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Nir, Bracha, and Ruth A. Berman. "Parts of speech as constructions." Constructions and Frames 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 242–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.2.2.05nir.
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The paper re-appraises accepted classifications of linguistic elements into word-level constructions on the one hand and in terms of Parts-of-Speech systems on the other from the point of view of Construction Grammar (CxG). We focus on a particular adverbial construction in Hebrew, with the surface form PrepOC, where “Prep” is one of the four basic prepositions in the language and OC stands for fixed forms of a lexically restricted group of Nouns, Verbs, or Adjectives. We analyze these constructions as having an “intermediate” status, in terms of elements lying between those that express concrete conceptual content and those that activate an abstract grammatical schema. The special nature of these and other intermediate word-level constructions in Hebrew is demonstrated experimentally in sentential contexts, and their functional, structural, and distributional properties are analyzed in the discursive context of a large corpus of authentic texts, both oral and written. Evidence from on-line processing strategies and speaker judgments combines with discourse based usage to confirm the special status of Hebrew PrepOC expressions as word-level constructions occupying neither the atomic-substantive nor the complex-schematic end of the syntax-lexicon continuum. Furthermore, we propose that these constructions analyzed here as “pragmatically/discoursally motivated”, along with other “intermediate” constructions, function as textually motivated Parts-of-Discourse rather than as semantically autonomous or structurally dependent Parts-of-Speech.
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HENGEVELD, KEES, JAN RIJKHOFF, and ANNA SIEWIERSKA. "Parts-of-speech systems and word order." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 3 (November 2004): 527–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704002762.
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This paper argues that the word order possibilities of a language are partly determined by the parts-of-speech system of that language. In languages in which lexical items are specialized for certain functionally defined syntactic slots (e.g. the modifier slot within a noun phrase), the identifiability of these slots is ensured by the nature of the lexical items (e.g. adjectives) themselves. As a result, word order possibilities are relatively unrestricted in these languages. In languages in which lexical items are not specialized for certain syntactic slots, in that these items combine the functions of two or more of the traditional word classes, other strategies have to be invoked to enhance identifiability. In these languages word order constraints are used to make syntactic slots identifiable on the basis of their position within the clause or phrase. Hence the word order possibilities are rather restricted in these languages. Counterexamples to the latter claim all involve cases in which identifiability is ensured by morphological rather than syntactic means. This shows that there is a balanced trade-off between the syntactic, morphological, and lexical structure of a language.
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Kimmelman, Vadim. "Parts of speech in Russian Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.12.2.03kim.
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In this paper, we present data that shed light on the parts of speech system of Russian Sign Language (RSL), in particular, the noun-verb distinction. An experimental study revealed that in RSL, specific phonological differences distinguish between nouns and verbs; these include differences in movement, handshape, orientation, location, and mouthing. The attested differences, which are subject to variation among the signers, can co-occur with each other. The patterns we found cannot be accounted for by models that have previously been proposed for other sign languages (e.g. American Sign Language and Australian Sign Language). We argue that these differences may result from the higher iconicity of verbs and the higher economy of nouns.
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Wang, Lu, Yahui Guo, and Chengcheng Ren. "A Quantitative Study on English Polyfunctional Words." Glottometrics, no. 50 (May 1, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2021_50_387.
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This paper reports quantitative research on the parts of speech of English words using the data from British National Corpus. Most of the part-of-speech investigations focus on the rank-frequency distribution. However, in English and many other languages, we can find that partd of speech can be ambiguous. For example, hope can be a noun and a verb. Such words are called polyfunctional words, while other words, which belong to only one part of speech, are called monofunctional words. The number of parts of speech that a word belongs to is referred to as polyfunctionality. First, we study polyfunctionality distribution of English words and find that the Shenton-Skees-geometric and the Waring distributions capture the data very well. Then, we group words according to their part of speech,e.g., monofunctional nouns, like Saturday, and polyfunctional nouns, like hope (noun, verb) compose noun group, and try to work out a general model for all the groups. The result is that the extended positive binomial distribution captures all the groups except the article group, because of the sparsity of the data. Last, we study the diversification variants. Since there are polyfunctional words in each group, e.g., in a noun group, a polyfunctional noun may also be a verb, we consider the verb function as a diversification variant and try to model the rank-frequency distribution of variants with the Popescu-Altmann function, as used in the previous investigation. The results show very good fit for all groups exzept conjunction group.
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Mahajan, Dhruva, Ashish Gapat, Lalita Moharkar, Prathamesh Sawant, and Kapil Dongardive. "Artificial Generation of Realistic Voices." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies 03, no. 01 (June 21, 2021): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v3i1.2744.
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In this paper, we propose an end-to-end text-to-speech system deployment wherein a user feeds input text data which gets synthesized, variated, and altered into artificial voice at the output end. To create a text-to-speech model, that is, a model capable of generating speech with the help of trained datasets. It follows a process which organizes the entire function to present the output sequence in three parts. These three parts are Speaker Encoder, Synthesizer, and Vocoder. Subsequently, using datasets, the model accomplishes generation of voice with prior training and maintains the naturalness of speech throughout. For naturalness of speech we implement a zero-shot adaption technique. The primary capability of the model is to provide the ability of regeneration of voice, which has a variety of applications in the advancement of the domain of speech synthesis. With the help of speaker encoder, our model synthesizes user generated voice if the user wants the output trained on his/her voice which is feeded through the mic, present in GUI. Regeneration capabilities lie within the domain Voice Regeneration which generates similar voice waveforms for any text.
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Markovnikov, Nikita, and Irina Kipyatkova. "Encoder-decoder models for recognition of Russian speech." Information and Control Systems, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2019-4-45-53.
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Problem: Classical systems of automatic speech recognition are traditionally built using an acoustic model based on hidden Markovmodels and a statistical language model. Such systems demonstrate high recognition accuracy, but consist of several independentcomplex parts, which can cause problems when building models. Recently, an end-to-end recognition method has been spread, usingdeep artificial neural networks. This approach makes it easy to implement models using just one neural network. End-to-end modelsoften demonstrate better performance in terms of speed and accuracy of speech recognition. Purpose: Implementation of end-toendmodels for the recognition of continuous Russian speech, their adjustment and comparison with hybrid base models in terms ofrecognition accuracy and computational characteristics, such as the speed of learning and decoding. Methods: Creating an encoderdecodermodel of speech recognition using an attention mechanism; applying techniques of stabilization and regularization of neuralnetworks; augmentation of data for training; using parts of words as an output of a neural network. Results: An encoder-decodermodel was obtained using an attention mechanism for recognizing continuous Russian speech without extracting features or usinga language model. As elements of the output sequence, we used parts of words from the training set. The resulting model could notsurpass the basic hybrid models, but surpassed the other baseline end-to-end models, both in recognition accuracy and in decoding/learning speed. The word recognition error was 24.17% and the decoding speed was 0.3 of the real time, which is 6% faster than thebaseline end-to-end model and 46% faster than the basic hybrid model. We showed that end-to-end models could work without languagemodels for the Russian language, while demonstrating a higher decoding speed than hybrid models. The resulting model was trained onraw data without extracting any features. We found that for the Russian language the hybrid type of an attention mechanism gives thebest result compared to location-based or context-based attention mechanisms. Practical relevance: The resulting models require lessmemory and less speech decoding time than the traditional hybrid models. That fact can allow them to be used locally on mobile deviceswithout using calculations on remote servers.
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Rezaei Tabar, Yousef, and Ugur Halici. "Brain Computer Interfaces for Silent Speech." European Review 25, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000569.
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Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems provide control of external devices by using only brain activity. In recent years, there has been a great interest in developing BCI systems for different applications. These systems are capable of solving daily life problems for both healthy and disabled people. One of the most important applications of BCI is to provide communication for disabled people that are totally paralysed. In this paper, different parts of a BCI system and different methods used in each part are reviewed. Neuroimaging devices, with an emphasis on EEG (electroencephalography), are presented and brain activities as well as signal processing methods used in EEG-based BCIs are explained in detail. Current methods and paradigms in BCI based speech communication are considered.
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Börstell, Carl, Thomas Hörberg, and Robert Östling. "Distribution and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 143–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.19.2.01bor.
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In this paper, we investigate frequency and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language (SSL) using the SSL Corpus. The duration of signs is correlated with frequency, with high-frequency items having shorter duration than low-frequency items. Similarly, function words (e.g. pronouns) have shorter duration than content words (e.g. nouns). In compounds, forms annotated as reduced display shorter duration. Fingerspelling duration correlates with word length of corresponding Swedish words, and frequency and word length play a role in the lexicalization of fingerspellings. The sign distribution in the SSL Corpus shows a great deal of cross-linguistic similarity with other sign languages in terms of which signs appear as high-frequency items, and which categories of signs are distributed across text types (e.g. conversation vs. narrative). We find a correlation between an increase in age and longer mean sign duration, but see no significant difference in sign duration between genders.
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Rijkhoff, Jan. "On flexible and rigid nouns." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 727–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.12rij.
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This article argues that in addition to the major flexible lexical categories in Hengeveld’s classification of parts-of-speech systems (Contentive, Non-Verb, Modifier), there are also flexible word classes within the rigid lexical category Noun (Set Noun, Sort Noun, General Noun). Members of flexible word classes are characterized by their vague semantics, which in the case of nouns means that values for the semantic features Shape and Homogeneity are either left undetermined or they are specified in such a way that they do not quite match the properties of the kind of entity denoted by the flexible item in the external world. I will then argue that flexible word classes constitute a proper category (i.e. they are not the result of a merger of some rigid word classes) in that members of flexible word categories display the same properties regarding category membership as members of rigid word classes. Finally this article wants to claim that the distinction between rigid and flexible noun categories (a) adds a new dimension to current classifications of parts-of-speech systems, (b) correlates with certain grammatical phenomena (e.g. so-called number discord), and (c) helps to explain the parts-of-speech hierarchy.
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Ivanko, D., and D. Ryumin. "A NOVEL TASK-ORIENTED APPROACH TOWARD AUTOMATED LIP-READING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-2/W1-2021 (April 15, 2021): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-2-w1-2021-85-2021.
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Abstract. Visual information plays a key role in automatic speech recognition (ASR) when audio is corrupted by background noise, or even inaccessible. Speech recognition using visual information is called lip-reading. The initial idea of visual speech recognition comes from humans’ experience: we are able to recognize spoken words from the observation of a speaker's face without or with limited access to the sound part of the voice. Based on the conducted experimental evaluations as well as on analysis of the research field we propose a novel task-oriented approach towards practical lip-reading system implementation. Its main purpose is to be some kind of a roadmap for researchers who need to build a reliable visual speech recognition system for their task. In a rough approximation, we can divide the task of lip-reading into two parts, depending on the complexity of the problem. First, if we need to recognize isolated words, numbers or small phrases (e.g. Telephone numbers with a strict grammar or keywords). Or second, if we need to recognize continuous speech (phrases or sentences). All these stages disclosed in detail in this paper. Based on the proposed approach we implemented from scratch automatic visual speech recognition systems of three different architectures: GMM-CHMM, DNN-HMM and purely End-to-end. A description of the methodology, tools, step-by-step development and all necessary parameters are disclosed in detail in current paper. It is worth noting that for the Russian speech recognition, such systems were created for the first time.
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H. Husnutdinov, Damir, Ramilya K. Sagdieva, Ramil H. Mirzagitov, and Gulnaz T. Karipzhanova. "The Role of Onomatopoeic and Predicative Words in Formation of Concretizing Relations in Tatar Language." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI 1 (November 13, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi1.28.31.
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This article examined the roles of onomatopoeic and predicative words in the formation of a concretizing relations in the Tatar literary language. For many years, language onomatopoeic and predicative words in Tatar language had been studied as a part of the modal speech. Since the end of the 20th century, onomatopoeic words have been included into the list of notional parts of speech. Predicative words also stand between the notional and service parts of speech, that is, as a separate unit. In syntactic terms, both of these can be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they form word combinations. In this scientific work, the authors were first to study the concretizing relations between onomatopoeic words, verbs, and nouns and also between predicative words and nouns, pronouns, and verbs. The article also shed light on semantic nuances and means of communication.A concretizing link refers to an expression of a concretizing relation between words using special means of communication. The category of concretizing relations includes a rather wide range of semantic nuances between notions; therefore, the means of their expression are very diverse. The scientific novelty of this article was determined by the functional-semantic analysis of the concretizing relationship, wherein onomatopoeic and predicative words were either dependent or dominant components.The research method was determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as by the specificity of the material being studied. The main research method was descriptive-analytical, with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. Comparative-historical method was also used for the purpose of comprehensive analysis of linguistic features of speech, allowing determining certain tendencies in the development of grammatical system of national literary language. The study also involved comparative-typological and statistical methods.
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Drijvers, Linda, Asli Özyürek, and Ole Jensen. "Alpha and Beta Oscillations Index Semantic Congruency between Speech and Gestures in Clear and Degraded Speech." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 8 (August 2018): 1086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01301.
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Previous work revealed that visual semantic information conveyed by gestures can enhance degraded speech comprehension, but the mechanisms underlying these integration processes under adverse listening conditions remain poorly understood. We used MEG to investigate how oscillatory dynamics support speech–gesture integration when integration load is manipulated by auditory (e.g., speech degradation) and visual semantic (e.g., gesture congruency) factors. Participants were presented with videos of an actress uttering an action verb in clear or degraded speech, accompanied by a matching (mixing gesture + “mixing”) or mismatching (drinking gesture + “walking”) gesture. In clear speech, alpha/beta power was more suppressed in the left inferior frontal gyrus and motor and visual cortices when integration load increased in response to mismatching versus matching gestures. In degraded speech, beta power was less suppressed over posterior STS and medial temporal lobe for mismatching compared with matching gestures, showing that integration load was lowest when speech was degraded and mismatching gestures could not be integrated and disambiguate the degraded signal. Our results thus provide novel insights on how low-frequency oscillatory modulations in different parts of the cortex support the semantic audiovisual integration of gestures in clear and degraded speech: When speech is clear, the left inferior frontal gyrus and motor and visual cortices engage because higher-level semantic information increases semantic integration load. When speech is degraded, posterior STS/middle temporal gyrus and medial temporal lobe are less engaged because integration load is lowest when visual semantic information does not aid lexical retrieval and speech and gestures cannot be integrated.
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Golev, N. D., and G. V. Napreenko. "Prepositions and Case Forms of the Russian Language as a Subject of Identification Linguistics." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 3 (October 5, 2019): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-3-801-810.
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The article features Russian vocabulary from the aspect of identification linguistics, i.e. identification function on the morphological level, e.g. in various parts of speech and word forms belonging to different grammatical categories. The analysis focuses on auxiliary parts of speech, namely prepositions, related case forms, and grammatical meanings. The research is based on Internet correspondence. The article is included in the paradigm of research aimed at identifying and describing quantitative patterns in the distribution of units, properties, and relationships in texts and patterns of the stability / variability coefficient of units, properties, and relationships. The authors assume that different units have a different coefficient: some tend to be stable while others change their coefficient depending on different characteristics of the text. The research employed the method of Pearson’s statistical criterion. The applied method determines the frequency of lexemes in texts belonging to different author profiles and reveals their identification potential.
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Sun, Yuhua, Oleg I. Kalinin, and Alexander V. Ignatenko. "The use of metaphor power indices for the analysis of speech impact in political public speeches." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 250–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-1-250-277.
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The article examines the metaphor power related to the impact of public political speeches on the audience. The purpose of the study is to identify the potentially hidden speech impact of public discourse in order to understand the intentions of the speech messages authors. To that end, the aspects of metaphors under analysis include their density in the text, their intensity, functions and positions in the compositional structure of the text. The study tests the method of comprehensive analysis of metaphor power, which is based on the calculation of the corresponding indices MDI (Metaphor density index), MII (Metaphor intensity index), MfTI (Metaphor functional typology index) and MStI (Metaphor structural index). Each index is based on a mathematical formula: MDI reflects the average number of metaphors per a hundred words of the text; MII demonstrates the medium intensity of metaphors (new or conventional metaphors dominating the text); MfTI shows which functions are mainly performed by metaphors in the text; MStI represents the compositional parts of the text where the metaphors are concentrated. The hypothesis about the possibility of using such quantitative methods is tested on the material of three texts of public speeches by the political leaders of Russia, USA and China. The analysis shows that the greatest speech impact is achieved by the speech of the President of China distinguished by the highest metaphor density (4.07), and, the values of MfTI (2.23) MStI (2.51) indicate the intention to restructure the socio-political concepts, as well as to introduce a new content into his countrys domestic and foreign policy. This method for identifying the metaphor power can be used to investigate the potential impact of political speeches and can become an important tool for analyzing various aspects of the metaphor use in discourse.
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Wiltschko, Martina, Derek Denis, and Alexandra D'Arcy. "Deconstructing variation in pragmatic function: A transdisciplinary case study." Language in Society 47, no. 4 (June 28, 2018): 569–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740451800057x.
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AbstractDespite recent advances (e.g. Cheshire 2007; Pichler 2010; Denis 2015), discourse-pragmatic variables continue to challenge variationist theory and methods. An overarching dilemma concerns multifunctionality, raising difficulties for semantic equivalency and the circumscription of the variable context. In this article we present a case study to illustrate that deconstructing a discourse-pragmatic marker into its composite parts reveals clear criteria for disambiguating its principal function and its contextually derived functions. The discussion centres on the pragmatic marker eh in Canadian English. We illustrate that its multifunctionality is derivable from four parts: principal function, syntactic context, prosodic context, and discourse context. Our deconstruction uses a two-pronged methodology, drawing on storyboard elicitation and sociolinguistic interview data, which mutually reinforce our theoretical arguments. Under this transdisciplinary lens, the exponents of form and function become predictable, constrainable, and systematically derivable for probabilistic modelling within and across speech communities. (Confirmationals, multifunctionality, pragmatic markers, eh, speech acts)*
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Turenne, Sophie. "FREE SPEECH AND SCANDALISING THE COURT IN MAURITIUS." Cambridge Law Journal 74, no. 1 (March 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197315000124.
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AT the behest of the Law Commission, Contempt of Court: Scandalising the Court (18 December 2012), Parliament recently abolished the common law offence of scandalising the court (s. 33 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013). But the offence is still frequently found in many parts of the common law world and the decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Dhooharika v DPP of Mauritius [2014] UKPC 11; [2014] 3 W.L.R. 1081 may indicate its future in common law jurisdictions. The Privy Council was asked to decide, inter alia, whether the common law offence was compatible with s. 12 of the Constitution of Mauritius. Section 12 protects a person's freedom of expression but also makes saving for any law, or any act done pursuant to law, which aims to maintain the authority and independence of the courts and which is reasonably justifiable to that end.
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Kučiš, Vlasta, and Darja Kupinić Gušić. "Hate Speech as Part of Contemporary Public Discourse and Possible Solutions to Support Public Administration: European Parliament Elections in Croatia." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.1.197-216(2021).
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This article deals with hate speech in public discourse and the media, emphasizing the importance of detecting it in a timely manner in order to remove it. This falls within the scope of the tasks of public administration according to the EU’s normative framework because language is one of the main ways that discrimination is enacted. To this end, the empirical research was carried out in two parts. The first part identifies and analyzes unacceptable public behavior (hate speech), defining types of occurrence as opposed to insults and slander, and identifying the advantages and disadvantages of using language technologies for timely identification. The second part of the research detects occurrences of hate speech in Croatian offline media using the example of the 2019 European Parliament elections, drawing attention to a number of methodological obstacles preventing timely identification of hate speech. The results of this investigation contribute to understanding the linguistic-discursive construction of offline and online hate speech in multicultural communities. It is hoped that regulatory authorities will use the results of this research to facilitate implementation of the EU normative framework.
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Arnautova, Larisa, and Olena Abakumenko. "Correction of serious speech disorders of preschool children taking into account electroencephalography indicators." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2020, no. 2 (131) (June 25, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2020-2-8.
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All sustainable deviations of the speech system of the children with normacusis but without primary intellectual disabilities are severe speech disorders. Children need different types of correction depending on symptoms and etiology of speech disorders, the success of correction depends largely on the correct diagnosis. Currently, the choice of corrective programs aimed at the development of damaged brain structures is relevant nowadays. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential use of electroencephalography (EEG) indicators for early diagnosis of serious speech disorders and understanding of the correction activities and methods to be used in the work of a speech therapist. There have been many laboratory studies related to the functional activity of the brain but the electroencephalogram, as a means of diagnosing preschool children suffering from severe speech disorders, is becoming increasingly important. The EEG studies the regularities of the total electrical activity of the brain; The EEG is a method of graphical registration of the brain biopotentials, which allows analysing its physiological maturity and the presence of focal lesions, the nature of general brain disorders. The speech therapist studies activities only of the peripheral part of the speech apparatus, consequences caused by disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) of the brain, to be more precise. Thus, if the speech therapist has additional information about the function of the central parts of the brain when working with a child, this will help the specialist in choosing the most effective program for correcting disorders. Our research has shown that children’s speech disorders are not an only pathology, they are often combined with other disorders of the nervous system and child’s altered psycho-emotional status. The EEG analysis of the children suffering from speech disorders indicates the presence of pathological electrical activities of various degrees. This is consistent with the results of the studies dealing with higher mental functions which reveal their significant changes when having severe speech disorders. Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms enabling the organisation of speech activities is a necessary condition for the development and application of adequate methods aimed at correcting speech disorders. The use of the electroencephalographic research reveals speech disorders by assessing the compliance of the electrical activities of the cerebral cortex and trunk with age-related norms. The study of the neurophysiological mechanisms that cause difficulties in developing children’s speech will help in the future to develop programs for special psychological and pedagogical correction.
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Fernandino, Gabriel Campos. "A camada Pré-Sal da Costa brasileira enquanto um tema de segurança: análise de discursos e documentos provenientes do governo brasileiro e de setores relacionados ao âmbito militar nacional/The Brazilian Pre-Salt Layer as a Security Issue." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 217–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2016.v5n1.10.p217.
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Resumo: O presente artigo busca interpretar, a partir da análise de discursos e documentos oficiais do governo brasileiro, a construção discursiva do tema da camada do pré-sal da costa brasileira como um assunto de segurança. Para tal, edifica-se a análise sobretudo a partir do substrato teórico fornecido por Buzan, Waever e Wilde (1998), acerca do componentes configuradores de um processo de securitização, bem como a partir da metodologia de análise de discurso desenvolvida por Lene Hansen (2006). Para tanto, organiza-se o artigo em duas partes principais. Na primeira dessas partes, são brevemente expostas algumas das nuances do tema da Segurança no pós Guerra fria e algumas possibilidades de diálogo com o campo da Análise de Discurso. Na sequência, são analisados certos documentos e discursos brasileiros direta ou indiretamente relacionados tema da camada do pré-sal, através da perspectiva da securitização.Palavras-chave: Análise de discurso. Pré-sal. Securitização. Abstract: This article seeks to interpret, through speech and documental analysis, the discursive construction of the Brazilian pre-salt layer as a security issue. To this end, the analysis borrows the theoretical basis provided by Buzan, Waever and Wilde (1998), on the securitization process, as well as the discourse analysis methodology developed by Lene Hansen (2006). The article is organized into two main parts: In the first part, some of the nuances of the security concept in the post-Cold War period are exposed as well as some possibilities of Discourse Analysis field. In the second part Brazilian documents and speeches, direct or indirectly related to the subject of the pre-salt layer, are analyzed through the perspective of securitization.Keywords: Pre-salt layer. Securitization. Speech Analysis.
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Mansfeld, Jaap. "Zeno on the Unity of Philosophy." Phronesis 48, no. 2 (2003): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852803322145582.
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AbstractThe formula 'the elements of logos' in the Zeno quotation by Epictetus at Arrian, Diss. 4.8.12 need not, pace e.g. von Arnim, pertain to the parts of speech, but more probably means the elements i.e. primary theorems of philosophical theory, or doctrine. Theory moreover should become internalized to the soul and 'lived': philosophy is also the so-called 'art of life'. These theorems are to be distinguished but should reciprocally entail each other. Philosophy according to Zeno is both tripartite and one, and tripartite especially in that its parts (and subparts) cannot be transferred simultaneously: of necessity these have to taught and learned one after the other.
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Calvert, Gemma A., and Ruth Campbell. "Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: The Neural Substrates of Visible Speech." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903321107828.
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Speech is perceived both by ear and by eye. Unlike heard speech, some seen speech gestures can be captured in stilled image sequences. Previous studies have shown that in hearing people, natural time-varying silent seen speech can access the auditory cortex (left superior temporal regions). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study explored the extent to which this circuitry was activated when seen speech was deprived of its time-varying characteristics. In the scanner, hearing participants were instructed to look for a prespecified visible speech target sequence (“voo” or “ahv”) among other monosyllables. In one condition, the image sequence comprised a series of stilled key frames showing apical gestures (e.g., separate frames for “v” and “oo” [from the target] or “ee” and “m” [i.e., from nontarget syllables]). In the other condition, natural speech movement of the same overall segment duration was seen. In contrast to a baseline condition in which the letter “V” was superimposed on a resting face, stilled speech face images generated activation in posterior cortical regions associated with the perception of biological movement, despite the lack of apparent movement in the speech image sequence. Activation was also detected in traditional speech-processing regions including the left inferior frontal (Broca's) area, left superior temporal sulcus (STS), and left supramarginal gyrus (the dorsal aspect of Wernicke's area). Stilled speech sequences also generated activation in the ventral premotor cortex and anterior inferior parietal sulcus bilaterally. Moving faces generated significantly greater cortical activation than stilled face sequences, and in similar regions. However, a number of differences between stilled and moving speech were also observed. In the visual cortex, stilled faces generated relatively more activation in primary visual regions (V1/V2), while visual movement areas (V5/MT+) were activated to a greater extent by moving faces. Cortical regions activated more by naturally moving speaking faces included the auditory cortex (Brodmann's Areas 41/42; lateral parts of Heschl's gyrus) and the left STS and inferior frontal gyrus. Seen speech with normal time-varying characteristics appears to have preferential access to “purely” auditory processing regions specialized for language, possibly via acquired dynamic audiovisual integration mechanisms in STS. When seen speech lacks natural time-varying characteristics, access to speech-processing systems in the left temporal lobe may be achieved predominantly via action-based speech representations, realized in the ventral premotor cortex.
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Vatakis, Argiro, and Charles Spence. "Assessing audiovisual saliency and visual-information content in the articulation of consonants and vowels on audiovisual temporal perception." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646514.
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Research has revealed different temporal integration windows between and within different speech-tokens. The limited speech-tokens tested to date has not allowed for the proper evaluation of whether such differences are task or stimulus driven? We conducted a series of experiments to investigate how the physical differences associated with speech articulation affect the temporal aspects of audiovisual speech perception. Videos of consonants and vowels uttered by three speakers were presented. Participants made temporal order judgments (TOJs) regarding which speech-stream had been presented first. The sensitivity of participants’ TOJs and the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) were analyzed as a function of the place, manner of articulation, and voicing for consonants, and the height/backness of the tongue and lip-roundedness for vowels. The results demonstrated that for the case of place of articulation/roundedness, participants were more sensitive to the temporal order of highly-salient speech-signals with smaller visual-leads at the PSS. This was not the case when the manner of articulation/height was evaluated. These findings suggest that the visual-speech signal provides substantial cues to the auditory-signal that modulate the relative processing times required for the perception of the speech-stream. A subsequent experiment explored how the presentation of different sources of visual-information modulated such findings. Videos of three consonants were presented under natural and point-light (PL) viewing conditions revealing parts, or the whole, face. Preliminary analysis revealed no differences in TOJ accuracy under different viewing conditions. However, the PSS data revealed significant differences in viewing conditions depending on the speech token uttered (e.g., larger visual-leads for PL-lip/teeth/tongue-only views).
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Akynbekova, A. "Common Suffixes That Form Nominal Parts of Speech From Verbs in the Kyrgyz and Chagatai Languages." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/51/43.
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In Kyrgyz linguistics, texts and translations of written monuments have been studied and studied by language commentaries. However, despite the fact that some opinions have been expressed in Kyrgyz linguistics about the Chagatai language used by the Kyrgyz during the XVII-XIX centuries and about the works written at that time, there are still almost no research works. To this end, this article, based on the works of Russian and foreign scientists, on the basis of comparative-historical method, studied word-forming suffixes that produce nominal parts of speech from verbs (noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun), Chagatai and modern Kyrgyz language. In it, specific examples indicate the units of their functions. As a result, according to the facts given in the article, over time, the word-forming suffixes of the Chagatai language were subject only to phonetic changes, while most suffixes are still stable. This is due to the fact that the forms that make up the grammar system in comparison with the vocabulary that makes up the dictionary system of the language remain unchanged for a long time. Therefore, conclusions were made about the need to study the materials of the modern Kyrgyz language on the basis of historical linguistic facts, as a special object of research on the issues of proximity, kinship with the Chagatai language. After all, under the conditions of sovereignty, we must thoroughly study the nature of our writing, which in our history has not yet been paid attention to, which has remained out of our field of vision and has not been studied in accordance with the requirements of the time. Research in this direction can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the real links between the present and the past of the language and culture of the Kyrgyz people, the restoration of its unique, unique customs and attitudes.
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Valigura, Olga, Valentyna Parashchuk, and Liubov Kozub. "Phonetic Portrait of a Ukrainian EFL Teacher: Prosodic Parameters in Academic Discourse." Arab World English Journal, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.2.
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Particular durable second language (L2) pronunciation distinctions of speakers who belong to the same first language (L1) community serve as their instant audio-identification markers, creating their typical phonetic portrait. Deviations in non-native English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher pronunciation remain a vibrant area of research due to their impact on speech intelligibility and comprehensibility, their pragmatic and emotional potential in oral verbal communication. The purpose of this contribution was to establish standard pronunciation deviations in academic speech of Ukrainian EFL teachers, thus depicting their phonetic portrait. A research methodology included acoustic and auditory analyses of pronunciation of British and Ukrainian speakers of English. The findings showed that Ukrainian EFL teachers display a set of common pronunciation distinctions: on the tonal level of the beginning and the end of the intonation group, tonal range, interval, rate and tone movement change in different parts of the intonation group, volume realization, speech rate; lack of qualitative and quantitative differences in the pronunciation of long and short monophthongs in stressed and unstressed syllables, full pronunciation of unstressed vowels. The results will find their application in EFL teacher education programs and further research of the accented speech nature.
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Weigand, Edda. "Dialogue in the stream of life." Language and Dialogue 5, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.5.2.01wei.
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The paper considers dialogue from the point of view Wittgenstein has called ‘the stream of life’ and aims at describing analytically what happens in complex dialogues of performance. A short overview is given of approaches which use the term ‘communities’ to structure performance, e.g. ‘communities of practice’ or ‘speech communities’. Contrary to these approaches which are either oriented towards parts of the whole, such as speech, or address the whole only vaguely by terms of the social context, a genuinely holistic theory needs a solid constitutive basis which is considered to be the sequence of action and reaction in the complex whole of the action game. Language use means dialogic action. By analysing a complex authentic action game the methodology of such a holistic theory like the Mixed Game Model can be demonstrated in detail.
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Rishita, Middi Venkata Sai, Middi Appala Raju, and Tanvir Ahmed Harris. "Machine translation using natural language processing." MATEC Web of Conferences 277 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927702004.
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Machine Translation is the translation of text or speech by a computer with no human involvement. It is a popular topic in research with different methods being created, like rule-based, statistical and examplebased machine translation. Neural networks have made a leap forward to machine translation. This paper discusses the building of a deep neural network that functions as a part of end-to-end translation pipeline. The completed pipeline would accept English text as input and return the French Translation. The project has three main parts which are preprocessing, creation of models and Running the model on English Text.
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Stankiewicz, Barbara, Krzysztof Zieliński, Marek Darowski, and Marcin Michnikowski. "EtCO2-Based Biofeedback Method of Breath Regulation Increases Speech Fluency of Stuttering People." Archives of Acoustics 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2015-0046.
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Abstract Respiratory disturbances frequently accompany stuttering. Their influence on lung ventilation can be assessed by measurement of the end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2). The effectiveness of the CO2-based visual feedback method of breath regulation (VF) designed for stuttering therapy was tested in this study. The aim of the study was to answer the question if the VF helps to reduce respiratory disturbances in stuttering and increase speech fluency. 20 stuttering volunteers aged 13-45 years took part in the 3-parts test consisting of: 1. speaking without any techniques improving speech fluency, 2. learning the VF method, 3. VF-assisted speaking. The CO2/time signal and an acoustic signal of an utterance were recorded during the test. Significant increase of FE - the factor of breath ergonomics during speaking (based on both signals), from 47% to 71% (P < 0.01), and significant decrease of %SS - the percent of syllables stuttered, from 14% to 10% (P < 0.01) were received for VF-assisted utterances compared to the utterances without VF assistance. The results indicate that the VF can help to eliminate respiratory disturbances in stuttering and increase speech fluency.
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Tolchinsky, Liliana, Victoria Johansson, and Anita Zamora. "Text openings and closings in writing and speech." Written Language and Literacy 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2002): 219–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.5.2.05tol.
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The differentiation of text segments to fulfil specific discourse functions (e.g. to introduce a topic, or to state the time and place of a story), along with the definition of clear textual boundaries that set the text apart from the situational context, are two aspects of the configuration of a text as an autonomous semantic unit. This paper analyzes the opening and closing elements of narrative and expository texts to determine whether they function as well defined boundaries, and fulfil a specific discourse function with respect to the text as a whole. The population for this study consisted of 120 participants, 10 at each of the Age levels of grade school, junior high, high school, and university, yielding 40 participants in each of three target Languages: English, Spanish, and Swedish. The database included 480 texts divided by Modality (written vs. spoken) and Genre (narrative vs. expository). All text openings and closing were coded for positioning, i.e. the framework used by speaker/writers to introduce or conclude the topic developed in their texts, and for functioning, i.e. the role these elements play in the text. Results showed that, as texts become more “detached” from the situation in which they are produced, their component parts become more functionally differentiated. This process is described first in the openings of narrative and expository texts, and later in the closings of expository texts; narrative closings remain a problematic area of text construction for most speaker/writers in this study, in every Age group. These processes of detachment and internal functional specification of text components occurred earlier in writing than in speech. The cross-linguistic differences found in the study are related to different teaching practices, rather than to language specific features.
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Noguti, Valeria. "Post language and user engagement in online content communities." European Journal of Marketing 50, no. 5/6 (May 9, 2016): 695–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2014-0785.
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Purpose This study aims to uncover relationships between content communities post language, such as parts of speech, and user engagement. Design/methodology/approach Analyses of almost 12,000 posts from the content community Reddit are undertaken. First, posts’ titles are subjected to electronic classification and subsequent counting of main parts of speech and other language elements. Then, statistical models are built to examine the relationships between these elements and user engagement, controlling for variables identified in previous research. Findings The number of adjectives and nouns, adverbs, pronouns, punctuation (exclamation marks, quotation marks and ellipses), question marks, advisory words (should, shall, must and have to) and complexity indicators that appear in content community posts’ titles relate to post popularity (scores: number of favourable minus unfavourable votes) and number of comments. However, these relationships vary according to the category, for example, text-based categories (e.g. Politics and World News) vs image-based ones (e.g. Pictures). Research limitations/implications While the relationships uncovered are appealing, this research is correlational, so causality cannot be implied. Practical implications Among other implications, companies may tailor their own content community post titles to match the types of language related to higher user engagement in a particular category. Companies may also provide advice to brand ambassadors on how to make better use of language to increase user engagement. Originality/value This paper shows that language features add explained variance to models of online engagement variables, providing significant contribution to both language and social media researchers and practitioners.
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Dobrucki, Andrzej. "Book Review. Leo L. Beranek and Tim J. Mellow, Acoustics - Sound Fields and Transducers, Elsevier-Academic Press 2012." Archives of Acoustics 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0046.
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Abstract The reviewed book is a new, expanded and modernized edition of the classical position of the book “Acoustics” published in 1954 and reprinted in 1986. The subtitle: “Sound Fields and Transducers” reflects well the nature of the changes in relation to the original. The chapters concerning sound fields and transducers have been added or significantly expanded and chapters on other subjects, such as noise control, hearing, and speech, have been removed. The chapter about acoustic measurements has been also removed, although some parts of it concerning reciprocity calibration of transducers would be compatible with the concept of the present version of the book. The book consists of 14 chapters. The chapters are divided into parts which are numbered consecutively, independently on numeration of chapters, and sections numbered within chapters. The book contains also three appendices. The scientific level of the book is high and it is designed for advanced readers, e.g., graduate students, and professionals who want to expand their knowledge.
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ROWLAND, CAROLINE F., and SARAH L. FLETCHER. "The effect of sampling on estimates of lexical specificity and error rates." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 859–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007537.
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Studies based on naturalistic data are a core tool in the field of language acquisition research and have provided thorough descriptions of children's speech. However, these descriptions are inevitably confounded by differences in the relative frequency with which children use words and language structures. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the impact of sampling constraints on estimates of the productivity of children's utterances, and on the validity of error rates. Comparisons were made between five different sized samples of wh-question data produced by one child aged 2;8. First, we assessed whether sampling constraints undermined the claim (e.g. Tomasello, 2000) that the restricted nature of early child speech reflects a lack of adultlike grammatical knowledge. We demonstrated that small samples were equally likely to under- as overestimate lexical specificity in children's speech, and that the reliability of estimates varies according to sample size. We argued that reliable analyses require a comparison with a control sample, such as that from an adult speaker. Second, we investigated the validity of estimates of error rates based on small samples. The results showed that overall error rates underestimate the incidence of error in some rarely produced parts of the system and that analyses on small samples were likely to substantially over- or underestimate error rates in infrequently produced constructions. We concluded that caution must be used when basing arguments about the scope and nature of errors in children's early multi-word productions on analyses of samples of spontaneous speech.
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Kaysina, Inna. "The adoption of Russian conjunctions in Udmurt." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, no. 2 (May 27, 2013): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.2.07.
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Conjunctions in Udmurt belong to grammatical function words of secondary origin. Indigenous Udmurt linking devices have developed from other parts of speech e.g. postpositions and particles. Besides, a group of Russian and Tatar conjunctions has been taken over as a result of intensive contact with the two neighbouring languages. This paper will be dealing with the adoption of Russian coordinators and subordinators in Modern Udmurt. Russian linking elements are analysed within the code-copying framework (Johanson 2002) and are considered to be copied function units, accordingly. The role of Russian in the development of coordinate and subordinate structures in Udmurt is discussed to account for the on-going changes in the language structure of the colloquial variety.
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Kobzeva, O. V. "VIOLATION OF LINGUISTIC NORMS IN TRANSLATION IN В1-С1 STUDENTS." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-4-211-222.
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The present study features speech errors Italian students make in translation as the most complex form of speech activity. The examined speech errors were made by both students at the Higher School of Translation and budding traslators. The low quality of technical translation and the large number of translation errors determined the scope of the present research: to draw the scientists’ attention to the problem in question, to generalize the translation practice, and to work out recommendations on preventing translation errors. The research employed general scientific methods (generalization, analysis, synthesis) and empirical research methods. The author puts forward some possible causes of error making, e.g. interlingual and cross-language interference, loan translations, etc. The author gives examples of the most typical student errors, indicates the specific reasons behind them, and offers recommendations for error prevention. The results of this study can be used for training and practical purposes. The author comes to the conclusion that it is impossible not to make errors due to the fact that the students cannot overcome interference while in their native linguistic environment. However, it is quite possible to reduce the number of errors. The article is composed of three parts. The introduction specifies the aims and tasks of the work. The main body of the article introduces some specific examples of student errors. In the conclusion, the author sums up recommendations for effective work in the learning process.
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Fedorenko, Evelina, Paul Fillmore, Kimberly Smith, Leonardo Bonilha, and Julius Fridriksson. "The superior precentral gyrus of the insula does not appear to be functionally specialized for articulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 7 (April 2015): 2376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00214.2014.
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Broca (Broca P. Bull Soc Anat Paris 36: 330–357, 1861) influentially argued that posterior left inferior frontal gyrus supports speech articulation. According to an alternative proposal (e.g., Dronkers NF. Nature 384: 159–161, 1996; Wise RJ, Greene J, Buchel C, Scott SK. Lancet 353: 1057–1061, 1999; Baldo JV, Wilkins DP, Ogar J, Willock S, Dronkers NF. Cortex 47: 800–807, 2011), a region in the anterior insula [specifically, the superior precentral gyrus of the insula (SPGI)] is the seat of articulatory abilities. Moreover, Dronkers and colleagues have argued that the SPGI is functionally specialized for (complex) speech articulation. Here, we evaluate this claim using individual-subject functional MRI (fMRI) analyses (e.g., Fedorenko E, Hsieh PJ, Nieto-Castanon A, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Kanwisher N. J Neurophysiol 104: 1177–1194, 2010). We find that the SPGI responds weakly, if at all, during articulation (parts of Broca's area respond 3–4 times more strongly) and does not show a stronger response to higher articulatory demands. This holds regardless of whether the SPGI is defined functionally (by selecting the most articulation-responsive voxels in the vicinity of the SPGI in each subject individually) or anatomically (by using masks drawn on each individual subject's anatomy). Critically, nonspeech oral movements activate the SPGI more strongly than articulation, especially under the anatomical definition of the SPGI. In line with Hillis et al. (Hillis AE, Work M, Barker PB, Jacobs MA, Breese EL, Maurer K. Brain 127: 1479–1487, 2004; also Trupe L, Varma DD, Gomez Y, Race D, Leigh R, Hillis AE, Gottesman RF. Stroke 44: 740–744, 2013), we argue that previous links between the SPGI, and perhaps anterior insula more generally, and articulation may be due to its high base rate of ischemic damage (and activation in fMRI; Yarkoni T, Poldrack RA, Nichols TE, Van Essen DC, Wager TD. Nat Methods 8: 665–670, 2011), combined with its proximity to regions that more directly support speech articulation, such as the precentral gyrus or the posterior aspects of the inferior frontal gyrus (Richardson JD, Fillmore P, Rorden C, Lapointe LL, Fridriksson J. Brain Lang 123: 125–130, 2012), and thus susceptibility to joint damage.
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Alemi, Razieh, and Alexandre Lehmann. "Middle Latency Responses to Optimized Chirps in Adult Cochlear Implant Users." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 30, no. 05 (May 2019): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.18014.
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AbstractCochlear implant (CI) outcomes can be assessed using objective measures that reflect the integrity of the auditory pathway. One such measure is the middle latency response (MLR), which can provide valuable information for clinicians.Traditional stimuli for evoking MLRs, that is, clicks or tone bursts, do not stimulate all parts of the cochlea simultaneously, whereas chirp stimuli compensate for the cochlear neural delay and, therefore, produce more synchronous responses from the different neural elements of the cochlea. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether chirp stimuli can elicit reliable MLRs in CI users and whether those responses correlate with clinical outcomes and with deprivation-related factors.We presented 2,000 free-field optimized chirp stimuli to CI and control participants while their electroencephalography (EEG) was being recorded.Twenty-four adult CI users and 24 matched normal-hearing (NH) individuals (age range from 18 to 63 years) participated in this study.The EEG was recorded from 64 active electrodes placed on the scalp. EEG signals were processed using EEGLAB and ERPLAB toolboxes. We characterized the latencies and amplitudes of the different MLR components in both groups.Chirp stimuli reliably evoked qualitatively similar MLRs across all NH and CI participants with a couple of differences observed between the NH and CI group. Among the different MLR components, the Na latency was significantly shorter for the CI group. A significant amplitude difference was also found between groups for the Pa–Nb complex, with higher amplitudes observed in the NH group. Finally, there were no significant correlations between MLR latencies (or amplitudes) and clinical outcomes or deprivation-related measures.Free-field–presented optimized chirp stimuli were shown to evoke measurable and reliable MLRs in CI users. In this experiment, the MLR morphology in CI users was similar to those observed in NH participants. Even though we did not replicate here a significant relationship between MLR and speech perception measures, we were able to successfully collect acoustically evoked MLRs, which could constitute an important supplemental measure to the standard behavioral tests presently being used in postoperative clinical evaluation settings.
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Vecchiato, Giovanni, Laura Astolfi, Alessandro Tabarrini, Serenella Salinari, Donatella Mattia, Febo Cincotti, Luigi Bianchi, et al. "EEG Analysis of the Brain Activity during the Observation of Commercial, Political, or Public Service Announcements." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/985867.
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The use of modern brain imaging techniques could be useful to understand what brain areas are involved in the observation of video clips related to commercial advertising, as well as for the support of political campaigns, and also the areas of Public Service Announcements (PSAs). In this paper we describe the capability of tracking brain activity during the observation of commercials, political spots, and PSAs with advanced high-resolution EEG statistical techniques in time and frequency domains in a group of normal subjects. We analyzed the statistically significant cortical spectral power activity in different frequency bands during the observation of a commercial video clip related to the use of a beer in a group of 13 normal subjects. In addition, a TV speech of the Prime Minister of Italy was analyzed in two groups of swing and “supporter” voters. Results suggested that the cortical activity during the observation of commercial spots could vary consistently across the spot. This fact suggest the possibility to remove the parts of the spot that are not particularly attractive by using those cerebral indexes. The cortical activity during the observation of the political speech indicated a major cortical activity in the supporters group when compared to the swing voters. In this case, it is possible to conclude that the communication proposed has failed to raise attention or interest on swing voters. In conclusions, high-resolution EEG statistical techniques have been proved to able to generate useful insights about the particular fruition of TV messages, related to both commercial as well as political fields.
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Baig, Sana, Fareeha Javed, and Fasiha Altaf. "Unveiling Aural/Oral Skills in Grade VIII English Textbook." Global Regional Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-ii).17.
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The present study aims to examine the incorporation of aural/oral skills in the Grade VIII English textbook prescribed by the Punjab textbook board (PTBB). The study was conducted in the light of a checklist based on the competencies and students' learning outcomes given in the National Curriculum for English (2006), Pakistan. The competencies intended to enable learners to become fluent in their speech. The study was qualitative, and a thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research revealed that contradictory scenario. The textbook understudy does not allow learners to improve their aural/oral skills. The aural/oral competency was seen in some proportion. Still, reiteration was seen in the practice parts in which only dialogues were given repeatedly at the end of each unit of the textbook.
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Albanna, Zyad A. Abdussamad. "The Functional Value of Morphological and Grammatical Movement." Journal of AlMaarif University College, no. 32(1) (January 27, 2021): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v32i1.315.g186.
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Arabic is one of the synthetic languages, and it is one of the most languages that branch into various sciences and departments. Among these sciences is semantics, which is a wide-area science, intertwined with parts, broadening relationships with other linguistic, structural, and structural linguistic levels, in addition to its relations with many human sciences and knowledge such as philosophy, jurisprudence, and science. Speech, and others, and specialized in Arabic features that made it known and clearly defined among other languages, and among these features are movement and what it performs of indications, whether morphological in the structures of words or grammatical in the end, and this research tries to stand at the importance of these movements and reveal the indications that suggest and gain the lexical singular New connotations.
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Lu 盧慧娟, Hui-Chuan, Cai-Yu Song 宋采育, and An Chung Cheng 鄭安中. "The Spanish Collocation Tool and Its Application in Corpus-Based Study of Spanish for Teaching and Learning." Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 85 (January 19, 2021): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/clac.73731.
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The purpose of this paper is to introduce a developed software program called the “Spanish Collocation Tool (SCT)” and its application in related corpus-based studies. The Spanish Collocation Tool (SCT) was designed to assist with the research and analysis of Spanish collocation. The SCT allows searches of collocated elements not limited to words, but also parts of speech and lemmas. Furthermore, it can compare two collocation lists to detect any significant differences between them. In this study, this collocation tool, SCT, and a constructed L3 Taiwanese learners’ written corpus of Spanish called CEATE were combined to create efficient access to results in a systematic approach. Furthermore, by using the SCT, the pedagogical implications of the search results for the development of on-line multimedia material for learning Spanish collocations are discussed in the end.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "Semantic Analyzability in Children’s Understanding of Idioms." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 3 (June 1991): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3403.613.
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This study investigated the role of semantic analyzability in children’s understanding of idioms. Kindergartners and first, third, and fourth graders listened to idiomatic expressions either alone or at the end of short story contexts. Their task was to explain verbally the intended meanings of these phrases and then to choose their correct idiomatic interpretations. The idioms presented to the children differed in their degree of analyzability. Some idioms were highly analyzable or decomposable, with the meanings of their parts contributing independently to their overall figurative meanings. Other idioms were nondecomposable because it was difficult to see any relation between a phrase’s individual components and the idiom’s figurative meaning. The results showed that younger children (kindergartners and first graders) understood decomposable idioms better than they did nondecomposable phrases. Older children (third and fourth graders) understood both kinds of idioms equally well in supporting contexts, but were better at interpreting decomposable idioms than they were at understanding nondecomposable idioms without contextual information. These findings demonstrate that young children better understand idiomatic phrases whose individual parts independently contribute to their overall figurative meanings.
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Ursini, Francesco, and Adriano Giannella. "On the polysemy of Spanish spatial Ps." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.2.3633.
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The goal of this paper is to investigate the polysemy of Spanish spatial prepositions (a, en, hacia, among others), and offer a syntactic and semantic treatment of this phenomenon. The core idea behind this account is that these prepositions can denote sets of possible locations that are involved in spatial relations. Consequently, the compositional interaction of polysemous prepositions with other parts of speech can determine which specific sense emerges in a sentence. The analysis is couched in a Type-Logical Grammar approach. It addresses data that have not previously been analysed in the literature, involving so-called Boolean constructions (e.g. en la estación y la calle). Also, the paper shows that a single treatment can capture all the relevant data. Therefore, the analysis shows that polysemy is a grammar phenomenon that is better accounted for in architectures with a distinct syntactic/derivational component (e.g. Distributed Morphology), than in architectures lacking this component (e.g. Cognitive Linguistics approaches). Consequences for a theory of grammar are discussed.
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Kabashi, Besim. "A lexicon of Albanian for natural language processing." Lexicographica 34, no. 2018 (January 28, 2019): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2018-0012.
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AbstractFor many applications in the field of natural language processing, a lexicon is needed. For the Albanian language a lexicon that can be used for these purposes is presented below. The lexicon contains around 75,000 entries, including proper names such as personal, geographical and other names. Each entry includes grammatical information such as parts of speech and other specific information, e.g. inflection classes for nouns, adjectives and verbs. The lexicon is part of a morphological tool, but can also be used as an independent resource for other tasks and applications or can be adapted for them. Sources for the creation and the extension of the presented lexicon include both information from traditional dictionaries, e.g. spelling dictionaries, and a balanced linguistic corpus using corpus-driven methods and tools. The lexicon is still work in progress, but aims to cover basic information for most frequent tasks of natural language processing.
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Kabashi, Besim. "A lexicon of Albanian for natural language processing." Lexicographica 34, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2018-340112.
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AbstractFor many applications in the field of natural language processing, a lexicon is needed. For the Albanian language a lexicon that can be used for these purposes is presented below. The lexicon contains around 75,000 entries, including proper names such as personal, geographical and other names. Each entry includes grammatical information such as parts of speech and other specific information, e.g. inflection classes for nouns, adjectives and verbs. The lexicon is part of a morphological tool, but can also be used as an independent resource for other tasks and applications or can be adapted for them. Sources for the creation and the extension of the presented lexicon include both information from traditional dictionaries, e.g. spelling dictionaries, and a balanced linguistic corpus using corpus- driven methods and tools. The lexicon is still work in progress, but aims to cover basic information for most frequent tasks of natural language processing.
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Nathan, Liz. "Communication counts: Speech and language difficulties in the early years. Fleur Griffiths. London: David Fulton Publishers, 2002." Applied Psycholinguistics 24, no. 2 (June 2003): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716403220129.
Full textAbstract:
This book presents a personal view of working with young children who have communication problems. It is aimed at practitioners working in early years settings, including nursery teachers, teaching assistants, speech and language therapists, and parents. Fleur Griffiths communicates her practice with heartfelt conviction. The reader is left with some vivid pictures of how successful interactions can be achieved between children with communication difficulties and adults. She also describes some useful techniques for working with children. Because the book is aimed primarily at practitioners, the author might assume that her readers have knowledge of communication problems. However, the range of speech and language difficulties, the plethora of names and labels for these difficulties, the lack of precision in the use of the labels, and the differing and often competing theories of language development and disorder make it almost obligatory for an author to specify what is meant by children with communication problems and to define what is meant by any technical term or piece of professional jargon the author might use. These terms are generally not clearly defined (e.g., the age range that corresponds to “early years” is not specified). For a lay reader, this lack of context and explanation could make parts of this book difficult to follow, with terms like semantic-pragmatics and phrases like “moments of agency with a synchronous partner” (p. 23) left poorly defined.
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Peters, Herman F. M., Wouter Hulstijn, and C. Woodruff Starkweather. "Acoustic and Physiological Reaction Times of Stutterers and Nonstutterers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 3 (September 1989): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3203.668.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates reaction times in the fluent speech utterances of stutterers and nonstutterers under several experimental conditions. Twenty adult stutterers and twenty matched controls produced utterances of three lengths—one syllable words, polysyllabic words, and sentences—in two conditions of time pressure (high and low) and two conditions of preparation (delayed and immediate responding) in a reaction-time paradigm. Recordings were made of EMG signals from the orbicularis oris inferior and from the extrinsic laryngeal area, as well as electroglottographic and acoustic signals. Measures were made of the duration of intervals between the stimulus, the acoustical onset of voicing, the onset of laryngeal EMG activity, and the onset of lip EMG activity. The durations of subintervals between the stimulus, the three physiological signals, and the acoustic signal were also measured. The results suggest that the reaction times of stutterers and nonstutterers are both increased by longer utterances, and that the effect is proportionally greater for the stutterers. The requirement to respond with minimal preparation produced longer reaction times in both groups, particularly for longer utterances, but this finding was stronger for stutterers than for nonstutterers, particularly in the prelaryngeal subintervals. The high time-pressure condition produced an unusual pattern of responding in many subjects. The analysis of subintervals indicated that the additional time taken by stutterers in responding was located in the earlier parts of the response, particularly when the utterances were longer. The results are interpreted as suggesting that stutterers may have difficulty in the motor programming of speech behavior.
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Lorenz, David, and David Tizón-Couto. "Chunking or predicting – frequency information and reduction in the perception of multi-word sequences." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 751–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0138.
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Abstract Frequently used linguistic structures become entrenched in memory; this is often assumed to make their consecutive parts more predictable, as well as fuse them into a single unit (chunking). High frequency moreover leads to a propensity for phonetic reduction. We present a word recognition experiment which tests how frequency information (string frequency, transitional probability) interacts with reduction in speech perception. Detection of the element to is tested in V-to-Vinf sequences in English (e.g., need to Vinf), where to can undergo reduction (“needa”). Results show that reduction impedes recognition, but this can be mitigated by the predictability of the item. Recognition generally benefits from surface frequency, while a modest chunking effect is found in delayed responses to reduced forms of high-frequency items. Transitional probability shows a facilitating effect on reduced but not on full forms. Reduced forms also pose more difficulty when the phonological context obscures the onset of to. We conclude that listeners draw on frequency information in a predictive manner to cope with reduction. High-frequency structures are not inevitably perceived as chunks, but depend on cues in the phonetic form – reduction leads to perceptual prominence of the whole over the parts and thus promotes a holistic access.
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Wu, Jian Da, Pang Yi Liu, and Guan Long Hong. "Driver Voice Identification System Using Auto-Correlation Function and Average Magnitude Difference Function." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1287.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents a driver identification system using voice analysis for a vehicle security system. The structure of the proposed system has three parts. The first procedure is speech pre-processing, the second is feature extraction of sound signals, and the third is classification of driver voice. Initially, a database of sound signals for several drivers was established. The volume and zero-crossing rate (ZCR) of sound are used to detect the voice end-point in order to reduce data computation. Then the Auto-correlation Function (ACF) and Average Magnitude Difference Function (AMDF) methods are applied to retrieve the voice pitch features. Finally these features are used to identify the drivers by a General Regression Neural Network (GRNN). The experimental results show that the development of this voice identification system can use fewer feature vectors of pitch to obtain a good recognition rate.
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Nagata, Hiroshi. "Activation of the Antecedent by the Reflexive in Japanese: A Supplementary Control Experiment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 1 (February 1992): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.1.99.
Full textAbstract:
This study is a control experiment for a previous study (Nagata, 1991) that showed activation of an antecedent by a Japanese reflexive, jibun, in syntactically ambiguous sentences. The reflexive involved in the relevant sentences in the previous study was replaced with a word from other parts of speech in this study. This manipulation was done to delete the sentence constituent that might activate any prior antecedent. 24 female students were given a recognition task on which a probe was given either for an indirect object or for a subject either immediately after a replaced word or at the end of a sentence. No difference in recognition time between the indirect object probe and subject probe for either probe position was found. This result indicates that the difference obtained between the two probes in the previous study is attributable to the activation of the antecedent by the reflexive.
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Burwinkel, Justin R., Buye Xu, and Jeff Crukley. "Preliminary Examination of the Accuracy of a Fall Detection Device Embedded into Hearing Instruments." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, no. 06 (June 2020): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19056.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Accidental falls are a significant health risk to older adults and patients seen in audiology clinics. Personal emergency response systems are effective in preventing long lies (defined as remaining on the floor or ground for greater than one hour after a fall), but some individuals would prefer to wear less-conspicuous devices than a traditional neck-worn pendant. No previous investigation has compared the accuracy of head-worn fall detection devices with those worn on other parts of the body. In this study, we compared the accuracy of one commonly used fall detection pendant with two variants of a new hearing instrument-based fall detection system. Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of detecting falls by using inertial sensors embedded in hearing instruments. Research Design A study with repeated measures for one group. Study Sample Ten young adults served as participants. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision during testing. Individuals were excluded if they had self-reported cardiac disorders, recent concussions, or musculoskeletal conditions. Data Collection and Analysis Data were collected from inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, embedded into a binaural set of hearing instruments, during laboratory-based simulations of falls, near-falls, and activities of daily living (ADLs). The detection state of a fall detection pendant was simultaneously recorded during performance of each trial and compared with the outputs of offline hearing instrument firmware emulators. Results One hearing instrument-based fall detection system was more accurate than the fall detection pendant. A second hearing instrument-based fall detection system performed similar to the fall detection pendant. Each of the three fall detection systems investigated were robust against false-positive detections during ADLs. Conclusions Preliminary findings demonstrate that hearing instruments embedded with a fall detection device (FDD) may be a suitable alternative to more traditional forms of FDDs (e.g., pendant, wrist-worn device, etc.) for detecting falls and potentially preventing long lies.
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Stanford, James N., Nathan A. Severance, and Kenneth P. Baclawski. "Multiple vectors of unidirectional dialect change in eastern New England." Language Variation and Change 26, no. 1 (March 2014): 103–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394513000227.
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AbstractTraditional eastern New England (ENE) dialect features are rapidly receding in many parts of northern New England. Because this ENE shift involves seven different phonological features, it provides a prime opportunity to explore different rates of change across multiple linguistic variables at the same time in the same social setting. The present study is the first acoustic sociophonetic investigation of central New Hampshire, and it is based on new field data from 51 adult speakers. Results show that young generations are discarding many traditional ENE pronunciations in favor of leveled, nonregional forms, yet the changes are affecting some variables more quickly than others. Many distinctive traditional ENE variants (nonrhotic speech, intrusive-r, fronted father, “broad-a” in bath) are quickly receding, while others (fronted start and hoarse/horse distinction) are somewhat more conservative, being “overshadowed” by the presence of (r) as a variable within the same syllable. We frame our apparent-time analysis in terms of Sankoff's (2013a) notion of “age vectors” and Labov's (2012) “outward orientation” of the language faculty, illustrating how different generations are juggling multiple age vectors within the same overall shift, and how one variable can overshadow another variable within the same syllable.