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Miller, Barbara L. "Grammar Efficiency of Parts-of-Speech Systems." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1300373267.
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Schutte, Kenneth Thomas 1979. "Parts-based models and local features for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53301.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108).
While automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems have steadily improved and are now in widespread use, their accuracy continues to lag behind human performance, particularly in adverse conditions. This thesis revisits the basic acoustic modeling assumptions common to most ASR systems and argues that improvements to the underlying model of speech are required to address these shortcomings. A number of problems with the standard method of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and features derived from fixed, frame-based spectra (e.g. MFCCs) are discussed. Based on these problems, a set of desirable properties of an improved acoustic model are proposed, and we present a "parts-based" framework as an alternative. The parts-based model (PBM), based on previous work in machine vision, uses graphical models to represent speech with a deformable template of spectro-temporally localized "parts", as opposed to modeling speech as a sequence of fixed spectral profiles. We discuss the proposed model's relationship to HMMs and segment-based recognizers, and describe how they can be viewed as special cases of the PBM. Two variations of PBMs are described in detail. The first represents each phonetic unit with a set of time-frequency (T-F) "patches" which act as filters over a spectrogram. The model structure encodes the patches' relative T-F positions. The second variation, referred to as a "speech schematic" model, more directly encodes the information in a spectrogram by using simple edge detectors and focusing more on modeling the constraints between parts.
(cont.) We demonstrate the proposed models on various isolated recognition tasks and show the benefits over baseline systems, particularly in noisy conditions and when only limited training data is available. We discuss efficient implementation of the models and describe how they can be combined to build larger recognition systems. It is argued that the flexible templates used in parts-based modeling may provide a better generative model of speech than typical HMMs.
by Kenneth Thomas Schutte.
Ph.D.
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Mainzer, Jacob Emil. "Labeling Parts of Speech Using Untrained Annotators on Mechanical Turk." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322708732.
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Beck, David. "The typology of parts of speech systems, the markedness of adjectives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ45730.pdf.
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Paradis, Michel. "Speech in parts : understanding and modelling the semantic differences between words." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568502.
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This thesis is about the problem of differences in lexical semantics with a special emphasis on antonymy. It explores part-of-speech as a means to formalize semantic differences computationalIy, enhance the performance of computational linguistic tasks and aid in the understanding of lexical semantics more broadly. The thesis begins with an overview of how antonymy has been studied within experimental psychology and the major schools of theoretical linguistics as well as a review of the semantic foundations of part-of-speech. It then turns to computational experiments that use part-of-speech as a primitive organizing principle, including a source cate- gorization task and four automatic antonym identification experiments, which with few exceptions, show results that either meet or exceed human performance. The final chapter presents a computational analysis of semantic markedness and the se- quence preferences that that antonyms often demonstrate when they eo-occur, The theoretical accounts for these observations are evaluated on the basis of corpus statis- tics and the thesis concludes with some general observations about the usefulness of computational linguistics in the analysis of semantic theories
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Robinson, Tyler. "Disaster tweet classification using parts-of-speech tags: a domain adaptation approach." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34531.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Computer Science
Doina Caragea
Twitter is one of the most active social media sites today. Almost everyone is using it, as it is a medium by which people stay in touch and inform others about events in their lives. Among many other types of events, people tweet about disaster events. Both man made and natural disasters, unfortunately, occur all the time. When these tragedies transpire, people tend to cope in their own ways. One of the most popular ways people convey their feelings towards disaster events is by offering or asking for support, providing valuable information about the disaster, and voicing their disapproval towards those who may be the cause. However, not all of the tweets posted during a disaster are guaranteed to be useful or informative to authorities nor to the general public. As the number of tweets that are posted during a disaster can reach the hundred thousands range, it is necessary to automatically distinguish tweets that provide useful information from those that don't. Manual annotation cannot scale up to the large number of tweets, as it takes significant time and effort, which makes it unsuitable for real-time disaster tweet annotation. Alternatively, supervised machine learning has been traditionally used to learn classifiers that can quickly annotate new unseen tweets. But supervised machine learning algorithms make use of labeled training data from the disaster of interest, which is presumably not available for a current target disaster. However, it is reasonable to assume that some amount of labeled data is available for a prior source disaster. Therefore, domain adaptation algorithms that make use of labeled data from a source disaster to learn classifiers for the target disaster provide a promising direction in the area of tweet classification for disaster management. In prior work, domain adaptation algorithms have been trained based on tweets represented as bag-of-words. In this research, I studied the effect of Part of Speech (POS) tag unigrams and bigrams on the performance of the domain adaptation classifiers. Specifically, I used POS tag unigram and bigram features in conjunction with a Naive Bayes Domain Adaptation algorithm to learn classifiers from source labeled data together with target unlabeled data, and subsequently used the resulting classifiers to classify target disaster tweets. The main research question addressed through this work was if the POS tags can help improve the performance of the classifiers learned from tweet bag-of-words representations only. Experimental results have shown that the POS tags can improve the performance of the classifiers learned from words only, but not always. Furthermore, the results of the experiments show that POS tag bigrams contain more information as compared to POS tag unigrams, as the classifiers learned from bigrams have better performance than those learned from unigrams.
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Seidler, Christopher Fabian. "Utterance- and phrase-initial parts of speech in German interactions and textbooks." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20549.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Modern Languages
Janice McGregor
The current study investigates phrase-initial parts of speech as found in intermediate German textbooks and compares these findings to utterance-initial parts of speech as found in spontaneous speech in German-language interactions. This is important, because learning and using German word order appears to be a struggle for German learners whose first language is English. Research has shown that possible word order realizations in a language are partly restricted by the parts of speech system of that language (Hengeveld, Rijkhoff, & Siewierska, 2004; Vulanovic & Köhler, 2009). This is important because English and German have different parts of speech systems (Hengeveld et. al., 2004; Hengeveld & van Lier, 2010). Doherty (2005) analyzed English to German translations of an international science magazine and found that almost every second sentence begins differently. Instead, this study looks at talk in contexts of use and compares these findings with textbook language because, in recent years, communicative approaches to language teaching have been adopted by a large number of US German language programs. One would thus expect that textbooks used in these classrooms would contain at least some input with constructions that are typical to contexts of use. The results of the study indicate that construction-initial parts of speech in textbooks and in contexts of use are quite different. These differences imply that if it is a communicative approach that is being promoted, textbook authors and German educators would do well to expose students to actual talk from contexts of use so that they might learn to make meaning based on considerations of context.
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鄭佩芳 and Pui-fong Cheng. "A study on parts of speech, word formation, and the change of word meaning in modern Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234124.
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Corey, Vicka Rael. "The electrophysiological difference between nouns and verbs /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9092.
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Dezotti, Lucas Consolin. "Arte menor e Arte maior de Donato: tradução, anotação e estudo introdutório." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8143/tde-22092011-161749/.
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Esta dissertação pretende fornecer duas contribuições para a historiografia dos conhecimentos linguísticos. A primeira é a tradução completa e anotada, inédita em português, da Arte de Donato, um dos mais influentes tratados gramaticais produzido pela Antiguidade Clássica. A segunda é um estudo introdutório que aborda a parte mais importante da teoria gramatical antiga, a doutrina das partes da oração, ancestrais do que hoje conhecemos como classes de palavras. A partir de fontes antigas e de estudos recentes, investiga-se o surgimento e estabelecimento dessa doutrina no mundo greco-romano, através de uma análise dos critérios de recorte e classificação do material linguístico utilizados pela dialética (platônica, aristotélica, estoica) e pela gramática antiga, seguida de um trabalho comparativo que busca indícios de possíveis influências entre essas diferentes abordagens.This dissertation aims to bring two contributions to the historiography of linguistic thought. The first is a complete and annotated unprecedented translation into Portuguese of Ars Donati, one of the most influential grammatical treatises produced by Greco-Roman culture. The second is an introductory presentation concerning the parts of speech, core of ancient grammatical doctrine and ancestors of our word classes. Ancient sources and recent studies guide the investigation of emergence and establishment of this doctrine in classical antiquity, by the way of a comparative study that seeks evidences of possible influence between dialectics (Plato, Aristotle, Stoics) and grammar as regards the criteria for analysis and classification of linguistic data.
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Marklund, Ellen. "Perceptual reorganization of vowels : Separating the linguistic and acoustic parts of the mismatch response." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148559.
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During the first year of life, infants go from perceiving speech sounds primarily based on their acoustic characteristics, to perceiving speech sounds as belonging to speech sound categories relevant in their native language(s). The transition is apparent in that very young infants typically discriminate both native and non-native speech sound contrasts, whereas older infants show better discrimination for native contrasts and worse or no discrimination for non-native contrasts. The rate of this perceptual reorganization depends, among other things, on the salience of the relevant speech sounds within the speech signal. As such, the perceptual reorganization of vowels and lexical tone typically precedes the perceptual reorganization of consonants. Perceptual reorganizatoin of speech sounds is often demonstrated by measuring infants’ discrimination of specific speech sound contrasts across development. One way of measuring discriminatory ability is to use the mismatch response (MMR). This is a brain response that can be measured using external electroencephalography recordings. Presenting an oddball (deviant) stimulus among a series of standard stimuli elicits a response that, in adults, correlates well with behavioral discrimination. When the two stimuli are speech sounds contrastive in the listeners’ language, the response arguably reflects both acoustic and linguistic processing. In infants, the response is less studied, but has nevertheless already proven useful for studies on the perceptual reorganization of speech sounds. The present thesis documents a series of studies with the end game of investigating how amount of speech exposure influences the perceptual reorganization, and whether the learning mechanisms involved in speech sound category learning is specific to speech or domain-general. In order to be able to compare MMR results across different age groups in infancy, a non-speech control condition needed to be devised however, to account for changes in the MMR across development that are attributable to general brain maturation rather than language development specifically. Findings of studies incorporated in the thesis show that spectrally rotated speech can be used to approximate the acoustic part of the MMR in adults. Subtracting the acoustic part of the MMR from the full MMR thus estimates the part of the MMR that is linked to linguistic, rather than acoustic, processing. The strength of this linguistic part of the MMR in four- and eight-month-old infants is directly related to the daily amount of speech that the infants are exposed to. No evidence of distributional learning of non-speech auditory categories was demonstrated in adults, but the results together with previous research generated hypotheses for future study. In conclusion, the research performed within the scope of this thesis highlight the need of a non-speech control condition for use in developmental speech perception studies using the MMR, demonstrates the viability of one such non-speech control condition, and points toward relevant future research within the topic of speech sound category development.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Patterson, Jamie L. "Parsing of Natural Language Requirements." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1147.
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The purpose of this thesis was to automate verification of the software requirements for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator with minimal manual rework. The requirements were written in plain English with only loose stylistic constraints. While full automation proved infeasible, many significant advances were made towards solving the problem, including a framework for storing requirements, a program which translates most of the natural language requirements into the framework, and a novel approach to parts of speech analysis.
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Beaumanoir-Secq, Morgane. "Le tri de mots : pour une grammaire utile aux élèves, dans la continuité et la cohérence." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0825.
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S’inscrivant dans le champ des recherches concernant les représentations des élèves sur la langue, cette étude exploratoire utilise un dispositif didactique particulier, le tri de mots à visée grammaticale, afin de recueillir des données lors du suivi longitudinal d’une classe située en zone d’éducation prioritaire, sur une durée de deux années, en CE2 et CM1. Le corpus constitué par les traces écrites produites par les élèves a fait l’objet d’un traitement statistique afin d’en permettre la lisibilité. Les outils d’analyse linguistiques et didactiques utilisés ont permis de conforter des hypothèses déjà émises, mais aussi de dégager des tendances nouvelles concernant l’acquisition des classes grammaticales par les élèves de l’école élémentaire. Les résultats exposés portent sur les savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves, mais aussi sur l’éclairage que ces conceptions apportent sur les systèmes d’explication de la langue. Entre grammaire scolaire et linguistique, il s’agit de mieux comprendre le point de vue des élèves sur la langue afin d’ouvrir des pistes de réflexions didactiquesFitting in the field of research relating to the representations of the pupils on the language, this exploratory study uses a particular didactic device, the sorting of words to grammatical aiming, in order to collect data at the time of the longitudinal follow-up of a class located in zone of priority education, over one two years duration, in CE2 and CM1. The corpus consisted the hard copies produced by the pupils was the object of a statistical processing in order to allow legibility of it. The linguistic and didactic tools for analysis used made it possible to consolidate already put forth hypotheses, but also to release from the new trends concerning the acquisition of the parts of speech by the pupils of the elementary school. The exposed results relate on the knowledge and know-how of the pupils, but also to the lighting which these designs bring on the systems of explanation of the language. Between school and linguistic grammar, it is a question of better understanding the point of view of the pupils on the language in order to open didactic lines of thinking
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D'Alarme, Gimenez Amanda [UNESP]. "Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra: um estudo tipológico-funcional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86545.
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Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros...
This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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D'Alarme, Gimenez Amanda. "Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra : um estudo tipológico-funcional /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86545.
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Orientador: Roberto Gomes CamachoBanca: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori
Banca: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos
Resumo: Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Subramonian, Soumya. "Improvement of Punch and Die Life and Part Quality in Blanking of Miniature Parts." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365523543.
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Monirabbassi, Azadeh. "Part of speech tagging of Levantine." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1459900.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 5, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-43).
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Strandqvist, Wiktor. "Neural Networks for Part-of-Speech Tagging." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129296.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the viability of artificial neural networks using a purely contextual word representation as a solution for part-of-speech tagging. Furthermore, the effects of deep learning and increased contextual information of the network are explored. This was achieved by creating an artificial neural network written in Python. The input vectors employed were created by Word2Vec. This system was compared to a baseline using a tagger with handcrafted features in respect to accuracy and precision. The results show that the use of artificial neural networks using a purely contextual word representation shows promise, but ultimately falls roughly two percent short of the baseline. The suspected reason for this is the suboptimal representation for rare words. The use of deeper network architectures shows an insignificant improvement, indicating that the data sets used might be too small. The use of additional context information provided a higher accuracy, but started to decline after a context size of one.
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Tattam, David. "A communally-cultivated part-of-speech tagger /." Leeds : University of Leeds, School of Computer Studies, 2008. http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/fyproj/reports/0708/Tattam.pdf.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Characteristics of Speech (Part 1) and Language (Part 2) for Hearing Devices (Aids)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1721.
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Leibbrandt, Richard Eduard, and richard leibbrandt@flinders edu au. "Part-of-Speech Bootstrapping Using Lexically-Specific Frames." Flinders University. Computer Science Engineering and Mathematics, 2009. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20090805.143606.
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The work in this thesis presents and evaluates a number of strategies by which English-learning children might discover the major open-class parts-of-speech in English (nouns, verbs and adjectives) on the basis of purely distributional information. Previous work has shown that parts-of-speech can be readily induced from the distributional patterns in which words occur. The research reported in this thesis extends and improves on this previous work in two major ways, related to the constructional status of the utterance contexts used for distributional analysis, and to the way in which previous studies have dealt with categorial ambiguity.
Previous studies that have induced parts-of-speech from word distributions have done so on the basis of fixed windows of words that occur before and after the word in focus. These contexts are often not constructions of the language in question, and hence have dubious status as elements of linguistic knowledge. A great deal of recent evidence (e.g. Lieven, Pine & Baldwin, 1997; Tomasello, 1992) has suggested that childrens early language may be organized around a number of lexically-specific constructional frames with slots, such as a X, you X it, draw X on X. The work presented here investigates the possibility that constructions such as these may be a more appropriate domain for the distributional induction of parts-of-speech. This would open up the possibility of a treatment of part-of-speech induction that is more closely integrated with the acquisition of syntax.
Three strategies to discover lexically-specific frames in the speech input to children are presented. Two of these strategies are based on the interplay between more and less frequent words in English utterances: the more frequent words, which are typically function words or light verbs, are taken to provide the schematic backbone of an utterance. The third strategy is based around pairs of words in which the occurrence of one word is highly predictable from that of the other, but not vice versa; from these basic slot-filler relationships, larger frames are assembled.
These techniques were implemented computationally and applied to a corpus of child-directed speech. Each technique yielded a large set of lexically-specific frames, many of which could plausibly be regarded as constructions. In a comparison with a manual analysis of the same corpus by Cameron-Faulkner, Lieven and Tomasello (2003), it is shown that most of the constructional frames identified in the manual analysis were also produced by the automatic techniques.
After the identification of potential constructional frames, parts-of-speech were formed from the patterns of co-occurrence of words in particular constructions, by means of hierarchical clustering. The resulting clusters produced are shown to be quite similar to the major English parts-of-speech of nouns, verbs and adjectives. Each individual word token was assigned a part-of-speech on the basis of its constructional context. This categorization was evaluated empirically against the part-of-speech assigned to the word in question in the original corpus. The resulting categorization is shown to be, to a great extent, in agreement with the manual categorization.
These strategies deal with the categorial ambiguity of words, by allowing the frame context to determine part-of-speech. However, many of the frames produced were themselves ambiguous cues to part-of-speech. For this reason, strategies are presented to deal with both word and context ambiguity. Three such strategies are proposed. One considers membership of a part-of-speech to be a matter of degree for both word and contextual frame. A second strategy attempts to discretely assign multiple parts-of-speech to words and constructions in a way that imposes internal consistency in the corpus. The third strategy attempts to assign only the minimally-required multiple categories to words and constructions so as to provide a parsimonious description of the data.
Each of these techniques was implemented and applied to each of the three frame discovery techniques, thereby providing category information about both the frame and the word. The subsequent assignment of parts-of-speech was done by combining word and frame information, and is shown to be far more accurate than the categorization based on frames alone. This approach can be regarded as addressing certain objections against the distributional method that have been raised by Pinker (1979, 1984, 1987).
Lastly, a framework for extending this research is outlined that allows semantic information to be incorporated into the process of category induction.
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Lioma, Christina Amalia. "Part of speech N-grams for information retrieval." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/340/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Computing Science, Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Khoja, Shereen. "APT : an automatic Arabic part-of-speech tagger." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/12350/.
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Liu, Yulan. "Distant speech recognition of natural spontaneous multi-party conversations." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17691/.
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Distant speech recognition (DSR) has gained wide interest recently. While deep networks keep improving ASR overall, the performance gap remains between using close-talking recordings and distant recordings. Therefore the work in this thesis aims at providing some insights for further improvement of DSR performance. The investigation starts with collecting the first multi-microphone and multi-media corpus of natural spontaneous multi-party conversations in native English with the speaker location tracked, i.e. the Sheffield Wargame Corpus (SWC). The state-of-the-art recognition systems with the acoustic models trained standalone and adapted both show word error rates (WERs) above 40% on headset recordings and above 70% on distant recordings. A comparison between SWC and AMI corpus suggests a few unique properties in the real natural spontaneous conversations, e.g. the very short utterances and the emotional speech. Further experimental analysis based on simulated data and real data quantifies the impact of such influence factors on DSR performance, and illustrates the complex interaction among multiple factors which makes the treatment of each influence factor much more difficult. The reverberation factor is studied further. It is shown that the reverberation effect on speech features could be accurately modelled with a temporal convolution in the complex spectrogram domain. Based on that a polynomial reverberation score is proposed to measure the distortion level of short utterances. Compared to existing reverberation metrics like C50, it avoids a rigid early-late-reverberation partition without compromising the performance on ranking the reverberation level of recording environments and channels. Furthermore, the existing reverberation measurement is signal independent thus unable to accurately estimate the reverberation distortion level in short recordings. Inspired by the phonetic analysis on the reverberation distortion via self-masking and overlap-masking, a novel partition of reverberation distortion into the intra-phone smearing and the inter-phone smearing is proposed, so that the reverberation distortion level is first estimated on each part and then combined.
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Christodoulopoulos, Christos. "Iterated learning framework for unsupervised part-of-speech induction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8880.
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Computational approaches to linguistic analysis have been used for more than half a century. The main tools come from the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and are based on rule-based or corpora-based (supervised) methods. Despite the undeniable success of supervised learning methods in NLP, they have two main drawbacks: on the practical side, it is expensive to produce the manual annotation (or the rules) required and it is not easy to find annotators for less common languages. A theoretical disadvantage is that the computational analysis produced is tied to a specific theory or annotation scheme. Unsupervised methods offer the possibility to expand our analyses into more resourcepoor languages, and to move beyond the conventional linguistic theories. They are a way of observing patterns and regularities emerging directly from the data and can provide new linguistic insights. In this thesis I explore unsupervised methods for inducing parts of speech across languages. I discuss the challenges in evaluation of unsupervised learning and at the same time, by looking at the historical evolution of part-of-speech systems, I make the case that the compartmentalised, traditional pipeline approach of NLP is not ideal for the task. I present a generative Bayesian system that makes it easy to incorporate multiple diverse features, spanning different levels of linguistic structure, like morphology, lexical distribution, syntactic dependencies and word alignment information that allow for the examination of cross-linguistic patterns. I test the system using features provided by unsupervised systems in a pipeline mode (where the output of one system is the input to another) and show that the performance of the baseline (distributional) model increases significantly, reaching and in some cases surpassing the performance of state-of-the-art part-of-speech induction systems. I then turn to the unsupervised systems that provided these sources of information (morphology, dependencies, word alignment) and examine the way that part-of-speech information influences their inference. Having established a bi-directional relationship between each system and my part-of-speech inducer, I describe an iterated learning method, where each component system is trained using the output of the other system in each iteration. The iterated learning method improves the performance of both component systems in each task. Finally, using this iterated learning framework, and by using parts of speech as the central component, I produce chains of linguistic structure induction that combine all the component systems to offer a more holistic view of NLP. To show the potential of this multi-level system, I demonstrate its use ‘in the wild’. I describe the creation of a vastly multilingual parallel corpus based on 100 translations of the Bible in a diverse set of languages. Using the multi-level induction system, I induce cross-lingual clusters, and provide some qualitative results of my approach. I show that it is possible to discover similarities between languages that correspond to ‘hidden’ morphological, syntactic or semantic elements.
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Dubbin, Gregory. "Applying particle filtering to unsupervised part-of-speech induction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:48caedb6-478f-4bb0-8ca7-975ee7fe5e38.
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Statistical Natural Language Processing (NLP) lies at the intersection of Computational Linguistics and Machine Learning. As linguistic models incorporate more subtle nuances of language and its structure, standard inference techniques can fall behind. One such application is research on the unsupervised induction of part-of-speech tags. It has the potential to improve both our understanding of the plausibility of theories of first language acquisition, and Natural Language Processing applications such as Speech Recognition and Machine Translation. Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) approaches, i.e. particle filters, are well suited to approximating such models. This thesis seeks to determine whether one application of SMC methods, particle Gibbs sampling, is capable of performing inference in otherwise intractable NLP applications. Specifically, this research analyses the benefits and drawbacks to relying on particle Gibbs to perform unsupervised part-of-speech induction without the flawed one-tag-per-type assumption of similar approaches. Additionally, this thesis explores the affects of type-based supervision with tag-dictionaries extracted from annotated corpora or from the wiktionary. The semi-supervised tag dictionary improves the performance of the local Gibbs PYP-HMM sampler enough to nearly match the performance of the particle Gibbs type-sampler. Finally, this thesis also extends the Pitman-Yor HMM tagger of Blunsom and Cohn (2011) to include an explicit model of the lexicon which encodes those tags from which a word-type may be generated. This has the effect of both biasing the model to produce fewer tags per type and modelling the tendency for open class words to be ambiguous between only a subset of the available tags. Furthermore, I extend the type based particle Gibbs inference algorithm to simultaneously resample the ambiguity class as well as tags for all of the tokens of a given word type. The result is a principled probabilistic model of part-of-speech induction that achieves state-of-the-art performance. Overall, the experiments and contributions of this thesis demonstrate the applicability of the particle Gibbs sampler and particle methods in general to otherwise intractable problems in NLP.
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Brangers, Kirstin M. "Perceptual Ruler for Quantifying Speech Intelligibility in Cocktail Party Scenarios." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/31.
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Systems designed to enhance intelligibility of speech in noise are difficult to evaluate quantitatively because intelligibility is subjective and often requires feedback from large populations for consistent evaluations. Attempts to quantify the evaluation have included related measures such as the Speech Intelligibility Index. These require separating speech and noise signals, which precludes its use on experimental recordings. This thesis develops a procedure using an Intelligibility Ruler (IR) for efficiently quantifying intelligibility. A calibrated Mean Opinion Score (MOS) method is also implemented in order to compare repeatability over a population of 24 subjective listeners. Results showed that subjects using the IR consistently estimated SII values of the test samples with an average standard deviation of 0.0867 between subjects on a scale from zero to one and R2=0.9421. After a calibration procedure from a subset of subjects, the MOS method yielded similar results with an average standard deviation of 0.07620 and R2=0.9181.While results suggest good repeatability of the IR method over a broad range of subjects, the calibrated MOS method is capable of producing results more closely related to actual SII values and is a simpler procedure for human subjects.
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Aubrey, Andrew James. "Exploiting the bimodality of speech in the cocktail party problem." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54719/.
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The cocktail party problem is one of following a conversation in a crowded room where there are many competing sound sources, such as the voices of other speakers or music. To address this problem using computers, digital signal processing solutions commonly use blind source separation (BSS) which aims to separate all the original sources (voices) from the mixture simultaneously. Traditionally, BSS methods have relied on information derived from the mixture of sources to separate the mixture into its constituent elements. However, the human auditory system is well adapted to handle the cocktail party scenario, using both auditory and visual information to follow (or hold) a conversation in a such an environment. This thesis focuses on using visual information of the speakers in a cocktail party like scenario to aid in improving the performance of BSS. There are several useful applications of such technology, for example: a pre-processing step for a speech recognition system, teleconferencing or security surveillance. The visual information used in this thesis is derived from the speaker's mouth region, as it is the most visible component of speech production. Initial research presented in this thesis considers a joint statistical model of audio and visual features, which is used to assist in control ling the convergence behaviour of a BSS algorithm. The results of using the statistical models are compared to using the raw audio information alone and it is shown that the inclusion of visual information greatly improves its convergence behaviour. Further research focuses on using the speaker's mouth region to identify periods of time when the speaker is silent through the development of a visual voice activity detector (V-VAD) (i.e. voice activity detection using visual information alone). This information can be used in many different ways to simplify the BSS process. To this end, two novel V-VADs were developed and tested within a BSS framework, which result in significantly improved intelligibility of the separated source associated with the V-VAD output. Thus the research presented in this thesis confirms the viability of using visual information to improve solutions to the cocktail party problem.
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Мазна, Ю. О. "Статус повнозначних слів у споріднених мовах: лінгвістичний і перекладацький вектори." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81243.
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У магістерській роботі аналізуються повнозначні слова споріднених англійської і української мови. Розглядаються самостійні частини мови, якими найчастіше виступають повнозначні слова, основні методи їх перекладу. Наведені приклади із серії книг Дж. К. Ролінґ «Гаррі Поттер». У методичній частині розглядається порівняльний підхід, для вивчення англійської мови. Метод орієнтований на знаходження схожих лексичних одиниць, запам'ятовування їх написання і вимову. Універсальність порівняльного підходу полягає у тому, що його можна використовувати не тільки на початковому, але і на наступних етапах вивчення мови. Це залежить від рівня знань іноземної мови, інтересів і здібностей учнів.В магистерской работе анализируются знаменательные слова родственных английского и украинского языков. Рассматриваются самостоятельные части речи, которыми чаще всего выступают знаменательные слова, основные методы их перевода. Приведены примеры из серии книг Дж. К. Роулинг «Гарри Поттер». В методической части рассматривается сравнительный подход для изучения английского языка. Метод ориентирован на нахождение похожих лексических единиц, запоминание их написания и произношения. Универсальность сравнительного подхода заключается в том, что его можно использовать не только на начальном, но и на последующих этапах изучения языка. Это зависит от уровня знаний иностранного языка, интересов и способностей учащихся.
The master thesis analyzes the meaning-bearing words in related English and Ukrainian languages. The independent parts of speech and the main methods of their translation are considered. Examples are provided from J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series of books. The methodological part deals to comparative approach in learning English. The method is focused on finding similar lexical units, memorizing them, writing and pronunciation. The versatility of the comparative approach lies in the fact that it can be used not only at the initial, but also at subsequent stages of language learning. It depends on the level of knowledge of a foreign language, interests and abilities of students.
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Cheng, Meng. "Les parties du discours dans la traduction français-chinois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL071.
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Cette thèse vise à étudier la transposition des parties du discours dans la traduction français-chinois. La transposition, un des principaux procédés de traduction, consiste à « remplacer une partie du discours par une autre, sans changer le sens du message » (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1958). Ce procédé est souvent utilisé dans la traduction français-chinois. Nous allons présentons d’abord sur le développement des études grammaticales chinoises et les principales parties du discours chinoises en déterminant les rapports syntagmatiques et paradigmatiques d’une unité. Ensuite, nous montrons l’analyse des transpositions les plus fréquents des parties du discours dans la traduction français-chinois et nous remarquons que la transposition, étroitement liée aux champs lexicaux, est souvent utilisée pour résoudre les différences dans le fonctionnement des systèmes grammatico-syntaxiques des deux langues. Enfin, nous résumons nos principales réflexions à l’issue de notre thèse basée sur des analyses contrastives de corpus et mettrons en exergue les futures pistes de rechercheThe aim of this thesis is to study the transposition of parts of speech in French-Chinese translation. Transposition, one of the main translation techniques, which consists of replacing one part of speech with another without changing the meaning of the message (Vinay J.-P., Darbelnet. J. 1958), This technique is often used in French-Chinese translation. In this study, we first present the development of Chinese grammatical studies and the main Chinese parts of speech, by determining the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships of a unit. Next, we analyze the most frequent transpositions of parts of speech in French-Chinese translation. We find that transposition, closely related to lexical fields, is often used to resolve differences in the functioning of grammatical-syntactic systems between the two languages. Finally, we summarize our main reflections based on contrastive corpus analyses and highlight future research directions
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Canagarajah, Cedric Nishanthan. "Digital signal processing techniques for speech enhancement in hearing aids." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260433.
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Ljubicic, Dean M. "High Speed Instrumentation for Inspection of transparent parts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81591.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 281-286).
In micro manufacturing (MEMS, polymer hot-embossing, polymer roll-to-roll imprint, etc.) precise micro and nano-sized features are distributed over large areas. In order to inspect for defects or employ statistical process control on micromanufactured parts, metrological instruments must collect data with submicron resolution at a rate fast enough to keep up with the pace of production. Commercial inspection instruments fall short on meeting these challenging demands. This doctoral thesis details the design, implementation, and results of an optical system built to provide real-time inspection for transparent polymer microfluidic devices. Our instrument utilizes a high speed camera (500 fps) in conjunction with submicron precision positioning stages (20 nm resolution) to rapidly collect topological data on the microfluidic devices. The stream of images are processed using a depth from focus technique to provide surface inspection with 0.5 micron lateral resolution and 1 micron vertical resolution at an inspection speed of 640,000 voxels per second. The instrument also demonstrates the ability to measure vertical sidewalls as a result of the tilted orientation of the camera system providing access to these typically hidden or eclipsed areas. The 3D contour plots generated by the instrument are used to characterize a manufacturing process demonstrating automatic defect detection, repeatability analysis, and run charts that can be used in process control. This thesis also explores the design and experimentation of a novel sensor that can simultaneously measure the thickness and lateral position of a transparent object. This capability is especially useful to control the lateral position of a transparent web with a feedback system during a manufacturing roll to roll process. The sensor measurement has demonstrated submicron repeatability over millimeters of range in both thickness and position.
by Dean Ljubicic.
Ph.D.
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Schlünz, Georg Isaac. "The effects of part–of–speech tagging on text–to–speech synthesis for resource–scarce languages / G.I. Schlünz." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4944.
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In the world of human language technology, resource–scarce languages (RSLs) suffer from the problem
of little available electronic data and linguistic expertise. The Lwazi project in South Africa
is a large–scale endeavour to collect and apply such resources for all eleven of the official South
African languages. One of the deliverables of the project is more natural text–to–speech (TTS)
voices. Naturalness is primarily determined by prosody and it is shown that many aspects of
prosodic modelling is, in turn, dependent on part–of–speech (POS) information. Solving the POS
problem is, therefore, a prudent first step towards meeting the goal of natural TTS voices.
In a resource–scarce environment, obtaining and applying the POS information are not trivial.
Firstly, an automatic tagger is required to tag the text to be synthesised with POS categories, but
state–of–the–art POS taggers are data–driven and thus require large amounts of labelled training
data. Secondly, the subsequent processes in TTS that are used to apply the POS information
towards prosodic modelling are resource–intensive themselves: some require non–trivial linguistic
knowledge; others require labelled data as well.
The first problem asks the question of which available POS tagging algorithm will be the most
accurate on little training data. This research sets out to answer the question by reviewing the
most popular supervised data–driven algorithms. Since literature to date consists mostly of isolated
papers discussing one algorithm, the aim of the review is to consolidate the research into a single
point of reference. A subsequent experimental investigation compares the tagging algorithms on
small training data sets of English and Afrikaans, and it is shown that the hidden Markov model
(HMM) tagger outperforms the rest when using both a comprehensive and a reduced POS tagset.
Regarding the second problem, the question arises whether it is perhaps possible to circumvent
the traditional approaches to prosodic modelling by learning the latter directly from the speech
data using POS information. In other words, does the addition of POS features to the HTS context
labels improve the naturalness of a TTS voice? Towards answering this question, HTS voices are
trained from English and Afrikaans prosodically rich speech. The voices are compared with and
without POS features incorporated into the HTS context labels, analytically and perceptually. For
the analytical experiments, measures of prosody to quantify the comparisons are explored. It is
then also noted whether the results of the perceptual experiments correlate with their analytical
counterparts. It is found that, when a minimal feature set is used for the HTS context labels, the
addition of POS tags does improve the naturalness of the voice. However, the same effect can be
accomplished by including segmental counting and positional information instead of the POS tags.Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Perspectives from Abroad on Hearing Aid Fitting and Dispensing Practices: Part 1." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1746.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Perspectives from Abroad on Hearing Aid Fitting and Dispensing Practices: Part 2." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1747.
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Kansa, Metee. "Body part-related metaphors in Thai and English." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1259310.
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The study of body part metaphors provides a convenient way to examine human conceptual structuring because we start from what we as humans share. This study collected and compared Thai and English body part metaphors: one hundred and eighty-four English body part expressions and four hundred and eighty-eight Thai body part expressions were considered.The data are discussed in terms of the body part involved, the underlying conceptual metaphors, and syntactic and morphological form. The data show that basically, Thai and English share many conceptual metaphors, and there are a number of equivalent expressions in both languages, such as hua-hoog [head-spear] `spearhead', and waan-caj [sweet-heart] `sweetheart.' Furthermore, it was found that most body part metaphors are built on three different aspects of body parts: physical constitution, location and nature of involvement. In some contexts, more than one of these bases is involved in the same expression.Other similarities include sharing some of the same morphological and syntactic forms, using the same body parts; relative frequency of individual body parts; having completely equivalent expressions, and having pairs of opposite expressions. Differences involve having some different morphological and syntactic forms; the number of conventional body part metaphors found in translation-equivalent texts, with Thai having many more than English; a difference between the two languages in distribution across written vs. spoken texts; having similarly glossed expressions with different metaphorical meanings; level of markedness for an otherwise equivalent expression; and degree of explicitness in the components of an expression.Finally, applications of the findings to the teaching of English to Thai speakers and vice versa are discussed. I conclude that systematic attention to the bases of metaphorical expressions to facilitate learning is to follow the time-proven practice of linking the old to the new.Department of English
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Park, Sung S. (Sung Sim) 1972. "Application of part-of-speech tagger in robust machine translation system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87166.
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Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, June 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).
by Sung S. Park.
M.Eng.and S.B.
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Jelfs, Sam. "Modelling the cocktail party : a binaural model for speech intelligibility in noise." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/12384/.
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We often listen to speech in an imperfect environment, with noise and reverberation; there will be voices around us, in complex acoustics. In this “cocktail-party” situation (Cherry 1953) listeners are helped by two binaural processes to segregate the desired voice from the competing noise: Better-Ear listening (BE) and Binaural Unmasking (BU). The aim of this thesis was to develop a model capable of efficiently predicting the benefits of BE and BU from Binaural Room Impulse Responses (BRIR). The developed model is a computationally efficient version of that created by Lavandier & Culling (2010) that predicts speech reception thresholds which include the benefit of binaural-unmasking, as explained by Equalization-Cancellation theory (Durlach 1963, 1972), and the benefit of better-ear listening, through Target-to-Interferer ratio analysis. The model accurately predicted a number of appropriate data sets from the literature that measure speech reception thresholds as a function of target and interferer source locations. Application of the model to a number of novel situations allowed environmental factors affecting intelligibility to be predicted and explored. In most situations, the effect of reverberation is to reduce the level of BE and BU, except when the listener is close to the interfering source, but this is when the benefits are needed the most. Depending on the spatial separation and source distances, the inclusion of multiple interferers again reduces the benefits in the majority of situations. To examine the benefits of head orientation a number of configurations were tested, whilst rotating the listener relative to the sound field. Benefits exceeding 12 dB can be achieved through modest rotations, particularly showing the benefits of BE. According to the model, the current literature on the benefits of bilateral cochlear implantation has underestimated that benefit by employing sub-optimal spatial configurations; using optimum orientations the model predicts an extra 6 dB of benefit being available to the listener. In a simulated restaurant situation, the model predicts that orientation of a table can affect the ability of a listener by up to 5 dB.
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Martins, José Carlos. "Prime minister tony blair's speech at the Annual Labour Party Conference 2003." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90688.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T14:07:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 240097.pdf: 1029307 bytes, checksum: f0bcbac1fb2f777583cbe2b5a0707fe5 (MD5)
Esta pesquisa analisa a versão escrita do discurso político proferido pelo Primeiro Ministro do Reino Unido, Tony Blair, em 30 de setembro de 2003, na conferência anual do Labour Party (Partido Trabalhista). O discurso foi capturado do jornal eletrônico The Guardian do Reino Unido. A pesquisa propõe identificar e classificar as microexigências do discurso, tomando por base as definições que Bitzer (1968) e Gill e Whedbee (1997) apresentam para exigência. A pesquisa também propõe realizar análise das microexigências levando em conta noções de Fairclough sobre Análise Crítica do Discurso em conexão com a Gramática Sistêmico-funcional de Halliday e Matthiessen (2004) no que tange à transitividade. A pesquisa busca responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: a) Quais são as exigências presentes no discurso proferido pelo PM Tony Blair na conferência anual de 2003 do Labour Party?; b) Quais são as escolhas de transitividade em termos de processos e principais participantes feitas por Blair no seu discurso ao tratar das exigências para tentar alcançar suas intenções?; c) O que a análise baseada em transitividade e nas noções de Fairclough sobre linguagem, como elemento de prática social, revela quanto às intenções políticas no discurso de Blair? Sugere-se que 30 exigências/microexigências podem ser encontradas no discurso. 840 orações são identificadas e classificadas quanto aos tipos de processos e quanto aos principais participantes. Processos materiais e participantes referindo-se a Blair, ao seu partido, ao seu governo e à Grã Bretanha predominam no discurso. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido visando contribuir à compreensão do que está por trás dos discursos políticos, as intenções dos seus autores.
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Williams, A. Lynn. "Evidence-based Practice and Speech Sound Disorders: The why? And the How? Part I and II." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2087.
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Blanchard, Patrick James. "High speed resin transfer moulding of composite structures." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325309.
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Màrquez, Lluís. "Part-of-speech Tagging: A Machine Learning Approach based on Decision Trees." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6663.
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The study and application of general Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to theclassical ambiguity problems in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) isa currently very active area of research. This trend is sometimes called NaturalLanguage Learning. Within this framework, the present work explores the applicationof a concrete machine-learning technique, namely decision-tree induction, toa very basic NLP problem, namely part-of-speech disambiguation (POS tagging).Its main contributions fall in the NLP field, while topics appearing are addressedfrom the artificial intelligence perspective, rather from a linguistic point of view.A relevant property of the system we propose is the clear separation betweenthe acquisition of the language model and its application within a concrete disambiguationalgorithm, with the aim of constructing two components which are asindependent as possible. Such an approach has many advantages. For instance, thelanguage models obtained can be easily adapted into previously existing taggingformalisms; the two modules can be improved and extended separately; etc.As a first step, we have experimentally proven that decision trees (DT) providea flexible (by allowing a rich feature representation), efficient and compact wayfor acquiring, representing and accessing the information about POS ambiguities.In addition to that, DTs provide proper estimations of conditional probabilities fortags and words in their particular contexts. Additional machine learning techniques,based on the combination of classifiers, have been applied to address some particularweaknesses of our tree-based approach, and to further improve the accuracy in themost difficult cases.As a second step, the acquired models have been used to construct simple,accurate and effective taggers, based on diiferent paradigms. In particular, wepresent three different taggers that include the tree-based models: RTT, STT, andRELAX, which have shown different properties regarding speed, flexibility, accuracy,etc. The idea is that the particular user needs and environment will define whichis the most appropriate tagger in each situation. Although we have observed slightdifferences, the accuracy results for the three taggers, tested on the WSJ test benchcorpus, are uniformly very high, and, if not better, they are at least as good asthose of a number of current taggers based on automatic acquisition (a qualitativecomparison with the most relevant current work is also reported.Additionally, our approach has been adapted to annotate a general Spanishcorpus, with the particular limitation of learning from small training sets. A newtechnique, based on tagger combination and bootstrapping, has been proposed toaddress this problem and to improve accuracy. Experimental results showed thatvery high accuracy is possible for Spanish tagging, with a relatively low manualeffort. Additionally, the success in this real application has confirmed the validity of our approach, and the validity of the previously presented portability argumentin favour of automatically acquired taggers.
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Sweat, Chance. "The King's Speech: A Rhetorical Analysis of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part I." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/345.
Full textAbstract:
Recent scholarship has explored the “Machiavellian” actions of Prince Hal in Henry IV, Part 1 ; yet the classical rhetorical pedagogy of Renaissance Britain suggests that the speeches in the play lead to a transformation in Hal that is antithetical to the emergent understanding of Hal as a great manipulator. Falstaff uses the ruse of rhetoric instructor in order to construct a classical rhetorical argument for his own ends, and Henry IV gives a passionate yet formally adept (and classically rhetorical) plea to his son in order to incite change. An analysis of Falstaff and Henry’s arguments as well as Hal’s responses provides the framework of understanding the play not as an example of what has been called “Machiavellianism” but rather as a testament to the power of what Cicero calls the "good man skilled in speaking.”
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Johnson, Earl E. "Prescriptions and Their Impact on the Hearing Aid Fittings for Adults - Part 1 Northern California." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1735.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Prescriptions and Their Impact on the Hearing Aid Fittings for Adults - Part 2 Northern California." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1736.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Prescriptions and Training: Good for People, Pets, and Programmable Hearing Aids - Part I (ABA Tier One Session)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1730.
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Johnson, Earl E. "Prescriptions and Training: Good for People, Pets, and Programmable Hearing Aids - Part II (ABA Tier One Session)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1731.
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Kim, Philip D. (Philip Dongjoon) 1974. "Development of a tokenizer and rule-based part-of-speech tagger in Korean." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9897.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-67).
by Philip D. Kim.
S.B.and M.Eng.
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Hu, Daniel Tianhang 1978. "Development of part of speech tagging and syntactic analysis software for Chinese text." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86703.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, June 2001."May 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-76).
by Daniel Tianhang Hu.
M.Eng.and S.B.
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Pereira, Dennis V. "Automatic Lexicon Generation for Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging Using Only Unannotated Text." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10094.
Full textAbstract:
With the growing number of textual resources available, the ability to understand them becomes critical. An essential first step in understanding these sources is the ability to identify the parts-of-speech in each sentence. The goal of this research is to propose, improve, and implement an algorithm capable of finding terms (words in a corpus) that are used in similar ways--a term categorizer. Such a term categorizer can be used to find a particular part-of-speech, i.e. nouns in a corpus, and generate a lexicon. The proposed work is not dependent on any external sources of information, such as dictionaries, and it shows a significant improvement (~30%) over an existing method of categorization. More importantly, the proposed algorithm can be applied as a component of an unsupervised part-of-speech tagger, making it truly unsupervised, requiring only unannotated text. The algorithm is discussed in detail, along with its background, and its performance. Experimentation shows that the proposed algorithm performs within 3% of the baseline, the Penn-TreeBank Lexicon.Master of Science