sign distribution in the SSL Corpus shows a great deal of cross-linguistic similarity with other sign languages in terms of which signs appear as high-frequency items, and which categories of signs are distributed across text types (e.g. conversation vs. narrative). We find a correlation between an increase in age and longer mean sign duration, but see no significant difference in sign duration between genders.
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Rijkhoff, Jan. "On flexible and rigid nouns." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 727–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.12rij.
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This article argues that in addition to the major flexible lexical categories in Hengeveld’s classification of parts-of-speech systems (Contentive, Non-Verb, Modifier), there are also flexible word classes within the rigid lexical category Noun (Set Noun, Sort Noun, General Noun). Members of flexible word classes are characterized by their vague semantics, which in the case of nouns means that values for the semantic features Shape and Homogeneity are either left undetermined or they are specified in such a way that they do not quite match the properties of the kind of entity denoted by the flexible item in the external world. I will then argue that flexible word classes constitute a proper category (i.e. they are not the result of a merger of some rigid word classes) in that members of flexible word categories display the same properties regarding category membership as members of rigid word classes. Finally this article wants to claim that the distinction between rigid and flexible noun categories (a) adds a new dimension to current classifications of parts-of-speech systems, (b) correlates with certain grammatical phenomena (e.g. so-called number discord), and (c) helps to explain the parts-of-speech hierarchy.
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Ivanko, D., and D. Ryumin. "A NOVEL TASK-ORIENTED APPROACH TOWARD AUTOMATED LIP-READING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-2/W1-2021 (April 15, 2021): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-2-w1-2021-85-2021.
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Abstract. Visual information plays a key role in automatic speech recognition (ASR) when audio is corrupted by background noise, or even inaccessible. Speech recognition using visual information is called lip-reading. The initial idea of visual speech recognition comes from humans’ experience: we are able to recognize spoken words from the observation of a speaker's face without or with limited access to the sound part of the voice. Based on the conducted experimental evaluations as well as on analysis of the research field we propose a novel task-oriented approach towards practical lip-reading system implementation. Its main purpose is to be some kind of a roadmap for researchers who need to build a reliable visual speech recognition system for their task. In a rough approximation, we can divide the task of lip-reading into two parts, depending on the complexity of the problem. First, if we need to recognize isolated words, numbers or small phrases (e.g. Telephone numbers with a strict grammar or keywords). Or second, if we need to recognize continuous speech (phrases or sentences). All these stages disclosed in detail in this paper. Based on the proposed approach we implemented from scratch automatic visual speech recognition systems of three different architectures: GMM-CHMM, DNN-HMM and purely End-to-end. A description of the methodology, tools, step-by-step development and all necessary parameters are disclosed in detail in current paper. It is worth noting that for the Russian speech recognition, such systems were created for the first time.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parts of speech. eng"
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D'Alarme, Gimenez Amanda. "Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra : um estudo tipológico-funcional /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86545.
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Orientador: Roberto Gomes CamachoBanca: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori
Banca: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos
Resumo: Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Miller, Barbara L. "Grammar Efficiency of Parts-of-Speech Systems." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1300373267.
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Schutte, Kenneth Thomas 1979. "Parts-based models and local features for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53301.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108).
While automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems have steadily improved and are now in widespread use, their accuracy continues to lag behind human performance, particularly in adverse conditions. This thesis revisits the basic acoustic modeling assumptions common to most ASR systems and argues that improvements to the underlying model of speech are required to address these shortcomings. A number of problems with the standard method of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and features derived from fixed, frame-based spectra (e.g. MFCCs) are discussed. Based on these problems, a set of desirable properties of an improved acoustic model are proposed, and we present a "parts-based" framework as an alternative. The parts-based model (PBM), based on previous work in machine vision, uses graphical models to represent speech with a deformable template of spectro-temporally localized "parts", as opposed to modeling speech as a sequence of fixed spectral profiles. We discuss the proposed model's relationship to HMMs and segment-based recognizers, and describe how they can be viewed as special cases of the PBM. Two variations of PBMs are described in detail. The first represents each phonetic unit with a set of time-frequency (T-F) "patches" which act as filters over a spectrogram. The model structure encodes the patches' relative T-F positions. The second variation, referred to as a "speech schematic" model, more directly encodes the information in a spectrogram by using simple edge detectors and focusing more on modeling the constraints between parts.
(cont.) We demonstrate the proposed models on various isolated recognition tasks and show the benefits over baseline systems, particularly in noisy conditions and when only limited training data is available. We discuss efficient implementation of the models and describe how they can be combined to build larger recognition systems. It is argued that the flexible templates used in parts-based modeling may provide a better generative model of speech than typical HMMs.
by Kenneth Thomas Schutte.
Ph.D.
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Mainzer, Jacob Emil. "Labeling Parts of Speech Using Untrained Annotators on Mechanical Turk." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322708732.
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Beck, David. "The typology of parts of speech systems, the markedness of adjectives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ45730.pdf.
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Paradis, Michel. "Speech in parts : understanding and modelling the semantic differences between words." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568502.
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This thesis is about the problem of differences in lexical semantics with a special emphasis on antonymy. It explores part-of-speech as a means to formalize semantic differences computationalIy, enhance the performance of computational linguistic tasks and aid in the understanding of lexical semantics more broadly. The thesis begins with an overview of how antonymy has been studied within experimental psychology and the major schools of theoretical linguistics as well as a review of the semantic foundations of part-of-speech. It then turns to computational experiments that use part-of-speech as a primitive organizing principle, including a source cate- gorization task and four automatic antonym identification experiments, which with few exceptions, show results that either meet or exceed human performance. The final chapter presents a computational analysis of semantic markedness and the se- quence preferences that that antonyms often demonstrate when they eo-occur, The theoretical accounts for these observations are evaluated on the basis of corpus statis- tics and the thesis concludes with some general observations about the usefulness of computational linguistics in the analysis of semantic theories
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Robinson, Tyler. "Disaster tweet classification using parts-of-speech tags: a domain adaptation approach." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34531.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Computer Science
Doina Caragea
Twitter is one of the most active social media sites today. Almost everyone is using it, as it is a medium by which people stay in touch and inform others about events in their lives. Among many other types of events, people tweet about disaster events. Both man made and natural disasters, unfortunately, occur all the time. When these tragedies transpire, people tend to cope in their own ways. One of the most popular ways people convey their feelings towards disaster events is by offering or asking for support, providing valuable information about the disaster, and voicing their disapproval towards those who may be the cause. However, not all of the tweets posted during a disaster are guaranteed to be useful or informative to authorities nor to the general public. As the number of tweets that are posted during a disaster can reach the hundred thousands range, it is necessary to automatically distinguish tweets that provide useful information from those that don't. Manual annotation cannot scale up to the large number of tweets, as it takes significant time and effort, which makes it unsuitable for real-time disaster tweet annotation. Alternatively, supervised machine learning has been traditionally used to learn classifiers that can quickly annotate new unseen tweets. But supervised machine learning algorithms make use of labeled training data from the disaster of interest, which is presumably not available for a current target disaster. However, it is reasonable to assume that some amount of labeled data is available for a prior source disaster. Therefore, domain adaptation algorithms that make use of labeled data from a source disaster to learn classifiers for the target disaster provide a promising direction in the area of tweet classification for disaster management. In prior work, domain adaptation algorithms have been trained based on tweets represented as bag-of-words. In this research, I studied the effect of Part of Speech (POS) tag unigrams and bigrams on the performance of the domain adaptation classifiers. Specifically, I used POS tag unigram and bigram features in conjunction with a Naive Bayes Domain Adaptation algorithm to learn classifiers from source labeled data together with target unlabeled data, and subsequently used the resulting classifiers to classify target disaster tweets. The main research question addressed through this work was if the POS tags can help improve the performance of the classifiers learned from tweet bag-of-words representations only. Experimental results have shown that the POS tags can improve the performance of the classifiers learned from words only, but not always. Furthermore, the results of the experiments show that POS tag bigrams contain more information as compared to POS tag unigrams, as the classifiers learned from bigrams have better performance than those learned from unigrams.
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Seidler, Christopher Fabian. "Utterance- and phrase-initial parts of speech in German interactions and textbooks." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20549.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Modern Languages
Janice McGregor
The current study investigates phrase-initial parts of speech as found in intermediate German textbooks and compares these findings to utterance-initial parts of speech as found in spontaneous speech in German-language interactions. This is important, because learning and using German word order appears to be a struggle for German learners whose first language is English. Research has shown that possible word order realizations in a language are partly restricted by the parts of speech system of that language (Hengeveld, Rijkhoff, & Siewierska, 2004; Vulanovic & Köhler, 2009). This is important because English and German have different parts of speech systems (Hengeveld et. al., 2004; Hengeveld & van Lier, 2010). Doherty (2005) analyzed English to German translations of an international science magazine and found that almost every second sentence begins differently. Instead, this study looks at talk in contexts of use and compares these findings with textbook language because, in recent years, communicative approaches to language teaching have been adopted by a large number of US German language programs. One would thus expect that textbooks used in these classrooms would contain at least some input with constructions that are typical to contexts of use. The results of the study indicate that construction-initial parts of speech in textbooks and in contexts of use are quite different. These differences imply that if it is a communicative approach that is being promoted, textbook authors and German educators would do well to expose students to actual talk from contexts of use so that they might learn to make meaning based on considerations of context.
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鄭佩芳 and Pui-fong Cheng. "A study on parts of speech, word formation, and the change of word meaning in modern Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234124.
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Câmara, Rosélis de Jesus Barbosa. "Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses : olhares transversos sobre sustentabilidade e turismo /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103562.
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Orientador: Eva Ucy Miranda Sá SoutoBanca: Maria do Rosário V. Gregolin
Banca: Vanice Maria Oliveira Sargentini
Banca: Mônica da Silva Cruz
Banca: Conceição de Maria Belfort de Carvalho
Resumo: Análise da dispersão de discursos e regularidades que instauram a noção de sustentabilidade no Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses. Tomam-se como ponto de partida vários discursos, formulados por distintos sujeitos, a partir de mecanismos discursivos, manobras linguísticas, enunciativas e textuais, buscando a emergência de eventos que concorreram para a fabricação do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses como principal atrativo turístico natural do Estado. Investiga-se o processo de construção do discurso sobre sustentabilidade para essa área. O corpus apresenta-se em textos de natureza diversa e de maneira heterogênea, configurado em dois eixos: um eixo centrado em documentos oficiais: a) o Plano de Manejo, que determina os usos do Parque, e propagandas do governo; e outro eixo constituído por documentos não oficiais, representados por propagandas, sites, matérias jornalísticas sobre o Parque. A pesquisa ora apresentada está delineada em quatro capítulos e norteia-se pelos postulados da Análise do Discurso (AD), de base foucaultiana, na direção que é dada no Brasil por meio de pesquisadores como Gregolin (2004), Sargentini e Navarro-Barbosa (2004) e pelos trabalhos desenvolvidos por um grupo de pesquisadores que têm direcionado suas pesquisas para as identidades maranhenses (CARVALHO, 2009; CRUZ, 2005; SANTOS, 2002). A AD, enquanto empreendimento teórico, tem entre suas várias tarefas entender como o homem produz sentido e como tais sentidos ganham materialidade, são constituídos e circulam em determinado momento. A pesquisa apresenta uma discussão sobre Turismo, desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade tomando como base o entendimento da trajetória da história do turismo enquanto prática de consumo na sociedade contemporânea. Discute de que modo a noção de sustentabilidade é articulada às noções de desenvolvimento e progresso
Abstract: Analysis of the dispersion of speeches and regularities that establish the notion of sustainability in "Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses". Several speeches made by different subjects, originated from discursive mechanisms, linguistic maneuvers and textual enunciation were taken as a starting point in order to seek events that contributed to make "Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses" the main natural tourist attraction of the state. The process of constructing the discourse on sustainability in this area is investigated. The corpus is presented through texts of various nature and heterogeneously configured into two axes: one axis is centered in official documents: a) the management plan, an official document that determines the uses of the park, and advertisements from the government; and the other axis consists on unofficial documents represented by general advertisements, websites and news reports about the park. The research presented here is outlined in four chapters and is guided by the principles of the Discourse Analysis (DA), based on Foucault, in the direction that it is given in Brazil by researchers such as Gregolin (2004), and Navarro-Sargentini Barbosa ( 2004) and the work of a group of researchers who have directed their research to the identities of Maranhão (CARVALHO, 2009; CRUZ, 2005; SANTOS, 2002). The DA, as a theoretical enterprise, has among its many tasks the understanding of how the human beings 'produce' sense, how this sense can come true, how it is formed and how it circulates in a given moment. This research presents a discussion on tourism, sustainable development and building upon the understanding of the trajectory of the history of tourism as a practice of consumption in contemporary society. It also discusses how the notion of sustainability is articulated to the notions of development and progress
Doutor
Books on the topic "Parts of speech. eng"
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Ansaldo, Umberto, Jan Don, and Roland Pfau, eds. Parts of Speech. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.25.
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Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. Parts of Speech in Mandarin. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0398-1.
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McNeal, Drema. Jake learns all 8 parts of speech. Terra Alta, W.V: Headline Books, 2010.
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L, Gibbs D., Angle Scott ill, and Chandler Jeff ill, eds. Grammar all-stars: The parts of speech. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2008.
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Shufen, Zheng, ed. Ren shi ci lei: Discovering the parts of speech. Taibei Shi: Zhi ying wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.
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The typology of parts of speech systems: The markedness of adjectives. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Parts of speech. eng"
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Walrand, Jean. "Speech Recognition: A." In Probability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 205–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49995-2_11.
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AbstractSpeech recognition can be formulated as the problem of guessing a sequence of words that produces a sequence of sounds. The human brain is remarkably good at solving this problem, even though the same words correspond to many different sounds, because of accents or characteristics of the voice. Moreover, the environment is always noisy, to that the listeners hear a corrupted version of the speech.Computers are getting much better at speech recognition and voice command systems are now common for smartphones (Siri), automobiles (GPS, music, and climate control), call centers, and dictation systems. In this chapter, we explain the main ideas behind the algorithms for speech recognition and for related applications.The starting point is a model of the random sequence (e.g., words) to be recognized and of how this sequence is related to the observation (e.g., voice). The main model is called a hidden Markov chain. The idea is that the successive parts of speech form a Markov chain and that each word maps randomly to some sounds. The same model is used to decode strings of symbols in communication systems.Section 11.1 is a general discussion of learning. The hidden Markov chain model used in speech recognition and in error decoding is introduced in Sect. 11.2. That section explains the Viterbi algorithm. Section 11.3 discusses expectation maximization and clustering algorithms. Section 11.4 covers learning for hidden Markov chains.
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Hengeveld, Kees. "Parts of Speech." In Layered Structure and Reference in a Functional Perspective, 29. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.23.04hen.
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Harrison, Mark, Vanessa Jakeman, and Ken Paterson. "Parts of speech." In Improve Your Grammar, 4–5. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39030-1_2.
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Harrison, Mark, Vanessa Jakeman, and Ken Paterson. "Parts of speech." In Improve Your Grammar, 2–3. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27240-9_2.
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Draze, Dianne, and Mary Lou Johnson. "Parts of Speech." In Red Hot Root Words, 27. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003237679-7.
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Albert, Tim. "The parts of speech." In Write effectively, 107–8. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429183874-17.
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de Brauw, Michael. "The Parts of the Speech." In A Companion to Greek Rhetoric, 185–202. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470997161.ch13.
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Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. "Verbs." In Parts of Speech in Mandarin, 21–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0398-1_3.
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Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. "Introduction." In Parts of Speech in Mandarin, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0398-1_1.
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Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. "Sentence-final Particles." In Parts of Speech in Mandarin, 133–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0398-1_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Parts of speech. eng"
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Saurav, Jillur Rahman, Summit Haque, and Farida Chowdhury. "End to End Parts of Speech Tagging and Named Entity Recognition in Bangla Language." In 2019 International Conference on Bangla Speech and Language Processing (ICBSLP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbslp47725.2019.201541.
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Kumar, S. Suresh, and S. Ashok Kumar. "Parts of Speech Disambiguation in Telugu." In International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccima.2007.78.
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L R, Swaroop, Rakshit Gowda G S, Shriram Hegde, and Sourabh U. "Parts of Speech Tagging for Kannada." In Student Research Workshop Associated with RANLP 2019. Incoma Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/issn.2603-2821.2019_005.
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Wang, Chengpeng, Yuanli Wang, Junchang Mo, and Shuo Wang. "End-to-end relation extraction based on part of speech syntax tree." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlbdbi51377.2020.00008.
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Boeddecker, Christoph, Jens Heitkaemper, Joerg Schmalenstroeer, Lukas Drude, Jahn Heymann, and Reinhold Haeb-Umbach. "Front-end processing for the CHiME-5 dinner party scenario." In CHiME 2018 Workshop on Speech Processing in Everyday Environments. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/chime.2018-8.
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Prabhu Khorjuvenkar, Diksha N., Megha Ainapurkar, and Sufola Chagas. "PARTS OF SPEECH TAGGING FOR KONKANI LANGUAGE." In 2018 Second International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmc.2018.8487620.
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Kanakaraddi, Suvarna G., and Suvarna S. Nandyal. "Survey on Parts of Speech Tagger Techniques." In 2018 International Conference on Current Trends towards Converging Technologies (ICCTCT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icctct.2018.8550884.
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Sajjad, Hassan, and Helmut Schmid. "Tagging Urdu text with parts of speech." In the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1609067.1609144.
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Andrusenko, Andrei, Aleksandr Laptev, and Ivan Medennikov. "Towards a Competitive End-to-End Speech Recognition for CHiME-6 Dinner Party Transcription." In Interspeech 2020. ISCA: ISCA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2020-1074.
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Tanawongsuwan, Patrawadee. "Product review sentiment classification using parts of speech." In 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsit.2010.5563883.
Full textReports on the topic "Parts of speech. eng"
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Diesner, Jana, and Kathleen M. Carley. Looking Under the Hood of Stochastic Machine Learning Algorithms for Parts of Speech Tagging. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada487511.
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Tidd, Alexander N., Richard A. Ayers, Grant P. Course, and Guy R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 6 final report development of a pilot relational data resource for the collation and interpretation of inshore fisheries data. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23452.
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[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (<12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.